UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices.

USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals, such as keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.

As of 2008, approximately 6 billion USB ports and interfaces are currently in the global marketplace, and about 2 billion were being sold each year.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to connect devices to a host computer. The USB 3.0 is the upcoming version of the USB. The USB 3.0 is also called super speed USB because the USB 3.0 supports a raw throughput of 500MByte/s. As its previous versions it also supports the plug and play capability, hot swapping etc. USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket. . Other convenient features include providing power to low-consumption devices, eliminating the need for an external power supply; and allowing many devices to be used without requiring manufacturer-specific device drivers to be installed.

There are many new features included in the new Universal Serial Bus Specification. The most important one is the supers speed data transfer itself. Then the USB 3.0 can support more devices than the currently using specification which is USB 2.0.Minimum device operating voltage is dropped from 4.4V to 4V. When operating in Super Speed mode, fullduplex signalling occur over 2 differential pairs separate from the non-Super Speed

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 differential pair. This result in USB 3.0 cables containing 2 wires for power and ground, 2 wires for non-Super Speed data, and 4 wires for Super Speed data, and a shield (not required in previous specifications).

The USB 3.0 specification is similar to USB 2.0 but with many improvements and an alternate implementation. Earlier USB concepts like endpoints and four transfer types (bulk, control, isochronous and interrupt) are preserved but the protocol and electrical interface are different. The specification defines a physically separate channel to carry USB 3.0 traffic. The changes in this specification make improvements in the following areas:

Transfer speed Power management Improved bus utilization Support to rotating media Increased bandwidth

Super Speed USB brings significant performance enhancements to the ubiquitous USB standard, while remaining compatible with the billions of USB enabled devices currently deployed in the market. Super Speed USB will deliver 10x the data transfer rate of Hi-Speed USB, as well as improved power efficiency. USB continues to be the answer to connectivity for PC, Consumer Electronics, and Mobile architectures. It is a fast, bidirectional, low-cost, dynamically attachable interface that is consistent with the requirements of the PC platforms of today and tomorrow.

USB CONNECTORS TYPES:

Mini USB - A mini-USB connector is a small cable connector which is used in electronic devices primarily used for data connectivity. Devices such as cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and so on use Mini USB connector.

Micro USB - A micro-USB connector is smaller than mini-USB connector and allows you to communicate directly amongst the devices without a need for a computer.

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CHAPTER 2 HISTORY
2.1 PRERELEASES
USB 0.7: Released in November 1994. USB 0.8: Released in December 1994. USB 0.9: Released in April 1995. USB 0.99: Released in August 1995. USB 1.0: Release Candidate: Released in November 1995.

USB 1.0 USB 1.0: Released in January 1996.Specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (LowSpeed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full-Speed). Does not allow for extension cables or pass-through monitors (due to timing and power limitations). Few such devices actually made it to market.

USB 1.1: Released in September 1998.Fixed problems identified in 1.0, mostly relating to hubs. Earliest revision to be widely adopted.

USB 2.0 USB 2.0: Released in April 2000.Added higher maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s (now called Hi-Speed). Further modifications to the USB specification have been done via Engineering Change Notices (ECN). The most important of these ECNs are included into the USB 2.0 specification package available from USB.org: Mini-B Connector ECN: Released in October 2000.Specifications for MiniB plug and receptacle. These should not be confused with Micro-B plug and receptacle.

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Pull-up/Pull-down Resistors ECN: Released in May 2002.

Interface Associations ECN: Released in May 2003.New standard descriptor was added that allows multiple interfaces to be associated with a single device function.

Rounded Chamfer ECN: Released in October 2003.A recommended, compatible change to Mini-B plugs that results in longer lasting connectors.

Inter-Chip USB Supplement: Released in March 2006.

On-The-Go Supplement 1.3: Released in December 2006.USB On-The-Go makes it possible for two USB devices to communicate with each other without requiring a separate USB host. In practice, one of the USB devices acts as a host for the other device.

Battery Charging Specification 1.0: Released in March 2007.Adds support for dedicated chargers (power supplies with USB connectors), host chargers (USB hosts that can act as chargers) and the No Dead Battery provision which allows devices to temporarily draw 100 mA current after they have been attached. If a USB device is connected to dedicated charger, maximum current drawn by the device may be as high as 1.8A. (Note that this document is not distributed with USB 2.0 specification package.)

Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification 1.01: Released in April 2007.

Link Power Management Addendum ECN: Released in July 2007.This adds a new power state between enabled and suspended states. Device in this state is not required to reduce its power consumption. However, switching between enabled and sleep states is much faster than switching between enabled and suspended states, which allows devices to sleep while idle.

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High-Speed Inter-Chip USB Electrical Specification Revision 1.0: Released in September 2007.

USB 3.0 On September 18, 2007, Pat Gel singer demonstrated USB 3.0 at the Intel Developer Forum. The USB 3.0 Promoter Group announced on November 17, 2008, that version 1.0 of the specification has been completed and is transitioned to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), the managing body of USB specifications. This move effectively opens the spec to hardware developers for implementation in future products.

USB 3.0 is the third major revision of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard for computer connectivity. In the late 1990s, the first major revision was made to the USB 1.1 specification. The revision was called USB 2.0 which added a new transfer speed called High Speed (HS 480 Mbit/s) to the earlier speeds (Low Speed (LS) 1.5 Mbit/s and Full Speed (FS) 12 Mbit/s).

Super Speed USB brings significant performance enhancements to the ubiquitous USB standard, while remaining compatible with the billions of USB enabled devices currently deployed in the market.

Fig. 2.1 Different USB standard logos

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CHAPTER 3 ARCHITECTURE
3.1 ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS
3.1.1 HUB The hub provide electrical interface between the USB devices and the host. Hubs are directly responsible for supporting many of the attributes that make USB user friendly and hide its complexity from the user. Listed below the major aspects of USB functionality that hub support:

Connectivity behaviour Power management Device connect/disconnect detection Bus fault detection Super Speed and USB2.0 (high-speed, full-speed, a low-speed) support

A USB 3.0 hub incorporates a USB 2.0 hub and a Super Speed hub consisting of two principal components: the Super Speed Hub Repeater/Forwarder and the Super Speed Hub controller. The hub repeater/forwarder is responsible for connectivity and setup and teardown. It also support fault detection and recovery. The Hub controller provides the mechanism for host-hub communication. Hub-specific status and control commands permit the host to configure hub and to monitor and control its individual downstream port.

3.1.2 HOST There are two hosts are incorporated in a USB 3.0 host. One is Super Speed host and the second one is Non-Super Speed host. This incorporation ensures the backward compatibility of the USB 3.0 hub. Here the Super Speed hub will be supporting the 500MB/sec data transfer rate with full duplex mode. Then the Non- Super Speed host will be supporting the old data rates such as High-Speed, Full-Speed, Low-Speed. The host here

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 interacts with the devices by the help of a host controller. When the host is powered off, the hub does not provide power to be downstream unless the hub supports the charging application. When the host is powered on with Super Speed support enabled on its downstream port by default the following is the typical sequence of events

Hub detects VBUS Super Speed support and powers its downstream ports with Super Speed enabled.

Hub connects both as s Super Speed and as a High-Speed device. Device detects VBUS and Super Speed support and connects as a Super Speed device. Host system begins hub enumeration at high-speed and Super Speed. Host system begins device enumeration at Super Speed.

A Super Speed host is a source or sink of information. It implements the required host-end, Super Speed. Communications layer to accomplish information exchanges over the bus. It owns the Super Speed data activity schedule and management of the Super Speed bus and all devices connected to it. The host includes an implementation number of the root downstream ports for Super Speed and USB 2.0. Through these ports the host:

Detect the attachment and removal of USB device Manages control flow between the host and the USB device Manages data flow between the host and the USB device Collect the status activity statistics Provide power to the attached USB device

3.1.3 DEVICE

Super Speed devices are sources or sink of information exchanges. They implement the required device-end, Super Speed communication layers to accomplish information 7

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 exchanges between a driver on the host and a logical function on the device. All Super Speed devices share their base architecture with USB 2.0. They are required to carry information for self-identification and generic configuration. They are also required to demonstrate behaviour consistent with the defined Super Speed Device States.

All devices are assigned a USB address when enumerated by the host. Each device supports one or more pipes though which the host may communicate with the device. All devices must be support a designed pipe at endpoint zero to which the devices Default Control Pipe is attached. All devises support a common access mechanism for accessing information through this control pipe. Super Speed inherits the categories of information that are supported on the default pipe from the USB 2.0.

The USB 3.0 connection model allows for the discovery and configuration of the USB device at the highest signalling speed supported by the device. The USB 3.0 supports an increased power supply for the devices operating at the Super Speed. USB 3.0 devices within a single physical package (i.e., a single peripheral) can consist of a number of functional topologies including single function , multiple functions on a single peripheral device (composite device), and permanently attached peripheral devices behind an integrated hub.

USB 3.0 maintains the same tiered star topology as USB 2.0, maintaining compatibility by adding two more twisted pairs to the cable to supplement the USB 2.0 data pair, which is left untouched. The two additional signal pairs create a dual simplex Super Speed data path, with one pair for transmit and one for receive. This enables backward compatibility by including both Super Speed and non-Super Speed bus interfaces.

Polling is also eliminated. A USB 2.0 host continuously polls all peripheral devices to see if they have data to send to the host controller. All devices must therefore be on at all times, which not only wastes power but adds unnecessary traffic to the bus. In USB 3.0, polling is replaced by asynchronous notification. The host waits until an application tells it that there is a peripheral with data it needs to send to the host. The host then contacts that peripheral and requests that it send the data. When both are ready, the data is transferred.

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3.2 ARCHITECTURE

Fig.3.1 Architecture of USB 3.0

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3.3 COMMUNICATION IN USB

USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). Pipes (depending on type of data transfer) o Stream pipes o Message pipes

unidirectional

pipe

connected

to

Stream
Pipe

unidirectional endpoint that transfers data using an isochronous, interrupt, or bulk transfer.

Message Pipe

A bidirectional pipe connected to a bi-directional endpoint that is exclusively used for control data flow.

Isochronous transfers: at some guaranteed data rate but with possible data loss (e.g. real time audio or video).

Interrupt transfers: used for devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency) (e.g. pointing devices and keyboards).

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 Bulk transfers: large sporadic is transferred using all remaining available bandwidth, but with no guarantees on bandwidth or latency (e.g. file transfers).

Control transfers: typically used for short, simple commands to the device, and a status response, used.

Based on Tired-Star Topology

Single Host controller& up to 127 slave devices The host controller is connected to a hub, which allows a number of ports. A device can be plugged into a hub, and that hub can be plugged into another hub and so on.

Length of any cable is limited to 5 meter. So USB is intended as a bus for devices near to the PC.

Fig. 3.2 Tied-Star topology

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CHAPTER 4 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

4.1 CABLE STRUCTURE
USB 3.0 cables have eight primary conductors: three twisted signal pairs for USB data paths and a power pair. In addition to the twisted signal pair for the USB 2.0 data path, two twisted signal pairs are used to provide the Super Speed data path, one for the transmit path and one for the receive path. USB 3.0receptacles (both upstream and downstream) are backward compatible with USB 2.0 connector plug. USB3.0 cables and plugs are not intended to be compatible with USB 2.0 upstream receptacles. As an aid to the user, USB 3.0 mandates standard coloring for plastic portions of USB 3.0 plugs and receptacles. Electrical(insertion loss, return loss, cross talk etc.) performance for USB 3.0 is defined with regard to raw cables, mate connectors, and mated cable assemblies, with compliance requirements using industry test specification established for the latter two categories.

Fig.4.1 The architectural view of USB 3.0 provided by USB-IF

Here the USB is using a differential pair data cables. The differential pair data cables are used to reduce the transmission error. The data to be transmitted is passed through an opamp and the inverse of the data is produced. And then these two data are passed through the +, - lines provided. In USB 3.0 both shielded and unshielded differential pair lines are used. Shielded pair lines for the Super Speed transmission and the unshielded pair lines for the nonSuper Speed.

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VBUS GND D+

This cable is used to carry power. Its the ground of the power cable. Its the + data bus for the USB 3.0, which support backward compatibility with USB 2.0 Its the - data bus for the USB 3.0, which support backward compatibility with USB 2.0 Its the + data transmission bus of USB 3.0, which support Super Speed Its the + data transmission bus of USB 3.0, which support Super Speed Its the + data transmission bus of USB 3.0, which support Super Speed Its the + data transmission bus of USB 3.0, which support Super Speed

D-

SSTX+

SSTX-

SSRX+

SSRX-

Table 4.1 USB 3.0 Internal cable wires description

USB 3.0 is a physical Super Speed bus combined in parallel with a physical USB 2.0 bus. USB 3.0 Host USB 3.0 Interconnect USB 3.0 Devices

USB 3.0 Host includes a Super Speed + non Super Speed bus interfaces, which are parallel buses that may be active simultaneously. Dual simplex signaling (can both send & receive data simultaneously).

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4.2 CROSS SECTIONAL REVIEW

Fig.4.2 Cross sectional view of USB 3.0 cables

PIN NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RED

COLOUR POWER

DISCRIPTION

GREEN WHITE BLACK ORANGE VIOLET BLACK GREEN BLUE

USB 3.0 DATA+ USB 3.0 DATA GROUND SUPER SPEED RECEIVERSUPER SPEED RECEIVER + GROUND USB 3.0 SUPER SPEED TRANSMITTER SUPER SPEED TRANSMITTER +

Table 4.2 cable colors codes

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4.3 CONNECTORS
The USB 3.0 specification defines the following connectors: USB 3.0 standard-A plug and receptacle. USB 3.0 standard-B plug and receptacle. USB 3.0 powered-B plug and receptacle. USB 3.0 micro-B plug and receptacle. USB 3.0 micro-A plug. USB 3.0 micro-AB receptacle

4.4.1 USB 3.0 STANDARD-A TYPE CONNECTOR

USB3_RX: +/- data bus for reception USB 3.0 USB3_TX: +/- data bus for transmission USB 3.0 -D/+D: +/- data bus for USB 2.0 VBUS: Carry power GND: Ground

Fig.4.3 USB 3.0 Standard-A plug and receptacle

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 The USB 3.0 Standard-A connector is very similar in appearance to the USB 2.0 Standard-A connector. However, the USB 3.0 Standard-A connector and receptacle have 5 additional pins: a differential pair for transmitting data, a differential pair for receiving data, and the drain. USB 3.0 Standard-A plugs and receptacles are often colored blue to help differentiate it from USB 2.0.

The USB 3.0 Standard-A connector has been designed to be able to be plugged into either a USB 2.0 or USB 3.0 receptacle. Similarly, the USB 3.0 Standard-A receptacle is designed to accept both the USB 3.0 and the USB 2.0 Standard-A plugs.

4.4.2 USB 3.0 STANDARD-B TYPE CONNECTOR

Fig. 4.4 USB 3.0 Standard-B plug and receptacle

The USB 3.0 Standard-B connector is similar to the USB 2.0 Standard-B connector, with an additional structure at the top of the plug for the additional USB 3.0 pins. Due to the distinct appearance of the USB 3.0 Standard-B plug and receptacle, they do not need to be color coded, however many manufacturers color them blue to match the Standard-A connectors.

Given the new geometry, the USB 3.0 Standard-B plug is only compatible with USB 3.0 Standard-B receptacles. Conversely, the USB 3.0 Standard-B receptacle can accept either a USB 2.0 or USB 3.0 Standard-B plug.

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4.3.3 USB 3.0 POWERED-B CONNECTOR

Fig. 4.5 USB 3.0 Powered-B Connector

USB 3.0 includes a variant of the Standard-B connectors which has two additional conductors to provide power to USB adapters.

A Powered-B variant of the Standard-B connector is also defined by the USB 3.0 specification. The Powered-B connector has two additional pins to provide power to a USB adapter without the need for an external power supply.

4.4.4 USB 3.0 MICRO CONNECTOR FAMILY

Fig.4.6 USB 3.0 Micro-B Connector

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These are defined for hand held devices and Backward compatible with USB 2.0 micro connectors, based on this with an extended portion for the super speed USB signals. USB 3.0 micro-A and AB connectors are identical to USB 3.0 micro-B connector except for different keying.

4.5 SUMMARY OF CONNECTORS

There are several types of USB connectors, including some that have been added while the specification progressed. The original USB specification detailed Standard-A and Standard-B plugs and receptacles. The first engineering change notice to the USB 2.0 specification added Mini-B plugs and receptacles.

The data connectors in the A - Plug are actually recessed in the plug as compared to the outside power connectors. This permits the power to connect first which prevents data errors by allowing the device to power up first and then transfer the data. Some devices will operate in different modes depending on whether the data connection is made. This difference in connection can be exploited by inserting the connector only partially. For example, some battery-powered MP3 players switch into file transfer mode (and cannot play MP3 files) while a USB plug is fully inserted, but can be operated in MP3 playback mode using USB power by inserting the plug only part way so that the power slots make contact while the data slots do not. This enables those devices to be operated in MP3 playback mode while getting power from the cable.

USB-A

The Standard-A type of USB plug is a flattened rectangle which inserts into a "downstream-port" receptacle on the USB host, or a hub, and carries both power and data. This plug is frequently seen on cables that are permanently attached to a device, such as one connecting a keyboard or mouse to the computer via USB connection.

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 USB-B

A Standard-B plug which has a square shape with beveled exterior corners typically plugs into an "upstream receptacle" on a device that uses a removable cable, e.g. a printer. A Type B plug delivers power in addition to carrying data. On some devices, the Type B receptacle has no data connections, being used solely for accepting power from the upstream device. This two-connector-type scheme (A/B) prevents a user from accidentally creating an electrical loop.

4.6 CONNECTOR PROPERTIES

USABILITY

It is deliberately difficult to attach a USB connector incorrectly. Most connectors cannot be plugged in upside down, and it is clear from the appearance and kinaesthetic sensation of making a connection when the plug and socket are correctly mated. However, it is not obvious at a glance to the inexperienced user (or to a user without sight of the installation) which way around the connector goes, thus it is often necessary to try both ways. More often than not, however, the side of the connector with the trident logo should be on "top" or "toward" the user. Most manufacturers do not, however, make the trident easily visible or detectable by touch.

Only moderate insertion / removal force is needed (by specification). USB cables and small USB devices are held in place by the gripping force from the receptacle (without need of the screws, clips, or thumb turns other connectors have required).

The force needed to make or break a connection is modest, allowing connections to be made in awkward circumstances (i.e., behind a floor mounted chassis, or from below) or by those with motor disabilities. This has the disadvantage of easily and unintentionally breaking connections that one has intended to be permanent in case of cable accident (e.g., tripping, or inadvertent tugging).

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The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network: type A connectors on host devices that supply power and type B connectors on target devices that receive power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to dangerously high currents, circuit failures, or even fire.

DURABILITY

The standard connectors were designed to be robust. Many previous connector designs were fragile, specifying embedded component pins or other delicate parts which proved liable to bending or break, even with the application of only very modest force. The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually further protected by an enclosing metal sheath. As a result USB connectors can safely be handled, inserted, and removed, even by a young child.

The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug makes contact with its counterpart in the receptacle before any of the four connectors within make electrical contact. The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground, thus dissipating any potentially damaging static charges (rather than via delicate electronic components). This enclosure design also means that there is a (moderate) degree of protection from electromagnetic interference afforded to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (this is the only location when the otherwise twisted data pair must travel a distance in parallel). In addition, because of the required sizes of the power and common connections, they are made after the system ground but before the data connections.

The newer Micro-USB receptacles are designed to allow up to 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug, compared to 1500 for the standard USB and 5000 for the Mini-USB receptacle. This is accomplished by adding a locking device and by moving the leaf-spring connector from the jack to the plug 20

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COMPATABILITY

The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors, intending to minimize incompatibilities in connectors produced by different vendors (a goal that has been very successfully achieved). Unlike most other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to prevent a device from blocking adjacent ports due to the size of the cable strain relief mechanism (usually molding integral with the cable outer insulation) at the connector. Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable which does.

Two-way communication is also possible. In USB 3.0, full-duplex communications are done when using Super Speed (USB 3.0) transfer. In previous USB versions (i.e., 1.x or 2.0), all communication is half-duplex and directionally controlled by the host.

USB 3.0 receptacles are electrically compatible with USB 2.0 device plugs if they can physically match. Most combinations will work, but there are a few physical incompatibilities. However, only USB 3.0 Standard-A receptacles can accept USB 3.0 Standard-A device plugs.

In general, cables have only plugs (very few have a receptacle on one end), and hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts almost universally have type-A receptacles, and devices one or another type-B variety. Type-A plugs mate only with type-A receptacles, and type-B with type-B; they are deliberately physically incompatible.

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CHAPTER 5 FEATURES
5.1 TRANSFER RATES
USB supports following data rates

A low speed rate of 1.5 Mbit/s (187.5 Kb/s) is defined by USB 1.0. It is very similar to full speed operation except each bit takes 8 times as long to transmit. It is intended primarily to save cost in low-bandwidth human interface devices (HID) such as keyboards, mice, and joysticks. The full speed rate of 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) is the basic USB data rate defined by USB 1.1. All USB hubs support full speed. A high-speed (USB 2.0) rate of 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) was introduced in 2001. All high-speed devices are capable of falling back to full-speed operation if necessary. A Super Speed (USB 3.0) rate of 5.0 GB/s (625 MB/s). The USB 3.0 specification was released by Intel and its partners in August 2008.

5.2 BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY

To accommodate the additional pins for Super Speed mode, the physical form factors for USB 3.0 plugs and receptacles have been modified from those used in previous versions. Standard-A cables have extended heads where the Super Speed connectors extend beyond and slightly above the legacy connectors. Similarly, the Standard-A receptacle is deeper to accept these new connectors. A legacy Standard-A cable will operate as intended and will never interact with the Super Speed connectors, ensuring backward compatibility. The Standard-B modifications could not be made as elegantly; the Super Speed connectors had to be placed on top of the existing form factor, making legacy Standard-B plugs workable on Super Speed Standard-B receptacles, but not vice versa.

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5.3 POWER SPECIFICATIONS

The bus power spec has been increased so that a unit load is 150mA (+50% over minimum using USB 2.0). An unconfigured device can still draw only 1 unit load, but a configured device can draw up to 6 unit loads (900mA, an 80% increase over USB 2.0 at a registered maximum of 500mA). Minimum device operating voltage is dropped from 4.4V to 4V.

5.4 CABLE LENGTH

USB 3.0 does not define cable assembly lengths, except that it can be of any length as long as it meets all the requirements defined in the specification. However, electronicdesign.com estimates cables will be limited to 3 m at Super Speed.

5.5 TRANSFER MODE

When operating in Super Speed mode, full-duplex signalling occur over 2 differential pairs separate from the non-Super Speed differential pair. Full-duplex means that the data can be transferred in two directions simultaneously.

5.6 OTHER FEATURES

New power management features include support of idle, sleep and suspend states, as well as Link-, Device-, and Function-level power management. Technology is similar to a single channel (1x) of PCI Express 2.0 (5-Gbit/s). It uses 8B10B encoding, linear feedback shift register (LFSR) scrambling for data, spread spectrum. It forces receivers to use low frequency periodic signalling (LFPS), dynamic equalization, and training sequences to ensure fast signal locking. USB 3.0 extends the bulk transfer type in Super Speed with Streams. 23

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Super Speed establishes a communications pipe between the host and each device, in a host-directed protocol. In contrast, USB 2.0 broadcasts packet traffic to all devices. As its ancestors USB 3.0 support hot swapping. That is the USB cables can be connected and operated without rebooting the computer. The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors, intending to minimize incompatibilities in connectors produced by different vendors (a goal that has been very successfully achieved). Unlike most other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to prevent a device from blocking adjacent ports due to its size. Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable which does. The connectors are designed to be robust. Many previous connector designs were fragile, with pins or other delicate components prone to bending or breaking, even with the application of only very modest force. The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually further protected by an enclosing metal sheath. As a result USB connectors can safely be handled, inserted, and removed, even by a young child. It is difficult to attach a USB connector incorrectly. Connectors cannot be plugged in upside down, and it is clear from the appearance and kinaesthetic sensation of making a connection when the plug and socket are correctly mated. However, it is not obvious at a glance to the inexperienced user (or to a user without sight of the installation) which way around the connector goes, thus it is often necessary to try both ways. More often than not, however, the side of the connector with the trident logo should be on top or towards the user. USB communication takes the form of packets. Initially, all packets are sent from the host, via the root hub and possibly more hubs, to devices. Some of those packets direct a device to send some packets in reply. 24

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CHAPTER 6 COMPARISONS
6.1 USB 3.0 WITH FIREWIRE
The FIREWIRE is the industrial name of the cable standard called IEEE 1394. S3200 is the upcoming product in this series. Any common computer users might never see a FireWire cable; professionals and Mac owners tend to be more familiar with the technology. Right now, there are two versions of FireWire in use; FireWire 400 and 800. If youre catching on to the number scheme by now, you might guess that FireWire 400 transfers at 400 Mbps and 800 transfers at 800 Mbps. The comparison between the USB 3.0 and the FireWire is made below.

USB 3.0 promises a data transfer rate of 4.8 GB/s, where FireWire 3200 promises to deliver 3.2 GB/s. FireWire 3200 has a maximum capability of a 3.2Gbps transfer rate, which is 1.6Gbps slower than USB 3.0.

FireWire 400 is easier to find than FireWire 800 (except on Macs), and the number of available ports is typically limited to 1-2, even on a high-end motherboard. USB 2.0 ports, on the other hand, are plentiful, with most boards offering 8-12 in some combination of included ports and on board headers.

The FireWire is capable to deliver more power on a single cable than the USB 3.0.

FireWire has always been the more technologically-advanced standard, with its faster transfer speeds, lower CPU utilization, and the ability to provide more power to attached devices (devices that can run off a single FireWire port could well require two USB ports). These advantages, however, have never managed to overcome USB 2.0's general popularity, and FireWire remains a niche interface outside certain peripheral markets (i.e., video cameras), where it has always done well, and Macintosh computers.

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 The wide popularity and simplicity of the USB series are capable of suppressing the S3200. The main reason is that the FireWire is generally seen only in the Mac computers, so the FireWire is not much popular among the normal users.

The new S1600/S3200 cables will be fully compatible with both older FireWire 800 cables and FireWire 400/800 devices. Likewise the USB 3.0 cables will also be compatible with the old USB 2.0 versions.

One of the other advantages of USB 3.0 over the FireWire is that the USB ports are available in all standard motherboards in 6-12 numbers. They dont need any add on cards for that. But when we take the case of the FireWire they need add on card to support. And also they are not popular in the ordinary motherboards.

The USB 3.0 is supporting master-slave architecture while the FireWire is supporting a peer-to-peer architecture.

USB has two key things going for it though its cheaper and more popular which means its easier to buy (for your wallet) and easier to use (for your mainstream devices). FireWire has long been supported by Apple, whereas USB has been found in most Microsoft machines, and the difference reminds me a lot of the difference between the two companies.

Fig.6.1 FireWire port and cable SRTIST/ECE 26

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6.2 USB 3.0 WITH USB 2.0

As we know the USB 3.0 is the next version of the USB series. So we cant expect anything other than advantages from USB 3.0 over 2.0. Still we perform a comparison to find out what are advantages which we can expect from the new Super Speed USB (USB 3.0).

USB 2.0 is also known as "Hi-Speed USB," while USB 3.0 will have the confusingly similar moniker "Super Speed USB."

When we look at the length supported by each one USB 2.0 was supporting about 5 meters USB 3.0 will be supporting about 3 meters.

The new spec will support data transfers at 4.8 gigabits per second, or Gb/s, nearly 10 times faster than the current standards 480 megabits per second and six times faster than FireWire 800. Its also 400 times faster than the 12 Mbps offered by the original spec, USB 1.0.To get a sense of the speed increase, consider this: Under USB 2.0 it takes about 10 minutes to transfer a high-def. video from a Blu-ray disc. With USB 3.0, it will take just about a minute.

The new USB 3.0 connectors and devices will be compatible with older USB ports (on devices using USB 2.0 and 1.0) but they will be limited to the older ports slower speeds. The latest Super Speed USB-enabled devices connecting to older PCs running USB 2.0 or lower will experience data transfer rates that are much slower.

USB 2.0 uses a polling-based architecture, which means the host computer has to constantly check the bus to see if any devices are attached and if so, whether they are doing anything. As a result, that keeps the host computer busy, drawing power even when its not needed. Its a problem when you attach a USB device to a laptop running on battery. USB 3.0 offers better specifications for power management. USB 3.0 will move to an interrupt-driven architecture where your PC can ignore the

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 connected device till the latter actually does something. That can really lower the power consumption.

It also has better power output, 900 milliamps compared to 100 milliamps with USB 2.0. That means up to four devices can be charged from a single USB port and charged faster.

When we look to the architecture of the USB 3.0, unlike the USB 2.0, USB 3.0 support 9 pins instead of 5 pins.

The USB 3.0 support full-duplex data transfer. The full duplex means you can send data in either direction (bi-directionally) simultaneously. But USB 2.0 was supporting half-duplex transmission that you can transmit the data in either direction but not simultaneously.

The main change the users can observe is coming in the inner side of the USB 3.0. The USB 2.0s inner side was appeared to be in Gray or Black; it appeared even white in some time. But the USB 3.0s inner side will be in blue.

Since the USB 3.0 is supporting more cables than USB 2.0 the cable will be appeared a little much thick for the users.

Fig. 6.2 USB 3.0 vs. USB 2.0 SRTIST/ECE 28

UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0 6.3 DIGITAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Digital musical instruments are another example of where USB is competitive for low-cost devices. However power over Ethernet and the MIDI plug standard are preferred in high-end devices that must work with long cables. USB can cause ground loop problems in audio equipment because it connects the ground signals on both transceivers.

6.3.1 eSATA

The eSATA connector is a more robust SATA connector, intended for connection to external hard drives and SSDs. It has a far higher transfer rate (3Gbps, bi-directional) than USB 2.0. A device connected by eSATA appears as an ordinary SATA device, giving both full performance and full compatibility associated with internal drives.

eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This may seem as a disadvantage compared to USB, but in fact USB's 2.5W is usually insufficient to power external hard drives. eSATAp (power over eSATA) is a new (2009) standard that supplies sufficient power to attached devices using a new, backwards-compatible connector.

eSATA, like USB, supports hot plugging, although this might be limited by OS drivers. Digital musical instruments are another example of where USB is competitive for low-cost devices. However power over Ethernet and the MIDI plug standard are preferred in high-end devices that must work with long cables.

Fig. 6.3 eSATA port

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CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES

10x throughput increase vsUSB2.0 (480Mbps -> 5Gbps) Cable length reduced to 3M max. Backwards compatible USB 2.0 devices will continue to work, and new devices work with old systems. Same USB device model and pipe model. Host class drivers should work immediately with Super Speed. Power efficient Especially on host, but devices can also benefit. Future improvements Existing design can support 25Gbps link speeds. Proven basis Signalling based on PCIe and SATA USB 3.0 transfers data ten times faster, resulting in greater productivity and user satisfaction. USB 3.0 has improved power efficiency, which delivers longer battery life for laptops, tablets and peripherals connected via USB 3.0. Consist of Dual-bus architecture (low-speed, full-speed, hi-speed & Super Speed). It can transfer a 25GB file in approx. 70 sec. SRTIST/ECE 30

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CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS

The USB ports are used for a number of applications. The USB ports get the popularity because of its simplicity as well the easiness in use. The main application of USB 3.0 is listed below. USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (referred to as MSC or UMS). This was initially intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives, but has been extended to support a wide variety of devices, particularly flash drives. This generality is because many systems can be controlled with the familiar idiom of file manipulation within directories (The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension). USB 3.0 can also support portable hard disk drives. The earlier versions of USBs were not supporting the 3.5 inch hard disk drives. Originally conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives), a number of manufacturers offer external portable USB hard drives, or empty enclosures for drives, that offer performance comparable to internal drivers [citation needed]. These external drives usually contain a translating device that interfaces a drive of conventional technology (IDE, ATA, SATA, ATAPI, or even SCSI) to a USB port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user just like an internal drive. These are used to provide power for low power consuming devises. These can be used for charging the mobile phones.

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UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS 3.0

Though most new computers are capable of booting off USB Mass Storage devices, USB is not intended to be a primary bus for a computer's internal storage: buses such as ATA (IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), and SCSI fulfil that role. However, USB has one important advantage in that it is possible to install and remove devices without opening the computer case, making it useful for external drives. Mice and keyboards are frequently fitted with USB connectors, but because most PC motherboards still retain PS/2 connectors for the keyboard and mouse as of 2007, they are often supplied with a small USB-to-PS/2 adaptor, allowing usage with either USB or PS/2 interface. There is no logic inside these adaptors: they make use of the fact that such HID interfaces are equipped with controllers that are capable of serving both the USB and the PS/2 protocol, and automatically detect which type of port they are plugged into. Joysticks, keypads, tablets and other human-interface devices are also progressively migrating from MIDI, PC game port, and PS/2 connectors to USB. It can also support Ethernet adapter, modem, serial port adapter etc. It can support Full speed hub, hi-speed hub, and Super Speed hub. It can support USB smart card reader, USB compliance testing devices, Wi-Fi adapter, Bluetooth adapter, ActiveSync device, Force feedback joystick.

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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION

The Universal serial bus 3.0 is supporting a speed of about 5 Gb/sec i.e. ten times faster than the 2.0 version. And it is also faster than the new FireWire product S3200. So hopefully by the help of this Super Speed data transfer rate the USB 3.0 will be replacing many of the connecters in the future. The prototype of the USB 3.0 was already implemented by ASUSE in their motherboard. The drivers for the USB 3.0 are made available to the open source Linux.

The Linux kernel will support USB 3.0 with version 2.6.31. Because of the backward compatibility of the USB 3.0 the devises which we are using now and the ports we are using now (which is USB 2.0) will be working proper with the new USB 3.0 devises and ports. The high-rate of Super Speed adoption illustrates that USB 3.0 is a thriving and advanced ecosystem. It is already driving and creating a new generation of devices and components.

that USB 3.0 uses only 1/3 of the power compared to USB 2 - and of course, the standard is fully backwards compatible. USB 3.0 Super Speed protocol is very promising high speed communication protocol. With success of earlier versions of USB and backward compatibility of USB 3.0 is going to be very useful for quick migration. High data rate of USB 3.0 is very tempting to adapt the technology for many high end video streaming applications.

FUTURE APPLICATIONS HD video transfer for video editing and Blu-Ray. High resolution photo transfers for editing and storage

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CHAPTER 10 REFERENCES

USB 3.0 specifications released by USB consortium

WEBSITES
http://www.reghardware.co.uk/2009/05/25/superspeed_usb_3_guide http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_bus http://www.usb.org/developers/docs http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/11/superspeed-us-1 http://tech.blorge.com http://www.interfacebus.com

http://www.scribd.com
http://www.youtube.com

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