Answers to end-of-chapter End-of-chapter questions

Chapter 21
1 a correct axes, suitably labelled; points plotted correctly; curve of best fit drawn b half-life method used; three successive half-lives shown to be similar c tangents drawn at each of the three concentrations; rates calculated from gradients d graph plotted of rate against concentration; points plotted correctly; line of best fit drawn e it is a straight line; through 0,0 [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] 3 a zero order b 2nd order c i time taken for the concentration of a reactant to fall to half its original value ii it remains constant d graph plotted so that [propanone] halves every 10s 1 mark for each point plotted correctly; 20s 2moldm3 30s 1moldm3 40s 0.5moldm3 50s 0.25moldm3 e the slowest step; its rate limits the overall rate of reaction f O OH+
H3C C CH3 + H+ H3C C CH3

[1] [1] [1] [1] [4]

[1] [1]

[it shows direct proportionality gains 2 marks]

Total = 12 [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

2 a i the power / index  to which the concentration of a particular reactant is raised in the rate equation ii to find the order of reaction with respect to A, use experiments 1, 2 and 3  doubling [A] has no (significant) effect on the rate;  so reaction is zero order with respect to A;  to find the order of reaction with respect to B, use experiments 4, 5 and 6  doubling [B] increases rate by factor of 4;  so reaction is 2nd order with respect to B;  to find the order of reaction with respect to C, use experiments 7, 8 and 9  doubling [C] doubles the rate;  so reaction is 1st order with respect to C b i rate = k[B]2[C] ii 3 iii rearranging the rate equation: k= rate  [B]2 [C]

[1 mark for each reactant; 1 mark for the product] [3]

Total = 13 [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] Total = 19

4 a a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction / changes the reaction rate; but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction b i correct axes, suitably labelled; points correctly plotted; curve of best fit drawn ii half-life is 1.5min; correct working shown on graph iii tangent drawn to curve at t = 2min; gradient of tangent = c i 1.18 ; 4.1

= 0.287 rate = 0.287moldm3min1 half-life is constant; reaction is first order; rate = k[H2O2] rate  [H2 O2 ]

ii k = =

0.00073 = 8.1 103; [1] 2 (0.300) (1.00) 6 units are dm mol2s1 [1] c e.g. the first step involves the collision of two molecules of B and one of C, forming B2C [1] this is the slow / rate-determining step; [1] the fast step involves A colliding with the intermediate; B2C + A ABC + B [1] Total = 19 correct value: =

0.287 = 0.470; 0.61 units are min1 iii rate = k[H2O2] = 0.470 2 = 0.940; units are moldm3min1

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press

Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 21

5 a correct axes, suitably labelled; [1] points correctly plotted; [1] curve of best fit drawn [1] b 1st order; [1] rate of reaction is directly proportional to peroxodisulfate concentration [1] c rate = k[S2O82][I] [1] d i homogeneous (catalysis); [1]  the catalysts and reactants are in the same phase / are all in the aqueous phase [1] ii in equation 1, both ions are negative / have the same charge; [1]  so tend to repel each other [1]  in equations 2 and 3, the ions are oppositely charged / one is positive and the other negative; [1] so are more likely to attract each other [1] Total = 12 6 a correct axes, suitably labelled; [1] points correctly plotted; [1] line of best fit drawn [1] b the gradient and therefore the rate is constant, even though the concentration of iodine is changing [1] c no there must be a slow step; [1] which doesnt involve iodine [1] d balanced equation tells us about number of molecules of reactants consumed and products produced; [1] and their formulae; [1] the rate equation tells us how many of each reactant molecules; [1] are present in the slowest / rate-determining step [1] Total = 10 7 a i (catalysis in which) the catalyst is in a different phase;  from the reactants / rest of the reaction mixture ii reactant molecules adsorbed onto the surface (of the catalyst)  bonds within the reactant molecules weakened / broken;  new bonds formed with adjacent atoms to form products;  products desorbed from catalyst surface [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

b 2NO2 NO + NO3; (suitable intermediate), slow [1] NO3 + CO NO2 + CO2; fast [1] [allow other reactions with suitable intermediate] c i NO: order is 2nd order; [1]  when concentration of NO increased 3-fold, rate of reaction increases 9-fold / (3)2; [1]  O2: order is 1st order; [1]  when concentration of oxygen increased by 4/3, rate of reaction is also increased by 4/3 (or similar argument) [1] ii rate = k[O2][NO2]2 [1] iii dm6mol2s1 [1] Total = 14 8 a any two suitable methods (1 mark for method and 1 mark for explanation) electrical conductivity; [1] because ions are present in the reactants but not in the products [1] titration of small samples with standard alkali; [1] because the concentration of hydrogen ions falls during the reaction [1] [not titration with standard alkali without qualification since this suggests that the whole reaction mixture is being titrated] b i BrO3: order is 1st order; [1]  compare experiments 2 and 3; doubling the concentration, doubles the rate; [1]  Br: order is 1st order; [1]  compare experiments 2 and 4; doubling the concentration, doubles the rate; [1]  H+: order is 2nd order; [1]  compares experiments 1 and 2; doubling the concentration increases the rate 4-fold / (2)2 [1] ii rate = k[BrO3][Br][H+]2 [1] iii dm9mol3s1 [1] Total = 12

Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 21

AS and A Level Chemistry Cambridge University Press