VedicMathematicsNotes

01. WritethecaramaslokaofSriBhagavadGitaandexplainthemathematicsbehindit.
Ans. CaramaSlokaofSriBhagavadGitaisasfollows


Meaningofthesolka:
=all, =me(2ndcase), =I, =fromallsins, =you(2ndcase),

=Dontworry.
Surrendertome.Illremoveallyoursins

Mathematicsbehindthesolka:
Here is decoded as 11. Therefore the whole 32 digit no: when decoded using
VedicNumericalcodewillbedivisibleby11.
ThisisobtainedbyusingthecluegivenbySriVedantaDesikainhisverse .
Bydecodingtheaboveslokaweget
74951211551525280847411150115556
Sumofthedigitsinoddplace=7+9+1+1+5+1+2+2+0+4+4+1+5+1+5+5=53(assumea)
Sumofthedigitsinevenplace=4+5+2+1+5+5+5+8+8+7+1+1+0+1+5+6=64(assumeb)
Note:
Anumberissaidtobedivisibleby11iff
|sumofthedigitsintheoddplaces(a)sumofthedigitsintheevenplaces(b)|is
equalto0oramultipleof11.

Hence|ab|intheabovenumberis=|5364|=11.Hencethenumberisdivisibleby
11.
02. WritetheprayeronlordKrishnaanddecodeittogetthevalueof exactto30
decimalplaces.
Ans. PrayeronlordKrishna


TheaboveslokawhendecodedusingVedicnumericalcodeweget
3,1,4,1,5,9, 2,6, 5,3,5,8,9,

7, 9,3

2,3,8,4,6,2,6,4,3,3,8,3,2
7, 9,2

Hencethevalueof =0.31415926535897932384626433832792

03. ExplainAryabhattacodewithexamples.
Ans. AryabhattaI(490AD)inventedanalphabeticsystemofnotation.Thiswas
usedbyhimin forenumeratingthenumericaldataofhisdescriptive
astonomy.
Thisrulegivesthemethodofexpressingthealphabetchronograminthe
decimalplacevaluenotationandviceversa.Thenotationalplacesareindicatedas
below.
V>Varga(),a>Avarga(..)

v
av av
av av av

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Itsplace
10
10 10
10 10
10 10
10 10
101100
value

1. The18placesaredenotedbyZeros(0s)andtheyaredividedinto9pairs.
2. Eachpairconsistsofavargaplace(oddplace)andanavargaplace(evenplace).
3. Thevargalettersareusedinvargaplacesi.e.inoddplaces.They
denotethenumbers1,2,..25insuccession.
4. Theavargaletters..denotethenumber3..10insuccession
.Theyareusedinavargaplacesonlyi.e.inevenplaces.
5. Ninevargaavargapairsaredenotedbythevowelsinsuccession.
6. Thusthefirstavpairdenotedrepresentstheunitsandtensplaces.The
secondavpairdenotedby representsthe100s&1000splacesand
7. Thevowelsdenotetheplaces(0&theydonthaveanynumericalvalueby
themselves).
8. Whenattachedtoaletternumber,avoweldenotesaplacethatthenumber
occupiesinthedecimalplacevaluenotation.
Examples:
Letter
Numberrepresented

1 x102
1x104

1x106

1x1010

1x1012

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3 x103
3x102

whendecodeusingthiscodingweget isavargaletteritisdecodedas8,is
anavargaletteritisdecodedas3x101.Hencethevalueofthewordwhendecoded
usingaryabhattacodeis38.
Note:
1. Themainadvantageofthisnotationisthatitgivesbriefchronograms.
2. Thereare2defectsinthissystem
a. Mostofthechronogramsformedaccordinglytothissystemarevery
difficulttopronounce.
b. Thesystemdoesntallowanygreatvarietyintheletterchronogramsas
thekatapayasystemorothersystems.
3. Theaboveprocedurecanbeappliedtoexpressanynumberoccupyingmore
than18places.
4. Thevowelswith (, -----)denotethenext18places,i.e.

-1018 , 2x1018

Explainvariousmathematicalconceptsfoundintheverse from of
.
Ans. of consistsof144slokasin12chapter(12x12).4thslokaof

04.

VIchapter( )is asfollows

Meaning:
Thebenignlookofgreatmanwhosemindisalwayssetontheperformanceof
righteousacts,whoarealwayscompassionateinremovingtheignoranceofmen,will
removeallsins.
Decoding:(UsingVedicNumericalcode).
9576041056303217
8056246081110460
SarosCycle:
Theperiodof6585consistingof18yearsand11/10daysaccording
asthenumberofleapyearsas4or5.Aftereverysuchperiodthesun,themoon
&thenodesofthelunarorbitreturntothesamerelativepositions.Thisperiod
iscalledtheSarosCycleandwasdiscoveredbyChaldeans.
IftheeclipsesofoneSarosCyclewerecalculatedthentheywillbe
repeatedinthesameinvariableorderforallsuccessiveSaros.InVedasthisis
called designedforthedailyobservationofthemovementsofthesun
3

andthemoon.
Openingstanzaof (RigVeda):
--------------------------

---------------------------
UsingthecluegivenbyVedantaDesika,wefindthenumber6850(SarosCycle)
upondecodingusingVedicnumericalcodeintheopeningstanzaofRigVeda.
Divisibilityby11:
Takethemiddle18digitsfromtheverseomittingthefirst4digits
( ) weget630321780562460811itisdivisibleby11asinthe
aboveverseisdecodedas11.
Sumofthedigitsatoddplaces26(assumea)
Sumofthedigitsatevenplaces37(assumeb)
Hence|ab|=|2637|=11sothenumberisdivisibleby11.
TrigonometryconceptgivenbyAryabhatta:
()=RSin
R=

=3438nearly

=5718=3438
radians=180>1radian= =
.
Sin(75747372717069686766656463626160)=0
HeretheZerointheRHSindicateshowthesinsofallthedevotees
arenullifiedbythebenignlookofsaints.
Note:
Intheusageofwordsfromscriptures(ancientsutraslikeBrahmasutra,Paninisutra,
Patanjalisutraetc)anyadditionoromissionofsyllablesonthispartmustbetakenin
toconsiderationasinthesutratextitself.
Heretheword isfoundinBrahmasutra[3230]as
--------------------

Constructionof4x4MagicSquare: (foundinChandogyaUpanishad3182)
usingthenumbersfor59to76excludingtheendnumbers.
1. Writethenumbersfor59to76excludingtheendnumbersina4x4array
asshownbelow
60 61 62 63
64 65 66 67
68 69 70 71
72 73 74 75
2. Interchangethenumbersasindicatedbythearrowmarksshownbelow

60

63

65 66

69 70
72

75

Uponinterchangingwegetthemagicsquarewhosetotalis270.

Sumofthefourcells
60 74 73 63
Totalofeachrow
indictedis270andistrue
71 65 66 68
andcolumnis
inother3sidesalso
67 69 70 64
equalto270
72 32 61 75

Decodingtheabovelineandthenaddingweget59+67+40+01+65+03+23+71=
270
Thepoetalsosays isnotservingasthebridgebutiscontainedwithin
itselfasshownbelow

60 74 73 63
71 65 66 68
67 69 70 64
72 32 61 75

Theexactmiddleshownaboveconformsthat (59+76)isbothinternal
andexternal.
ConstructionofUpsidedownMagicSquares:
The4digits1,8,6,9aloneremainsamewhentheyarerotatedby180oi.e.upside
down.Theothersignificantnumbers2,3,4,5,7donotfitinthiscategory.0is
omittedsinceitisnotsignificant.Themagicsquarewiththesecanbe
establishedasbelow

Square1

Square1witheachrow,column,
99 81 16 68
diagonal,4Cornersquare,centre
18 66 91 89
square,4adjacentcornersquares
61 19 88 96
totalequalto264.
86 98 69 11

Square2

Itisobtainedrotatingthenumbersinsquare1by180oandbyinterchanging
follows

Square2witheachrow,column,
89 68 96 11
diagonal,4Cornersquare,centre
91 16 88 69
square,4adjacentcornersquares
18 99 61 86
totalequalto264.
66 81 19 98

Sumofseven2digitnumbersoneithersideofdharmais264asshownbelow
5

Upondecodingthewordsoneithersideofweget
81+11+04+60+67+40+01=264

05. WriteanessayonancientIndianAstronomy?
Ans. Aryabhattarevealedthefactfirsttotheworld
1. TheEarthisSpherical

2. AccordingtoGreekmythologyEarthisflat.
3. Earthisthecentreofcelestialsphere.

So

E
N

NSogreatcircle.PNorthcelestialpole.
Horizon.PSouthcelestialpole.
QRcelestialequator.

4. Thepolestarissituatedatthepointp.
AxisppisperpendiculartothegreatcircleQR.

P
r

P
q

Earthrotatesforwesttoeastattherateof1000miles/hr.
5. Ecliptic(CL):TheapparentannualpathoftheSuniscalledtheecliptic.
6. and:Thecelestialequatorandtheeclipticintersectat2pointsdenotedby
symbolsand(Libra)
istheFirstpointofAries.
istheFirstpointofLibra.
Eclipticandequatorareinclinedatanangleand=23 o.Thisiscalled
obliquityofecliptic.OnMarch21st,theSunwillbeat(Vernalequinox).Andon
6

September22nd,Sunwillbeat(Autumnalequinox).Throughouttheyearthe
Sunwillbeattheeclipticonly.
Generallyisfixedpointofeclipticduetosizeofearthandprecisionand
severalfactorsmovesback(retrograde)1oper1000years.Thisiscalled
retrogrademotionof.DuringVedicperiodswasatKrithika(nowitisknown
asthethirdstarfromAswini)i.e.whyBrahmanapartofVedaspraiseKrithika
first.
ThesageParasaramadecorrectionsforretrogrademotionofin
astronomicalcalculationsandfixedasthefirstpointofAswini.Afterthesage
Parasaranobodyhasmadecorrectionsforretrogrademotionof.
Consider2smallcirclesparalleltotheeclipticatanangulardistanceof8o
oneitherside.ThebeltobtainediscalledZodiac()andthezodiacis

dividedinto12partseachparthavinganextensionof30o.TheyarecalledSigns
orSyanaRsis.
l

Wehave12SyanaRsisasBelow
Signs
SyanaRsi Meaning
Angleofaltitudesindegrees
Aries
Ram
030

Tarus
Gemini

Bull

3060

Twins

6090

Cancer

Crab

90120

Leo

Lion

120150

Virgo

Virgin

150180

Libra

Balance

180210

Scorpion

210240

Archer

240270

Scorpio
Sagittarius

Capricorn

Seagoat

270300

Aquarius

Waterpot

300330

Fish

330360

Pisces

ThesignsandRasisshowninthefirst2columnswereequivalentwhen
(Vernalequinox)coincidedwiththefirstpointintheIndianSystem.

SolutiontoComputerScienceproblemfoundin

of
ProblemStatement:Consideronhalfofthechessboard.Findthetourofthechess
horsestartingfromthefirstcell&crossingallcellsexactlyonce.
Ans. Solutiontotheaboveproblemwasexplainedinthesloka929of

.Thesloka
isasfollows
6
1

2
3
4
5

1
30
9 20
3
24
11
26

06.

10

19

11

32

18

19

18

26

15

27

17

25

16

17

31

12

29

13

20

14

21

28

29

10

21

28

14

27

15

22

23

25

30

13

31

22

23

12
32

5
16
24

07.

YZ
X>Serialnumberofthecell.
Z>representthetourofthehorse.
Sloka929




Collectthesyllabusatthefootofthehorsealongtheabovetourwegetthenext
verse(Number930)of

asbelow




SrinivasaRamanujansmagicrectanglecanbederivedfromabovechesshorseasbelow:

1
11
5
15
32
22
28
18
3
13
7
24
30
20
26
9
19
25
10
4
21
31
16
6
23
8
14
29
12
2
17
27

Inallthefourrowseachhasrowtotal132.Thismagicrectangleisobtainedbywriting
theserialnumberofthecellsobtainedaccordingtothehorsetour.

Listofnamesforvariouspowersof10giveninVedas(QuotedbyAryabhatta)
8

100

Ans.

10
10
10
10
5

10
10
7

10
10
9

10

11

12

13

10
10
10
10
10

14

10
15

16

17

10
10
10

01. WriteanessayoncodingtheoryinInscriptions.
Ans.
InSrirangam,IncscriptionofSadasivaryaintheyear1467is

expressedbythechronogram
Here-7, -6, -4,

=1.
KandiurInscriptionofKndaivarman,Keralaisdatedinthe1511564th
dayofthekaliyugaeraandisexpressedintheKatapayadi
chronogram -4, -6, -5, - 1, -1, -5, 1.
ChrongaramsfoundintheAnantaPadmanabhaswaminTempleat
Trivendram:
Inthe1stinscriptionBalamarthandavarmanresolvedto
rebuildthetemple.Theworkwasstartedon29thdayof
monthAniintheyear904kollamrepresentedbychronogram
-4, -0, .
The2ndinscription,thatbigslabstonefortheorraikal
mandapareachedtheprecinctsofthefortofTrivandrumin
theyear906kollam,expressedbythechronogram
-6, -0, -9.
The3rdinscriptionstatesthattheconsecratingceremonywas
doneintheyear908kollamwereexpressedinbythe
chronogram -8, -0, -9.
SrivilliputturplatesofAbhiramaPandya:
Thisrecordbelongstothereginofapandyakingnamed
AbhiramaPandya.HeissaidtobethesonofParakramaPandya&
GrandsonofAbhiramaPandya.
IntheSakayear1474denchedbytheChronogram

(-4, -7, -4, -1)correspondingtocyclicyear

virodhakrit,intheuttarayana,inthehemantaritu,fortnight,ona
newmoonthiti,whenthemoonwasinthesravanaontheauspicious
occasionofsolareclipsekingAbhiramamadethevillage
Ksirarjunapuraintoanagraharaam
edParakramaPandyapura.

DalavayAgaraharmPlatesofVaratungaramaPandya,Saka1504
OnWednesdaythechaturdariofthedarkhalfofmonth
maghaintheyearchitrabhanusaka1504,expressedbythe
chronogramth
ekingVaratungaramagrantedinthepresenceofGodvamadevain
thetempleofkaramadessvara,thevillageofmuruganerito
chandrasekharsonofChokkappapanditamedicaldoctor.
HerethedateoflanddonationincyclicyearCHITRABHANU
coincideswithkatapayadi
-4, -0, -5, and-1.
KingRavivarmanwasborninthesakayear1188expressedbythe
chronogram (1266AD)andtherecordwascomposedby


RecordsthatGopannatooktheimageofRanganathafrom
TirupathitoChenji,hiscapitalandafterdefeatingthemuslims
restoredtheimagetoSrirangamandhaditinstalledthesewith
LakshmiandBhudeviconsortsofthelord.TherecordisdatedinSaka
Year1293expressedbythechronogram -3, - 9, -2,
-1
02. WriteanEssayonVedangaJyothisha.
Ans.
1. Thepurposeofthisbookwasmainlytofixthesuitabletimesfor
performingsacrifices.
2. ThetextisfoundinrecursionRigVedaJyotisha,YajurVedaJyotisha.
3. Thecontentsofbothrecursionsaresamebuttheydifferinnumber
ofverses
RigVedicversioncontainsonly36verses.
YajurVedaversioncontainsonly44verses.
4. InoneoftheversestheysaidIshallwriteontheloseoftimeas
emunicatedbySageLgadha.Thereforethebookisattributedto
Lagadha.
5. Atthetimeofcompositionthewintersolsticewasatthebeginningof
constellationSriVishtha(Delphini)&thesummersolsticeisinthe
middleofAsleshaconstellation.Since,varahamihirastatedthatinhis
timethesummersolsticewasattheendof3quartersofpunarvasu
andwintersolsticeattheendof1stquarterof .
Therefore,usingthisitcanbecalculatedthatthetimeofVedanga
Jyothishamis1680yearspriortoVarahamihirastime.Thisisaround
1150B.C.GenrallytheacceptedperiodofVedangaJyothishais
between12thand14thCentuaryB.C.
6. VedangaJyothishaistheculminationofknowledgeofAstronomy
developedover1000sofyearsofvedicperiodupto1400B.C.
7. Wecanfindveryusefulrepresentationofvariouscalendricalitems
revalantduringthosetimesasthefollowing:
Slostices.
Increase&Decreaseofdurationsofdaysandnightsinthe
ayanas.
Theseasons.
Tithis.
TableofParvas.
Yogas(ThisisoneofthelimbofPanchanga)
FindingtheParvaNakshatra&ParvaThitis.
Equinoxes.
SolarYear.
RevolutionsofSun&Moonasseenfromtheearth.
Adhikanmsa(InterCalarymonth).
Longestdayandshortestnightetc.
Thetextcanbeconsideredasrecordofessentialsof
astronomicalknowledgeneededfordaytodaylife.

Thepartialwayofmeasuringtimeismentionedasthetime
byspecificquantityofwatertoflowthroughorificeofa
specifiedClepsydra(WaterClock)i.e.onenadika.

1nadika=1/60partofday.

Somefamousastronomersandcompositionsarelistedbelow
Author/Astronomer
Work
AryabhattaI(499A.D.)

Varahamihira(505A.D.)

BhaskaraI(600A.D.)

Brahmagupta(591A.D.)
Manjula(932A.D.)

- - -

AryabhattaII(950A.D.)

BhaskaraII(114A.D.)

Parameswara(1400A.D.)

, ,

NeelakantaSomayaji(1465A.D.)

GaresaDivagna(1520A.D.)

JayeshtaDeya(1540A.D.)

th

SankaraVarma(19 Centaury)

Venkatesakettar(1898A.D.)

ChandraSekharSamanth(1835

A.D.)

03. ExplainthebasicsofSanskritGrammarstartingfrom14sutrasofPaniniand
establishitsconnectionwithcomputerlanguages.
Ans. = hand
Onewholeadsthestudentlendingahelpinghand.Heistheauthorof
onsistingof4000sutrasin8chapters.Heisconsideredasthebest
grammarianoftheworld.HehasgiventheSanskritgrammarinsoftware
form.Thereare14basicsutrasofarecalled sutras.
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Apoemmentioningthatallthese14sutraswerenoteddownbyfrom
thesoundsof oflordNataraja.

gavesomeexplanationto throughhis .Heisknown

as .
wroteelaboratecommentaryon . Itisknownas
. meanscommentaryandmeansvoluminousButit

referstoonlypayanjalisworkinSanskrit. SimilarlySriRamanujas
commentaryon consisting545sutrasonthe

almighty.
Thereisaproverb
Eitheryoulearnorbeanemperorofagreatkingdom.Ifyoudontdo
either,yourlifeisawaste.
Pratyahara:
Intheabove14sutrasthelastlettersareincludedonlyforthesakeof
pronunciation.( ).Theyarecalled ( ).

Lettersdenoted

or

Thereare18typesofpronunciationoftheletter ( )
- Thesefivelettersaredenotedas
Attheendofthe1stand6thSutraswehavetheletter
Meanseither (3letters)or

(14letters)
Paniniwillspecifywhich tobetakenforaparticularsutra.

Onlyinonesutra theletter istakenin

Examplewhereprathyaharaisusedingrammar
+ ( + , )
-
Means (4letters) forthis [forthesefourletters]
means (4letters).
The4letters arereplacedby respectively.
Whenmeansthe2ndwordbeginsaletterfrom
Meaning:when2wordsarecombinedwithfirstwordendingin with2nd
wordbeginningwith thisjoinwillbe

04. SixteenVedicSutras
Ans.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
05. WriteanessayonVedicgeometryofSulbaSutras.
Ans. Likearithmetic,itseemsthatknowledgeoffewfundamentalgeometrical
resultswasalsorequiredinthedaytodayactivitiesofancientcivilization.
1. NeedforGeometry:
TheperformanceofYagnasisconsideredasoneoftheprimary
religiousactivitiesamongtheHindus.Thedurationofthesesacrifices,tobe
performedinvariousseasonsvariesfromoneanother.Thisvariationranges
fromfewhourstofewmonths.Foranysacrificetobeperformed,
informationregardingthefollowingaretobeknown
Thetimeatwhichthesacrificeistobeperformed.
ThesuitableplacefortheconstructionofHomakundas.
ThenumberofHomakundastobeconstructed,theirshapes,

theirsizesetc.
Thenumberofbricks,theirshapesandsizesthatwouldbe
requiredfortheconstructionofHomakundas.
TheareaoftheseHomakundas,etc.,
Oftheserequirements,detailsregardingthefirstonenamelythe
seasonandtheday,theexactmomentofcommencementandtheendof
thesacrificeareallknownfromJyotisasastra(Thescienceofastronomy).In
factthiswasoneoftheprimaryobjectivesofwhichjyotishasastrawas
studiedandpracticedinIndia.Thisisrightlystatedas



TheprimaryuseofVedasisintheperformanceofsacrificesandthe
sacrificeshavetobeperformedatthepropertime(becausetimeisapartor
angaorsacrifice).ItisfromJyotishasastrathatoneknowstheexacttimes
andhenceitistermedasVedanga(auxiliaryto/partofVeda).

Theotherrequirements2to5areknownfromotherVedanga
namelyKalpa.TheKalpatextsareintheformofSutrasandarerefferedas
Kalpasutras.TheKalpasutrascanbebroadlycategorizedinto3types:
1. Grhyasutra.
2. Sroutasutra.
3. Sulbasutra
Ofthethreetypes,theGrhyasutrasdealwiththerulesforceremonies
tobeperformedbyeverygrhasta(househlod)attheindividualorfamily
levelfortheirownprosperity,whereastheSroutasutrasdealwiththerules
forceremoniestobeperformedbyeverygrhasthaatthesociallevelforthe
prosperityofthestateandreasonablygoodfunctioningofthesociety
withoutnaturalandmanmadecalamities.
TheSulbasutrasofBoudhayana,Apastamba,KatyanaandManavaon
theotherhand,giverulesregardingtheconstructionofHomakundasetc.,.
Theseareinfactoneofthemainsourcesavailableforustodaybasedon
which,wecandrawconclusionsabouttheknowledgeofGeometrywhich
wasprevalentinIndiaaround600B.C.
2. Homakundas
TheHomakundasareessentiallybrickconstructionsinvariousforms
wheretheofferingsaremadeinasacrifice.Agreatcarehastobetakenin
theveryconstructionoftheseHomakunads.Infact,afewmonthsbeforethe
commencementofthesacrificetheDixits(Priestswhoperformsacrifices)
wouldgoandinspecttheplacechosenfortheYajna(Sacrifice)alongwith
theSulvakaras.SulvakarasarethosewhohelptheDixitsinselectionof
placeandtheconstructionofHomakundas.Dixitswouldgivethem
instructionsregardingthekindsofthebrickstobepreparedforthe
constructionofHomakundas,theirsizes,shapes,etc.,requiredfora
particulartypeofsacrifice.
IfonegoesthroughthevariouskindsoftheHomakundas,whichare
prescribedforvarioussacrifices,itwouldnotbedifficulttorealizethata
gooddealofgeometricalknowledgeisrequiredinprocessoftheir
construction.Inthetablebelow,thenamesandthegeometryofsomeofthe

typesofHomakundasusedbytheHindusasfoundintheSulvasutras.
Probably,theprocessof
1. Determiningthesizesandshapesofbrickstobeusedforthe
constructionofanHomakundaofspecificarea,
2. ConstructingaHomakundaofthesameareawithdifferent
geometry(forexample,squaretorectangle,circleetcorvice
versa),
3. Determiningtheshapesofbrickstobemouldedforconstruction
ofHomakundasinspecialformslikeGaruda,Kurma(tortosie)
etc.,
WouldhavenourishedthegrowthofgeometryinIndia.

Havingchosentheplaceofthesacrifice,thedifferentHomakundashave
tobeconstructedatdifferentpointsofthesite,whoserelativepositionsand
directionsarespecifiedinthetexts.Toachievethis,oneneedstoknow
exactly,thedifferentdirectionssuchaseastpraci,southeastagneyietc.,
atthesite.Thisproblemmaylooktobetriviallysimpleasonewouldthink
that,justbylookingatthedirectioninwhichSunrisesonecandetermine
theeastandwestandhencetheotherdirectionstoo.
Butthisisnottrue!.
Thesunduetoayanacalana,wouldriseintheexacteastdirectiononlyon
twodaysinthecourseofanyear.Henceoneneedsaprocedureto
determinetheexacteastdirectionataparticularlocationonaparticular
day.
TheIndianastronomershavingunderstoodthephenomenonofthe
ayanacalanaclearly,havedevelopedsimpleandelegantexperimental
techniques,withwhichonecouldeasilydeterminethedirectionsexactly.
Itmaybeworthmentioningthatthedevelopmentofthetechnique,to
determinethedirectionsataspecificlocation,onaspecificday,notonly
requiresacorrectunderstatndingoftheSunsmotioninthebackgroundof
stars,butalsoknowledgeofgeometryandtrigonometry.Thisindicatesthat
MathematicsandAstronomyareinterdependent.Thedevelopmentinone
branchcontributestothedevelopmentintheother.Infactproblemsof
astronomywereresponsibleformanydiscoveriesinMathematics.