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FREQUECNY RESPONSE OF LAG NETWORK

Aim:
To determine the frequency response of Lag Network
Apparatus required:
Sl no Apparatus Range / type Quantity
1. Function generator 1
2. CRO 1
3. Voltmeter 1
4. Resistor
5. Capacitor
6. Bread board 1
Theory:

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPENSATION NETWORKS
The basic idea of compensation is to suitably place the dominant closed loop
system poles nearer to j-axis in the s-plane. To obtain this, a suitable compensator should
be introduced. Thus the static and dynamic performances are obtained.
Compensation networks can be either Electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or a
combination of the above.
In the case of electrical compensator, the inputs and the outputs are sinusoidal
signals. A general arrangement of an electrical compensator is shown in the figure below:
The transfer function for the above network is written as:

2 1
2
1
0
Z Z
Z
(S) E
(S) E
+

Where, z
1
and z
2
are complex impedances.
Z
1
E
1
(S) Z
2
E
0
(S)
Phase Lag Network
This improves the steady state error of the system by adding a pole nearer to the
origin. This is known as the integral control effect. It is basically a low pass filter
(attenuating high frequency signals). A phase lag network is given below:
The transfer function of the network is:

Ts 1
Ts 1
(S) E
(S) E
1
0
+
+

Where
2 1
2
R R
R
+

and 1 and

C R
T
2
<
The phase shift
1
]
1


2 2
1
T 1
T T
tan

Note:
i.) Since <1, < 0, the output lags the input.
ii.) The frequency at which is maximum is given by the equation
T
1
0(OR)
dt
d

iii.) The maximum value is

,
_


2
1
tan
1
m
and
1
]
1

m
m
sin 1
sin 1

iv.) Usually is chosen such that 3 10


v.) The output of the compensator slows down the transient response and also
decreases bandwidth.
vi.) Does not require an amplifier
vii.) The introduction of lag compensators in the system sometimes increases the
steady state error coefficients and the system may become unstable in the closed-
loop operation. Hence a zero should be added very near to the origin.
viii.) The order of the compensator is one.
PROCEDURE FOR THE DESIGN OF LAG COMPENSATOR USING BODE
PLOT
Input voltage is applied to the series combination of R1, R2 and C. the output
voltage is obtained across series combination of R2 and C by volt division rule.
R
1
E
1
(S) R
2
E
0
(S)
1/SC
sC
R R
sC
R
s E s E
o
1
1
) ( ) (
2 1
2
+ +
+

=
[ ]
sC
R R s
sC
R
sC
1 ) (
] 1 [
*
2 1
2
+ +
+
=
1 ) (
) 1 (
) (
2 1
2
1
+ +
+
R R s
R s
s E
The transfer function of electrical network is the ratio of output to input
) (
1
) (
)
1
(
) (
) (
2 1 2 1
2
2
1
R R
C
s R R
R
s R
s E
s E
o
+ + +
+

=
1
]
1

+
+
+
C R R
R R
s R
R R
C
R
S
2 1
2 1
2
2 1
2
) (
1
1
1) Connection are given as per the circuit diagram
2) Set the Function generator output as sin wave by selecting sin wave function.
3) Input and output voltages are noted for various frequencies by adjusting
function generator
4) The phase shift of input and output is calculated from CRO by connecting the
input and output signals to each channel of CRO
5) Tabulate the readings in tabulate simultaneously
6) Plot the graph on logarithmic graph sheet
i.) frequency Vs gain
ii.) frequency Vs Phase shift
Circuit Diagram of Lag Compensation Network
R
1
R
2


+
CRO AFO
Ein
_ _
+
C
F
Eo
Theoretical Value
Sl
no
Frequency
in Hz
= 2f
in V/s
G(JW) gain in
DB
G (JW)
Phase angle in
Deg
Practical Value
Tabulation of Lag compensation Network
Sl no Frequenc
y
In Hz
=
2f
in V/s
Output
in Volts
A in
Volts
B in
Volts
B A Q / tan
1

in Deg
Gain =
Vi
Vo
log 20
In DB
Result:

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