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GER-3751A
GE Power Systems
Understanding, Diagnosing,
and Repairing Leaks in
Water-Cooled Generator
Stator Windings
Joseph A. Worden
Jorge M. Mundulas
GE Power Systems
Schenectady, NY
This article is for information purposes only. The operation of individual plants involves many factors beyond GE’s con-
trol; it ultimately rests with the plant’s operator/owner. GE disclaims any responsibility for liability for damages of any
type, i.e. direct, consequential or special that may be alleged to have been incurred as result of applying this information
regardless of whether the claim is based on strict liability, breach of contract, breach of warranty, negligence, or otherwise.
Understanding, Diagnosing, and Repairing Leaks in Water-Cooled Generator
Stator Windings
Contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Leaks in Stator Hydraulic Components and Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Leaks in the Stator Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Leaks in the Clip Window Braze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Leaks Through Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Leaks in the Clip-to-Strand Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Leaks Through Serrated Spacers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Leaks Initiated by Mechanical Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Erosion in Hollow Conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Modern Winding Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Leak Descriptions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Stator Winding Leak Testing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
On-Line Leak Testing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Monitoring YTV System Vent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Stator Leak Monitoring System (SLMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Off-Line (Maintenance) Leak Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Stator Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hydraulic Integrity Test (HIT) Skid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Vacuum Decay Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Pressure Decay Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Helium Tracer Gas Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Stator Bar Capacitance Mapping Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Summary of Recommended Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Industry Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Stator Winding Leak Repair Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Component Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Braze/TIG Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Epoxy Injection Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Long Term Leak Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Global Epoxy Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Full Stator Rewind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Questions & Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Crevice Corrosion Leak Testing Decision Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Header
Bar Clip
Teflon
Hose
GER3751-1
Hydraulic
Connection Stator Bar
Leaks in the Stator Bar dence discovered here revealed a leak process
that initiates in the braze alloy at the inner sur-
Leaks in the Clip Window Braze face (a crevice corrosion mechanism). Under
During the manufacturing process, a window in the right conditions the leak can change to cor-
the clip provides access for the mechanical rosive penetration of adjacent copper (phos-
assembly of the clip to the strand package. A phoric acid attack), with a limited depth and
cover is brazed to the clip and strand package cross section.
during the clip assembly. Though unlikely, GE's analysis of the crevice corrosion phenome-
braze joints for this cover could potentially be a non in clip-to-strand braze joints shows it to be
source of leaks. a two stage process:
Leaks Through Porosity ■ Phase 1. The first stage of the corro-
sion process consists of corrosion of
One of two types of clips (leaf or bottle type) is
the braze alloy inside the clip at the
brazed to the ends of water-cooled stator bars.
strand ends. Water works its way into
Modern leaf or bottle clips are machined from
existing small voids at the braze surface
solid copper blocks, assuring excellent quality
(due to the "spongy" nature of the
and mechanical integrity of the copper clip.
braze) and stagnates. If conditions are
However, older machines were built with cast
right (i.e. void size), crevice corrosion
clips. Some of the hydraulic plumbing compo-
of the braze takes place attacking the
nents used on older units with bottle clips were
phosphorus rich phase of the braze
also cast. These cast components may develop
alloy. Initial void sizes increase as
leaks in localized areas of high porosity.
material corrodes. The water chemistry
Leaks in the Clip-to-Strand Connection changes to phosphoric acid as a result
A clip-to-strand braze connection is made of crevice corrosion of the braze alloy.
between the stator strands and the bar clip. This The Phase I process is limited by the
braze connection is made and leak-tested dur- crevice reaching critical volume, solution
ing stator bar manufacturing. chemistry and precipitating out phos-
A number of leaking clips have been analyzed phate salt along the surface of the braze,
from different generators. The leak paths in which slows/stops further corrosion.
each of the clips analyzed were similar. In each ■ Phase 2. The second stage of corrosion
case, the cross-sectional size of the leak path begins if the copper strand is contacted
stayed relatively constant over its entire length. by the void as it grows. This causes a
This indicates that the depth of the penetration corrosive attack of the copper strands
into the copper and adjacent braze was indeed by the phosphoric acid solution
limited. However, the corrosion mechanism was created by corrosion of the braze alloy.
able to continue by driving down the length of The corrosion of the copper strands
the copper strand. This, coupled with the selec- takes place preferential to the braze
tive attack of the phosphorous-rich braze alloy, alloy and at a higher rate. The depth
indicates that the corrosion reaction needs into the copper is limited and roughly
phosphorous to "fuel" the process. The evi- constant (approximately 0.015 inches),
Copper Strand
GER3751-2
Cooling Water
GENERATOR
YCD YCF FRAME
COLL
END
TURB.
END
OUTLET INLET
HEADER HEADER
YTV
VENT
YCFD YCFD
LIQUID
DETECTOR
YST-1
WATER
STORAGE
TANK
GER3751-3
PUMPS
COOLERS
leaks and their effects. Development of leaks, detected "leak" is the result of one "large" leak,
rate of growth, and effects, are dependent upon or several "smaller" ones.
variables in operation, manufacture, and mate- Maintenance testing, on the other hand, has the
rials. These variables make it difficult to deter- capability of locating individual leaks as small as
mine a "critical" leak size, water migration rates, 10-5 std. cc/sec. Under the same conditions as
and other parameters. When making these cal- the "large" leak, this size leak would pass about
culations, it is assumed that the ideal gas and 10 std. cc/year. The size of a leak necessary to
fluid equations apply. An in-depth analysis of cause stator bar insulation failure is believed to
the crack propagation or fluid flow is beyond be on this order. Continued operation will only
the scope of this paper. increase the magnitude of the leak. The rate of
Leaks encountered in braze and weld joints typ- this growth is a function of many variables
ically fall between 10-5 and 10-2 std. cc/sec. including location, material properties, and
Leaks below 10-7 std. cc/sec will usually be thermal and mechanical stresses.
plugged by the water itself. Bubble Testing and Uncertainties over critical leak size and growth
Vacuum/Pressure Decay Testing are useful for rates has prompted GE’s "early detection and
leaks greater than 10-4 std. cc/sec; more sensi- repair" philosophy.
tive detection tests (such as the Helium Tracer On-Line Leak Testing Methods
Gas Test) are needed for leaks smaller than
On-line testing allows for monitoring of the
that. These values apply for exposed leaks.
winding condition over the period between
Since the majority of leaks occur in the series maintenance tests, but is not capable of isolat-
loop connections, which are covered with many ing individual leaks. However, on-line testing is
layers of tape and epoxy, leak detection still an important part of proper stator mainte-
becomes more difficult as the sensitivities of all nance. Early detection and repair are crucial to
tests are reduced. minimizing the damage that can result from
water within the generator. Periodic monitoring
Stator Winding Leak Testing Methods of these indicators should be a fundamental
part of operating all generators with water-
Stator leak testing can be broken into two dis- cooled stator windings.
tinct categories: on-line testing and off-line (or
Even after the winding has passed routine main-
maintenance) testing.
tenance tests, large leaks caused by component
On-line tests are defined as those tests that do failure or rapid propagation may occur during
not require removal of the generator from serv- operation. Detecting and repairing these leaks
ice. Off-line (Maintenance) tests define the quickly is important to minimizing generator
bulk of the leak tests. These tests require damage. Two fundamental on-line indicators
removal of the generator from service and, in are used to detect stator winding leaks:
some cases, removal of the generator field.
■ The liquid detector alarm. Water found
On-line testing looks at the winding as a whole in the alarm’s drain indicates the
and is not capable of isolating individual leaks. presence of water within the generator.
It is generally impossible to determine if the There may be several sources of this
water including the hydrogen seal oil checking the YTV vent on weekly basis. For a
system, the hydrogen coolers, stator hydrogen flow rate of 10 ft3 to 200 ft3 per day,
winding leaks, and even wet hydrogen a full set of HIT Skid tests is recommended at
gas due to poor-quality of the gas the next outage. If the flow rate is greater than
supply. 200 ft3 per day, it is recommended that the unit
■ The presence of hydrogen at the YTV be removed from service and source of the leak
vent. (See Figure 3.) If water is found in repaired.
the liquid detector, the YTV vent
Stator Leak Monitoring System (SLMS)
should be checked for hydrogen. The
water is likely to be coming from a GE has developed a Stator Leak Monitoring
stator winding leak if the vent flow test System (SLMS) which is highly recommended
results indicate a problem. If the vent for:
hydrogen flow is "normal", an alternate ■ Oxygenating stator cooling water to
source of water should be explored. the recommended level
■ Monitoring the level of hydrogen
Monitoring YTV System Vent
escaping out of the YTV vent
Excessive hydrogen gas flowing out of the stator
The system consists of a flow meter, gas analyz-
water cooling system vent indicates that a large
er, data acquisition and control system and a sys-
leak within the stator winding is likely. The sta-
tem piping modification package. The SLMS
tor water cooling system is a hydraulically closed
module is mounted at the hydrogen detraining
system except for the YTV vent, which is
tank and connects to a gas analyzer and a flow
designed to allow for water expansion and con-
meter which are added to the existing piping.
traction caused by temperature changes during
The system brings fresh filtered air into the
operation. The deionized water remains aerat-
cooling water to provide a measurable gas flow
ed by virtue of the YTV vent. Since hydrogen
and to maintain the proper water oxygen con-
pressure is normally higher than water pres-
tent (2 to 8 ppm). Figure 4 shows the typical
sure, a leak in the winding may show up as
configuration of the SLMS system.
excessive hydrogen flow through the vent.
Hydrogen pressure inside the generator is the Measurement of the hydrogen content and gas
only possible source of hydrogen to this system. flow provides an accurate measurement of
Accurate measurements of hydrogen flow are hydrogen leakage through the stator winding.
quite difficult and subject to error. Also, some The level of hydrogen leakage is directly related
uncertainty is present when attempting to dif- to a leak in the water-cooled stator winding.
ferentiate between hydrogen flow due to a leak Additionally, SLMS aids in minimizing stator
and that due to TeflonTM hose permeation. bar copper erosion, resin bed damage, rectifier
During operation, the hydraulic hoses can be grounds, and stator winding strand blockage.
the source of up to 2 ft3 of hydrogen flow per
day. Through routine monitoring of the vent Off-Line (Maintenance) Leak Testing
flow, winding leaks can be detected by noting a A periodic off-line stator leak maintenance test
steady upward trend or step increases in hydro- program will indicate the presence of problems
gen flow through the vent. GE recommends and possibly avert failures altogether.
VENT GAS
PLANT COMPUTER
6 CFD WATER
RETURN
WATER COOLED
STATOR
YTV
SCWS ALARM
WATER
STORAGE TANK
POWER
IN 6 CFD
(110VAC)
SLMS
GER3751-4
System COOLING
Plant Air Supply WATER
6.5 CFM @ 100 psi DRAIN PUMP
AIR INJECTION
PASS FAIL
Vac & Press Decay
Tests (or HITS)
No Risk of In-
Visually
PASS FAIL Service or
Tracer Gas Test Tracer Gas Test Inspect Series
Electrical Test
Loops and
Failure Due
Winding for
to Wet Stator
Moisture
Perform Winding
Capacitance PASS FAIL FAIL PASS
Mapping
Failed Passed Carefully
Cap Cap Inspect Suspect
Locate Leaks w/Tracer Test Test Series Loop
Sniff or Snoop and Winding
Using
Tracer Gas
Visually Check for
Repair Leaks Moist HydraulicCircuit,
Series Loops,
or Leaks in Locations ELECTRICAL
GER3751-5
Retest with
Tracer Gas
Not Checked w/Tracer TESTING
GER3751-6
Figure 6. HIT Skid
3
1
10 Pressure Decay Testing
5
10 2
5
5 10 The Pressure Decay Test has two advantages in
2
2
10 2 2
5 comparison to the Vacuum Decay Test. It pro-
0.1 vides a greater pressure differential (at least five
5 1 2
5
2
5 1 times that of the vacuum test) and applies pres-
2 5
10 2 sure in the normal direction of the leak flow.
10–2
5 0.1 2
These factors may make it easier to find leaks
5
5 0.1
2
2 undetectable to vacuum. During the Pressure
5
1 2
Decay Test, exposed potential leak sites can be
10–3 5 10 –2
2
5
10–2 tested with a "bubble" solution.
5
2
INCHES OF MERCURY
2
0.1 2
5 Drawbacks to pressure testing are its insensitivi-
ATMOSPHERE
5
PSIA
5
2
5 10–3 environment (temperature and barometric
2 5
10–2 2 pressure), and the time required to test. In a
10–5 –4
5
5 10 2
typical test at 80 psi, a volume of 1.0 ft3 must
2
5 10–4
2 5
leak out of the generator to register a change of
–3
10 2
1 psi. For this reason, extremely accurate gages
10–6
5 10–5 2
5
5 10–5 are needed, preferably with 0.1 psi indications.
2
2
–4 5 Also, to detect small leaks, the test must be done
10 2
10–7 over many hours so that the leak volume
5 10–6 2
5 –6
5 10 becomes significant relative to the test’s sensi-
2
2 5
10–5 2 tivity.
10–8 –7
5 10 2
5 –7 Prior to exposure to high pressures, the stator
5 10
2
2
winding must be completely dry internally.
10–6 2
10–9 Subjecting a winding with water in it to high
10–8 GER3751-7
GER3751-8
PRESSURE
Outgassing/Virtual Leak
Source is Depleted; Real
Leak Takes Over
TIME
Figure 8. Rate of rise curve (outgassing and leak)
insulation damage. Small leaks can also be con- ers of glass, mica, and resin within the winding.
cealed by moisture within the leak path. This can make detection difficult. A process of
Therefore, the winding should be initially vacu- bagging the series loop connections (the source
um-decay tested in order to assure dryness. The of most leaks) has greatly improved the ability
pressure test should be conducted with very dry to locate very small leaks. Helium pressure is
air or nitrogen to assure that moisture is not maintained on the winding for a period of time
reintroduced to the system. to allow helium from a buried leak to migrate
through the insulation and become concentrat-
Helium Tracer Gas Testing ed in the bag. In about 85% of the cases, after
Helium Tracer Gas Testing is a method of leak removing the insulation, leaks on the order of
detection where the generator is pressurized at least 10-4 std. cc/sec have been found. The
with a helium gas so that possible leak points other 15% generally showed traces of helium in
can be detected using a helium gas detector. various locations not concentrated enough to
There is a wide range of tracer gases and tracer pinpoint for repair.
gas detectors on the market. In many cases, leaks that were found with the
The Mass Spectrometry technology used by GE tracer gas would have been missed if the stator
employs helium as the tracer gas because it is winding only had been Vacuum Decay Tested
the lightest inert gas, nontoxic, and non-haz- and Pressure Decay Tested. Early detection pro-
ardous. Other gases do not provide the level of vides the opportunity to make repairs before
sensitivity of helium, and some of them can more extensive damage can occur to the stator
combine with any residual water in the winding winding insulation.
to form acidic solutions. Tracer gas testing does have its own shortfalls,
Tracer gas detector sensitivity is very important however, which highlight the importance of a
in finding leaks in the generator stator winding. program inclusive of Vacuum Decay Testing
Leak sources can be buried beneath several lay- and Pressure Decay Testing. The two most
notable shortfalls are the inability to inspect the All insulating materials (i.e., air, MicapalTM,
entire winding, and the need for access to the water) have a property known as the dielectric
whole winding. To detect small leaks, the sniffer constant. The Capacitance Mapping Test is
detector must be brought within 2 to 3 inches of based on the difference between the dielectric
the leak. Since it is nearly impossible to cover constant of water and that of the groundwall
every square inch of the winding, tracer test insulation system. Where there is a mixture of
techniques such as bagging the series loops, test air, water, and insulation, the measured capaci-
only the most probable leak sites. This cannot tance will be a different composite number. The
provide confidence that the entire winding is Capacitance Mapping Test uses this principle to
leak-tight. Under normal circumstances it is identify insulation that has been penetrated by
preferable to remove the field to perform water. The capacitance probe is attached to the
Helium Tracer Gas Testing. Limited testing can bars within three inches of the bar armor.
be done with the field in place with the upper Capacitance is measured between ground and
end shields removed. the test area. Before the test, the bars must be
cleaned with a solvent to assure proper contact.
Stator Bar Capacitance Mapping Testing Although Capacitance Mapping Testing only
Stator Bar Capacitance Mapping Testing in investigates the condition of the bar insulation
water-cooled generators is recommended to immediately under the probe, if a bar is leaking,
determine the extent of water penetration of it is anticipated that the water will migrate along
the groundwall insulation. The stator winding the bar to where the electrode is located.
does not have to be dry to perform the Capacitance readings are taken for each of the
Capacitance Mapping Test. This test is non- bars in the winding, and at both ends of the
destructive to the stator bar. If a bar fails the generator. Good capacitance data will provide
Capacitance Mapping Test, it should be consid- a normal curve when plotted with nearly all of
ered unsuitable for long-term service. The the data falling between –2 and +2 standard
intent of this test is to locate bars that are at deviations from the average. Wet bars that have
high risk of in-service and/or hipot failure. failed electrical testing have generally had
Capacitance Mapping Test results are sensitive capacitance values falling outside +5 standard
to the number of layers of bar insulation. This deviations from the average. Industry feedback
sensitivity makes it necessary to test the bars in suggests that bars found with a capacitance level
a location where the groundwall insulation is greater than +3 standard deviations are to be
consistent from bar to bar, typically at the "first considered suspect.
bend." The series loop joints may not be ade- Bars that are found with damaged groundwall
quately tested with a capacitance probe because insulation are not repairable and require
of the possible inconsistencies in the taped insu- replacement within one year because long-term
lation thickness. This is because series loops exposure to moisture weakens the insulation,
may be unevenly hand-taped while the stator making it more susceptible to mechanical dam-
bars are evenly machine-taped. Design of the age and failure from normal and transient volt-
stator end winding makes access to the stator age stresses. Also, moisture within a strand pack-
bar insulation difficult except at the first bend age deteriorates the bonding resin between
region, which is near the stator core. strands and may lead to separation of packages.
Relative motion between strands could now fied stator winding leaks as one important fac-
cause strand shorts and ultimately bar failure. tor affecting generator reliability and availabili-
There is no effective way to dry a wet bar. ty. Through May, 2001, there were approxi-
Damage is irreversible. mately 600 GE water-cooled generators in serv-
ice, with an average stator winding age of over
Summary of Recommended Tests 26 years. The expected design life of a liquid-
cooled winding is 30 years.
Table 1 summarizes the recommended leak tests
for water-cooled generator stator windings, as Through May, 2001, of the number of water-
cooled stator windings that failed, 15% failed in
well as their frequency of performance. The
service, and 55% failed electrical tests. The in-
recommended outage intervals have proven
service failure rate has shown a marked increase
themselves over many years of use.
over the past several years. This appears to be
due to changes in maintenance practices.
Industry Experience Figure 9 shows a breakdown by cause of failure
A review of historical data compiled on water- for water-cooled stator winding failures through
cooled generators through May, 2001, identi- May, 2001.
Liquid
Detector X
Vacuum
Decay Test X(1) X
Pressure
Decay Test X(1) X
Helium Test
Capacitance
Test X
NOTES:
(1) For generators not equipped with SLMS. Vacuum and Pressure Decay
tests are recommended during minor outages to assess the integrity of
the stator hydraulic system.
(2) For units equipped with SLMS, the YTV vent is monitored
automatically.
5 unknown.
1995 Two failures due to
4 abrasion.
1999 One failure due to crevice
3 corrosion. One failure due
to abrasion.
2 2000 One failure due to leaking
copper tube and/or water
1 conductivity.
2001 One failure due to cracked
tube.
0
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
A review of the leak-testing history provides evi- Gas Testing and Capacitance Mapping Testing.
dence that passing both the Vacuum Decay Test (See Figure 10.) The combination of all these
and the Pressure Decay Test—though vital in tests provides the best possible assurance that
the Maintenance and Inspection Program of the stator windings are free of destructive water
Water-Cooled Generators—does not necessarily leaks. Our experience indicates that of those
guarantee a leak-free stator winding. The results generators with windings that failed electrical
demonstrate the importance of Helium Tracer tests due to wet insulation through May, 2001:
PASSED
FAILED
100%
90%
33%
80%
70%
63% 70%
60%
82%
50%
40%
67%
30%
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■ Most passed the Vacuum Decay Test clip-to-strand braze, water can migrate along
■ Approximately 50% passed the Pressure the bar at the interface between the bar copper
Decay Test and insulation. This can result in water accu-
■ All failed the Helium Tracer Gas Test mulation in the insulation, particularly at the
and Capacitance Mapping Test core line, and result in an electrical failure to
ground during operation or failure during
Stator Winding Leak Repair Methods maintenance testing. Insulation degraded by
water permeation cannot be restored to origi-
Stator winding leak repair methods can be bro-
nal condition, and replacement of the bar is
ken down into three categories:
recommended if the "wet" insulation is detect-
■ Component Replacement
ed in the first bend near the core line in the bar
■ Braze/TIG Repair slot or grading section.
■ Epoxy Injection Repair As demonstrated by industry experience, a stock-
The type of repair method depends upon a ing program of stator bars and long-self life mate-
number of factors including type of leak, its rials reduces outage time extension in cases
location, leak size, the desired longevity and where major repairs need to be performed due
confidence of the repair, and the condition of to failed bars and water leaks. Table 2 shows the
the bar insulation.
recommended stocking quantities for spare sta-
Component Replacement tor bars.
Recommended Number of
Spare Generator Stator Bars
Stator
Bar Four-Pole Two-Pole
Number of Slots Number of Slots
54 60 66 72 30 36 42 48 54 60
Top 14 15 17 18 15 18 21 23 25 27
Bottom 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
P-Bar* 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
Figure 11 shows a typical epoxy-injected clip. the stator bar need to be injected to ensure that
The epoxy itself is a specifically formulated the leak source is sealed. The epoxy is heat-
compound designed to bond to the oxide layer cured and then the clip is inspected and leak-
on the surface of the copper. The stator wind- tested. Once the epoxy is cured and the unit has
ing must be dry prior to starting the epoxy passed the required testing, the procedure is
injection process. Access is gained by removing considered to be a permanent repair. This
the TeflonTM hose and the hydraulic pumping repair is performed by a qualified GE specialist.
components. The technician directs a syringe’s Prior to performing the epoxy injection repair,
pinpoint nozzle to the target area aided by a the stator bar-to-bar insulation or bar-to-con-
borescope video display. The epoxy is injected nection ring insulation is removed to verify that
into the crevices between the strands. Each dia- the leak is a clip-to-strand leak and not a clip
mond shape area formed by the strand corners, porosity or window leak, which are repaired
as well as between strand columns and rows, is using other methods. If a clip-to-strand leak is
injected to fill any voids. Clips on both ends of verified, it should be determined that the stator
were made prior to 1970 contained ser- be required prior to testing. The other
rated spacers and were much more option is to continue with the testing
resistant to developing these clip-to- recommended in the instruction book.
strand leaks. Now, however, after more This has proven successful to date.
than 30 years of service, we have docu- 8) Q. Why does GE recommend removing
mented cases of clip-to-strand leaks, the water pressure when the machine gas
result of crevice corrosion, in a few of pressure is removed?
these machines. The Crevice
A. The winding water pressure should
Corrosion Leak Testing Decision Tree
always be maintained lower than the
may be used as an aid to planning gen-
machine gas pressure to minimize
erator maintenance activities. (See
water penetration through leak paths
Appendix.)
in the stator winding. This practice is
5) Q. Why is Helium Tracer Gas Testing rec- precautionary and makes sense, even
ommended following acceptable for windings that have been successful-
Vacuum Decay Test and Pressure Decay ly leak tested.
Test results?
9) Q. Is it possible for a winding to pass some
A. The Helium Tracer Gas Test is the most
leak tests and to fail others?
sensitive leak test that GE offers to date.
It is capable of detecting leaks nearly A. Yes. Each of the recommended leak
five orders of magnitude smaller than tests has its unique advantages and lim-
that which can be detected with either itations. It is recommended that all tests
the Vacuum Decay Test or Pressure be conducted at the suggested interval
Decay Test. because of the complementary nature
of these tests. Some leak types and/or
6) Q. What size leak does GE consider accept-
locations are more likely to fail certain
able?
leak tests. Therefore, it is recommend-
A. Any leak that is detected using methods ed that all tests be performed at the
described in this paper are considered suggested interval.
unacceptable.
10) Q. Does the winding need to be dry to
7) Q. Do the leak test criteria in TIL-1098
perform the Capacitance Mapping
apply to oil-cooled stator windings?
Test?
A. Our experience shows that oil-cooled
A. No. The Capacitance Mapping Test
stator windings have not been suscepti-
detects the presence of water within the
ble to stator bar insulation failure
ground wall insulation. This test is
caused by stator winding leaks. For this
effective because of the large differ-
reason, oil-cooled machines were not
ence in the dielectric constant of water
included in TIL-1098. However, the
and the normal ground wall insulation.
leak testing methods recommended for
water-cooled machines could be 11) Q. Why is the acceptable leak criterion dif-
applied to oil-cooled machines, but a ferent for the Vacuum Decay Test and
thorough flush of the windings would the Pressure Decay Test?
14) Q. If Tracer Gas testing is the most sensi- 15) Q. Does the stator winding have to be
tive test available, why are Vacuum completely dry prior to leak testing?
Decay and Pressure Decay Testing nec- A. Yes. Research and experience has
essary?
shown that smaller leaks can be
A. There are several reasons why Vacuum blocked by moisture at typical test pres-
Decay and Pressure Decay tests are nec- sures. Vacuum drying is necessary to
essary: (a) First, tracer gas testing completely remove all moisture within
requires access to the stator winding, the winding prior to testing.
16) Q. If we install SLMS will we be exempted of those tests. Some leak types and/or
from performing the periodic testing locations are more likely to fail certain
required by TIL-1098? leak tests. In order to test for all leak
A. No. The Stator Leak Monitoring types and locations, all the leak tests
System (SLMS) provides continuous referenced in this paper are recom-
on-line monitoring for leaks, but it mended.
doesn’t have the same level of sensitivi- 18) Q. I have heard that low level oxygen sta-
ty that can be achieved by the tests rec- tor cooling water systems do not have
ommended in TIL-1098. Because of the crevice corrosion. Does GE recom-
complementary nature of these tests, it mend converting its high oxygen level
is recommended that these tests be per- system to a low oxygen level system?
formed at the suggested intervals. A. Some studies indicate that low-level
17) Q. If we rewind our generator stator using oxygen systems are less susceptible to
modern materials and techniques, or developing corrosion. However, those
install a whole new generator, will we be systems have problems. Low-level oxy-
exempted from performing the period- gen systems are more susceptible to
ic testing required by TIL-1098? developing cuprous oxide. This is an
unstable oxide that tends to plug hol-
A. Even though windings and compo-
low conductors in stator bar, blocking
nents are carefully tested for leakage
the cooling water flow. These plugged
throughout the manufacturing process,
strands can lead to overheating of the
those tests cannot assure that water
bar, separation and delamination of the
leaks will not develop after a period of
strand package, which may lead to a
service. During operation, the stator
breakdown of the groundwall insula-
winding is subjected to an environment
tion, resulting in a stator ground fail-
of thermal shocks, cyclic duty, corro-
ure. GE does not recommend convert-
sion, mechanical vibration, and electro-
ing from its high-level oxygen system to
magnetic stresses. Slight variations in
a low-level oxygen system.
component and braze qualities can also
result in water leaks after exposure to 19) Q. What is the recommended concentra-
an operating environment. It is recom- tion of dissolved oxygen in the stator
mended that all of the tests recom- cooling water?
mended in TIL-1098 be performed, at A. The recommended concentration for
intervals suggested by experience, dissolved oxygen in the stator cooling
because of the complementary nature water is 2 to 8 ppm.
Appendix
Epoxy Injection
Leak Repair Med Risk Next Outage,
Leak Repeat Review
– High – of All Four Options
Wet Bar Med Risk
Risk Replacement
Nothing
Rewind
Lowest Results/Benefits:
Rewind Possible • Fixes leak issues
Risk • Potential output/efficiency improvement
• Incorporates state-of-the-art technology
• Reduces risk of outage extension
• Reduces followup testing w/SLMS
References
1. Anderson, J. Armature Bar Insulation Capacitance Measurement Procedure. General Electric
Co., July 1990, p.2.
2. Lembke, B. Liquid Leak Test and Repair. General Electric Co., July 1990, pp. 12-18.
3. Varian Associates, Incorporated. Introduction to Helium Mass Spectrometer Leak Detection.
Palo Alto, CA: Varian Associates, 1980.
4. Zawoysky, R. Stator Water Cooling System Issues. General Electric Co., January 2001.
5. Worden, J. Updated Leak Test Data. General Electric Co., May, 2001.
6. TIL-1098, Inspection of Generators With Water-Cooled Stator Windings.
7. GEK-103566, Creating An Effective Maintenance Program.
List of Figures
Figure 1. Typical stator end winding configuration
Figure 2. Crevice corrosion mechanism
Figure 3. Stator cooling water system
Figure 4. Typical Stator Leak Monitoring System (SLMS)
Figure 5. Major outage leak test plan
Figure 6. HIT Skid
Figure 7. Units of pressure conversion nomograph
Figure 8. Rate of rise curve (outgassing and leak)
Figure 9. Updated leak test data
Figure 10. Maintenance test data through May, 2001
Figure 11. Epoxy-injected clip
List of Tables
Table 1. Recommended leakage tests for water-cooled generator windings
Table 2. Recommended number of spare stator bars