Examrace

AptitudeSeries|1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Organization of the Book .......................................................................................................................... 7
Math Section ..........................................................................................................................................................................7
Verbal Section ........................................................................................................................................................................7
Basic Know Hows .................................................................................................................................... 7
VOLUME I: Basic Numeracy ..................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 1: Arithmetic ............................................................................................................................ 9
Numbers & Counting.............................................................................................................................................................9
Lesson 1: Types of Numbers ....................................................................................................................................................9
Lesson 2: Rounding ................................................................................................................................................................10
Lesson 3: Basic Arithmetic Operations .................................................................................................................................11
Lesson 4: Properties of Negative Numbers ..........................................................................................................................12
Tips & Tricks 1: Multiplication Shortcuts................................................................................................................................13
Tips & Tricks 2: Divisibility Tests..............................................................................................................................................14
Lesson 5: Simplification ..........................................................................................................................................................15
Tips & Tricks 3: Cyclicity of Last Digits of Powers of Numbers...........................................................................................16
Lesson 6: Factors and Prime Numbers.................................................................................................................................16
Lesson 7: Special Numbers....................................................................................................................................................17
Lesson 8: Base Numbers .......................................................................................................................................................18
Lesson 9: Base Conversion to & from Decimal ....................................................................................................................19
Lesson 10: Roman Numerals .................................................................................................................................................20
Tips & Tricks 4: Calculating Sum of Numbers ......................................................................................................................22
Fractions & Decimals...........................................................................................................................................................25
Lesson 11: Fractions ...............................................................................................................................................................25
Lesson 12: Decimals ...............................................................................................................................................................26
HCF and LCM ......................................................................................................................................................................28
Lesson 13: HCF & LCM ..........................................................................................................................................................28
Ratio, Proportion & Chain Rule...........................................................................................................................................33
Lesson 14: Ratio & Proportion................................................................................................................................................33
Percents................................................................................................................................................................................35
Lesson 15: Percentages .........................................................................................................................................................35
Tips & Tricks 5: Common Errors.............................................................................................................................................35
Exponents, Roots & Logarithms ........................................................................................................................................37
Lesson 16: Exponents and Roots..........................................................................................................................................37
Lesson 17: Surds .....................................................................................................................................................................38
Lesson 18: Squares & Cubes .................................................................................................................................................38
Lesson 19: Logarithms............................................................................................................................................................40
Basic Statistics.....................................................................................................................................................................42
Lesson 20: Basic Statistics .....................................................................................................................................................42
Sets & Venn Diagrams.........................................................................................................................................................45
Lesson 21: Sets & Venn Diagram...........................................................................................................................................45
CHAPTER 2: Number Patterns ............................................................................................................... 48
Sequences, Series & Progressions (Arithmetic, Geometric & Harmonic) ......................................................................48
Lesson 22: Progression...........................................................................................................................................................48
Lesson 23: Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic Means ..........................................................................................................49
Tips & Tricks 6: Convert Recurring Decimal to Fraction ......................................................................................................49
Odd Man Out .......................................................................................................................................................................52
Number Series .....................................................................................................................................................................53
Tips & Tricks 7: Solving Number Series.................................................................................................................................53
Find Next Number ...................................................................................................................................................................54
Find Next Pair of Numbers .....................................................................................................................................................59
Find the Missing Numbers..................................................................................................................................................63
CHAPTER 3: Algebra .............................................................................................................................. 74
Expressions ..........................................................................................................................................................................74
Lesson 24: Basic Algebraic Operations ................................................................................................................................74
Tips & Tricks 8: Simplifying Expressions ...............................................................................................................................74
Functions ..............................................................................................................................................................................75
Lesson 25: Functions ..............................................................................................................................................................75
Equations..............................................................................................................................................................................78
www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|2

Lesson 26: Equations ..............................................................................................................................................................78

Solve Linear Equations in One Variable .................................................................................................................................78
Lesson 27: Solving Linear Equations in One Variable ..........................................................................................................78
Solve Linear Equations in Multiple Variables.........................................................................................................................82
Lesson 28: Solving Two Linear Equations in Two Variables ................................................................................................82
Lesson 29: Solving Two Linear Equations in Multiple Variables..........................................................................................82
Solve Equations by Factoring.................................................................................................................................................86
Tips & Tricks 9: Solve Equations by Factoring......................................................................................................................86
Solve Quadratic Equations .....................................................................................................................................................87
Lesson 30: Solving Quadratic Equations ..............................................................................................................................87
Inequalities............................................................................................................................................................................89
Tips & Tricks 10: Solving Inequalities .....................................................................................................................................89
Absolute Value .....................................................................................................................................................................91
Lesson 31: Absolute Value......................................................................................................................................................91
Matrix ....................................................................................................................................................................................92
Lesson 32: Matrix ....................................................................................................................................................................92
CHAPTER 4: Financial Problems ............................................................................................................ 95
Cost, Income & Expenditures.............................................................................................................................................95
Lesson 33: Income and Expenditures ...................................................................................................................................95
Profit & Loss .........................................................................................................................................................................97
Lesson 34: Profit & Loss .........................................................................................................................................................97
Interest Problems.................................................................................................................................................................99
Lesson 35: Simple & Compound Interest .............................................................................................................................99
Problems on Discounts.................................................................................................................................................... 102
Lesson 36: Discount............................................................................................................................................................. 102
Lesson 37: Present Worth & True Discount ....................................................................................................................... 103
Lesson 38: Bankers Discount.............................................................................................................................................. 106
Stocks & Shares ............................................................................................................................................................... 108
Lesson 39: Shares & Stocks................................................................................................................................................ 108
Partnership ........................................................................................................................................................................ 110
Lesson 40: Partnership ........................................................................................................................................................ 110
CHAPTER 5: Comprehension and Problem Solving ............................................................................112
Time, Distance & Speed .................................................................................................................................................. 112
Lesson 41: Time, Distance & Speed................................................................................................................................... 112
Relative Speed ...................................................................................................................................................................... 121
Lesson 42: Relative Speed .................................................................................................................................................. 121
Problems on Trains ............................................................................................................................................................... 124
Tips & Tricks 11: Problems on Train .................................................................................................................................... 124
Problems on Boats & Streams ............................................................................................................................................ 126
Tips & Tricks 12: Boats & Streams ...................................................................................................................................... 126
Problems on Unitary Method .......................................................................................................................................... 127
Lesson 43: Unitary Method ................................................................................................................................................. 127
Problems on Rate ................................................................................................................................................................. 128
Tips & Tricks 13: Rate ........................................................................................................................................................... 128
Pipes & Cisterns.................................................................................................................................................................... 135
Tips & Tricks 14: Pipes Filling the Tank ............................................................................................................................... 135
Problems on Ages ............................................................................................................................................................ 136
Problems on Mixtures ...................................................................................................................................................... 139
Lesson 44: Alligation............................................................................................................................................................. 139
Calendar and Clocks........................................................................................................................................................ 142
Tips & Tricks 15: Clock & Time ............................................................................................................................................ 142
Tips & Tricks 16: Calendar ................................................................................................................................................... 144
Temperature ...................................................................................................................................................................... 147
Lesson 45: Temperature....................................................................................................................................................... 147
Races & Games ................................................................................................................................................................ 148
Tips & Tricks 17: Races & Games ....................................................................................................................................... 148
Brain Teasers..................................................................................................................................................................... 149
Tips & Tricks 18: Tournaments ............................................................................................................................................ 150
Tips & Tricks 19: Find the Weights ...................................................................................................................................... 152
Tips & Tricks 20: Balance Puzzles....................................................................................................................................... 152
www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|3

CHAPTER 6: Permutations, Combinations and Probability .................................................................157

Permutations & Combinations ........................................................................................................................................ 157
Lesson 46: Permutation ....................................................................................................................................................... 157
Lesson 47: Combination ...................................................................................................................................................... 160
Probability.......................................................................................................................................................................... 168
Lesson 48: Probability .......................................................................................................................................................... 168
VOLUME II: Advanced Mathematics (Introduction) ..............................................................................181
CHAPTER 7: Geometry ........................................................................................................................181
Lines and Angles .............................................................................................................................................................. 181
Lesson 49: Angles and Basic Geometry ............................................................................................................................ 181
Lesson 50: Lines ................................................................................................................................................................... 183
Polygons ............................................................................................................................................................................ 185
Lesson 51: Polygons ............................................................................................................................................................ 185
Regular Polygons.................................................................................................................................................................. 187
Lesson 52: Regular Polygons.............................................................................................................................................. 187
Triangles ................................................................................................................................................................................. 188
Lesson 53: Triangles ............................................................................................................................................................. 188
Quadrilaterals ........................................................................................................................................................................ 195
Lesson 54: Quadrilateral ...................................................................................................................................................... 195
Lesson 55: Trapezium .......................................................................................................................................................... 197
Tips & Tricks 21: Isosceles Trapezium ................................................................................................................................ 198
Tips & Tricks 22: Right Trapezium ....................................................................................................................................... 199
Lesson 56: Kite ..................................................................................................................................................................... 199
Lesson 57: Parallelogram .................................................................................................................................................... 200
Lesson 58: Rhombus ........................................................................................................................................................... 202
Tips & Tricks 23: Lozenge .................................................................................................................................................... 204
Lesson 59: Rectangle........................................................................................................................................................... 204
Lesson 60: Square................................................................................................................................................................ 206
Circles, Chords and Tangents ......................................................................................................................................... 208
Lesson 61: Properties of Circle, Tangent, Chord & Secant .............................................................................................. 208
Tips & Tricks 24: Degrees & Radian Values........................................................................................................................ 212
Cyclic Quadrilateral, Tangential and Bi-Centric Quadrilateral....................................................................................... 216
Lesson 62: Cyclic, Tangential & Bi-Centric Quadrilateral.................................................................................................. 216
3D Shapes: Solids and Cylinders.................................................................................................................................... 218
Lesson 63: Introduction to Solids, Their Area & Volume................................................................................................... 218
Coordinate Geometry....................................................................................................................................................... 223
Lesson 64: Coordinate Geometry ....................................................................................................................................... 223
CHAPTER 8: Trigonometry ...................................................................................................................228
Lesson 65: Pythagorean Theorem ...................................................................................................................................... 228
Lesson 66: Trigonometric Identities .................................................................................................................................... 228
Heights and Distances ..................................................................................................................................................... 234
Tips & Tricks 25: Heights & Distances ................................................................................................................................ 234
VOLUME III: Data Interpretation & Sufficiency .....................................................................................239
CHAPTER 9: Data Sufficiency ..............................................................................................................239
Tips & Tricks 26: Data Sufficiency Basics........................................................................................................................... 239
CHAPTER 10: Data Interpretation-Tables.............................................................................................244
Tips & Tricks 27: Data Interpretation Basics....................................................................................................................... 244
Tips & Tricks 28: Tabulation Basics ..................................................................................................................................... 244
CHAPTER 11: Data Interpretation-Graphs ...........................................................................................250
Tips & Tricks 29: Graphical Questions ................................................................................................................................ 250
Bar Graph .......................................................................................................................................................................... 250
Line Graph ......................................................................................................................................................................... 253
Pie Graph........................................................................................................................................................................... 255
VOLUME IV: Analytical & Logical Reasoning........................................................................................258
CHAPTER 12: Analytical Ability ............................................................................................................258
Lesson 67: Analytical Reasoning ........................................................................................................................................ 258
Problems on Comparison................................................................................................................................................ 260
Arrangement of Single Attribute ...................................................................................................................................... 265
Arrangement of Multiple Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 274
Blood Relations................................................................................................................................................................. 291
www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|4

Tips & Tricks 30: Blood Relations........................................................................................................................................ 291

Directions........................................................................................................................................................................... 294
Tips & Tricks 31: Directions.................................................................................................................................................. 294
CHAPTER 13: Logical Reasoning.........................................................................................................297
Lesson 68: Logical Reasoning ............................................................................................................................................ 297
Based on Assumptions .................................................................................................................................................... 299
Lesson 69: Assumptions...................................................................................................................................................... 299
Type I: Statement-Assumption ............................................................................................................................................ 301
Based on Arguments........................................................................................................................................................ 307
Lesson 70: Arguments ......................................................................................................................................................... 307
Lesson 71: Fallacies ............................................................................................................................................................. 308
Type II: Statement-Argument............................................................................................................................................... 312
Tips & Tricks 32: Finding Strong & Weak Arguments........................................................................................................ 312
Type III: Argument Method, Strengthen-Weaken Arguments .......................................................................................... 317
Tips & Tricks 33: How to Strengthen-Weaken Arguments ............................................................................................... 317
Tips & Tricks 34: Finding Method of Argument.................................................................................................................. 319
Type IV: Assorted Argument Questions .............................................................................................................................. 327
Tips & Tricks 35: More Argument Questions Types........................................................................................................... 327
Based on Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................... 340
Lesson 72: Conclusion Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 340
Type V: Statement-Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 341
Type VI: Inference.................................................................................................................................................................. 344
Type VII: Theme Detection ................................................................................................................................................... 346
VOLUME V: Ethical Decision Making & Logical Problem Solving ........................................................354
CHAPTER 14: Logical Problems ..........................................................................................................354
Logic Games ..................................................................................................................................................................... 354
Verification of Truth ........................................................................................................................................................... 361
Factual Statements .......................................................................................................................................................... 366
CHAPTER 15: Decision Making & Problem Solving .............................................................................369
Tips & Tricks 36: Decision Making & Judgment ................................................................................................................ 369
Assertion-Reason ............................................................................................................................................................. 369
Tips & Tricks 37: Assertion-Reason Relationships ............................................................................................................ 369
Cause & Effect .................................................................................................................................................................. 372
Tips & Tricks 38: Cause-Effect Relationships .................................................................................................................... 372
Course of Action ............................................................................................................................................................... 376
Tips & Tricks 39: Course of Action ...................................................................................................................................... 376
Decision Making ............................................................................................................................................................... 380
Judgment .......................................................................................................................................................................... 384
CHAPTER 16: Ethics & Moral Decision Making ...................................................................................388
Lesson 73: Ethics & Moral Decision Making...................................................................................................................... 388
VOLUME VI: Verbal Aptitude (Mental Ability Part-I) ..............................................................................394
CHAPTER 17: Playing with Alphabets..................................................................................................394
Tips & Tricks 40: Alphabet Series........................................................................................................................................ 394
Complete the Series ......................................................................................................................................................... 394
Graphical Series Completion........................................................................................................................................... 396
Find Missing Alphabet...................................................................................................................................................... 398
CHAPTER 18: Playing with Words........................................................................................................400
Basics ................................................................................................................................................................................ 400
Lesson 74: Linguistic Concepts .......................................................................................................................................... 400
Lesson 75: Articles, Vowels & Consonants ........................................................................................................................ 401
Tips & Tricks 41: Common Confusing Words .................................................................................................................... 402
Word Meanings................................................................................................................................................................. 405
Tips & Tricks 42: Word List................................................................................................................................................... 405
Odd Man Out .................................................................................................................................................................... 409
Synonyms & Antonyms.................................................................................................................................................... 416
Tips & Tricks 43: Synonyms & Antonyms........................................................................................................................... 416
Synonyms.............................................................................................................................................................................. 416
Antonyms .............................................................................................................................................................................. 418
Anagrams .......................................................................................................................................................................... 419
Tips & Tricks 44: Anagram ...................................................................................................................................................
419
www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|5

CHAPTER 19: Coding-Decoding ..........................................................................................................422

Tips & Tricks 45: Coding-Decoding .................................................................................................................................... 422
Based on Code & Key Scheme ...................................................................................................................................... 422
Based on Letter Coding ................................................................................................................................................... 423
Based on Letter Rearrangement..................................................................................................................................... 426
Based on Word Parts ....................................................................................................................................................... 427
CHAPTER 20: Analogies.......................................................................................................................432
Lesson 76: Deducing Relationships ................................................................................................................................... 432
Word Relations: Type I (Missing Word in Pairs of Words) ............................................................................................. 433
Word Relations: Type II (Find Missing Word in Sentence)............................................................................................. 443
Word Relations: Type III (Given One Pair, Find the Missing Pair).................................................................................. 446
Word Relations: Type IV (Find Missing Word in Word Triplets) ..................................................................................... 450
Word Relations: Type V (Find Two Words to Form an Analogy) ................................................................................... 452
Find Essential Element ..................................................................................................................................................... 452
CHAPTER 21: Language & Grammar ...................................................................................................459
Lesson 77: Noun................................................................................................................................................................... 459
Lesson 78: Singular & Plural ................................................................................................................................................ 459
Lesson 79: Pronoun ............................................................................................................................................................. 460
Lesson 80: Verb .................................................................................................................................................................... 460
Lesson 81: Sentence Structure-Subject, Predicate & Object .......................................................................................... 460
Lesson 82: Tenses ................................................................................................................................................................ 462
Lesson 83: Adjectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 462
Lesson 84: Adverbs.............................................................................................................................................................. 463
Lesson 85: Prepositions....................................................................................................................................................... 463
Lesson 86: Conjunctions ..................................................................................................................................................... 463
Lesson 87: Interjections ....................................................................................................................................................... 464
Lesson 88: Phrases & Clauses............................................................................................................................................ 464
Lesson 89: Verbals-Gerunds, Participles & Infinitives ....................................................................................................... 464
Lesson 90: Direct & Indirect Speech................................................................................................................................... 465
Lesson 91: Active & Passive Voice ..................................................................................................................................... 466
Tips & Tricks 46: Common Punctuation Rules .................................................................................................................. 467
Tips & Tricks 47: Common Grammatical Mistakes ........................................................................................................... 469
Sentence Correction ........................................................................................................................................................ 470
Tips & Tricks 48: Using s and s ......................................................................................................................................... 470
Tips & Tricks 49: Whos versus Whose............................................................................................................................... 471
Tips & Tricks 50: Their versus There ................................................................................................................................... 471
Tips & Tricks 51: Correct usage of Was & Were ................................................................................................................ 473
Tips & Tricks 52: Correct usage of I & Me .......................................................................................................................... 474
Tips & Tricks 53: Correct use of One as a Pronoun .......................................................................................................... 474
Form Paragraphs: Order of Sentences .......................................................................................................................... 475
Lesson 92: Order of Sentences........................................................................................................................................... 475
Some Fixed Sentences ........................................................................................................................................................ 477
No Fixed Sentences ............................................................................................................................................................. 478
CHAPTER 22: General Verbal Reasoning.............................................................................................486
VOLUME VII: Non-Verbal & Visual Reasoning (Mental Ability Part-II) ..................................................494
CHAPTER 23: Abstract (Diagrammatic) Reasoning .............................................................................494
Lesson 93: Non Verbal Reasoning...................................................................................................................................... 494
Lesson 94: Abstract Reasoning .......................................................................................................................................... 494
Find Missing Figures ........................................................................................................................................................ 495
Sequence Completion ..................................................................................................................................................... 504
Odd Man Out .................................................................................................................................................................... 509
Replace Incorrect Tile....................................................................................................................................................... 513
Analogies ........................................................................................................................................................................... 514
Fitting Pieces ..................................................................................................................................................................... 516
Problems Involving Many Shapes .................................................................................................................................. 516
CHAPTER 24: Spatial (3-D) Reasoning ................................................................................................518
Tips & Tricks 54: Spatial Reasoning.................................................................................................................................... 518
2-D to 3-D.......................................................................................................................................................................... 518
Odd Man Out .................................................................................................................................................................... 519
Wooden Blocks.................................................................................................................................................................
519
www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|6

Dice and Cubes ................................................................................................................................................................ 523

Tips & Tricks 55: Dice Problems.......................................................................................................................................... 523
CHAPTER 25: Mechanical Aptitude .....................................................................................................529
VOLUME VIII: Reading Comprehension ...............................................................................................537
CHAPTER 26: Easy Passages ..............................................................................................................537
Lesson 95: Reading Comprehension ................................................................................................................................. 537
Passage I ........................................................................................................................................................................... 539
Passage II .......................................................................................................................................................................... 539
Passage III ......................................................................................................................................................................... 540
Passage IV......................................................................................................................................................................... 541
Passage V.......................................................................................................................................................................... 541
Passage VI......................................................................................................................................................................... 541
Passage VII........................................................................................................................................................................ 542
Passage VIII....................................................................................................................................................................... 542
Passage IX......................................................................................................................................................................... 542
CHAPTER 27: Moderately Difficult Passages ......................................................................................544
Passage I ........................................................................................................................................................................... 544
Passage II .......................................................................................................................................................................... 545
Passage III ......................................................................................................................................................................... 545
Passage IV......................................................................................................................................................................... 547
Passage V.......................................................................................................................................................................... 548
Passage VI......................................................................................................................................................................... 548
Passage VII........................................................................................................................................................................ 549
Passage VIII....................................................................................................................................................................... 550
Passage IX......................................................................................................................................................................... 550
Passage X.......................................................................................................................................................................... 551
CHAPTER 28: Advanced Passages .....................................................................................................553
Passage I ........................................................................................................................................................................... 553
Passage II .......................................................................................................................................................................... 554
Passage III ......................................................................................................................................................................... 556
Passage IV......................................................................................................................................................................... 557
Passage V.......................................................................................................................................................................... 559
Passage VI......................................................................................................................................................................... 561
Passage VII........................................................................................................................................................................ 562
Passage VIII....................................................................................................................................................................... 564
Passage IX......................................................................................................................................................................... 565
Passage X.......................................................................................................................................................................... 566
VOLUME IX: Interpersonal & Communication Skills.............................................................................568
CHAPTER 29: Communication Skills ...................................................................................................568
Lesson 96: Communication Skills....................................................................................................................................... 568
CHAPTER 30: Interpersonal Skills ........................................................................................................577
Lesson 97: Interpersonal Skills ............................................................................................................................................ 577
Appendices ...........................................................................................................................................586
Appendix I: Word List ....................................................................................................................................................... 586
Appendix II: Prefix (Root) Words with Meaning & Examples ........................................................................................ 606
Appendix III: Suffix with Meaning and Examples .......................................................................................................... 610
Appendix IV: Synonym List.............................................................................................................................................. 611
Appendix V: Antonym List ............................................................................................................................................... 613
Appendix VI: Comparative & Superlative Forms of Adjective ...................................................................................... 615
Appendix VII: Units and Measurements ......................................................................................................................... 616
Basic Terms ........................................................................................................................................................................... 616
Numbers ................................................................................................................................................................................ 616
Units, Measurement & Conversion ..................................................................................................................................... 616
Temperature Conversions .................................................................................................................................................... 617
Appendix VIII: Multiplication Tables 1 to 20 ................................................................................................................... 618
Appendix IX: Common Algebraic Errors ........................................................................................................................ 618
Appendix X: Animals & Their Sounds ............................................................................................................................. 618
Other Books and E-Books by Examrace..............................................................................................620
www.examrace.com

Examraace

AptitudeSeries|7

ORGAN
NIZATION OF THE
T BOO
OK
The
e book iis organ
nized into nin
ne volumes an
nd 30 ch
hapters. The nine volumes
cove
er Math
hs, Data
a Interp
pretation and Sufficie
ency, An
nalytical Reasoning, Logical
Reasoning
g, Verba
al Reaso
oning, Non-Verbal orr Visuall Reasoning, R
Reading Compreh
hension
n and finally Interpersonal and Commu
C
unication Skills. The most
imp
portant Volum
mes are Volume I (Basic Math
hs) and
d Volum
me VI (Verbal), which
lay the fou
undatio
on for th
he rest of the section
ns.
Matth Section: Bas
sic Math
hs covered in Volume I is th
he founding stone for other
volu
umes i.e. Volume II, IIII, IV, V (i.e. analyticall and lo
ogical reasoning, data interprettation e
etc.). Chapter 1 of Volume I cover arithmetic and inttroduce basic
prin
nciples.. Note that
t
the
ese concepts would be
b used
d throughout the restt of the
Maths secttion (Vo
olumes
s I and III) and in fact even in
n other volumes. Th
he next
chap
pter is on bas
sic algebra that covers equa
ations, expressions, etc. Together
Cha
apter 1 a
and 2 introduce the basic concepts, which should be reviewed first,
afte
er which
h reade
ers can
n cover other chapters in M
Maths section in any order.
Volu
ume I is
s follow
wed by Volum
V
e II on advance
ed math
hematics, it is alright if this
volu
ume is skippe
ed at firrst and done later affter cov
vering everyth
hing else. Numerrous eq
quations are giiven in this volume but
b they
y are not mean
nt to be
e memoriz
zed & c
can be derived
d from the ba
asic on
nes give
en in the beginning of the
chap
pters.
Verbal Sec
ction: Th
he nextt major section that needs
n
s
special emphasis is the verbal section
n covere
ed in Vo
olume VI. It is the fou
unding stone for Reading Co
omprension, In
nterperrsonal and
a
Communication
n Skills, Ethical Decision Making &
hen
Prob
blem So
olving covered
c
d in Volume VIII & IX. Volume
e VII covering Non-Verbal &
ual Aptitude is
Visu
s largelly independent of otther sec
ctions.

NOW HOWS
B
BASIC KN
anage y
Ma
your tim
me welll.
ost of tthe testts will have
Mo
h
time constraint.
It is
i not tthat one canno
ot solve those proble
ems bu
ut it is generally the lack of
me.
tim
ave a so
Ha
ound slleep, be
e focus
sed on the que
estions
s, as the questions arre very
logical, a
and nee
ed prop
per concentrattion.
It is best to choose eas
sy problems and solv
ve them
m all in the given time.
o not ge
Do
et struc
ck on to
ough or time-consum
ming que
estions eventually running
hort of ttime.
sh
y thin
In the first roun
nd, answ
wer questions that you
nk are very easy.
hen in tthe seco
swer th
y
Th
ond rou
und try to ans
he questtions, which
w
you kno
ow but
ou left b
yo
because
e, felt they
t
are lengthy or tiime con
nsuming.
y shorttcuts to
t
Try
o solve the
t questions rather than
co
onventional ways. Many will
e descriibed in this bo
be
ook.
A speciall mark is given
n at the beginning off the qu
uestion that c
classifies it as
asic or easy
e
eitther eas
sy or diifficult,, denotes ba
qu
uestion and denotes diffiult or tricky qu
cu
uestion
n.
Always c
choose simple
er operation over complicated one. This
s might mean
arting w
sta
with the
e choices in ce
ertain cases. For exam
mple, multipli
m
cation is easier than d
division
n and ad
ddition is easier than
n subtrraction.
ames off the Grreek Allphabets used in the book a
Na
are:
Symbol

Nam
me
Alpha
Delta

Symbol

Nam
me
Beta
a
Epsilon

Symbol

Name
Gamm
ma
Zeta

www.examrace.com

Examrace

Eta
Kappa
Nu
Pi
Tau
Chi

AptitudeSeries|8

Theta
Lambda
Xi
Rho
Upsilon
Psi

Iota
Mu
Omicron
Sigma
Phi
Omega

Symbol for the currency (Indian Rupee) used in the book is `.

www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|10

Common Fractions: Fractions where denominator is not 10 or multiple of

it. For example , etc.
Decimal Fractions: Fractions where denominator is 10 or multiple of 10.
For example ,
etc.
Proper Fractions: In such fractions, numerator is less than denominator &
their value is always less than one, e.g., , etc.
Improper Fractions: In such fractions, numerator is greater than or equal
to the denominator & their value is always greater than or equal to one.
For example , etc.
Irrational Numbers: Irrational number is number that cant be represented as
where and are integers and
decimal. Example = 3.1416
What kind of number is 2?
A. Natural

B. Rational

is not zero & is an infinite non-recurring

C. Irrational

D. Fraction
Answer: C

Solution: 2 = 1.41421 35623 this is an irrational number.

What kind of number is ?
A. Natural
B. Rational
C. Irrational

D. Fraction
Answer: D

Solution: 2 = 1.41421 35623, this is an irrational number.

What kind of number is 2?
A. Natural
B. Whole
C. Integer

D. All of the above

Answer: D

Solution: All natural number are whole numbers & all whole numbers are integers. 2 is a
natural number & also whole number and integer.
What type of number is ?
A. Natural
B. Rational
C. Irrational
D. Fraction
Answer: C

Solution: = 3.1415926535, this is an irrational number.

What type of number is 0?
A. Natural
B. Rational
C. Irrational

D. Fraction
Answer: B

Solution: Please refer to the definitions above.

Lesson 2: Rounding

A rounded number has about the same value as the original number, but is less
exact. For example, 300 would be the nearest rounded figure for 342 because
this value lies closer to 300 than to 400.
Rounding Digits: Finding out rounding digit is the first step in rounding. If
rounding to closest tens in case of whole numbers, rounding digit is 2nd number to left (tens place). In case of rounding to nearest hundred, third digit from
the left is rounding digit (hundreds place).
Rounding Natural Numbers: Once the rounding digit is known use following
rules:
Rounding digit dont change, if digit to its right are between 0 to 4. Also, all
digits to its right will become 0.
Rounding digit rounds up by one number, if digit to right are between 5 to 9.
All digits to its right will become 0.
Rounding Decimals: If rounding numbers require decimals, use following rules:
www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|112

CHAPTER 5: COMPREHENSION AND PROBLEM SOLVING

Time, Distance & Speed

Lesson 41: Time, Distance & Speed

Distance
Understanding how far 2 objects are placed numerically is distance, it is physical length, or estimation based on other criteria.
Distance cant be negative
Distance travelled never decreases.
Distance is scalar quantity or magnitude, while displacement is vector quantity & has both magnitude and direction.
Distance covered along curved path from point A to point B is distinguished
from straight-line distance from A to B. E.g., in case of round trip on circle
displacement is zero as one reaches the same point where one starts or in
other words end point coincide. Straight-line distance equal distance travelled only if path is straight line.
Distance can be expressed in meter, kilometer, feet, miles etc.
Time
Time is expressed in seconds, minutes, hours or days etc.
Speed
Speed is distance covered per unit time. If speed is given by , distance by
& time taken by than,
Speed,
.
.
Time,
Distance,
.
It is directly proportional to distance and inversely proportional to time.
It can be in km/hr., m/sec etc.
Average Speed: Average speed,
is defined as total distance by total time
taken. If

is total distance covered in the trip and

is the total time taken for the trip, then,

. Note that average speed is not the average of speeds.

Suppose a man covers a certain distance at speed km/hr. and an equal

distance at speed km/hr. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is
km/hr.
Conversion between Speed Units: Speed can be converted from one unit to
another using the following formulas:
km/hr. = m/sec
m/s =

km/hr.

km/hr. = ft./sec
Important Problems Solving Concepts
For a round trip distance back and forth are equal.
Speed and time problems can be solved by drawing table. E.g., if G travels at
12 km/hr. M leaves 20 minutes later & travels at 36 km/hr. At what distance
would M overtake G. To solve this organize data in box with distance, speed
and time with rows representing moving objects
G

Speed
12

Time

Speed Time = Distance

12

www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|272

Answer questions I to VI based on given information, , , , and travel

extensively on business & 4 of them have China visa. All, apart from and ,
have visas for Russia. s only visa is for Pakistan, although only and do not
have a visa for Pakistan.
I. Who only has visas for China and Pakistan?
A.

B.

C.

D.
Answer: D

Solution: Following table represents information. It gives for each person the visas that they
hold.

China

China
Pakistan
Russia

Pakistan
Russia

China
Pakistan

China
Russia

From the table above, has visas for only China and Pakistan.
II. Who has the most visas?
A.
B.
C.

D. None
Answer: C

Solution: Refer the table above in hint for question I. has visas for all three countries
III. Who travels most often?
A.
B.
C.
D. Cannot say
Answer: D

Solution: Data does not provide any information on frequency of travel.

IV. Who are the two people who have identical visas?
A. &
B. &
C. &
D. &
Answer: A

Solution: Refer the table above in hint for question I. and have identical visas.
V. How many visas does the group have between them?
A. 4
B. 12
C. 10
D. 17
Answer: C

Solution: Refer table above in hint for question I. Total number of visas is 2 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 2 =
10.
VI. Which of the following is the most frequented country?
A. Pakistan
B. Russia
C. China
D. Cannot say
Answer: D

Solution: Data does not provide any information on frequency of travel to any particular
country.
Answer questions I to II based on given information, , and all take a holiday by the sea, whilst , and go hiking in the mountains. , and travel by
air. , and do not enjoy their holiday.
I. Who goes to the sea and does not enjoy the holiday?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: B

Solution: The table below summarizes the information. S stands for holiday by the sea, M
stands for hiking in the mountains, A for travel by air and D for do not enjoy their holiday
Person

Type
M+A
S

Person

Type
S+D
S+A

Person

It can be seen that goes to the sea and does not enjoy holidays.
II. Who does not travel by air and goes hiking?
A.
B.
C.

Type
M+A+D
M+D

D.
Answer: D

Solution: From the table above, goes hiking but does not travel by air.
www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|318

Sample Stems for Weaken Argument Questions

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the researchers or
above argument or undermines the conclusion?
Prediction end of paragraph would be called into question if it were true that
Which one of the following, if true, most calls question into argument that
?
Which one of the following, if true, would be biggest challenge to conclusion?
Sample Stems for Strengthen Argument Questions
Which one of the following, if established, does most to justify the position
advanced by the passage?
Which one of the following, if true, provides the best reason in favor of the
proposal?
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument or supports the proposal?
Which of the following principles, if valid, helps to justify scientists reasoning the most?
Which one of the following, if true, helps to best support the claim that ?
Strategies
Identify the key assumptions in the argument.
It is important to understand how to strengthen or weaken assumptions, so
being proficient to identify assumptions makes it easy to choose answers
that which support or undermine them.
Correct answer choices undermine or support structurally their respective
conclusions rather than by attacking evidences directly.
Finding key assumption in question is much more important than finding
answer directly that will make assumption more likely to be true or less likely to be true, whatever the case be.
Strengthening argument makes conclusion more likely to be true while weakening argument makes it somewhat less likely to be true.
In weaken questions, sometimes correct answer contradicts the statement
made in original argument.
Also argument weakening doesnt disproving it completely & strengthening
doesnt prove it beyond doubts, i.e. they dont prove something true or false
rather right answer supports or weakens required assumptions, while also
being relevant to hypothesis.
Example: More and more computer software that is capable of correcting not
just spelling, but also grammar and punctuation is being developed. Therefore, having good knowledge of grammar and punctuation is unnecessary for
working reporters and writers. Consequently, while training journalists, less
emphasis is placed on grammar & this helps students and professors to concentrate on other important subjects. Which among the following, if true,
weakens the argument the most, given for the recommendation above?
A. Effective use of software that corrects grammar and punctuation requires
knowledge of grammatical principles.
B. Most software that corrects grammar and punctuation are already in use.
C. Developing more complex & ethical guidelines for reporters means that
professors in journalism schools must get time to teach such issues.
D. Most of the software that correct grammar and punctuation can be run on
computers available to most of the media outlets.
www.examrace.com

Examrace

AptitudeSeries|434

Solution: Starvation is the lack of nutrition and exhaustion is the lack of energy.
Moon:Satellite::Earth: ?
A. Sun
B. Planet
C. Solar System
D. Asteroid
Answer: B

Solution: Moon is a Earths satellite and Earth is a planet.

Forecast:Future::Regret: ?
A. Present
B. Atone
C. Past

D. Sins
Answer: C

Solution: Forecast deals with future happenings and regret deals with past actions.
Influenza: Virus::Typhoid: ?
A. Bacillus
B. Parasite
C. Protozoa
D. Bacteria
Answer: D

Solution: First term gives the disease & second term gives its cause. Influenza is caused by
virus while typhoid is caused by bacteria.
Fear:Threat::Anger: ?
A. Compulsion
B. Panic
C. Provocation
D. Force
Answer: C

Solution: First term gives a feeling while second term gives the action that causes such a
feeling. Fear arising from threat and anger is caused by provocation meaning to aggravate.
Melt:Liquid::Freeze: ?
A. Ice
B. Condense
C. Solid
D. Crystal
Answer: C

Solution: First term gives process of formation of second term. Melting is the process (of
converting a solid) to form liquid. Similarly freezing is the process (of converting a liquid) to
form solid.
Clock:Time::Thermometer: ?
A. Heat
B. Radiation
C. Energy
D. Temperature
Answer: D

Solution: First term gives the instrument used to measure the second. Clock measures time
while thermometer measures temperature.
Muslim:Mosque::Sikhs: ?
A. Golden Temple B. Medina
C. Fire Temple
D. Gurudwara
Answer: D

Solution: Second term gives the place of worship for the first. Mosque is the place of worship
for Muslims, Gurudwara is the place of worship for Sikhs (note that Golden Temple refers to
a specific place)
Paw:Cat::Hoof: ?
A. Horse
B. Lion
C. Lamb
D. Elephant
Answer: A

Solution: First term gives the name of the foot of the second, i.e., cats foot is known as paw
similarly horses foot is called hoof.
Eye:Myopia::Teeth: ?
A. Pyorrhea
B. Cataract
C. Trachoma
D. Eczema
Answer: A

Solution: Second term gives the disease of the organ given by first term. Myopia is disease of
eye and pyorrhea is disease of teeth.
Tractor:Trailer::Horse: ?
A. Stable
B. Cart
C. Saddle
D. Engine
Answer: B

Solution: Second term gives the object that is pulled by the first. As trailer is pulled by tractor
similarly, cart is pulled by horse.
Scribble:Write::Stammer: ?
A. Walk
B. Play
C. Speak
D. Dance
Answer: C

www.examrace.com

Examraace

AptitudeSeries|508

Solution: It llooks lik

ke every alternatte figure
e is a sim
mple shaape (with no embedded shape)
eitheer a circlle or a triiangle orr a square. The simple sh
hapes is followed by the same shape but
with
h embed
dded shaapes insiide it. The missing figurre shoulld be a square with embedded
shap
pes.

Answer: B

Solution: The squarees alternately havve T an

nd V wiithin theem. The T and V rrotate clockwise
will havee a T in the same orientation as
by 180 in eaach figurre they aappear. The next figure w
st
1 figuree (after rrotation by 360)
the 1

Answer: B

Solution: In eeach sub

bsequentt figure tthe line (with thee white d
dot) rotates 90 aand then
n the dot
ves to oth
her end of the lin
ne.
mov

Answer: D

Solution: In eeach sub

bsequentt figure, one line rotates aanticlockwise 45 and otther line rotates
kwise by
y 90. In the firstt and fou
urth figures, the two linees overlap.
clock

Answer: B

Solution: In eeach sub

bsequent figure, a new dot is add
ded to each of the vertical and horizontal
liness and thee dots arre altern
nate black and white.

Answer: B

Solution: In tthis series, a new

w dot is added in each su
ubsequen
nt figure until the triangle is full.
The dots aree alternaate black
k and w
white and in each
h subseq
quent figure, theey chang
ge their
colorr. Once tthe triangle is fulll the dots change colors and theen start being removed from the
ngle one at a tim
trian
me from tthe top.

Answer: D
www.examrace.com