Demographics of Pakistan

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Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the demographic features of the population of Pakistan, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Pakistanis
Total population 174 million approx Regions with significant populations Primarily Pakistan Languages

Urdu (most spoken formal official), Punjabi(most spoken vernacular), Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, Saraiki and other Languages of Pakistan. Religion Islam (75-90% Sunni, 10-20% Shia[1][2][3][4][5]) with Hindu, Sikh and Christian minorities

Demographics of Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Population of Pakistan, 1961-2003

Population: Growth rate: Birth rate: Death rate: Life expectancy: male: female: Fertility rate: Infant mortality rate:

174,578,558 (July 2009 est.) 1.6% [6] 31 births/1,000 population (2009 est) 8 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est) 63.39 years (2009 est) 62.4 years (2009 est) 64.44 years (2009 est) 3.58 children born/woman (2008 est.) {{{infant_mortality}}}

Age structure: 0-14 years: 15-64 years: 65-over: 36.7% (male 33,037,943/female 31,092,572) 59.1% (male 53,658,173/female 49,500,786) 4.2% (male 3,495,350/female 3,793,734) (2009 est.) Sex ratio: At birth: Under 15: 1.00 male(s)/female (2006 est) 1.06 male(s)/female (2006 est)

15-64 years: 65-over:

1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est) 0.82 male(s)/female (2006 est) Nationality:

Nationality: Major ethnic:

noun: Pakistani See Ethnic Groups of Pakistan Language:

Official: Spoken:

See Languages of Pakistan See List of Pakistani languages by number of native speakers

Pakistan's estimated population in 2010 is over 170 million[7] making it the world's sixth most-populous country, behind Brazil and ahead of Russia. During 1950-2008, Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold, while the total population increased by over fourfold. In the past, the country's population had a relatively high growth rate that has, however, been moderated by declining fertility and birth rates. The population growth rate now stands at 1.6% [6]. Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanization and the emergence of megacities. During 1990-2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the second most urbanized nation in South Asia with city dwellers making up 36% of its population.[8] Furthermore, 50% of Pakistanis now reside in towns of 5,000 people or more.[9] Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.

Contents
[hide]

1 Population data o 1.1 Geographic distribution o 1.2 Population and growth o 1.3 Pakistanis around the world[10] o 1.4 Structure 1.4.1 Age structure 1.4.2 Gender ratios o 1.5 Human development 1.5.1 Human Development Index

1.5.2 Mortality and life expectancy 1.6 Fertility 1.6.1 Fertility by region (2007) 1.6.2 Fertility by level of Education (2007) 1.6.3 Literacy 1.6.4 Educational institutions by kind 1.6.5 Employment by industry o 1.7 Health 2 Pakistan's yearly population 3 Foreign born population in Pakistan 4 Nationality and ethnicity o 4.1 Ethnic groups o 4.2 Religions 4.2.1 Religious population In Pakistan o 4.3 Languages of Pakistan 4.3.1 English (official language) 4.3.2 Urdu (national language) 4.3.3 Punjabi (provincial language) 4.3.4 Pashto (provincial language) 4.3.5 Sindhi (provincial language) 4.3.6 Saraiki (regional language) 4.3.7 Balochi (provincial language) 4.3.8 Brahui (regional language) 4.3.9 Hindko (regional language) 4.3.10 Persian (cultural language) 4.3.11 Arabic (religious language) 4.3.12 Turkic (cultural language) 4.3.13 Other Pakistani languages 4.3.14 Classification 4.3.14.1 Indo-European 4.3.14.1.1 Indo-Aryan languages 4.3.14.1.2 Iranic family of languages 4.3.14.2 Brahui 4.3.14.3 Burushaski 5 See also 6 Suffix of regions and towns 7 References o

8 External links

[edit] Population data

Population density in Pakistan.

[edit] Geographic distribution

Historical populations Census Population 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2008 33,816,000 42,978,000 65,321,000 84,254,000 130,580,00 0 172,800,00 0 Urban 17.80% 22.46% 25.40% 28.28% 32.51% 32.34%

The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. Karachi is the most populous city in Pakistan. In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan and Peshawar.

[edit] Population and growth

Population: 172,800,000 (July 2008 best estimation) Growth rate: 2.2% (2008 estimation) Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (2008 est.) Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.) Net migration rate: -1.0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

[edit] Pakistanis around the world[10]

Further information: Pakistani diaspora Saudi Arabia 1,500,000 United Kingdom 1,400,000 United Arab 700,000 1,000,000 Emirates United States 600,410[11] 1,000,000 Canada 350,000 Kuwait 100,000 Oman 85,000 Germany 52,668 Qatar 52,500 50,000 France 35,000 Norway

[edit] Structure
[edit] Age structure

014 years: 42% (male 33,293,428; female 31,434,314) 1564 years: 54.9% (male 48,214,298; female 46,062,933) 65 years and over: 4.1% (male 3,256,065; female 3,542,522) (2006 est.) 014 years: 36.7% (male 33,037,943/female 31,092,572) 1564 years: 59.1% (male 53,658,173/female 49,500,786) 65 years and over: 4.2% (male 3,495,350/female 3,793,734) (2009 est.)

[edit] Gender ratios

Sex ratio at birth: 1.00 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 1564 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

[edit] Human development

[edit] Human Development Index Further information: List of Pakistani Districts by Human Development Index According to the 2009 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),60.3% of Pakistanis live on less than $2 a day.[5]

Human Development Index Comparable Country Medium human development Punjab 0.670 Tajikistan Sindh 0.628 India Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 0.607 Solomon Islands Balochistan 0.556 Ghana Sources: Information on Pakistani regions:[12] Information on other countries:[13] All Estimated at 3 decimal points. Region Human Development Comparable Country Index Medium human development Equatorial Guinea/ South 0.659 Africa Equatorial Guinea/ South 0.657 Africa 0.627 India

Province

Urban Sindh Urban Punjab Urban Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Urban Balochistan Rural Punjab

0.591 Solomon Islands 0.517 Sudan Low human development

Rural Khyber 0.489 Zimbabwe/ Kenya Pakhtunkhwa Rural Balochistan 0.486 Mauritania Rural Sindh 0.456 Eritrea Region Human Development Index Comparable Country Medium human development Urban Pakistan 0.656 Equatorial Guinea/ South Africa Low human development Rural Pakistan 0.496 Togo Note: Regarding the above two tables, information on Pakistan has been taken from the PAKISTAN NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003 and for the countries of the world, information has been take from the Human Development Report 2006 as it best reflects the time when data was taken for Pakistan. Pakistan National Human Development Report gave Pakistan an HDI score of 0.541 where as the Human Development Report 2006 gave it a score of 0.539. So this is the MOST ACCURATE comparison. Sources:[14][15] [edit] Mortality and life expectancy

Infant mortality rate: 62 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)[16] Maternal mortality rate: 320 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)[16] Life expectancy at birth: o total population: 65.5 years (2007 est.)[17] o male: 66.5 years (2009 est.)[16] o female: 67.2 years (2009 est.)[16]

[edit] Fertility

Total fertility rate: 4.00 children born/woman (2006 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.77 children born/woman (2007 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.58 children born/woman (2008 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.43 children born/woman (2009 est.) Fertility decline rate: 1.8 children per woman per decade (2nd fastest in world)[18]

[edit] Fertility by region (2007) Region Urban Rural Punjab Sindh KP Balochistan Source: [19] [edit] Fertility by level of Education (2007) Level of Eucation None Primary Middle Secondary Higher Source: [20]

Fertility Rate 3.3 4.5 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.1

Fertility Rate 4.8 4.0 3.2 3.1 2.3

Contraceptive Prevalence (%) (2009 est.)[16] o Any method: 30% o Modern methods: 22%

[edit] Literacy

definition: aged 10 and over and can read and write

Total population: 57% Male: 69% Female: 45% (2009 est.)

Source:[21] [edit] Educational institutions by kind

Primary schools: 156,592 Middle schools: 320,611 High schools: 23,964 Arts & science colleges: 3,213 Degree colleges: 1,202 Technical and Vocational Institutions: 3,125 Universities: 132

Source: [22] [edit] Employment by industry Percentage of total employment:

Manufacturing: 13.84% Construction: 6.13% Electricity, gas, water and sanitary services: 0.66% Commerce: 14.67% Transport, storage and communication: 5.74% Financing, insurance, real estate and business services: 1.10% Services: 14.35% Activities not adequately described: 0.04%

Source: [23]

[edit] Health
Public expenditure was at 0.4 % of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.8 %.[24] Health expenditure per capita was at US$ 48 (PPP) in 2004.[24] There were 74 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s.[24] Fertility rate was at 4 births per woman in the early 2000s.[24] Pakistan has a high infant mortality rate of 70 per thousand births.[25]

[edit] Pakistan's yearly population

Pakistan's yearly population from 1950 to 2008.[26] Year 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Population Absolute Increase Percentage Increase 39,448,232 40,382,206 933,974 2.37 41,346,560 964,354 2.39 42,342,412 995,852 2.41 43,372,063 1,029,651 2.43 44,434,445 1,062,382 2.45 45,535,711 1,101,266 2.48 46,679,944 1,144,233 2.51 47,868,932 1,188,988 2.55 49,104,112 1,235,180 2.58 50,386,898 1,282,786 2.61 51,718,581 1,331,683 2.64 53,100,671 1,382,090 2.67 54,524,471 1,423,800 2.68 55,988,385 1,463,914 2.68 57,494,940 1,506,555 2.69 59,046,203 1,551,263 2.70 60,641,899 1,595,696 2.70 62,282,496 1,640,597 2.71 63,969,987 1,687,491 2.71 65,705,964 1,735,977 2.71 67,491,369 1,785,405 2.72 69,325,921 1,834,552 2.72 71,121,085 1,795,164 2.59 72,911,780 1,790,695 2.52 74,711,541 1,799,761 2.47 76,456,121 1,744,580 2.34 78,152,686 1,696,565 2.22 80,051,300 1,898,614 2.43 82,374,302 2,323,002 2.90 85,219,117 2,844,815 3.45 88,417,079 3,197,962 3.75 91,465,209 3,048,130 3.45 94,154,723 2,689,514 2.94 96,501,806 2,347,083 2.49 99,076,266 2,574,460 2.67 102,065,710 2,989,444 3.02 105,208,431 3,142,721 3.08 108,407,786 3,199,355 3.04

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

111,528,381 114,606,690 117,684,292 120,098,197 122,523,650 125,531,448 128,733,657 132,194,115 135,616,310 139,062,987 142,520,124 146,404,914 150,399,566 153,470,779 156,196,488 159,266,367 162,490,385 165,873,928 169,340,538 172,800,051 174,579,000

3,120,595 3,078,309 3,077,602 2,413,905 2,425,453 3,007,798 3,202,209 3,460,458 3,422,195 3,446,677 3,457,137 3,884,790 3,994,652 3,071,213 2,725,709 3,069,879 3,224,018 3,383,543 3,466,610 3,459,513 1,778,949

2.88 2.76 2.69 2.05 2.02 2.45 2.55 2.69 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.73 2.73 2.04 1.78 1.97 2.02 2.08 2.09 2.04 1.60

[edit] Foreign born population in Pakistan

Mostly those born pre 1947 Year Population Foreign Born 1960 46,259,000 6,350,296 1970 59,565,000 5,105,556 1980 79,297,000 5,012,524 1990 111,698,000 6,555,782 2000 142,648,000 4,242,689

Percentage Foreign Born 13.73% 8.57% 6.32% 5.87% 2.97%

2005

157,935,000 3,254,112

2.06%

Source: [27]

[edit] Nationality and ethnicity

[edit] Ethnic groups
Main article: Ethnic groups in Pakistan

Major ethnic groups in Pakistan, 1973.

Biggest Group by Region Though most Pakistanis speak Indo-Iranic, Pakistan's diversity is more visible along cultural differences and less along linguistic, religious or genetic lines. Almost all Pakistanis belong to the Indo-Iranic ancestral group. There are many ethnic groups: Pakistan's census and rough estimates vary, but the consensus is that the Punjabis are the largest ethnic group. Though it is worth mentioning that Punjab province in Pakistan is extremely diverse with many ethnic groups dwelling within Punjab as well such as Seraikis, Punjabi Pathans, Hindkowans, Potohari etc. Furthermore, specific regions within Punjab that are highlighted as Punjabi regions have a majority Pashtun or Pathan populations (e.g. district of Mianwali in Punjab). Pashtuns make up the second largest and Sindhi are the third largest ethnic group.[28][29][not in citation given] Saraikis, (a group seen as

transitional between Punjabis and Sindhis or Punjabis and Hindkowans/Pashtuns), make up 10.53% of the population. The remaining groups that comprise large percentages include the Muhajirs (migrants from different parts of South Asia - Bangladesh, Burma, India etc.) at 7.57% and the Baloch people at 3.57%. The other main ethnic groups include Hindkowans and the Brahui, and the various peoples of the Northern Areas, who all together total roughly 4.66% of the total population, while significant Shia Muslims of Pakistan are of Ethnic Persian descent. The Pakhtun and Baloch represent two of the major populations that are linguistically Iranic, while the majority Punjabis, Hindkowans, Sindhis and Saraikis are the major linguistically Indo-Aryan groups. Note that, due to thousands of years of shared history, migrations and conquests many Punjabi, Hindkowans and Seraikis, though linguistically Indo-Aryan, are racially and ethnically of (recent) Persian, Turk or Afghan descent. Present Prime Minister of Pakistan, Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani is one such example who hails from southern Punjab's Saraiki belt, but whose family is originally from Gilan in Iran. The Muhajir population is a multi-ethnical group principally of Indian origin but also is believed to have mixed blood lines of people from the rest of South Asia who claim Afghan, Persian, Turk, Mongol, and Arab admixture such as the Rohilla Pashtun. People of Black African descent are known in Pakistan as Sheedis. After Pakistan-India war in 1971, thousands of Biharis and Bengalis from Bangladesh arrived in the Karachi, followed by Rohingya refugees[30] from Burma, and Asians from Uganda. According to the UNHCR and the local law enforcement, approximately 50,000 registered Afghan refugees live in Karachi.[31] Many other refugees from Iran and Tajikistan have also settled in the city. Approximately 1.7 million Afghan refugees remain in Pakistan, though the exact number can be higher.[32] Nearly half of this population actually was born and grew up in Pakistan during the last 30 years, so they have never seen Afghanistan.[33][34] They are not counted in the national census, even the ones born in Pakistan, because they are still considered citizens of Afghanistan. In addition, there are some pockets of other refugees/migrants including but not limited to Iraqis, Iranians, Tajikistanis, Somalis, Burmese, and possibly others who can be found living in the major cities of Pakistan. All major ethnic groups in Pakistan, while categorized as separate entities, have thousands of years of shared history and inter-mingling. Thus, as can be expected, the genetic (as well as cultural and linguistic) differences between ethnic groups in Pakistan and those of its neighbors (Iran, Afghanistan, North-Western India etc.) are insignificant. In particular, inter-marriages between ethnic groups within Pakistan are becoming quite common today. The rate of intermarriage between peoples claiming Sindhi, Punjabi, Arabic or Pashtun origin has reached its peaks in this and the previous century.

[edit] Religions
Main article: Religion in Pakistan

See also: Islam in Pakistan, Christianity in Pakistan, History of the Jews in Pakistan, Hinduism in Pakistan, and Sikhism in Pakistan According to the CIA World Factbook, Library of Congress, Oxford University and others, about 95-97% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim and the remaining 3-5% is Christian, Hindu and others.[35][3][4] Majority of the Muslims practice Sunni Islam while the Shia Pakistanis make up 5-20%.[35][1][2][3][4][5] The Muslims belong to different Islamic law schools which are called Madhahib (singular: Madhhab) i.e., schools of jurisprudence (also 'Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of thought) in Urdu). Sunnis accept all four of their schools and can pray in each others' mosques without any problems. The Sunni Hanafi school includes the Barelvis, Deobandis, and others. These Islamic law schools are not to be confused with sects or divisions. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver branch[3], while there are some who practice Ismailism, which insludes Agha Khanis, Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani and others. Although the Twelvers (Ithnashariyyah) have their own special mosques, they encourage their members to pray in all mosques regardless of the associated madhab. While the Ismailis pray in Jama'at Khanas. The Ahmadiyya sect also has a sizeable minority of about 4 million adherents.[36] There are small non-Muslim religious groups: Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Parsis, Bah's, Zoroastrians (Parsis) and others 3-5%. [edit] Religious population In Pakistan

Muslims: 175,376,000 (Sunnis are the majority while Shi'as are minority who make up 5-20%[35]) Hindus: 3,200,000 (approx. 1.6%[35]) Christians: 2,800,000 (approx. 1.6%[35]) Buddhists: 20,000 Sikhs: 20,000 Zoroastrian/Parsis: 5,000 Others (included Animists, Atheists, Jews, etc.): unknown

[edit] Languages of Pakistan

Main article: Languages of Pakistan Census History of Major languages Rank Language 1998 census 1982 census 1961 census 1951 census 1 Punjabi* 44.15% 48.17% 66.39% 67.08% 2 Pashto 15.42% 13.35% 8.47% 8.16% 3 Sindhi 14.1% 12.7% 12.59% 12.85% 4 Seraiki 10.53% 9.54% --5 Urdu 07.57% 07.60% 07.57% 07.05% 6 Balochi 03.57% 03.02% 02.49% 03.04%

{* Seraiki was included with Punjabi in the 1951 and 1961 censuses.} Following are the major languages spoken in Pakistan. The percentage of Pakistanis who are native speakers of that language is also given. Numbers of speakers of larger languages 2008 estimate 1998 census Main areas spoken 76,367,360 44.17% 58,433,431 44.15% Punjab 26,692,890 15.44% 20,408,621 15.42% Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 26,410,910 15.35% 18,661,571 14.10% Sindh 18,019,610 10.42% 13,936,594 10.53% South Punjab 13,120,540 7.59% 10,019,576 7.57% Karachi 6,204,540 3.59% 4,724,871 3.57% Balochistan 8,089,150 3.59% 6,167,515 4.66% 172,900,000 100% 132,352,279 100% Pakistan

Language 1 Punjabi 2 Pashto 3 Sindhi 4 Seraiki 5 Urdu 6 Balochi 7 Others Total

There are around 75 to 80 known Pakistani languages although, in practice, there are primarily six major languages in Pakistan spoken by 95% of the population: Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Urdu and Balochi. The official language is English and the national language is Urdu, the census indicates that around 8% of the population speak Urdu as their first language. However, due to rapid urbanization and modernization, the use of Urdu as a primary language is increasing, especially amongst the growing urbanized middle class of Pakistan. Around 44% speak Punjabi, 15.5% speak Pashto, 15.5% speak Sindhi, 10.5% Saraiki, 7.5% Urdu, 3.5% Balochi and 3.5% other languages (Hindko, Brahui etc.) as their first language. Most Pakistanis, however, speak or understand at least two to three languages and almost all Pakistanis speak or understand the national language, Urdu. The most prevalent native languages appear in bold below, with the percentage of the population speaking them as their first language rounded to the nearest percentage point:

Aer Ajri Badeshi Bagri Balochi (4%) Balti Bateri Bhadrawahi Brahui Brokskat Burig Burushaski Chambeali

Dameli Dogri Dehawri Dhakti Domaaki Persian GawarBati Ghera Goaria Gowro Gujarati Gojri (Gujari)

Jandavra Kabutra Kachchi Kalami Kalashamun Kalkoti Kamviri Kashmiri Kati Khetrani Khojki Khowar Kohistani

Ladakhi Lasi Loarki Makrani Marwari Memoni Od Ormuri PahariPothoha ri PSL Pashto (15%)

Seraiki (10%) Shina ShinaKohistani Sindhi (14%) SindhiBhil Torwali Urdu (8%) Uyghur Ushojo

Changthang Chilliso Chitrali Dari

Gurgula Hazaragi Hindko Jadgali

Indus KoliKachi KoliParkari KoliWadiyara

Punjabi (44%) Palula Purik Sansi Savi

Vagri Wakhi Waneci Yidgha Zangskari

[edit] English (official language) English is the official language, being widely used within the government, by the civil service and the officer ranks of the military. Pakistan's Constitution and laws are written in English. Many schools, and nearly all colleges and universities, use English as the medium of instruction. Amongst the more eduacated social circles of Pakistan, English is seen as the language of upward mobility and its use is becoming more prevalent in upper social circles often spoken alongside native Pakistani languages. Among countries that use English as an official language, Pakistan is the third most populous in the world. [edit] Urdu (national language) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (August
2010)

Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, the lingua franca chosen to facilitate interprovincial communication between the country's diverse linguistic populations. Although only about 7.5% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is spoken as a second and often third language by nearly all Pakistanis. Its introduction as the lingua franca was encouraged by the British upon the capitulation and annexation of Sindh (1843) and Punjab (1849) with the subsequent ban on the use of Persian, the lingua franca of the region for the last 1,000 years, probably since the time the area was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The decision to make the language change was to institute a universal language throughout the then British Raj in India as well as minimize the influence of Persia, Ottoman Empire, Afghanistan and Central Asia had on this transitional region. Urdu is a relatively new language in the contemporary sense but has undergone considerable modifications and development borrowing heavily on the traditions of older languages like Persian, Arabic and local South Asian languages all of which can be found in its vocabulary. It began as a standardized register of Hindi and in its spoken form. It is widely used, both formally and informally, for personal letters as well as public literature, in the literary sphere and in the popular media. It is a required subject of study in all primary and secondary schools. It is the first language of most Muhajirs (Muslim refugees from other parts of India that migrated to Pakistan) that form nearly 8% of Pakistan's population and is an acquired language. But nearly all of Pakistan's native ethnic groups representing almost 92% of the population making Pakistan a unique country in the choice of national languages. As Pakistan's national

language, Urdu has been promoted as a token of national unity. In recent years, the Urdu spoken in Pakistan has undergone further evolution and acquired a particularly Pakistani flavour to it often absorbing local native terminology and adopting a strong Punjabi and Pashto leaning in terms of intonations and vocabulary. It is a modern language which is constantly evolving from its original form. It is written in a modified form of the PersoArabic script, Nastaliq, and its basic Hindi-based vocabulary has been enriched by words from Persian, Arabic, Turkic languages and English. Urdu has drawn inspiration from Persian literature and has now an enormous stock of words from that language. In recent years, the Urdu spoken in Pakistan has gradually incorporated words from many of the native languages found there including Pashto, Punjabi and Sindhi to name a few. As such the language is constantly developing and has acquired a particularly 'Pakistani' flavour to it distinguishing itself from that spoken in ancient times and in India. The first poetry in Urdu was by the Persian poet Amir Khusro (12531325) and the first Urdu book "Woh Majlis" was written in 1728 and the first time the word "Urdu" was used by Saraj-ud-din Aarzoo in 1751. [edit] Punjabi (provincial language) Punjabi is spoken as a first language by more than 44% of Pakistanis, mostly in Punjab as well as by a large number of people in Karachi. It is an important language since Punjabi is spoken by about half of Pakistanis. However, Punjabi does not have any official status in Pakistan. The exact numbers of Punjabi speakers in Pakistan is hard to find since there are many dialects / languages, such as Saraiki, which some regard as part of Punjabi and others regard as separate language. When taking into account Hindko, Potwari, Pahari, Saraiki, Punjabi dialects are thus spoken by almost 60% of the population in Pakistan. The standard Punjabi dialects is from Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala and Sheikhupura districts of the Pakistani Punjab which was used by Waris Shah (17221798) in his famous book Heer Ranjha and is also now days the language of Punjabi literature, film and music; such as Lollywood. Other dialects are Multani or Saraiki in the West and South, Pothowari & Hindko in the North, Dogri in the mountain areas and Shahpuri in the Sargodha district. Punjabi is descended from Prakrit in the Vedic period (1700 B.C.), Pali, Old Persian and Apabhramsha in the Ashoka period (273 B.C. - 232 B.C.) and Hindvi, Lahori and Multani in the Muslim period (711 A.D. - 1857 A.D.) Punjabi literature was principally spiritual in nature and has had a very rich oral tradition. The Great poetry written by Sufi saints has been the folklore of the Punjab and is still sung with great love in any part of Punjab. Punjabi dialects:

Lahori - "The standard Punjabi language" and spoken in the heart of Punjab where most of the Punjabi population lives. The main districts are Lahore, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala and Sialkot. Pothowari - The area where Pothowari is spoken extends in the north from Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Mirpur) to as far south as Jhelum, Gujar Khan, Chakwal

and Rawalpindi. The language in the Dhani area of Chakwal is a mix of Pothowari, Saraiki and jhangi [edit] Pashto (provincial language) Pashto is spoken as a first language by 15.5% (28-30 millions) of Pakistanis, mostly in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Balochistan as well as by immigrants to the eastern provinces who are often not counted due to census irregularities. The Pashto has rich written literary traditions as well as an oral tradition. There are two major dialect patterns within which the various individual dialects may be classified; these are Pakhto, which is the Northern (Peshawar) variety, and the softer Pashto spoken in the southern areas. Khushal Khan Khattak (16131689) and Rahman Baba (16331708) were the most famous poets in the Pashto language. In the last part of 20th century, Pakhto / Pashto has produced some great poets like Ghani Khan, Khatir Afridi and Amir Hamza Shinwari. There are also many Pakistani's from the adjacent regions of Panjab, Sindh and Balochistan who are conversant in Pashto and count it as their second language. They are not included in the overall percentage. [edit] Sindhi (provincial language) Sindhi is spoken as a first language by 15.5% of Pakistanis, mostly in Sindh. It has a rich literature and is used in schools. It is an Indo-Iranian (Indo-European) language, derived from Sanskrit and heavily influenced by Dravidian (South Indian) and Arabic languages. The reason for the latter is that the Arabs ruled Sindh for more than 150 years after Muhammad bin Qasim conquered it in 712 AD, remaining there for three years to set up Arab rule. Consequently, the social fabric of Sindh contains elements of Arabic society. Sindhi is spoken by over 25 million people in Pakistan, and is the official language of Sindh province. It is widely spoken in the Lasbela District of Balochistan (where the Lasi tribe speaks a dialect of Sindhi), many areas of the Naseerabad and Jafarabad districts of Balochistan, and by the Sindhi diaspora abroad. It is written in the Arabic script with several additional letters to accommodate special sounds. The largest Sindhi-speaking cities are Hyderabad, Sukkur, Shikarpur, Dadu, Larkana and Nawabshah. Sindhi literature is also spiritual in nature. Shah Abdul Latif Bhita'i (16891752) is one of its greatest poets, and wrote Sassi Punnun and Umar Marvi, folk stories, in his famous book "Shah Jo Risalo". [edit] Saraiki (regional language) Saraiki is closely related to Punjabi (See Classification, below). Many argue that it is merely a regional dialect of Punjabi. It is spoken as a first language by 10.5% of Pakistanis, mostly in the southern districts of Punjab, Pakistan (see Saraikis). Dialects tend to blend into each other, with Punjabi to the east, and Sindhi to the south. Until recently it was considered to be a dialect of Punajbi. The Saraiki language has an 85% lexical similarity with Sindhi and 68% similarity with Odki and Sansi. Dialects are Derawali, Khatki, Jangli or Jatki and Riasti or Bahawalpuri. Saraiki or Multani (also Lehndi by some) differs from Punjabi more than any other dialect. Multani becomes

more and more different as you move down south, as the influence of Sindhi increases, it is also known as Saraiki there. Saraiki itself is Sindhi word and means northern. [edit] Balochi (provincial language) Balochi is spoken as first language by about 3.5% of Pakistanis, mostly in Balochistan. Sindh and southern Punjab. Balochi language is very close to the Persian itself. The name Balochi or Baluchi is not found before the 10th Century. It is believed that the language was brought to its present location in a series of migrations from northern Iran region of Caspian Sea. Rakshani is the major dialect group in terms of numbers. Sarhaddi, is a sub dialect of Rakshani. Other sub - dialects are Qalati, Chagai Kharani, and Makrani. The Eastern Hill Balochi or Northern Balochi are distinct dialects.The Kethran language in North East Baluchistan is also a variant of Baluchi.It is one of the 9 distinguished languages of Pakistan.Since Baluchi is a very poetic and rich language and have a certain degree of affinity to Persian and Urdu, Baluchi poets tend to be very good poets in Urdu as well and Ata Shaad, Gul Khan Nasir and Noon Meem Danish are excellent examples of this. [edit] Brahui (regional language) Brahui is of uncertain origin despite the fact that the bulk of the language shares lexical similarities to Balochi as well as Sindhi. In colonial times, many British linguists tried to make the claim of a possible Dravidian language origin but this has not been conclusively proven despite ongoing research in the language for a century now.[37] spoken in southern Pakistan, may have evolved from the original languages of Indus valley civilizations at Mehrgarh . However it is heavily influenced by Baluchi and Pashto. It is spoken in central and east central Baluchistan. The Mengals are a famous Brahvi tribe. Around 11.5% of Pakistani population has Brahui as their first language. It is one of the 9 distinguished languages of Pakistan. [edit] Hindko (regional language) Hindko is an ancient Indo-Aryan language spoken by Hindkowans in Pakistan. It is very similar to northern dialects of Punjabi. The language is spoken in the areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including Hazara), local people of Peshawar Punjab and Azad Kashmir by an estimated 2.2 to 4 million people.[citation needed] During the pre-Buddhist era in present day Pakistan, the language of the masses was refined by the ancient grammarian Pini, who set the rules of a structurally rigorous language called Sanskrit which was used principally for scriptures (analogous to Latin in the Western world). Meanwhile, the vernacular language of the masses, Prakrit developed into many tongues and dialects which spread over the northern parts of South Asia. Hindko is believed to be closely related to Prakrit. Due to the geographic isolation of the regions, it has undergone very little grammatical corruption, but has borrowed considerable vocabulary from its neighbours, in particular Pashto. It shows close affinity to Punjabi and the Lahnda subgroup of Indo-Aryan tongues and can be sub-divided into a northern and southern dialects.

[edit] Persian (cultural language) There is a sizeable population of Pakistani's who speak Persian. Although Persian has no official status since being banned by the British during their colonial rule of the region, it had for long been the lingua franca, for a thousand years and a preferred language amongst the educated Muslim elite and was the official and cultural language of the Mughal Empire, Afghan Empire and various Muslim princely states based in Pakistan. Persian was officially abolished from the region with the arrival of the British to the province of Sindh in 1843 and Punjab in 1849 to minimize the influence of Persia and Afghanistan on the regions that now make up Pakistan and integrate these regions with the rest of South Asia under a common Urdu language. Nevertheless, Persian and Persian culture continues to influence the country to this day. It has influenced and formed the base for many of Pakistan's native language and more recently has influenced Urdu immensely. It is still appreciated as a literary and prestigious language among the educated elite, especially in fields of music (Qawwali) and art. National Anthem of Pakistan is also in Persian. [edit] Arabic (religious language) Arabic is considered to be religious language of Pakistan. The Quran, Sunnah, Hadith and Muslim theology is taught in Arabic with Urdu translation. The large numbers of Pakistanis living in the Persian Gulf region and in other Middle Eastern countries has further increased the number of people who can speak Arabic in Pakistan. Arabic is taught as a religious language in the country and most if not all of Pakistan's Muslim population has had some form of training in the reading and pronunciation of the more ancient Arabic language (Arabi-Fas-Ha) used in the Quran. [edit] Turkic (cultural language) Turkic languages were used by the ruling Turco-Mongols (or Mughals) and earlier Sultans of India many of whom have settled in Pakistan. There are pockets of Turkic speakers found throughout the country, notably in the valleys in the countries northern regions which lie adjacent to central Asia, western Pakistani region of Waziristan principally around Kanigoram where the Burki tribe dwell and in Pakistan's urban centres of Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad. The autobiography of Mughal emperor Babur, Tuzk Babari was also written in Turkish. The word Urdu is of Turkic origin, as Urdu was originally called Zaban-e-Ordu or language of the Army, Ordu means army' in Turkish. [edit] Other Pakistani languages Numerous other languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people, especially in some of the more remote and isolated places in, for example, the Northern Areas of Pakistan.[38] Other Indo-European languages spoken in Pakistan include Pothohari, Shina,

Gujjari, Kutchhi, Wakhi, Kashmiri, Marwari, Khowar, and Dari Persian. Non-IndoEuropean languages include Brahui and Burushaski, a language isolate. There are some languages that are spoken by less than a thousand people, such as Aer. Arabic and Persian are also taught in schools and religious institutions. [edit] Classification
[edit] Indo-European

Most of Pakistan's languages are Indo-European languages and within the smaller IndoIranian sub-branch.
[edit] Indo-Aryan languages

Around 80% of Pakistan's population speak one or more of the various Indo-Aryan languages. Usually concentrated in the heavily populated areas east of the Indus river, the Indo-Aryan languages and their cultures form the predominant cultural group in the country. They derive their roots from the Sanskrit language of Aryan invadors and are later heavily influenced by the languages of the later Muslim arrivals (i.e., Turkish, Persian, and Arabic), and are all written in a variant of either the Arabic or Nastaliq script. Urdu, the country's national language, is an Indo-Aryan tongue. Punjabi, Hindko and Seraiki, all mutually intelligible, are classified by linguists as dialects of an IndoAryan speech called Lahnda,[39] also spelled as Lehnda. These are also, to a lesser extent, mutually intelligible with Urdu. Added together, speakers of these mutually-intelligible languages make up nearly two-thirds of Pakistan's population. Sindhi is the common language of the people of Sindh in southern Pakistan and has a rich literary history of its own, traced back to the era of the early Arab arrivals. The Dardic languages of GilgitBaltistan, Azad Kashmir and the northwestern mountains are sometimes classified by many linguists as belonging to the Indo-Aryan family. Other Indo-Aryan languages include Gujarati, Kutchi, and others. Dardic languages The Dardic languages are spoken in the northern Pakistan. They include Shina (spoken in Gilgit, Chilas and Diamar) , Khowar (spoken in Chitral, Ghizer and the Kalam Valley of upper Swat), Kalasha (spoken by Kalash tribe) , Kohistani (spoken in upper Swat and Kohistan) and Kashmiri mostly by Immigrants from Kashmir valley and by a few in the Neelum District. Kashmiri spoken in north east Azad Kashmir and the adjacent Kashmir valley, (not to be confused with Pahari language spoken in the lower Azad Kashmir) is one of the Dardic languages that has a literary tradition that goes well back into the history where as other Dardic languages spoken in northern Pakistan, do not have written literature. It is believed to be the result of the northern areas of Pakistan having remained isolated in the mountain valleys from the others for centuries.

[edit] Iranic family of languages

Pashto, Yidgha and Wakhi are Eastern Iranic languages spoken in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. Balochi spoken in Balochistan is classified as a members of the Northwest Iranic languages.[40] If combined, Iranic peoples who speak Pashto, Balochi, Yidgha and Wakhi comprise about 18% of the population of Pakistan, and are concentrated in the northwest and west of Pakistan.
[edit] Brahui

Brahui may or may not be a language isolate and many origins have been hypothesized for it including Iranic and Dravidian.[37] spoken in southern Pakistan, primarily in Kalat in Balochistan.
[edit] Burushaski

Burushaski is a language isolate, spoken by Burusho people in Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, and parts of the Gilgit valleys in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan.

[edit] See also

Pakistan Punjab Balochistan Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Sindh Gilgit-Baltistan Azad Kashmir Pakistani people Persian people Demography of Central Asia

[edit] Suffix of regions and towns

-garh -pur -istan -nagar -abad -goth

[edit] References
1. ^ a b "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of
the Worlds Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009.

http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population%286%29.aspx. Retrieved 2010-08-28. 2. ^ a b Miller, Tracy, ed (October 2009) (PDF). Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population. Pew Research Center. http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-28. 3. ^ a b c d "Pakistan, Islam in". Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1. Retrieved 2010-08-29. "Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers." 4. ^ a b c "Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%". Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html? countryName=Pakistan&countryCode=pk&regionCode=sas&#pk. Retrieved 2010-08-24. 5. ^ a b "Pakistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2008". United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm. Retrieved 201008-28. 6. ^ a b CIA - The World Factbook: Population growth rate 7. ^ "Official Pakistani Population clock". Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics. http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/. Retrieved January 17, 2010. 8. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html 9. ^ Burke, Jason (2008-08-17). "Pakistan looks to life without the general". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/17/pakistan. 10. ^ "YEAR BOOK 2004 - 2005 Government of Pakistan - Ministry of Labour, Manpower & Overseas Pakistanis - (Overseas Pakistanis Division) - See pages 29 to 34" 11. ^ American FactFinder 12. ^ http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/rr/rr73.pdf 13. ^ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf 14. ^ http://www.un.org.pk/nhdr/htm_pages/cp_1.htm 15. ^ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr06-complete.pdf 16. ^ a b c d e http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2009/en/pdf/EN_SOWP09_ICPD.pdf 17. ^ http://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wbwdi&met=sp_dyn_le00_in&idim=country:PAK&q=life+expectancy+in+pakistan 18. ^ Feeney and Alam, 2003) 19. ^ http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/PB1/Pakistan_200607_Briefing_Kit_all_6[PB1].pdf 20. ^ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:SysImyCvOz4J:www.appgpopdevrh.org.uk/Publications/Maternal%2520Morbidity%2520Hearings/Written %2520Evidence/4.3.1%2520Pakistan%2520MoPW %2520Evidence.doc+pakistan+fertility+rate+by+province&cd=64&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl= uk 21. ^ http://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/10_Education.pdf 22. ^ [1]) 23. ^ [2]) 24. ^ a b c d http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_PAK.html 25. ^ "International Data Base". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbprint.html. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 26. ^ Pakistan's Total Midyear Population

27. ^ [3]) 28. ^ Taus-Bolstad, Stacy (2003). Pakistan in Pictures. Visual geography series (Revised ed.). Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 41. ISBN 9780822546825. http://books.google.com.pk/books? id=K9QbtVadL_gC&lpg=PA41&ots=78JRCu10Ir&dq=sindhi%20largest%20ethnic %20group&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q=sindhi%20largest%20ethnic%20group&f=false. Retrieved August 11, 2010. 29. ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=109027&rog3=AF 30. ^ From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan 31. ^ KARACHI: UN body, police baffled by ministers threat against Afghan refugees, Dawn. February 10, 2009.("Pakistans interior ministry has issued them PoR (Proof of registration) cards to determine the exact number of such refugees. Sindh is home to some 50,000 Afghan refugees and most of them are staying in Karachi," said a spokesman for the UNHCR. "... The police can move only against unregistered Afghans, whose number is very small in Karachi", said a senior police official in Karachi. ) 32. ^ UNHCR and Pakistan sign new agreement on stay of Afghan refugees, March 13, 2009. 33. ^ Voice of America, Pakistan Extends Deadline for Afghan Refugees 34. ^ Government of Pakistan - National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA), NADRA Has Registered 2.15 Million Afghan Refugees, February 15, 2007. 35. ^ a b c d e "Country Profile: Pakistan". Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan. Library of Congress. February 2005. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-01. "Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni and 5 percent Shia. " 36. ^ "Ahmadi massacre silence is dispiriting". Declan Walsh (London: guardian.co.uk). June 7, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2010/jun/07/ahmadimassacre-silence-pakistan. Retrieved 2010-08-28. 37. ^ a b Vogelsang, Wilhelm The Afghans Wiley-Blackwell 2002 ISBN 978-0-631-19841-3 pp.61-62 [4] 38. ^ Ethnologue report for Pakistan: Languages of Pakistan 39. ^ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda: Language Tree 40. ^ Indo-European, Indo-Iranic, Iranic: Language Tree

[edit] External links

infopak.gov.pk - Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Population Reference Bureau statpak.gov.pk - Population by mother tongue US Census: International Data Base (IDB) infoPakistan.pk - All about Pakistan The Gujaratis of Pakistan

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