MORAL STUDIES OVERVIEW

MODERN MORALITY AND TRADITIONAL MORALITY SCRUTINIZED Reverence for the Principle of Humane Life forms for me the basis of morality, namely, that good consists in protecting, nurturing, sustaining and enhancing human life, and to destroy, to retard, to impede(to block the progress) or to hinder(to destabilize the setting of) human life is evil." - Albert Schweitzer, paraphrased.
By way of commentary on the above, the need of human beings for a sustainable environment and for tolerance of other life-forms is not gainsaid, denied or precluded by this sweeping assertion, in that hindering any critical elements of Mans environment constitutes ipso facto a hindrance of Man; hence, our choice of the word humane which implies at once a healthy, respectful and graceful co-existence with other creatures (or life-forms), and even more so with the biosphere as a whole. The key elements here are: Protecting not Destroying Dignity and Courage, focused on Sacred Time Nurturing not Impeding Nobility and Objectivity, focused on Ideal State Sustaining not Hindering Magnanimity and Temperance, focused on Pure Discipline Enhancing not Retarding Decency and Integrity, focused on Sacred Space In fact, we can only presume that the very general parameters of Schweitzers Rehash above imply the principles iterated to the right in the above diagram. It would be more reasonable and logical to suggest that the principles of Schweitzers Rehash only ENABLE the moral, spiritual and religious principles, the underlying assumption of these secular principles being full-scale tolerance for religious principles and values, without any patent endorsement. In fact, we aim to demonstrate in the course of our semester-study that Modern morality is a somewhat denuded or watered-down version of traditional morality, its emphasis being on freedom over responsibility, in the interests of enshrining the consciousness of the individual over and against any form of imposition from collectivities. That the contrasting secular and religious parameters have enjoyed mixed or partial success in human history is the underlying rationale for this course of study as well as the focus of its inquiry. Principles on both sides of the equation in this case, the equation of human civilization are somewhat idealistic. The implementation of whatever principles is subject to the less-than-ideal practices of less-thanideal human beings, with naturally mixed or skewed(or even ambiguous) and often unpredictable results. In all fairness, neither should we assume a contradiction between the two sides of the equation, inasmuch as secular approaches do not at least not in every instance preclude religious devoutness, but only insist upon impartiality in matters of transcendent Faith. This spirit of secular science is a question of its methodology which does not assume facts, but only attempts to separate theories from facts, as much as possible and always subject to revision. In conclusion and summary, we can observe that the premises of this course are the worldviews of its individual students confronting competing theories as to the meaning of superior morality, through a survey of a broad scope of theories somewhat limited by the length of the investigation as also by the keenness, erudition, perspicacity and sagacity of its author.

PRIORITIES FOR THE FINAL EXAM

You should understand how morality as a scholarly discipline interacts and integrates with others disciplines, including the input of sub-disciplines addressing the said interaction and integration. You should know the basic list(&meaning) of virtues and vices we studied. You should know when to use a given conflict-resolution technique (fukushima). You should know at least four types of logical fallacy and be able to recognize or critique statements bordering on logical fallacy (or committing the same). You should be able to apply/relate the above to any hypothetical problem. You should be aware of key moral dilemmas facing individuals or facing civiliz ation today as a whole especially those dilemmas discussed in the coruse. You will be required to address those dilemmas utilizing course terminology and to appreciate different solution-pathways for each. You should be able to describe mental processes involved in moral analysis, from moral ideation to moral reflection to moral feeling to moral performance. You should be conscious and critical of patently immoral mental processes like superstition, addiction, chattel slavery and totalitarian warfare. You should appreciate the difference between objective, subjective, collective and individual truth, as also between public, private, innate and instrumental good. You should know the relative strengths and weaknesses of any given approach to morality, that is, of any given dominant school. You should be able to defend at least one approach at length, that is to say, in depth, with various kinds of arguments, logic and evidences. You should be familiar with C.D. Broads simplified approach to Moral S tudies, to the extent that it has been adopted by Malaysia, if only implicitly, this being a rapprochement between traditional and Modern morality. You should understand the nature of subjective morality and the occasional tendency of individuals and societies toward disequilibrium, in terms of hotness, coldness, wetness and dryness, based on psychological imbalances. You should understand the nuances of Richard Brandts definition of moral discourse and its relationship to personality formation and instit utional upgrades. You should be able to fashion or provide a good definition of citizenship, consistent with the best extant public documents in todays politics.

You should understand the relevance of the UNs Universal Declaration of Human Rights, its successes and failures, and its particular mandates. You should be aware of admittedly unsolved problems facing the UN. You should be aware of the UNs inability to address certain issues, including those issues which the UN, by dint of its structure, is forced to ignore. You should be aware of the track-record and trajectory of large and powerful countries, like the USA, which fall outside the legal leverage of the UN and the ICC(International Criminal Court in The Hague). You should be able to critique, that is, characterize and scrutinize, various forms of political and social monopoly, especially military monopoly and/or dominance, economic monopoly and/or dominance, and media monopoly and/or dominance. You may be called upon to suggest or provide a moral response or solution-pathway for a given monopoly, especially if it borders on tyranny. You should understand in outline the evolution of Just-War Theory, with due respect to key voices in that discourse and the respective contribution of each or emphasis of each. You should appreciate the simultaneous ambiguity and urgency of terrorism or indiscrimate violence, including the role of the mass media in clarifying the said ambiguity or adding to it, and including the very definition of terrorism itself. You should appreciate the dangers of dogmatism in religion and in secular institutions, and be apprised of historical tragedies in this vein. You should be aware of global problems that both secular and religious persons admit have not been sufficiently addressed even though the said problems have evolved into a major crisis in their own right. Among the apparently unsolved problems plaguing contemporary civilization are: *Breakdown of the nuclear family, disintegration of traditional family values. *Domestic violence and gangs *Increase in crime-rates *Escalating violence against women *Human-trafficking amounting to de facto slavery on a mass scale *Legalization of prostitution *Proliferation of STDs, both in quantity and with new types *Pornography, its normalization and exponential growth *AIDS epidemic, successes and failures in combating it *Illegal drug-trade and sky-rocketing drug abuse *Alcoholism, nicotine-addiction, diabetes-syndrome *Civil wars for lack of power-sharing *Corrupt governments, graft, waste & exhaustion of resources *Disintegration, depletion and pollution of the natural environment *Pre-emptive wars of choice to maintain political power-grids

*Legalization of torture by different names *Synthetic terrorism or terrorism to legitimize military intervention *Monopoly of weapons and mass media and capital generally *Manipulation of elections, purchase of elections, and vote-rigging *Political imprisonment/assassination and persecution of minorities *Suicide-bombings in destabilized regions *De facto genocide by different names; apartheid regimes *Mass Starvation and the Global Refugee crisis; de facto racism *Scientific materialism and Social Darwinism In each case, in any given case or venue of difficulty and conflict, you may be ask ed for one or two relevant statistics such as have been provided during the course and then for a solution-pathway, in terms of virtue vs. vice or in terms of systematic conflict-resolution(based on course techniques) or in terms of exposing logical fallacies, whether inconsistencies, broken context, ambiguity or exceptionalism(unrepresentative sampling). An example of this latter is how to confront an unrepentant alcoholic. Conflict-resolution techniques emphasized in the course include:
Conservative vs. Liberal in Parliamentary Debate Due Process in establishing Court Cases Strict vs. Liberal(Ideal vs. Real) in Family Life Referendum in Political Grid-Lock Boolean Logic for Expediting Court Cases Formal Logic for Choosing a School or Political Party Egalitarian vs. Hierarchical in creating a revolution or in transforming/re-fashioning an institution Competent vs. Incompetent for schools and jobs, day-to-day Softening Polemical Rhetoric to re-start negotiations amidst anger Bridge-Building for two parties fearing one another Tabling Possibilities to build trust between alienated parties Reality-Check to calm-down & slow down heated negotiations

You should also appreciate the Official Pillars of Professionalism in Malaysia.

The Enduring Contribution of Religious Morality, Spirituality and the Sense of Public Duty: Traditional Moral and Spiritual Virtues and the Good Fight against Vice
Acceptance of the power of God in one's life lays the groundwork for personal commitment to both science and Christianity, which so often have been in conflict.
Kenneth L. Pike http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/commitment_3.html#xIGIg3uy14E1teJh.99

As crucial as religion has been and is to the life of the nation, America's unifying force has never been a specific faith, but a commitment to freedom - not least freedom of conscience.
Jon Meacham http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/commitment_3.html#DcU74Kt71IjLxqgz.99

We, the People, recognize that we have responsibilities as well as rights; that our destinies are bound together; that a freedom which only asks what's in it for me, a freedom without a commitment to others, a freedom without love or charity or duty or patriotism, is unworthy of our founding ideals, and those who died in their defense.
Barack Obama http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/commitment.html#3UF8QkA8xJkVZhWp.99

Rosa Parks was the queen mother of a movement whose single act of heroism sparked the [unremitting] movement for freedom, justice and equality. Her greatest contribution is that she told us a regular person can make a difference.
Marc Morial http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/contribution.html#RipFhkAhIgq7GuHO.99

CHART: THE RATIONALE OF MORAL STUDIES Religion & Spirituality Dignity Window upon Vital Roles Education & Psychology Objectivity The Seat of Individual Roles Family & Professional Ethics Decency Door to Specific Roles Law & Civics Magnanimity Guaranteeing Each a Role

A common question on final exams for this course has been: Why do we have Moral Studies? Why do we study morals or morality? The simplest possible answer is attempted by the above chart. In effect, it says that Moral Studies is a convergence of human values, concerns, interests and commitments(or traditions). A parable is made of an office. There is the semi-transparent office door. There is the opening of the door. There is the seat of the office. And there is the seatassignment. All of these factors make possible the office job; they constitute the reality of its very possibility. The seat-assignment is a kind of guarantee that no one else can occupy that seat but the designated person for whom it is reserved. This guaranteeing of a role is symbolic of laws which acknowledge properties and official capacities or contractual relationships. Magnanimity in turn amounts to the virtue of supporting the rule of law or equality before the law in effect, equal opportunity, which is rooted in the other aspects of the diagram or chart. Dignity implies that everyone is uniquely gifted, possessing discrete natural gifts. Objectivity implies a process of recognizing and acknowledging such gifts and their related functions. Decency implies opening and not blocking the natural pathway toward matching demonstrated giftedness or innate worth and potential contribution with a meaningful role. What the Chart above also illustrates is how morality or moral principles are at the heart of everyday life and vital to all of our relationships. To some extent this may not be self-evident or immediately evident without more details and better illustrations, and that is where we want to journey next. It has to be admitted, in all honesty and humility, that the simple parable does not address complex questions like the right to life or the right to death. It simply establishes generic principles with which to construct a well-rounded system of morality. Putting flesh on these bones constitutes much of the course material in Moral Studies. But the bones, however abstract, remain indispensible.

THE ESSENCE OF THE PHENOMENON OF LIFE: COMMON-GROUND NEEDS Habitat + Defense-Mechanisms Rooted in Decency, Species-Level, and undermined by Recklessness or absence of Nobility.. Illustration: The Fukushima Disaster, A Failure of Moral Performance Screening Food + Capturing Rooted in Magnanimity, Species-Level, and undermined by Lazy-mindedness/Indifference or absence of courage Illustration: Genetically-Modified Food-Chain, A Failure of Moral Ideation Sustenance Digestion + HomeostasisRooted in Dignity, Species-Level, and undermined by Self-indulgence or absence of Temperance Illustration: Alcoholism, A Failure of Moral Feeling Food Assimilation + Reproduction Rooted in Objectivity, Species-Level, and undermined by Silliness/Callousness or absence of Integrity Illustration: Partial-Birth Abortions, A Failure of Moral Reflection The above matrix is again a balance between scientific and religious reasoning. It is scientific in the sense that it highlights key observable functions of virtually all living things, core functions that make or break the process of living life, biologically speaking. It is religious in the sense that it highlights the complexity and diversity of life, implying the existence of an Almighty Creator at the root of the process: Each of the eight functions in extremely complex and differs from creature to creature, implying a compounded miracle in the emergence of every new life-form. The illustrations, the examples, of dysfunction attached to each queue indicate that these are not trivial matters, but to the contrary supposedly intelligent human beings fail to grasp the relevant variables. The matrix above also highlights what Malaysian textbooks have focused on, namely, moral ideation, moral feeling, moral performance and moral reflection, indicating that moral consciousness has gradations of depth, without explaining why. We might take up the epistemological implications of this elsewhere. A detailed chart of these concerns is on page 26 below.

MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE POPULAR MIND

FOUR ILLUSTRATIVE STORIES AS TO MORAL & SPIRITUAL WELL-BEING

The Rosa Parks Story.A Crisis of Self-Indulgence and Marginalization vs. Magnanimity and Courage
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African American woman who worked as a seamstress, boarded a bus in Montgomery City, Alabama, USA, to go home from work. She sat near the middle of the bus, just behind the 10 seats reserved for whites. Soon all of the seats in the bus were filled. When a white man entered the bus, the driver (following the standard practice of segregation) insisted that all four blacks sitting just behind the white section give up their seats so that the man could sit there. She refused and was arrested as a result. Her arrest sparked over ten years of civil rights protests.
www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/rosaparks/story.

_______________________________________________ The Story of the Native American Genocide A Crisis of Recklessness and Deprivation vs. Dignity and Temperance
Between 19 million and 100 million Native Americans were killed or forced to an early death by disease and injury, between the coming of Columbus and Cortez and the shrinking reservation system. The most famous quote capping the end of that era is, The only good Indian is a dead Indian. This meant that the supposed dangers and negative characteristics of Native American Indians had been exaggerated to the point that they could be ostracized and pushed off their ever-diminishing lands into virtual non-existence.
What white man has ever seen me drunk? Who has ever come to me hungry and left me unfed? Who has seen me beat my wives or abuse my children? What law have I broken? - Indian Chieftan Sitting Bull http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/law_6.html#ixzz1NndV89l4 The blind stupidity of the white settlers is highlighted by the fact that they never corrected the word Indian from the time of Columbus almost to the present. Who said, The only good? Gen. Philip Sheridan, 1869 http://www.trivia-library.com

_______________________________________________ The Story of the Emperors (Missing) New Clothes. A Crisis of Silliness and Degradation vs. Objectivity & Integrity
"The Emperor's New Clothes" is a short tale by Hans Christian Andersen about two weavers who promise an Emperor a new suit of clothes that are invisible to those unfit for their positions, stupid, or incompetent. An Emperor who cares for nothing but his appearancehires two tailors who promise him the finest suit of clothes from a fabric invisible to anyone who is unfit for his position or "just hopelessly stupid". The Emperor cannot see the cloth himself, but pretends that he can for fear of appearing unfit for his position or stupid; his ministers do the same. When the swindlers report that the suit is finished, they mime dressing him and the Emperor then marches in procession before his subjects, who play along with the pretense. Suddenly, a child in the crowd, too young to understand the desirability of keeping up the pretense, blurts out that the Emperor is wearing nothing at all.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor's_New_Clothes

_______________________________________________ The Story of the Tortoise and the Hare A Crisis of Lazy-Mindedness and Prejudice (an abusive attitude leading to exploitation/false-casting) vs. Decency and Nobleness The Tortoise and the Hare is a fable attributed to Aesop.The story concerns a hare who ridicules a slow-moving tortoise and is challenged by him to a race. The hare soon leaves the tortoise behind and, confident of winning, decides to take a nap midway through the course. When he awakes, however, he finds that his competitor, crawling slowly but steadily, has arrived before him. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tortoise_and_the_Hare

KEY IDEAS PIVOTAL VIRTUES IN MORAL STUDIES Moral Studies combines insights and analysis from four areas. _______________________________________________ To be or not to be that is the question. Shakespeare [This means be focused on what kind of life you want to live.] This quote illustrates Dignity vs. Recklessness: Choosing a clear role _______________________________________________ To toy or not to toy that is the question. - The Professor [Too many people believe lifes goal is to die with a maximum of toys. We must protect ourselves from the temptation to live meaninglessly.] This quote illustrates Decency vs. Silliness: The need to probe greater roles. _______________________________________________ Carry on up the rugged path toward prosperity and freedom. - Barack Obama This quote illustrates Objectivity vs. Self-Indulgence: Discipline for any role _______________________________________________ All deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. Too many are forced into terribly serious (very negative) situations. - Barack Obama This quote illustrates Magnanimity vs. Lazy-Mindedness: Generating access to roles _______________________________________________

Dignity means preserving survival and an irreducible, positive value for a given life. Decency means protecting someones rights to good-life/normative opportunities. Magnanimity means enhancing or guarding a social environment for development. Objectivity means a holistic view of things, trying to see where/when things belong. Silliness means putting all values into question and doubt, just playing with ideas. Lazy-mindedness means ignoring functional needs & natural roles or processes Self-indulgence means being selfish, self-centered or self-serving Recklessness means ignoring the scope or degree of negative consequences.

Accordingly, the textbook depicts a moral person as someone who

demonstrates self-control and critical judgment = temperance & objectivity has a clear sense of civility and a degree of compassion = magnanimity and courage

believes in and promotes or engages in healthy competition = objectivity & nobility cooperates smoothly & works efficiently with others = decency & dignity

Likewise, a conscientious citizen must monitor the state of his/her civilization via Environmental Credentials Economic Credentials Public Health Credentials Governmental Credentials

The Malaysian government promotes, at least officially, the professional values of Creativity , & Diligence Self-Development Moderation and Thrift Kindness, Service and Patience Prudence & Accountability

There is, however, a typical deficit in civilization, which runs contrary to this: Indiscriminate War Addiction De Facto Slavery Superstitions & Cults

Adrian Bishop1 proposes a rubric like this to stem the tide: Fixed Rules Fixed Laws Fixed Rights Fixed Responsibilities

Adrian Bishops specific outline of moral rules goes like this: I will put the truth first I will accept a duty (or attitude) of care toward all people I will accept responsibility for my actions and for the consequences of my actions I will conduct my relationships with integrity and not hide from responsibility I will honour my agreements I will affirm human rights (generally) and (all) men and women as equals 9

In the above rubric, rules means limits imposed upon various activities = social norms. Laws are the consequences which follow any breaking of limits. Responsibilities are duties for freely assumed roles, whether in public or private life. Rights are the mirror-image of that, plus guarantees for those who are victims of broken rules. Rights may also include access to leadership roles for qualified persons, if not simply democratic enfranchisement. Another approach to citizenship or public morality is seen in this rubric: Indiscriminate War Scrutiny of Deviant Officials Addiction Monitoring Emergencies De Facto Slavery Attentiveness to the Marginalized Superstitions & Cults Ongoing Dialogue with Officials

This approach is seen in the story below of The Rainbow Warrior.

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The major schools of morality presented in the textbook can be further elaborated thus: Stratified Social Morality (Confucianism) Unstratified Social Morality (Socialism and Taoism) Ideal Deontology (Western Religions) Real Deontology (Buddhism and Hinduism) Individual Deontology (Existentialism) Collective Deontology (Immanuel Kant) Collective Teleology (John Stuart Mill, Communism) Individual Teleology (Jeremy Bentham, Capitalism) Classical Personality Virtues (Aristotle) Vocational PersonalityVirtues (Dewey)

Stratified means a belief in strict or steep social hierarchy. Ideal refers to a focus on the realm of thought as a starting point. Real refers to a focus on the world of the senses as a starting po int. Similarly, the difference between Dewey and Aristotle is a difference of practical vs. theoretical, of immediate vs. mediated. Aristotle valued civilization as the primary basis for defining effectiveness, whereas Dewey valued the self first, and civilization secondarily, as the zone of action or unfolding. Yet both believed strongly in personal effectiveness as a key value. Existentialism goes to an even greater extreme in asserting the uniqueness and freedom of the individual. It asserts that we must define what we want to be, and what our life will be is entirely a result of that definition-process. Immanuel Kant had a less fluid view of human nature, and instead looked for the essence of human life in the annals of history, in philosophy and religion, minus dogmatism, except in the broadest terms. The deontology of religions differs from that of Kant because it each religion believes in a complex set of givens, in terms of custom, law and devotion, whereas Kant believed in very few fixed principles and practices(except for those implemented by consent and consensus). The Western Religions are called Ideal because they focus on transcendent truths, fixed ideas. The Eastern Religions tend to focus on physical experience, even if transcendence is the goal. There is not an absolute contradiction between the two, but only a difference of emphasis. It cannot be denied that Western Religions emphasize transcendent Faith, while Buddhism and Hinduism emphasize a karma that is lived more than conceptualized. The Social Morality of Confucianism and Taoism emphasizes the good of the world of Mankind and the World of Nature, respectively. Respect for the Sovereign Good in each case is the basis for progress and salvation of the human spirit. J.S. Mill and Bentham believed in the power of mankind to shape its own destiny, not so much as a fixed good, but as a fluid good, meaning that people need to define the process and the outcome, in their view. For both, the world of experience, the physical world, is what we measure and where we measure. Bentham emphasizes individual power and well-being and J.S. Mill collective power and well-being. They differ from existentialism in that they are focused on the world around us and enjoying it, whereas existentialists focus on the self and its continual re-definition as the theatre of happiness or tragedy. The existentialists have dominated Western academia and philosophy for the last 80 years or so, leading to the so-called postmodern age, in which intellectuals aim to de-construct and re-construct reality perpetually, without presumptions, except those of reason and selfhood.

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MAJOR TERMS IN THE COURSE Social Morality or Social Standards is an approach to morality based on law & custom. Magnanimity is striving to benefit everyone equally, contributing good to a collectivity. Collective Truth is the historical fact of human nature being a constant, locally/globally. Public Good is something that adds to or maintains collective well-being or life-quality. Personality Virtue is an approach to morality based on individual maturity, habits, skills Decency means is protection of any individual, in terms of functional survival/space. Subjective Truth is the fact of any given individuals upbringing and social programming. Instrumental Good is the utility of something in achieving a desired goal or standard. Teleology is an approach to morality based on measured, quantitative results and social statistics. This dominates academia. The results in question can be worldly, other-worldly or both. Dignity is preserving an irreducible value for any given individual in a collectivity. Objective Truth is appreciating the contribution of all particulars to a collective whole. Private Good is anything that adds to(or assures) individual well-being & life-quality. Deontology is an approach to morality based on sense of natural duty & innate potential. Objectivity is respect for things that exist as they exist in the cosmos (truth and law). Individual Truth is the nature(hardware) and nurture(environment) of a given individ Intrinsic Good is the value of something in and of itself. Competent vs. Incompetent Conflict Resolution is solving problems based on pass/fail. Strict vs. Tolerant Conflict Resolution is solving problems based on ideal/real. Egalitarian vs. Hiearachical Conflict Resolution is solving problems via expertise & power-sharing. Conservative vs. Liberal Conflict Resolution is solving problems based on old/new.

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SECULAR MORALITY, ITS FOUNDATIONS DEONTOLOGY and DIGNITY become a matter of incomparable human ingenuity. The communism/capitalism confab views Man as a super-economic animal. Ambiguity lingers in widely divergent definitions of compulsory sharing. Power-sharing and the limited powers of an open society are called into question. Individual truth and subjective truth are clouded by tyrants who claim they are surrounded by idiots, if only tempor arily. The learning curve of the masses is trivialized; their ability to understand and perceive injustices is side-stepped. No doubt many tyrants are gifted in terms of their individual truth, which we define as their physical hardware, brain and brawn. Sure, theyre clever. But how to limit the extent of their domination in space and time is a problem. Religions focus on the humbleness of creature-compared-to-Creator is provoking. PERSONALITY VIRTUE and DECENCY become a matter of productivity + factory jobs. The laboratory is now sacred space, not the lavatory: no dirty laundry to speak of. Ambiguity lingers in the degradation of sweat shops and the reification of city life. Intrinsic good and instrumental good are clouded by the emphasis on productivity. Consent of the governed in the open society may be restricted to 1st world nations. Religions focus on upgrading character in terms of nobility + sacrifice takes account of the fact that the world is not a paradise and never will be. SOCIAL MORALITY or MAGNANIMITY is seen in terms of individual freedom. Modern secular human rights constitutions claim unprecedented social freedoms. The track-record is not in question, given the human population explosion. Were free? Ambiguity lingers in escalating poverty & crime rates, overflowing prisons, drug wars. Caring for the individual may be destructive of our caring for the human race. Accountability is the so-called open society is challenged by party monopolies. Collective truth and public good are somewhat contradicted and cloud by the emphasis on individual freedoms: Many may not like the society they live in. Religions focus on restraining sins of the individual (temperance) is therefore attractive. TELEOLOGY or OBJECTIVITY is seen in mechanistic terms, as collective efficiency. Evol confidence, for short, or evolutionary confidence, at length, presupposes that self-inspired human sophistication can avoid environmental degradation/depletion. Ambiguity lingers in the fact of unprecedented environmental emergencies. Transparency in the open society is clouded by corporate wars in the 3rd world. Because teleology is external and collective, objectivity in terms of private good can be blinded by short-term gains. Religions focus on long-term gains seems superior then to many. Secular courage might not be equal in impact to religious courage.

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A simple way to show that ALL of the relevant approaches are necessary is to look at the major LOGICAL FALLACIES and to see their role in IMMORALITY or in moral decadence: Indiscriminate War De Facto Slavery Scrutiny of Deviant Officials Attentiveness to the Marginalized Social Morality Deontology Broken Context as Logical Fallacy Exceptionalism as Logical Fallacy Addiction Superstitions & Cults Monitoring Emergencies Ongoing Dialogue with Officials Teleology Personality Virtue Ambiguity as Logical Fallacy Self-Contradiction as Logical Fallacy

What we call exceptionalism here is traditionally referred to as slothful induction or circular reasoning, meaning that a conclusion is assumed obvious despite the existence of strong circumstantial evidence to the contrary or in the absence of a clear and consistent premise. In the real world, this means that tyrants can ignore their victims, even a long list of victims, by focusing on the idea that they are extremely benevolent, without however providing substantive examples of their benevolence. Self-contradiction, also called inconsistency, is similar; but in this case, the premises are made very clear - only later to be abandoned. This kind of tyranny involves overwhelming respect for an accomplished person who totally fails to maintain his record of accomplishments. The fallacy of ambiguity comes into play when norms are broken and uncertainty therefore prevails, until and unless the norms are re-established. These latter two fallacies may simultaneously come into play when criminals evade arrest, as in The Rainbow Warrior Story. A criminal seen racing to escape implies a failed police chase and the need for citizen intervention or inquiry to ascertain whether the madly fleeing person is indeed a criminal. The broken context in The Rainbow Warrior Story is the transformation of a peaceful protest into a kind of battle, and in the bigger picture of things the transformation of a supposedly peaceful world into a world living under the threat of nuclear holocaust, with aggressive leaders of aggressive nations that only pretend to be peaceful.

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CIVILIZATION-WIDE SPIRITUAL ILLNESSES

FOUR EXAMPLES _______________________________________________________ The Dry Plague of The Hot Plague of Militant Bigotry Military Destructiveness The Case of Brzezinskis Chessboard of Conquest Marginalization vs. Broad Public Accountability in Resorting to Aggressive War The Case of a Sinking Rainbow Warrior Exploitation vs. Thriftiness in Resorting to Cold War WMD Stockpiling

The Collapse of The Collapse of Public(Macrocosmic) Good Instrumental Good and Intrinsic Good and Collective Truth(Straightforward News) _______________________________________________________ The Wet Plague of Military Slavery The Case of Depleted Uranium Weapons Deprivation vs. Diligence through Environmentally-Destructive Weapons The Cold Plague of Militant Addiction The Case of Synthetic Terror Attacks Degradation vs. Kind Service through Pre-Emptive Warfare

The Collapse of The Collapse of Objective(Scientific) Truth Subjective Truth(Scope of Training) and Private(Microcosmic) Good and Individual Truth(Assumed Role) _______________________________________________________

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WAR, LOGICAL FALLACIES, AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION For Aristotle, war can easily lead to unbridled anger, aggression and increasing marginalization or eclipsing and annihilation of minorities: The logical fallacy at work from this standpoint is broken context, because fighting for a peaceful world by slaughtering people achieves nothing. The conflict-resolution which suggests itself here is egalitarian vs. hierarchical. For John Stuart Mill, self-indulgence combined with gratuitous deprivation of others ...is the main danger in war. The logical fallacy at work from this standpoint is exceptionalism, in the sense that we assume that we are good because we have built an efficient, stable and peaceful society; and yet that should not give us license to plunder the wide earth. The conflict-resolution which suggests itself here is competence vs. incompetence. Countries that are intervening in other countries to rescue them from themselves need to tally up their successes and failures with an impartial jury. For Confucius, war is often heartless exploitation of the masses. The logical fallacy at work from this standpoint is ambiguity, in the sense that - if we defend a kings kingdom but get nothing - whats the point? The conflict-resolution which suggests itself here is tolerance vs. strictness. Is it really necessary to fight? Are we fighting in self-defense, for example? Isnt it possible to co-exist without a war? For Kant, war is patent degradation of the human race. The logical fallacy at work from this standpoint is self-contradiction. in the sense that we are killing human beings in order to save mankind, suggesting that war can only be undertaken as a last resort. The conflict-resolution which suggests itself here is conservative vs. liberal. From the conservative side, we should not destroy life or property. From the liberal side, we should seek ways to transform corrupt institutions.

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LOGICAL FALLACIES AND THE CASE OF ALCOHOLISM:

Crisis in Crisis in Social Morality Deontology Broken Context as Logical Fallacy Exceptionalism as Logical Fallacy I function better when Im drunk Friends love me when Im drunk Crisis in Crisis in Teleology Personality Virtue Ambiguity as Logical Fallacy Self-Contradiction as Logical Fallacy I know when to stop, Im free to hurt myself, if only slightly; even if my friends dont think of it as time off to relax The more complex and constructive approach of Alcoholics Anonymous is seen on the next page

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UNDERSTANDING ANY FORM OF ADDICTION AS SLAVERY Note: Students dont have to memorize this page. Know key points. Here are 12 steps, resolutions, to freedom as presented in The Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous:
1. We admitted we were powerless(over alcohol) - that our lives had become unmanageable. Seeing the Fallacy of Slothful Induction and instead using Competent vs. Incompetent- as a form of conflict-resolution or problem-solving. 2. Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. Seeing the Fallacy of Argument from Ignorance and instead using Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian* - as a form of conflict-resolution, plus Formal Logic 3. Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him. Seeing the Fallacy of Style over Substance and instead using Conservative vs. Liberal - as a form of conflict-resolution 4. Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves. Seeing the Fallacy of Complex Question and instead using Strict vs. Tolerant - as a form of conflict-resolution 5. Admitted to God, to ourselves and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs. Seeing the Fallacy of Popularity and instead using Referendum - as a form of conflict-resolution 6. Were(became) entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character. Seeing the Fallacy of Exclusion or Unrepresentative Sample and instead using Boolean Logic - as a form of conflict-resolution 7. Humbly asked Him to remove our short comings. Seeing the Fallacy of Prejudicial Language and instead using Reality Check - as a form of conflict-resolution 8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all. Seeing the Fallacy of Syllogistic Accidents(the pitfall of ignoring exceptional events) - and instead using BridgeBuidling as a form of conflict-resolution 9. Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others. Seeing the Fallacy of Composition and instead using Tabling All Possibilities - as a form of conflictresolution 10. Continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it. Seeing the Fallacy of Begging the Question and/or Appeal to Authority and instead using Due Process - as a form of conflictresolution 11. Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God, as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out. Seeing the Fallacy of Complex Cause or Hasty Generalization and instead using Softening Polemical Rhetoric - as a form of conflict-resolution 12. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs. Seeing the Fallacies of Failure to Elucidate and Attacking the Messenger(not the Controversial Message) or Blaming the Victim and instead using Starting Over from Zero - as a form of conflict-resolution
AA quotes come from http://www.friendofbills.com/alcoholics-anonymous-12-steps.htm See and read before the next class : Stephens Guide to Logical Fallacies http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/

It provides definitions for the logical fallacies listed here above(slothful induction, etc.).
* Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian means balancing the need for equal rights with the need for qualified leadership and expertise. Boolean Logic refers to pivotal and shocking facts that prove innocence or guilt or urgent need. Softening Polemical Rhetoric means giving up condemnation in favor of developing a solution paradigm. Starting Over from Zero refers to giving up all our previous assumptions and institutional commitments in order to think with an open mind. Reality Check refers to focusing on the obvious instead of technical controversies and supposedly impending dangers.

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FOR THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS, REMEMBER KEY QUOTES AND STATISTICS ONLY. NO NEED TO MEMORIZE EVERY DETAIL. ALCOHOLISM LIKE ANY DRUG ADDICTION IS A REAL MENACE. Over a lifetime, 27% of the population will suffer from a substance abuse disorder (Kessler, McGonagle Zhao, Nelson, Hughes, Eshleman, et al., 1994). Twenty five percent of Americans will die of some form of substance abuse. Ninety five percent of alcoholics die of their disease, approximately 26 years earlier than their normal life expectancy. Heavy drinking contributes to illnesses in each of the top three causes of death: heart disease, cancer and stroke. Approximately two-thirds of American adults drink an alcoholic beverage during the course of a year, and at least 13.8 million Americans develop problems associated with drinking. Fifty percent of cases involving major trauma are alcohol related. Fifty percent of homicides are alcohol related. Forty percent of assaults are alcohol related. One hundred thousand Americans die of alcohol problems each year. More than 40% of those who start drinking at age 14 or younger become alcoholic. In 1998, the cost of alcohol abuse was over 185 billion dollars. Over many years of following alcohol and drug use, studies find that 80% of high school seniors have tried alcohol, 32% have gotten drunk in the last thirty days, 49% have smoked marijuana and 63% have smoked cigarettes. The average 18-year-old has seen 100,000 television commercials encouraging him or her to drink. The patients who are most vulnerable to excessive alcohol and drug abuse are young adults between the ages of 18-25. They have the highest incidence of alcohol and drug use, but no age group is omitted from falling victim to the problem. More alcoholism is being found in the elderly now that more baby boomers are retiring. Classical alcoholism takes about 15 years to develop, but it can happen much quicker in adolescents and young adults. With all of this bad news, we have strong evidence that treatment works. For every dollar spent on recovery, the economy saves seven dollars in health care and cost to society. Most patients who work the program of recovery stay clean and sober (Gordis, 2003; Stein, 2001; Monitoring the Future Study, 2000; NIAAA, 1997) Alcohol problems cluster in and destroy families. More than half of current drinkers have a family history of alcoholism. Three out of ten adults report that drinking has been a cause of trouble in their family. Alcohol abuse can destroy families in many ways. More than 40% of separated or divorced women were married to or lived with a problem drinker. More than three fourths of female victims of nonfatal, domestic violence reported that their assailant had been drinking or using drugs. More than 18 million alcohol abusers need treatment but few get it (Stein, 2001). Children of alcoholics demonstrate a three- to four-time increased risk of developing the disorder. Twin studies strongly suggest a powerful genetic link. Generally, it seems that alcoholism is caused by 40% genetic factors and the remaining 60% by factors we dont understand (Heath, Bucholz, Madden, et al., 1997; Schuckit, 1987; Anthenelle & Schuckit, 1998). Genetic researchers are engaged in identifying the genes that cause vulnerability to addiction, but the task is difficult because alcoholism is considered to be a polygenetic disorder that is related to many different genes, each of which contributes only a portion of the vulnerability (Gordis, 2003)

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Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects (see Appendix 19) are the leading causes of mental retardation in the country. At least 762,000 children are born each year exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. Once ingested and absorbed into the maternal bloodstream, alcohol readily crosses the placenta and enters the fetal circulation. It is found in the amniotic fluid, even after ingestion of a moderate dose. Alcohol is eliminated from the amniotic fluid at a rate that is one half the rate at which it is eliminated from the maternal blood; therefore, it remains in the fetal circulation after it is no longer in the mothers bloodstream. It is estimated that approximately one of every three to four mothers exposes her fetus to the potentially harmful effects of alcohol. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation and neurobehavioral defects in North America (Pagliaro & Pagliaro, 2002). If you dont think alcohol is a poison, take an egg and drop it into Everclear, which is 95% pure alcohol. The egg will instantly turn white as it cooks. This is a good demonstration for your patients. It allows them to see the poisonous effect of their drug of choice. People with fetal alcohol effects may have normal intelligence, but they have defects in their brain and behavior. They can do some things some days but are unable to do the same thing the next day. They have difficulty generalizing. A rule they learn in one situation may not transfer to other situations. They have difficulty learning from past experiences and they have difficulty learning how the past affects the future. They tend to be very nice, peopleoriented patients, but they keep relapsing. Does this sound like anyone you know? There are probably patients that you are seeing now that have this disorder and many will be incapable of working a self-directed program of recovery. These patients will need a mentor or a structured facility for the rest of their lives. The mentor is usually someone in the family or community who can act as an advocate for the patient in recovery. These patients are very frustrating to work with until you figure out what the problem is and change the treatment plan to incorporate this condition (Streissguth, 1998).

http://www.robertperkinson.com/alcoholism_statistics.htm

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MORALITY AS VIRTUE VS. VICE

Dignity is opposite Silliness(symbolized by the monkey). Silliness destroys any and all Deontology, outwardly, and Moral Reflection, inwardly. These are moral virtues and vices. In the dimension of spiritual virtues and vices, dignity is supported by integrity and undermined by degradation. Decency is opposite Self-Indulgence, Selfishness and Self-Centeredness (symbolized by the pig). Self-Indulgence as Selfishness destroys any and all Personality Virtue, outwardly, and Moral Feeling, inwardly. These are moral virtues and vices. In the dimension of spiritual virtues and vices, decency is supported by temperance and undermined by marginalization. Magnanimity is opposite Recklessness(symbolized by the dog). Recklessness destroys any and all Social Morality, outwardly, and Moral Performance Criteria, inwardly, are abandoned. These are moral virtues and vices. In the dimension of spiritual virtues and vices, magnanimity is supported by nobility and undermined by deprivation. Objectivity is opposite Lazy-Mindedness(symbolized by the donkey). Lazy-Mindedness destroys any and all Teleology, outwardly, and Moral Reasoning, inwardly, is abandoned. These are moral virtues and vices. In the dimension of spiritual virtues and vices, objectivity is supported by courage and undermined by exploitation.

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THE MANIFESTATION OF MORAL MOTIVATIONS Dignity is preserving an irreducible value for individuals in a collectivity or in reality.
Dignity is opposite silliness and wastefulness, basic vices or immoral disposition.

Objectivity is appreciating the relationship of each piece to (or factors in) a given whole.
Objectivity is opposite the immoral attitudes of lazy-mindedness or indifference.

Magnanimity is full, active accommodation of all individuals potential in a collectivity,

usually through policy. This is opposite the immoral attitudes of recklessness and creative destruction

Decency is protection of given individuals, accommodating their functional survival

Decency is opposite the immoral attitudes of selfishness, self-centeredness and self-indulgence In normal situations, we combine two or more of these approaches at any given time, as illustrated here

on pages 102-104(old), where our textbook gives a summary of what essential moral expression is, for any given individual, meaning the key elements of moral conscience in terms of their manifestation. According to Richard Brandt, they include: 1. Intrinsic motivationis comprised of dignity and decency because these concern survival and viability of the individual
This corresponds to Adaptation vs. Neuroticism [in the famous 5-component personality model]

2. Feeling of guilt and/or disapprovalis comprised of objectivity and decency because these concern fitting in and being respected
This corresponds to Agreeableness and Conformity [in the famous 5-component personality model]

3. Believed importance[in terms of impact]is comprised of decency and magnanimity because these concern the functional worth of many individuals
This corresponds to Conscientiousness + Sense of Inclusion[in the famous 5-component personality model]

4. Admiration or esteem..is comprised of dignity and objectivity because we witness our own potential excellence in great individuals, in heroes This corresponds to Openness and Inquiry [in the famous 5-component personality model] 5. Specialized terminologyis comprised of objectivity and magnanimity because we need simple, clear, universally applicable, programmatic values which define the parameters of co-existence and cooperation
This corresponds to Extraversion and Self-Assertion [in the famous 5-component personality model]

6. Believed justifications..are comprised of magnanimity and dignity because we want to contribute broadly & have our contribution understood: its about saving the world from unnecessary suffering or disaster
This corresponds to Degree of Self-Control [in the famous 5-component personality model]

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EXEMPLIFYING MORAL CONSCIENCE As an example of moral conscience in action, how could we solve the problem of terrorism? * Looking at the MOTIVATION of terrorists could lead to an avenue of compromise for the less radical terrorists(at least) to give up terrorism. In this approach, one must separate out the reasonable from the unreasonable demands of terrorists, and be willing to negotiate with them. *Sense of GUILT could lead authorities to RE-DOUBLE and RE-DEFINE their efforts to combat terrorism with greater sophistication in surveilling and blocking terrorist activities. The essence of this approach is law-enforcement and enlisting public support. *The IMPORTANCE of the alleged just wars could be highlighted and defended better, by defining "JUST WAR" or "FREE AND OPEN SOCIETY" and then limiting the prosecution of wars to that definition, so as to avoid enraging potential & existing terrorists. *Getting ADMIRABLE international war-crimes tribunals to work, with HEROIC efforts to capture the biggest terrorists and prosecute them quickly. An international basis is key, in order to avoid the appearance of partiality or prejudice in identifying the worst terrorists and in order to distance governments from the same accusation. *The TERMINOLOGY of terrorism goes back to the definition itself. What IS terrorism exactly? This question may be the key to the whole problem. *The right to free speech and protest might be the most important key to combatting terrorism, if we believe and understand the biggest terrorists to be governments or government-sponsored actions. In other words, the key to any struggle against terrorism may be admitting that governments are often the biggest terrorists, and this is the greatest danger we face, historically. So public consensus as to guilt plus visible trials of terrorist suspects provide, together, the greatest JUSTIFICATION for any successful approach. Win universal support by condemning ALL forms of terrorism.

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Terrorism as a Two-Sided Moral Studies Topic(From Top to Bottom): Terrorism is a major social and political issue today. Without taking sides in the policy debate, we have to note and understand that it is a multi-faceted issue, fraught with conflicts of interest, questionable motives and unexpected beneficiaries(e.g., the military-industrial profiteers and as also the burgeoning police-state operatives). For the purpose of this course, we want to focus on three moral lessons: 1) the underlying vices; 2) the conceptual problems implicit in the shifting definitions of terrorism; 3) the practical problems implicit in a War on Terror, not the least is the fact that you cant fight a tactic: Terrorism is not a thing, a type of person or a type of group, but a paramilitary strategy that can be used by anyone, overtly or covertly. As for the underlying vices, there is clearly a certain recklessness(a moral vice) involved , in addition to degradation and marginalization(the latter two being spiritual vices), regardless of who commits such an act. Recklessness is opposite magnanimity; degradation is opposite integrity; marginalization is opposite temperance. The problem in prosecuting a War on Terror is that the great benefits accruing to the most powerful state-actors de-motivate their quest for a simple solution, whether by way of prosecution, military excursions or peace negotiations. Terrorist acts, the more arbitrary they are, progressively justify a growing police-state, state of emergency and martial law mandates. An unprincipled State is very tempted and very liable to participate in the creation of terror-groups in its own struggle for legitimacy. Lastly, the very definition of terrorism contributes to this problem: When terrorism is defined as indiscriminate violence committed against a civilian population, by non-state actors, in order to intimidate for radical political changes this excludes governments, per se; governments can never be investigated or prosecuted or even criticized under this definition. However, if we remove the words non-state actors, then it becomes clear that governments can as easily participate in terrorism as anyone else: Historically, armies are commonly known to hit civilian areas in order to pressure for submission or expulsion. If this is done covertly, an opposing army can be blamed, and the said acts of terrorism can be used to occupy the attacked area. Case Study The Bali Bombing is a case in point, in that the results of the incident, overwhelmingly, were to strengthen and legitimize a secular state against religious opposition groups(blamed for the attack). Several features of this story-line follow a known pattern for large so-called terrorist attacks: 1) Huge destruction of bomb-site evidence 2) An investigative team with conflicts of interest 3) An impossible story-line, in terms of physical science 4) Incapability of the accused to master-mind on such a scale 5) Enemies-of-the-state(opposition members) imprisoned immediately, without hard evidence linking them to the attack 6) Comparisons are made to other terrorist attacks around the world, suggesting that one organization of Muslims planned & executed all the attacks 7) The political fallout was to increase police forces and military preparedness against repeat attacks and ongoing threats from the perceived perpetrators, opposition groups.

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In the Bali Bombing of 2002, which killed 202, everyone admits there were a total of two singlebomb bombings at two locations. Patty's Bar and the Sari Club. However, the Sari Club explosion was many times bigger in magnitude, staggeringly big in its scope and impact. The Sari Club explosion pulverized steel-reinforced concrete buildings in the immediate area and cracked building walls several kilometres away. 140 bags of unrecognizable body-remains were retrieved. Official news releases were so contraditory as to make a consistent picture of what caused this large blast very difficult to fashion. In particular, the different types of explosives cited could not have created sufficient force to create the damage sustained at that location. Explosive experts were themselves shocked at the force of the blast, it being bigger than anything they had ever seen in a lifetime of related field work. The only known explosive device with sufficient power to create the devastation in question is a small nuclear device. Circumstantial evidence, including eyewitness testimony, is consistent with this hypothesis. In particular, everyone admits there was a huge crater at the Sari bombing site, and none of the alleged bomb materials could have created that. Ammonium Nitrate and Potassium Chlorate, at 2-4 PSI, could not have created the necessary damage, assessed at around 100 PSI of force (in the documentary Fool Me Twice). Robert Finnegan, the senior-most reporter was expelled from Indonesia for his questions, his analysis and his conclusions, when he pointed to involvement of one or more governments, based on evidence like the evidence presented here, and his investigative materials were confiscated. A famous analysis of this cycle of repression says that The first victim of war is truth. In other words, WHO provoked war is often a lie. From our perspective, moral objectivity must be maintained with impartial and open investigation. The Rainbow Warrior Incident shows where impartial investigation can lead us to.

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THE RAINBOW WARRIOR INCIDENT AND LESSONS OF AN INFORMED CITIZENRY

The Rainbow Warrior was a boat used by Greenpeace, an anti-war group, to protest the testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific, in 1985. It was scuttled by two explosions caused by bombs planted by a team of French intelligence operatives. One reporter was killed when he went to investigate the damage from the first bomb, whereupon the second bomb went off, and he drowned as a result. A Neighborhood Watch group observed suspicious activity around the time of the bombing, and local police were able to follow up with arrests of fleeing sabateurs. Not all of the sabateurs were caught. And some of the uncaught went on to very lucrative careers in the same business. The French government denied conscious involvement at first, but years later (when the man who was president at the time of the incident died), France admitted participation of the highest levels of the French government in the sabatoge. New Zealand, where the incident took place, prosecuted the offenders, found them guilty, and awarded them huge jail sentences. The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Opration Satanique[1], was an operation by the "action" branch of the French foreign intelligence services. France used political blackmail and bribery(with an undisclosed sum of reparations) in order to reduce the jail sentences to almost nothing. Nonetheless, the protests of Greenpeace and other groups seems to have eventually led to the banning of almost all nuclear testing. Between 1945 and 2000, there had been more than 2000 live nuclear weapons tests worldwide. But the rate per year greatly decreased after the outcry from the public during the 1960s. The United States ended above-ground tests in 1962, yet continued with between 15 and 50 underground tests per year in the period ending in 1988. On 28 January 1996 then-President Jacques Chirac said the French military would not conduct any more nuclear tests. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction For a history protests and legislation against nuclear bomb testing, see: http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/abm/abm_e/kougi/kaisu/rekishi.html Numerous aspects of being an informed citizen emerge from this story. One is that closely observing the unscrupulous and illegal activities of governments intimidates or discourages them or frustrates them, to one degree or another, if such scrutiny is carried out in a systematic fashion. Scientists played a role in detecting radiation thousands of miles away. The mass media played a role in publishing the scientific findings. The local media played a role in highlighting the investigation and prosecution of the sabateurs, and calling for more eyewitnesses. The Neighborhood Watch group filtered information to the mass media. The government pursued the team of sabateurs internationally.
Being an informed and engaged citizen means monitoring immediate and serious emerging internal and external threats to the stability and smooth functioning of our communitys environment, economy, government & public health, plus contemplating potential and available means for the rectification (and/or remedial accomodation) of the latter four when needed, where shortcomings exist

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This is a convenient point to introduce the key historical approaches in the textbook. It goes without saying that we seek to combine and integrate these approaches, with varying degrees of emphasis; yet it is precisely varying degrees of emphasis that has characterized the history of moral philosophy, for better or worse. Here are the basic approaches, seen in context: Indiscriminate War Scrutiny of Deviant Officials Social Morality Addiction Monitoring Emergencies Teleology De Facto Slavery Attentiveness to the Marginalized Deontology Superstitions & Cults Ongoing Dialogue with Officials Personality Virtue

Explaining this rubric, C.D. Broad, a pivotal figure in 20th century moral theory, states that [T]he RIGHTNESS of an action is connected in some way with the goodness of its consequences, [yet] we should have to ask whether it depends (a) on the actual goodness of the actual consequences, or (b) on the actual goodness of the probable consequenc2es, or (c) on the probable goodness of the actual consequences, or (d) on the probable goodness of the probable consequences. With a little bit of analysis and elaboration, we find that Teleology is the actual goodness of the actual consequences Deontology is the actual goodness of the probable consequences Social Morality is the probable goodness of the actual consequences Personality Virtue is the probable goodness of the probable consequences How do we know? Or how can we simplify things in this way? Because teleology means looking at scientific results in a sociological vein. Because deontology means looking at proven virtues and maxims in history. Because social morality means comparing legal frameworks & forming consensus. Because personality virtue refers to mature discipline focused on/rooted in education.

http://www.ditext.com/broad/ftet/ftet7.html

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SUBJECTIVE MORALITY Subjective Morality or Diagnostic Morality looks at imbalances in terms of hotness, coldness, wetness and dryness, hotness corresponding to recklessness, coldness corresponding to lazymindednes and indifference, wetness corresponding to self-indulgence and dryness corresponding to silliness and callousness. Callousness is different from indifference in being self-righteous whereas indifference is self-satisfied. ________________________________________ Moral Topics related to Collapse of Objective Truth involve the Problem of Hotness or Recklessness. Recklessness is characterized by great achievements alongside great losses. Many great thinkers have noted that we have become scientific geniuses and ethical idiots. Our technologies of transportation, consumption and war-making are threatening the entire biosphere with destruction. This problem of scientific materialism is a challenge for teleological ethics and even suggests a return to religious teleology, so each generation can envision the distant future. ________________________________________ Moral Topics related to Collapse of Private Good involve the Problem of Coldness or Lazy-Mindedness Lazy-mindedness is an inward inertia or fear of changing ones worldview, despite an urgent need for fresh solutions or an expanded perspective on existing problems. Lazy-minded people are not necessarily stupid or uneducated. They might be very educated and smart. Their problem is that they refuse to think outside the box. This requires egalitarian vs. hierarchical conflict-resolution to bring scholars out of their ivory towers. Google search a definition for ivory towers if you dont know it. The long-term result of this is lack of proper investment in dynamic education and a lack of revisionism in history and science; instead, just a recycling of standard views, stifling creative thinking and alternative solutions. ________________________________________ Moral Topics related to Collapse of Collective Truth involve the Problem of Dryness or Callousness. Callousness is characterized by disregard for the vital role of those marginalized under a given social schema or social paradigm, in order to favor a dominant, ascendant or emerging leadership. Todays world makes the great powers those who have money and weapons and who promise to prevent money and weapons from getting into the wrong hands. Of course, this simple premise means that money and weapons will remain in THEIR hands. Unfortunately, the UN with its Security Council, as well as the G8, is founded on this logic. If it had a true social morality, like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and that were enforced, as systems of social morality do, then we would see change. But the fact is that there is no enforcement, in favor of the status quo, whether in terms of monopoly and entrenchment or in terms of aggression and collateral damage. If UN officials were honest, they would condemn themselves for their own self-contradiction. ________________________________________

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Moral Topics related to Collapse of Public Good involve the Problem of Wetness or Self-Indulgence. Self-indulgence is characterized by maintaining comfort for oneself or ones own group, even to the point of harm as a result of atrophy, addiction or drunkenness. The War on Drugs in the USA and Mexico is an example of this. Roughly, 70,000 persons have been killed in 10 years, and the conflict rages. Self-indulgence on at least three levels prevents the emergence of any solution. There is the well-known drug-profiteering by the CIA, from Afghanistan to South America and back. There is the insistence upon military solutions, lining the pockets of police-state executives. And there is failure to come to terms with drug-abuse, like alcohol abuse, in the livelong history of the Modern world, in preference for freedom the freedom to use and abuse intoxicating drugs. Christianity has played a complex role in this moral discourse, finding itself on both sides, from time to time. Liberals and Conservatives should look at the facts, the statistics in terms of victims, and fashion a consensus for media pronouncements and textbooks, admitting and outlining the full extent of the problem and the real nature of the problem. This is a question of intellectual capital for an entire civilization collapsing under the weight of drug abuse. ________________________________________ Moral Topics related to Collapse of Instrumental Good involve the Problem of Too Wet and Cold, self-indulgent and lazy-minded. Self-indulgence and lazy-mindedness combined lead to ignorance of encroaching threats from activist monopolists or aggressive self-promoters who will stop at nothing. Wars for domination by oil corporations are a classic example of this. People in Europe and America with well-heated homes and fancy-moving cars dont want to think that there are living with stolen goods from the Middle East. Its too bitter to the taste. But strict vs. tolerant conflict resolution should make war-crimes a fair table-discussion and a fair question for the military adventures of the US, Britian and France in Central Asia. Lack of accountability breeds a culture of impunity and glorifies violence, leading to a criminal and gang mentality now prevalent in Modern cities: Might makes right. The end justifies the means. The rigid matrix of a fossil-fuel civilization also threatens to pollute the entire world and destroy the ozone layer. ________________________________________ Moral Topics related to Collapse of Intrinsic Good involve the Problem of Being Too Hot and Wet, reckless and self-indulgent. Recklessness and self-indulgence combined mean simultaneous inward and outward destruction, albeit gradual and intractable. The pertinent issue in this vein is that of sexual deviance, the erosion of family values and the disintegration of the traditional, nuclear family structure committed husbands and wives raising children. The by-products of this process of the said disintegration are imposing and multifaceted. If sexual pleasure carries no commitment or deeper interaction and is only a form of self-indulgence, then all sorts of sexual aggression and abuse can be justified, and sexual abuse can be used as a military weapon, as in the case of rape and in the case of the man-made virus of AIDS and even in the case of sexual slavery or human trafficking as a sister-industry of military adventures. Traditionally, personality virtue, founded on mature discipline, militated against this trend toward abusive practices. People were viewed as an end in themselves; highly-developed persons 29

were considered the best product of civilization. With the normalization of sexual deviance and sexual abuse, people become consumer items, with a cheap price at that. The more immediate consequences of family-disintegration are already well-known, yet statistics need to be marshaled in order to appreciate the full scope of the dilemma. Abortion rates, illegitimacy rates, STD rates, child abuse rates, etc., indicate that individual liberties have not led to social freedom for a great many people, and the arc of justice must soon turn the other way to more conservative values and a stricter sense of family morality ________________________________________ Moral Topics related to Collapse of Individual Truth involve the Problem of Being Too Dry and Cold, callous and indifferent. Callousness and indifference mean that a person will not scrutinize his national or local politics sufficiently to perceive swindling and corruption, even to the point of Fascism. The key issue in this context is cronyism and insipid fascism. This means that when local governments or even national governments serve the interests of global super-states, like the permanent members of the Security Council in the UN, then their corruption can be ignored or will not be put under the spotlight of international media condemnation or embarresment. Domestically, callousness and indifference mean that people do not have a proper sense of citizenship. They do not care about the rise and fall of civilization or even the rise and fall of their society. They are caught up in their own daily profits and losses, academic prizes and failures, etc. None of this can gainsay the fact that much of the world lives under a kind of colonial system of education backed by a post-colonial media own by the colonial-power magnets. The competent vs. incompetent method of conflict-resolution should lead individuals and dignified political parties world-wide to confront the issue of bureaucratic corruption that undermines democratic processes, bureaucracies that steal from the poor to give to the rich. AlJazeeras recent documentary on The Seven Sisters of the Oil Industry is an example of this trend toward transparency, accountability and political competence. ________________________________________ Moral Topics related to Collapse of Subjective Truth involve the Problem of Being Too Hot and Dry, reckless and callous. Recklessness combined with callousness means failure to look at the fine details of suffering caused, in preference for imaginary or theoretical long-term gains. In the real world of specifics this can manifest in several ways, all of them involving the disintegration of local community institutions and politics. This undercuts the possibility of grass-roots change or protest, and opens the door to demagogues at the national or international level who provide simplistic formulas for success while ignoring deeply intrenched local problems and conflicts, which are ultimately handled by secret diplomacy. The rise of terrorism and communal violence is symptomatic of this. In India especially it has been shown that politicians and police forces stand back during communal riots because they public officials benefit in the long run from such turmoil. Terrorism justifies a bigger police and military budget and foreign wars, whenever given terrorist incidents can be pinned on foreign agents or foreign infiltrators with local sympathizers. One solution to all this is for sober religious leaders like Gandhi to adopt a non-partisan position in conflict-resolution by calling for non-violence. This is a matter of deontological ethics. ________________________________________ 30

Objective Morality or Prescriptive Morality

MORAL DYNAMISM, PLUS OR MINUS, is about beginning to upgrade institutions

Choose ONE of the following: 1) Adult education is too low quality; lack of objectivity and dignity. In Brandt, this was a matter of admiration or esteem. In traditional religious language, we would say that people have the wrong heroes. 2) Child-education is full of falsehoods; lack of objectivity and magnanimity. In Brandt, this was a matter of specialized terminology. In In traditional religious language, we would say that Ideal State has not been defined correctly. 3) Not enough get child education; lack of objectivity and decency. In Brandt, this was a matter of feeling of guilt and/or disapproval. In traditional religious language, we would say that Sacred Space has not been defined or achieved. 4) Political leaders have the wrong priorities or are corrupt; In Brandt, this was a matter of believed justifications In traditional religious language, we would say that injustice in terms of exploitation and deprivation is rampant. 5) Too few get a complete adult education; lack of dignity and decency. In Brandt, this was a matter of intrinsic motivation. In traditional religious language, we would say that there is injustice in terms of excessive marginalization and degradation 6) Leaders in media are too weak or too corrupt there is an evil media monopoly or a total absence of relevant public debate. In Brandt, this was a matter of believed importance[in terms of impact] In traditional religious language, we would say that Sacred Time has not been properly articulated or established, in terms of the rise and fall of civilizations and cultures.

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THE MECHANISMS OF EACH MORALITY

Types of truth and types of good reconciled, in the form of a chart. TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS EGALITARIAN VS. HIERARCHICAL RESOLVE

Objective Truth Private Good & Learning the Laws/Dimensions/Characteristics of Nature Agreed upon physical measurements Demonstrated scientific expertise + discipline The Need for Adequate Habitat Respect for Higher Assimilation __________________________________________________________________________ SOCIAL MORALITY CONSERVATIVE VS. LIBERAL Collective Truth Public Good & Human Nature Consensus + convergence of public opinion Enhancing natural forms of cooperation Respect for Quality Sustenance Education as a Right, a Duty, and an Adaptive Need __________________________________________________________________________ STRICT VS. TOLERANT RESOLVE PERSONALITY VIRTUES Instrumental Good & the Nature of Creatures Intrinsic Good & Life-Cycle Issues Bringing out the best in everyone + demanding it Nurturing abilities + gradually building upon them Differentiating between Ingestion and Excretion Respecting Reproductive/Nurturing Cycles __________________________________________________________________________ COMPETENT VS. INCOMPETENT DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS Individual Truth Assessing + reviewing assumed roles given our natural gifts and culture of birth The universality of shielding mechanisms Subjective Truth Matching efforts to current extent of knowledge+power - the state of our formal and informal education Gauging the Degree of Physical/Emotional Homeostasis

_______________________________________________________________ Intrinsic means belonging to itself permanently. Instrumental means by virtue of particular uses. Subjective as opposed to objective refers to the context of immediate experience as opposed to broader reality

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SECULAR APPROACHES TO PUBLIC MORALITY

________________________________________________________________________ UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: SUMMARY UDHR Equality of opportunity......decency and magnanimity Freedom of conscience.....dignity & objectivity Equality before the law...... decency & dignity Speedy trial.......... decency & objectivity . No torture or slavery......... .decency & dignity No arbitrary arrest or exile......... . ..dignity & decency Right to privacy and travel....... ..magnanimity & dignity Right to nationality and asylum .magnanimity & objectivity Right of propertydecency & objectivity Free consent to marriage..magnanimity & dignity Right of assembly, information and education.dignity & objectivity Representative government..dignity & objectivity Right to employment and dignified compensation...dignity & decency BASIC RIGHTS, UNIVERSALLY ACKNOWLEDGED.. US Constitution

due process3....property non-aggressive free speech. weapons & postures of self-defense no torture/no gratuitous battering...peaceable assembly privacy & freedom of conscience.. habeas corpus/free movement

Speedy and free public trials plus equality before the law plus freedom from double jeopardy.

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THE CONCEPT OF OPEN GOVERNMENT

These are key elements of open government: Consent Transparency Accountability Power-Sharing and Limited Powers Consent implies and entails the possibility and allowability of complaint, petitions and public debate. It is opposite the manufacturing of consent or dictatorship. Transparency implies and entails accessibility to leaders and visibility of their key actions. It is opposite concealment. It is opposite black budgets. Accountability implies and entails the rule of law and the practical possibility of prosecuting leaders for breaking the law It implies too that gross irregularities or inconsistencies in performance Power-Sharing and Limited Powers implies and entails checks and balances, in the sense that any portion of a government can reject, suspend or veto the actions of another part, to some degree. There is also, there must also be, a period review of the tenure for any given officer.

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DISTORTED TERMINOLOGY AS A MORAL DILEMMA TERMS COMMONLY ABUSED FOR IMMORAL EXPLOITATION

Question

Answer

____Nationalism depends first on. defining objectivity & magnanimity ____Humanism depends on .dignity and decency ____Democracy depends on .magnanimity and decency ____Sanity / Insanity depends on dignity and objectivity ____Torture depends on no dignity OR decency ____Emergency depends on objectivity and decency ____Slavery depends on NO dignity and decency ____Addiction depends on .NO dignity and objectivity ____Magic depends on NO objectivity and decency ____Terrorism depends on ..NO objectivity and decency ____Racism depends on ..NO dignity and objectivity ____Heroism depends on objectivity and magnanimity ____Miracle depends on objectivity and decency
35

Crisis and HopeTheirs and oursBy Noam Chomsky

There is also a problem with the term crisis. Which one? There are numerous very severe crises, interwoven in ways that preclude any clear separation. But again I will pretend otherwise, for simplicity. One way to enter this morass is offered by the June 11 issue of the New York Review of Books. The front-cover headline reads How to Deal With the Crisis; the issue features a symposium of specialists on how to do so. It is very much worth reading, but with attention to the definite article. For the West the phrase the crisis has a clear enough meaning: the financial crisis that hit the rich countries with great impact, and is therefore of supreme importance. But even for the rich and privileged that is by no means the only crisis, nor even the most severe. And others see the world quite differently. For example, in the October 26, 2008 edition of the Bangladeshi newspaper The New Nation, we read: Its very telling that trillions have already been spent to patch up leading world financial institutions, while out of the comparatively small sum of $12.3 billion pledged in Rome earlier this year, to offset the food crisis, only $1 billion has been delivered. The hope that at least extreme poverty can be eradicated by the end of 2015, as stipulated in the UNs Millennium Development Goals, seems as unrealistic as ever, not due to lack of resources but a lack of true concern for the worlds poor. The article goes on to predict that World Food Day in October 2009 will bring . . . devastating news about the plight of the worlds poor . . . which is likely to remain that: mere news that requires little action, if any at all. Western leaders seem determined to fulfill these grim predictions. On June 11 the Financial Times reported, the United Nations World Food Programme is cutting food aid rations and shutting down some operations as donor countries that face a fiscal crunch at home slash contributions to its funding. Victims include Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, and others. The sharp budget cut comes as the toll of hunger passes a billion with over one hundred million added in the past six monthswhile food prices rise, and remittances decline as a result of the economic crisis in the West. As The New Nation anticipated, the devastating news released by the World Food Programme barely even reached the level of mere news. In The New York Times, the WFP report of the reduction in the meager Western efforts to deal with this growing human catastrophe merited 150 words on page ten under World Briefing. That is not in the least unusual. The United Nations also released an estimate that desertification is endangering the lives of up to a billion people, while announcing World Desertification Day. Its goal, according to the Nigerian newspaper THISDAY, is to combat desertification and drought worldwide by promoting public awareness and the implementation of conventions dealing with desertification in member countries. The effort to raise public awareness passed without mention in the national U.S. press. Such neglect is all too common. It may be instructive to recall that when they landed in what today is Bangladesh, the British invaders were stunned by its wealth and splendor. It was soon on its way to becoming the very symbol of misery, and not by an act of God. As the fate of Bangladesh illustrates, the terrible food crisis is not just a result of lack of true concern in the centers of wealth and power. In large part it results from very definite concerns of global managers: for their own welfare. It is always well to keep in mind Adam Smiths astute observation about policy formation in England. He recognized that the principal architects of policyin his day the merchants and manufacturersmade sure that their own interests had been most peculiarly attended to however grievous the effect on others, including the people of England and, far more so, those who were subjecte d to the savage injustice of the Europeans, particularly in conquered India, Smiths own prime concern in the domains of European conquest.

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 For working people, small farmers, and the poor, at home and abroad, all of this spells regular disaster. One of the reasons for the radical difference in development between Latin America and East Asia in the last half century is that Latin America did not control capital flight, which often approached the level of its crushing debt and has regularly been wielded as a weapon against the threat of democracy and social reform. In contrast, during South Koreas remarkable growth period, capital flight was not only banned, but could bring the death penalty. Where neoliberal rules have been observed since the 70s, eco nomic performance has generally deteriorated and social democratic programs have substantially weakened. In the United States, which partially accepted these rules, real wages for the majority have largely stagnated for 30 years, instead of tracking productivity growth as before, while work hours have increased, now well beyond those of Europe. Benefits, which always lagged, have declined further. Social indicatorsgeneral measures of the health of the societyalso tracked growth until the mid-70s, when they began to decline, falling to the 1960 level by the end of the millennium. Economic growth found its way into few pockets, increasingly in the financial industries. Finance constituted a few percentage points of GDP in 1970, and has since risen to well over one-third, while productive industry has declined, and with it, living standards for much of the workforce. The economy has been punctuated by bubbles, financial crises, and public bailouts, currently reaching new highs. A few outstanding international economists explained and predicted these results from the start. But mythology about efficient markets and rational choice prevailed. This is no surprise: it was highly beneficial to the narrow sectors of privilege and power that provide the principal architects of policy. The food crisis erupted first and most dramatically in Haiti in early 2008. Like Bangladesh, Haiti today is a symbol of misery and despair. And, like Bangladesh, when European explorers arrived, the island was remarkably rich in resources, with a large and flourishing population. It later became the source of much of Frances wealth. I will not run through the sordid history, but the current food crisis can be traced directly to 1915, Woodrow Wilsons invasion: murderous, brutal, and destructive. Among Wilsons many crimes was dissolving the Haitian Parliament at gunpoint because it refused to pass progressive legislation that would have allowed U.S. businesses to take over Haitian lands. Wilsons Marines then ran a free election, in which the legislation was passed by 99.9 percent of the 5 percent of the public permitted to vote. All of this comes down through history as Wilsonian idealism. Returning home, it is worth noting that the more sophisticated are aware of the deceit that is employed as a device to control the public, and regard it as praiseworthy. The distinguished liberal statesman Dean Acheson advised that leaders must speak in a way that is clearer than truth. Harvard Professor of the Science of Government Samuel Huntington, who quite frankly explained the need to delude the public about the Soviet threat 30 years ago, urged more generally that power must remain invisible: The architects of power in the United States must create a force that can be felt but not seen. Power remains strong when it remains in the dark; exposed to the sunlight it begins to evaporate. An important lesson for those who want power to devolve to the public, a critical battle that is fought daily.

http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article23426.htm

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The world hunger problem: Facts, figures and statistics

In the Asian, African and Latin American countries, well over 500 million people are living in what the World Bank has called "absolute poverty" It is estimated that, yearly, some 800 million people in the world suffer from hunger and malnutrition, about 50 times as many as those who actually die. Every year 15 million children die of hunger For the price of one missile, a school full of hungry children could eat lunch every day for 5 years Throughout the 1990's more than 100 million children will die from illness and starvation. Those 100 million deaths could be prevented for the price of ten Stealth bombers, or what the world spends on its military in two days! The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the world is well-fed, one-third is under-fed one-third is starving- Since you've entered this site at least 200 people have died of starvation. Over 4 million will die this year. The Indian subcontinent has nearly half the world's hungry people. Africa and the rest of Asia together have approximately 40%, and the remaining hungry people are found in Latin America and other parts of the world. Hunger in Global Economy Nearly one in four people, 1.3 billion - a majority of humanity - live on less than $1 per day, while the world's 358 billionaires have assets exceeding the combined annual incomes of countries with 45 percent of the world's people. UNICEF 3 billion people in the world today struggle to survive on US$2/day. In 1994 the Urban Institute in Washington DC estimated that one out of 6 elderly people in the U.S. has an inadequate diet. In the U.S. hunger and race are related. In 1991 46% of African-American children were chronically hungry, and 40% of Latino children were chronically hungry compared to 16% of white children. The infant mortality rate is closely linked to inadequate nutrition among pregnant women. The U.S. ranks 23rd among industrial nations in infant mortality. African-American infants die at nearly twice the rate of white infants. One out of every eight children under the age of twelve in the U.S. goes to bed hungry every night. Half of all children under five years of age in South Asia and one third of those in sub-Saharan Africa are malnourished. In 1997 alone, the lives of at least 300,000 young children were saved by vitamin A supplementation programmes in developing countries. Malnutrition is implicated in more than half of all child deaths worldwide - a proportion unmatched by any infectious disease since the Black Death To satisfy the world's sanitation and food requirements would cost only US$13 billion- what the people of the United States and the European Union spend on perfume each year. The assets of the world's three richest men are more than the combined GNP of all the least developed countries on the planet. Every 3.6 seconds someone dies of hunger

http://library.thinkquest.org/C002291/high/present/stats.htm

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The

sexual revolution encompasses the changes in social thought and codes of behaviour related to sexuality throughout

the Western world. In general use, the term "sexual liberation" is used to describe a socio-political movement, witnessed from the 1960s into the 1970s.[1] During the 1960s, shifts in regards to how society viewed sexuality began to take place, heralding a period of de-conditioning in some circles away from old world antecedents, and developing new codes of sexual behaviour, many of which are now integrated into the mainstream.[2] The 1960s heralded a new culture of "free love with millions of young people embracing the hippie ethos and preaching the power of love and the beauty of sex as a natural part of ordinary life. Hippies believed that sex was a natural biological phenomenon which should not be denied or repressed. Sexual liberalisation heralded a new ethos in experimenting with open sex in and outside of marriage, [3] contraception and the pill, public nudity, and liberalisation of abortion.[4][5] The term [sexual revolution] has been used at least since the late 1920s[6] and is often attributed as being influenced by Freud's writing on sexual liberation and psychosexual issues. The publication of renowned anthropologist and student of Franz Boas, Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa brought the sexual revolution to the public scene, as her thoughts concerning sexual freedom pervaded academia. Published in 1928, Mead's ethnography focused on the psychosexual development of adolescent children on the island of Samoa. She recorded that their adolescence was not in fact a time of "storm and stress" as Erikson's stages of development suggest, but that the sexual freedom experienced by the adolescents actually permitted them an easy transition from childhood to adulthood. Her findings were later challenged by anthropologist Derek Freeman who later investigated her claims of promiscuity and conducted his own ethnography of Samoan society. Mead called for a change in suppression of sexuality in America and her work directly resulted in the advancement of the sexual revolution in the 1930s .. It [the sexual revolution] was a development in the modern world which saw the significant loss of power by the values of a morality rooted in the Christian tradition and the rise of permissive societies, of attitudes that were accepting of greater sexual freedom and experimentation that spread all over the world and were captured in the phrase free love Due to the invention of TV and the increasingly wide use of it in the 50s, by the 1960s a vast majority of Americans had television. This mass communication device, along with other media outlets such as radio and magazines, could broadcast information in a matter of seconds to millions of people, while only a few wealthy people would control what millions of people would watch. Some have now theorised that perhaps these media outlets helped spread new ideas among the masses. A prime example of this occurred in 1964 when the Beatles came to America and were introduced on the Ed Sullivan Show. Once the show was over, they were an instant hit. Forty million Americans had watched it that night and thus morals in one perspective changed instantly; although obviously it would take longer for this to occur. (Sexual Revolution continued on the next page)

39

The Industrial Revolution during the nineteenth century and the growth of science and technology, medicine and health care, resulted in better contraceptives being manufactured. Advances in the manufacture and production of rubber made possible the design and production of condoms that could be used by hundreds of millions of men and women to prevent pregnancy at little cost. Advances in steel production and immunology made abortion readily available and less dangerous. Advances in chemistry, pharmacology, and knowledge of biology, and human physiology led to the discovery and perfection of the first oral contraceptives also known as "The Pill". Purchasing anaphrodisiac and various sex toys became "normal". Sado-masochism ("S&M") gained popularity, and "no-fault" unilateral divorce became legal and easier to obtain in many countries during the 1960s and 1970s.All these developments took place alongside and combined with an increase in world literacy and decline in religious observances. Old values such as the biblical notion of "be fruitful and multiply" (thought to be applicable in modern times despite the opinion even of 1st millennium Church Fathers that it's already fulfilled[citation
needed]

) were cast aside as people continued to feel alienated from the past and adopted the life-styles of modernizing westernized cultures.

Doctor Sigmund Freud of Vienna believed human behavior was motivated by unconscious drives, primarily by the libido or "Sexual Energy". Freud proposed to study how these unconscious drives were repressed and found expression through other cultural outlets. He called his therapy PsychoanalysisWhile Freud's ideas were ignored and embarrassing to Viennese society, his work provoked a serious challenge to Victorian prudishness by providing the groundwork for the ideas of sex drive and infant sexuality. Freud's theory of psychosexual development proposed a model for the development of sexual orientations and desires... This new philosophy was the new intellectual and cultural underpinning ideology of the new age of sexual frankness. Nonetheless, much of his research is widely discredited by professionals in the field Anarchist Freud scholars Otto Gross and Wilhelm Reich (who famously coined the phrase "Sexual Revolution") developed a sociology of sex in the 1910s to 1930's. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Alfred C. Kinsey published two surveys of modern sexual behavior.. Kinsey's books contained studies about controversial topics such as the frequency of homosexuality, and the sexuality of minors ages two weeks to thirteen years. Scientists working for Kinsey reported data which led to the conclusion that people are capable of sexual stimulation from birth The development of antibiotics in the 1940s made most of the severe venereal diseases of the time curable, namely gonorrhea and syphilis. In the early 1960s, The Pill became available; at first for married women only, but demand and changes in attitudes later led to it becoming available to unmarried women as well. With the threat of disease and pregnancy now reduced, much of the post-WW2 baby boom generation fearlessly experimented with sex without considering marriage. As birth control become more available, men and women gained unprecedented control of their reproductive capabilities Beginning in San Francisco in the mid 1960s, a new culture of "free love" emerged, with thousands of young people becoming "hippies" who preached the power of love and the beauty of sex as part of ordinary student life. This is part of a counterculture that exists to the present. By the 1970s it was acceptable for colleges to allow co-educational housing where male and female students mingled freely. Free love continued in different forms throughout the 1970s and into the early 1980s, but its more assertive manifestations ended abruptly (or disappeared from public view) in the mid 1980s when the public first became aware of AIDS, a deadly sexually transmitted disease. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_revolution

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BIRTHS OUT-OF-WEDLOCK: WILL THE FAMILY INSTITUTION SURVIVE?

Among 14 countries analyzed in the report by the National Center for Health Statistics, the percentage of all live unmarried births in the USA 40% in 2007 ranks somewhere in the middle. That's up from 18% in 1980. The sharpest rise was from 2002 to 2007In 2007, the Netherlands had the same percentage as the USA, but it has increased ten-fold there from 4% in 1980. Other U.S. findings for 2007:

60% of births to women ages 20-24 were non-marital, up from 52% in 2002. Almost one-third (32.2%) of births to women 25-29 were non-marital, up from one-quarter (25.3%) in 2002. Births to unmarried women totaled 1.7 million, 26% more than in 2002.
"The relationships of the parents are much less stable in the U.S. than a lot of other countries," she says. "In Europe, where there are high levels of childbearing outside of marriage, when childbearing is not happening in marriage, it's happening in cohabitation. Cohabitations are reasonably stable." Statistics on Out-of-Wedlock Births Netherlands jumped440 % from 1980-2007 Ireland......533 Spain....428% Italy..jumped421 % from 1980-2007 Norway.....1554 France...1150 UK...1244 Canada..1330 Germany..1230

http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-05-13-unmarriedbirths_N.htm

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Abortion statistics:
Approximately 26 million legal and 20 million illegal abortions were performed worldwide in 1995, resulting in a worldwide abortion rate of 35 per 1,000 women aged 1544. Among the subregions of the world, Eastern Europe had the highest abortion rate (90 per 1,000) and Western Europe the lowest rate (11 per 1,000). Among countries where abortion is legal without restriction as to reason, the highest abortion rate, 83 per 1,000, was reported for Vietnam and the lowest, seven per 1,000, for Belgium and the Netherlands http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/25s3099.html
Teenage birth and abortion rates by country

Teen birth and abortion rates, 1996[7]

per 1000 women 15-19

Country birth rate Netherlands 7.7 Spain 7.5 Italy 6.6 Greece 12.2 Belgium 9.9 Germany 13.0 Finland 9.8 France 9.4 Denmark 8.2 Sweden 7.7 Norway 13.6

abortion rate 3.9 30% 4.9 6.7 50% 1.3 5.2 5.3 9.6 13.2 15.4 65% 17.7 18.3

Combined rate = total 11.6 12.4 13.3 13.5 15.1 18.3 19.4 22.6 23.6 25.4 31.9

Note the heated and furious debate on the morality or immorality of abortion. Both sides claim dignity as their justification. Pro-aborionists or pro-choice persons say it is the dignity of the prospective mother to decide whether she wants to carry a baby. Anti-abortion activists or prolife persons say the baby has an undeniable dignity to live out life. They say abortion is reckless killing and a self-indulgent life-style. Pro-choice people say the foetus is not a human life. In any case, constitutions were not written for the unborn. Pro-lifers will say human life is always human life, and our new technological ability to destroy it does not justify the murder which is taking place.
THERE is one abortion for every five pregnancies in the Malaysia, according to a random survey by several private clinics.

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WHY THE NUCLEAR FAMILY? The nuclear family consisting of a fixed unit of husband/wife/children is one of the oldest and sturdiest institutions in human civilization. Its universality is parallel and even coincident to some degree with religion. It role in providing stability and prosperity to civilization is currently under intense debate. Family values are political and social beliefs that hold the nuclear family to be the essential ethical and moral unit of societyAlthough the phrase is vague and has shifting meanings, it is most often associated with social and religious conservatives[in the USA]. In the late 20th and early 21st Centuries, the term has been frequently used in political debate, to claim that the world has seen a decline in family values since the end of the Second World War. Such conservative views have been challenged by a survey[that]noted that 93% of women thought that society should value all types of families. While family values remains a rather vague concept, social conservatives usually understand the term to include some combination of the following principles Promotion of "traditional marriage" and opposition to sex outside of conventional marriage, including pre-marital sex, adultery, polygamy, bestiality, and incest[6][7][8][9] [and] Support for complementarianism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_values Complementarianism is a theological view held by many in Christianity and other world religions, such as Islam, as well as in Messianic and Orthodox Judaism. that men and women have different but complementary roles and responsibilities in marriage, family life, religious leadership, and elsewhereComplementarianism holds that "God has created men and women equal in their essential dignity and human personhood, but different and complementary in function. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarianism In this view, the nuclear family provides unique benefits.including Family as Continuity with Familiarity in Childcare Objectivity Dignity Decency Family as Healthy Sexuality Family as Diverse Nurturing Family as Integrated Role-Playing Magnanimity (via exposure to Male and Female team)

43

ANALYZING FAMILY VALUES OVERT BENEFITS OF THE FAMILY Family as Continuity with Familiarity in Childcare Objectivity Dignity Decency Family as Healthy Sexuality Family as Diverse Nurturing Family as Integrated Role-Playing Magnanimity (via exposure to Male and Female team) As the interests an aptitudes of men and women tend to differ, exposure to a male and a female parent mom and dad implies exposure to diverse initiatives and activities. The husband and wife team also exposes a child to subtle relationships between men and women, including lessons of cooperation and compromise

Two people, like two eyes, watching a child grow will have a keener insight, in general, as to the needs and potentials of a given child than will one person, and this holds true many times over for the child of a nuclear or extended family compared to an orphan.

It is proven that free sex or highly transitory sexual relationships tend to have outcomes that are less than desirable for the parties involved, including unwanted pregnancy and STDs.

A husband and wife together raising a child bring a wealth of diverse experience to the task, in principle twice the amount of a single person.

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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES A sexually transmitted disease (STD), also known as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), or venereal disease (VD), is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. While in the past, these illnesses have mostly been referred to as STDs or VD, in recent years the term sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has been preferred, as it has a broader range of meaning; a person may be infected, and may potentially infect others, without showing signs of disease. Some STIs can also be transmitted via the use of IV drug needles after its use by an infected person, as well as through childbirth or breastfeeding. Sexually transmitted infections have been well known for hundreds of years. Until the 1990s, STDs were commonly known as venereal diseases :Veneris is the Latin genitive form of the name Venus, the Roman goddess of love. Social disease was another euphemism Prevention is key in addressing incurable STIs, such as HIV & herpes. Sexual health clinics fight to promote the use of condoms and provide outreach for at-risk communities. The most effective way to prevent sexual transmission of STIs is to avoid contact of body parts or fluids which can lead to transfer with an infected partner STD incidence rates remain high in most of the world, despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances that can rapidly render patients with many STDs noninfectious and cure most. In many cultures, changing sexual morals and oral contraceptive use have eliminated traditional sexual restraints In 1996, the World Health Organization estimated that more than 1 million people were being infected daily Commonly reported prevalences of STIs among sexually active adolescent girls both with and without lower genital tract symptoms include chlamydia (10 25%), gonorrhea (318%), syphilis (03%), Trichomonas vaginalis (816%), and herpes simplex virus (212%) AIDS is the single largest cause of mortality in present-day Sub-Saharan Africa.[22] AIDS remains the leading cause of death among African American women between ages 25 and 34. At least one in four U.S. teenage girls has a sexually transmitted disease,[19] a CDC study found.[20] Among girls who admitted ever having sex, the rate was 40%. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease

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AIDS Statistics
Statistics from the year 2000 indicate the following: Most of HIV-AIDS victims(63 %) are in Sub-Saharan Africa. In India, 50% of commercial sex workers have AIDS. In the ASEAN countries(where 500 million live), about 4 million are affected. There are 350 new cases of HIV per month in Malaysia, totally .6 % of the adult population. About 2/5 are from heterosexual transmission; the rest are from drug abuse and homosexual transmission. Number of new cases worldwide being 2 million in 2000, it is now 2 million. http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/Epidemiology/2009_epislides.asp There are now around 35 million cases of HIV-AIDS. http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/Epidemiology/2009_epislides.asp Article Above Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T5G-3WDKDP54&_user=1196560&_coverDate=03%2F04%2F1999&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sor t=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1290808661&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000048 039&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1196560&md5=c6fbcf8974c04a357588fa48ed361ea 5

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THE REAL HISTORY OF AIDShttp://conspiracyplanet.com/review.cfm?rtype=21 The AIDS crisis, as exposed here, evidences a total absence (in our leaders) of dignity, integrity and religious principle(of saving others), as well as critical self-indulgence and recklessness. In 1978 and 1979, in New York and New Jersey, government sponsored campaigns began to enlist those persons, only young males, from gay communities to donate their blood.They were told that their blood was needed so that a vaccine against Hepatitis-B could be developed. Only highly sexually active young males, those who admitted to having many sexual partners, were chosen to participate....which seems medically inappropriate at best given that those who have many sexual partners will tend to have had more sexually (and other) transmitted diseases (statistically inferred). From the very initial stages of those Hepatitis-B vaccine trials there were tainted and very poor medical parameters/ procedures/ guidelines. In 1978 & 1979, in New York and New Jersey, medical doctors began to tabulate many deaths so many deaths of such young men who otherwise would be in the prime years of physical health. Finally those doctors began to hear from one another, and they knew that they were witnessing the 'outbreak' of an unprecedented epidemic in young men. In fact some medical doctors were already then calling it `pandemic' in its apparent scope and immediacy. Several years later, as those Hepatitis-B vaccine trials moved on to other cities, on to San Francisco and Los Angeles, targeting those areas which had hard-won political inroads into the mainstream, so likewise moved the most curious and highly suspect epidemiology. Most contagious diseases, no matter the manner of transmission, do not move so neatly, jumping `cross country' and targeting young males aged 20 to 40. In San Francisco and Los Angeles there were even companies which would pay fairly substantial sums of money to those gay males to sell their blood (upwards to $50 per visit), but those advertised appeals were to be only seen in gay-oriented community papers, those ads were NEVER to be seen in mainstream newspapers soliciting heterosexually active donors. Even after medical doctors had tabulated and confirmed the deaths of young gay males in New York and New Jersey, notably after 1978, and early in 1979, which medically inferred that a horrendous "outbreak" of some sort had started, the NEW YORK TIMES did not deem that newsworthy for over TWO YEARS! Now, the revisionists constantly print that the CDC identified "AIDS" (resulting from some weird virus), in 1981-- which infers that "AIDS" began in 1981, but which totally avoids medical doctors diagnosing the epidemic in 1979 and 1979 from data available in New York and New Jersey. Time and time again you will read in the newspapers various articles which point to the CDC revelation of 1981(against all the available evidence, dating back to 1958 and Gerald Ford). This has been intentionally done to obscure the obvious medical relevance of the beginnings of those Hepatitis-B vaccine trials and the state of "AIDS" and various issues of diseases (here is the United States), which was 1978 and 1979. This information is not idle speculation, it can be confirmed from a host of varies sources, notably the magnum opus, the book aptly titled "AIDS AND THE DOCTORS OF DEATH" by Dr. Alan Cantwell, MD, who practices at Long Beach Memorial Hospital, underscores the awesome relevancy of those Hepatitis-B vaccine trials, "AIDS" and various issues of diseases, starting in New York and New Jersey in 1978 and 1979. Dr. Strecker finally convinced an incredulous and refuting Dr. Cantwell to investigate his findings....andCantwell, who had previously wr itten about "AIDS" was convinced that yes, "AIDS" was terribly related to cover-ups dealing with bio-warfare research. http://www.serendipity.li/more/cantwell.htm#svcp [T]he largely forgotten Special Virus Cancer Program (SVCP)[was] Originally designed to study leukemia and lymphoma forms of cancer, the programsoon enlarged to study all forms of cancer"species jumping" was a common occurrence in these experimentsBy 1971, experimenters had spread lymphoma-producing viruses into several species of monkeys, and had also isolated a monkey virus (Herpesvirus saimiri) that would have a close genetic relationship to a new Kaposi's sarcoma virus that produced the "gay cancer" of AIDS a few years later.

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SEXUAL and FORCED SLAVERY: ARTICLE

Modern Slavery
http://www.rense.com/general85/slav.htm by Stephen Lendman -- an estimated 27 million people are enslaved globally, more than at any other time previously! ! ! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery Sex Slavery in America It's the largest category of forced labor in America and with good reason: -- it's tied to organized crime and highly profitable; -- demand for sex services(includes children) is high and growing; and -- the lack of safe and legal migration facilitates.... The US Department of Justice (DOJ) states that the average entry prostitution age is between 12 - 14A congressional finding estimated that between 100,000 - 300,000 children are at risk at any time. A DOJ assessment was that pimps control at least 75% of exploited minors by targeting vulnerable children using violence and psychological intimidation to hold themAn estimated 2.8 million children live on city streets, a third of whom are lured into prostitution within 48 hours of leaving home. Familial prostitution is also common and involves the selling of a family member for drugs, shelter, and/or money.
Of the 600,000-800,000 people trafficked across international borders each year, 70 percent are female and 50 percent are children. The majority of these victims are forced into the commercial sex trade (US DoJ. Trafficking in Persons Report.) http://www.urbanministry.org/human-traffickingstatistics

Human trafficking is the third most profitable criminal activity, following only drug and arms trafficking. www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/ncvrw/2005/pg5l.html The Council of Europe states, "People trafficking has reached epidemic proportions over the past decade, with a global annual market of about $42.5 billion[one estimate]."[6][7]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking

Total profits of human trafficking estimated at US 32 billion per year. 15,000 new foreign nationals are trafficked into the US every year.
http://www.dreamcenter.org/new/images/outreach/RescueProject/stats.pdf

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
DEFORESTATION AS ENVIRONMENTAL RECKLESSNESS AND CHAOS
Indonesia is experiencing one of the highest rates of tropical forest loss in the world. Indonesia was still densely forested as recently as 1950. Forty percent of the forests existing in 1950 were cleared in the following 50 years. In round numbers, forest cover fell from 162 million ha to 98 million ha. The rate of forest loss is accelerating. On average, about 1 million ha per year were cleared in the 1980s, rising to about 1.7 million ha per year in the first part of the 1990s. Since 1996, deforestation appears to have increased to an average of 2 million ha per year. Indonesias lowland tropical forests, the richest in timber resources and biodiversity, are most at risk. They have been almost entirely cleared in Sulawesi and are predicted to disappear in Sumatra by 2005 and Kalimantan by 2010 if current trends continue Illegal logging, by definition, is not accurately documented. But a former senior official of the Ministry of Forestry recently claimed that theft and illegal logging have destroyed an estimated 10 million ha of Indonesian forests. Massive expansion in the plywood, pulp, and paper production sectors over the past two decades means that demand for wood fiber now exceeds legal supplies by 35-40 million cubic meters per year. This gap between legal supplies of wood and demand is filled by illegal logging. Many wood processing industries openly acknowledge their dependence on illegally cut wood, which accounted for approximately 65 percent of total supply in 2000. Legal logging is also conducted at an unsustainable level. Legal timber supplies from natural production forests declined from 17 million cubic meters in 1995 to under 8 million cubic meters in 2000, according to recent statistics from the Ministry of Forestry. The decline has been offset in part by timber obtained from forests cleared to make way for plantations. But this source appears to have peaked in 1997.

Industrial timber plantations have been widely promoted and subsidized as a means of supplying Indonesias booming demand for pulp and taking pressure off natural forests. In practice, millions of hectares of natural forest have been cleared to make way for plantations that, in 75 percent of cases, are never actually planted.
More than 20 million hectares of forest have been cleared since 1985, but the majority of this land has not been put to productive alternative uses. . http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/indonesia/forests.htm

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In Nigeria
12.2% or about 11,089,000 hectaresof Nigeria is forested. Of this, 2.9% or roughly 326,000 hectaresis classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse form of forest. Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2000, Nigeria lost an average of 409,700 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.38%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change increased by 31.2% to 3.12% per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, Nigeria lost 35.7% of its forest cover, or around 6,145,000 hectares.

In Ecuador
39.2% or about 10,853,000 hectaresof Ecuador is forested. Of this, 44.2% or roughly 4,794,000 hectaresis classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse form of forest. Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2000, Ecuador lost an average of 197,600 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of 1.43%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change increased by 16.7% to 1.67% per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, Ecuador lost 21.5% of its forest cover, or around 2,964,000 hectares.

In Brazil
57.2% or about 477,698,000 hectaresof Brazil is forested. Of this, 87.1% or roughly 415,890,000 hectaresis classified as primary forest, the most biodiverse form of forest. Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2000, Brazil lost an average of 2,681,400 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of 0.52%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change increased by 22.0% to 0.63% per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, Brazil lost 8.1% of its forest cover, or around 42,329,000 hectares.

In DR Congo
58.9% or about 133,610,000 hectaresof DR Congo is forested. Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2000, DR Congo lost an average of 532,400 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual deforestation rate of 0.38%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change decreased by 37.7% to 0.24% per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, DR Congo lost 4.9% of its forest cover,

In India, a case of moderate control

22.8% or about 67,701,000 hectaresof India is forested. Change in Forest Cover: Between 1990 and 2000, India gained an average of 361,500 hectares of forest per year. The amounts to an average annual reforestation rate of 0.57%. Between 2000 and 2005, the rate of forest change decreased by 92.3% to 0.04% per annum. In total, between 1990 and 2005, India gained 5.9% of its forest cover, or around 3,762,000 hectares. Measuring the total rate of habitat conversion (defined as change in forest area plus change in woodland area minus net plantation expansion) for the 1990-2005 interval, India gained 1.0% of its forest and woodland habitat . http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/

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AIR POLLUTION RATES IN THE USA

Well over half of all people living in 10 of the United States 11 most populous statesmore than 158 million Americanslive in areas where the smog is so bad that pollution levels routinely exceed safety standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, according to a study by the Center for American Progress and the Center for Progressive Reform that examines state enforcement of clean air laws.The report, Paper Tigers and Killer Air: How Weak Enforcement Leaves Communities Vulnerable to Smog [pdf], released in November 2006, shows that in five of the 10 states that were studied, more than 75 percent of the population lives in counties that fail to attain EPA air quality standards. In one state, New Jersey, every single resident suffers from excessiveground-level ozone, or smog. California and New York were not far behind, with 94 percent and 85 percent respectively. These findings are consistent with those of the annual State of the Air report published by the American Lung Association early in 2006. The report also reveals that state environmental agencies in the 10 profiled states lack a sufficient number of inspectors to monitor industrial emissions and enforce the lawin large part due to declining federal grants to state and local air quality agencies, which are primarily responsible for enforcing federal clean air standards. Collectively, these 10 states (California, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Texas) have more than 158,000 sites with permits to emit ozone pollution. At the same time, they report having fewer than 1,100 inspectorsenvironment.about.com/od/pollution/a/smog_10_states.htm

POLLUTION IN LONDON
On 25 July 2008 in the case Dieter Janecek v Freistaat Bayern CURIA, the European Court of Justice ruled that under this directive[32]citizens have the right to require national authorities to implement a short term action plan that aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air quality limit values.[33] In 2010, the European Commission (EC) threatened the UK with legal action against the successive breaching In March 2011, the City of London remains the only UK region in breach of the ECs limit values, and has been given 3 months to implement an emergency action plan aimed at meeting the EU Air Quality Directive The City of London has dangerous levels of PM10 concentrations, estimated to cause 3000 deaths per year within the city

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution#Governing_Urban_Air_Pollution_.E2.80.93_a_regio nal_example_.28London.29 ______________________________________________________ Asthma and Air Pollution Asthma is a serious chronic
lung disease that appears to be on the rise in California, the United States and many other countries around the world. The prevalence of asthma in the U.S. has increased by more than 75% since 1980; children and certain racial groups, especially African Americans, have experienced relatively greater increases in asthma prevalence. An estimated 11.9% of Californians - 3.9 million children and adults report that they have been diagnosed with asthma at some point in their lives, compared to the national average of 10.1%...Air pollution plays a well-documented role in asthma attacks, however, the role air pollution plays in initiating asthma is still under investigation and may involve a very complex set of interactions between indoor and outdoor environmental conditions andgeneticsusceptibility.arb.ca.gov/research/asthma/asthma.htm
Based on the Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2000, the Air Pollutant Index (API) showed that air quality for Kuala Lumpur was between good (API 0-50) to moderate (API 51-100) most of the time, except for a few nhealthy days experienced during the drier months of May and July (refer Figure 15.6). However, unhealthy air quality conditions were occasionally recorded in Kuala Lumpur and were mainly due to the presence of high levels of ozone, formed by the reaction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile compounds (VOCs) emitted from motor vehicles and industrial sources, react in the presence of sunlight and heat.

www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/environment/index.htm

CO2 and The Emerging Environmental Crisis

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An increase of global temperature by more than 2C has come to be the majority definition of what would constitute intolerably dangerous climate change, but some climate scientists are increasingly of the opinion that the goal should be a complete restoration of the atmosphere's preindustrial condition, on the grounds that too protracted a deviation from those conditions will produce irreversible changes 350 ppm This is the target level advocated in a 2008 paper[1] by climate scientist James E. Hansen and others At the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Pozna, Poland, the Least Developed Countries bloc spoke in favor of a 350 ppm target. [Yet the worlds atmosphere is exceeding that limit by 1 % per year and now stands at over 390.] 550 ppm This is the target advocated (as an upper bound) in the Stern Review. As approximately a doubling of CO2 levels relative to preindustrial times, it implies a temperature increase of about three degrees, according to conventional estimates of climate sensitivity. Enduring Controversy In a 2000 paper,[18] Hansen argued that the 0.75[clarification needed] rise in average global temperatures over the last 100 years has been driven mainly by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, since warming due to CO2 had been offset by cooling due to aerosols, implying the viability of a strategy initially based around reducing emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases and of black carbon, focusing on CO2 only in the longer run.[19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation_scenarios

350.org is an international environmental organization,[1][2][3] headed by author Bill McKibben,[4] with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to raise awareness of anthropogenic climate change, to confront climate change denial, and to cut emissions of one of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide,[5][6] in order to slow the rate of global warming. 350.org takes its name from the research of NASA scientist James E. Hansen, who posited in a 2007 paper that 350 parts-per-million (ppm) of CO2 in the atmosphere is a safe upper limit to avoid a climate tipping point.[7][ James Hansen opined that "if humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted, paleoclimate evidence and ongoing climate change suggest that CO2 will need to be reduced from its current 385 ppm to at most 350 ppm, but likely less than that." [12] Carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, rose by 2.3 parts per million to 389 ppm in 2010 from the previous year [13], and continued to increase with January 2012 atmospheric CO2 concentration at 393.09 [14] and crossed 400 ppm on monitors in May 2012 in the industrialized Northern Hemisphere's Arctic region.[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/350.org
The Consensus on the Effects of CO2 is Challenged by Many It should be noted that the global warming hoax can be dated to testimony by James Hansen before Congress in 1988 and he is still the GISS administrator! His apocalyptic predictions helped launch a U.S. response currently seen in the Environmental Protection Agency power-grab, based on the false CO2 claims,. On Earth DayApril 22ndthe birthday of Vladimir Lenin, the dictator who imposed Communism on Russia in 1917[totalitarian equalization], the various elements of the environmental movement will flood the world with propaganda. The connection between these two events should not be ignored. http://emergingcorruption.com/2012/04/overthrowing-environmentalism/

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IMPERIALISM: THE VIEW THAT WAR IS GOOD AND NECESSARY, WHETHER YOU LIKE IT OR NOT - BE PREPARED TO DEBATE IT. BUT FIRST READ THIS!
http://www.takeoverworld.info/grandchessboard.html

The Grand Chessboard by Zbigniew Brzezinski (Quotes)

"... But in the meantime, it is imperative that no Eurasian challenger emerges, capable of dominating Eurasia and thus of also challenging America(i.e., the hegemony or scope of Americas global power). The formulation of a comprehensive and integrated Eurasian geostrategy is therefore the purpose of this book. (p. xiv) "Ever since the continents started interacting politically, some five hundred years ago, Eurasia has been the center of world power."- (p. xiii) (Eurasia means "the Middle East") "In that context, how America 'manages' Eurasia is critical. A power that dominates Eurasia would control two of the world's three most advanced and economically productive regions. A mere glance at the map also suggests that control over Eurasia would almost automatically entail Africa's subordination, rendering the Western Hemisphere and Oceania (Australia) geopolitically peripheral to the world's central continent. About 75 per cent of the world's people live in Eurasia, and most of the world's physical wealth is there as well, both in its enterprises and underneath its soil. Eurasia accounts for about three-fourths of the world's known energy resources." (p.31) "For America, the chief geopolitical prize is Eurasia... Now a non-Eurasian power is preeminent in Eurasia - and America's global primacy is directly dependent on how long and how effectively its preponderance on the Eurasian continent is sustained. (p.30) (bases in Iraq??) Never before has a populist democracy attained international supremacy. But the pursuit of power is not a goal that commands popular passion, except in conditions of a sudden threat or challenge to the public's sense of domestic well-being. The economic self-denial (that is, defense spending) and the human sacrifice (casualties, even among professional soldiers) required in the effort are uncongenial to democratic instincts. Democracy is inimical to imperial mobilization." (p.35) as America becomes an increasingly multi-cultural society, it may find it more difficult to fashion a consensus on foreign policy issues, except in the circumstance of a truly massive and widely perceived direct external threat." (p. 211) "The attitude of the American public toward the external projection of American power has been much more ambivalent. The public supported America's engagement in World War II largely because of the shock effect of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. (pp 24-5)

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Military Spending
1. United States 2010 spending: $698 billion Change 2001-10: 81.3% Share of GDP: 4.8%
3. United Kingdom 2010 spending: $59.6 billion Change 2001-10: 21.9% Share of GDP: 2.7% 5. Russia 2010 spending: $58.7 billion (est.) Change 2001-10: 82.4% Share of GDP: 4% (est.) 9. India 2010 spending: $41.3 billion Change 2001-10: 54.3% Share of GDP: 2.7%

http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-worlds-10-costliest-militaries-2011-0418?pagenumber=1

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MAJOR 20th CENTURY GENOCIDES Perpetrator Gov. Date ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ Ottoman 1915-17 Turky Soviet Union Nazi Germany & occupied Europe China 1929-53 1933-45 Target ~~~~~~~~~ Armenians Anti-Comm. Anti-Stal. Jews, Anti-Nazis, Gypsies # Murdered (Estimated) ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1-1.5 Mil. 20 Million 13 Million Date of Gun-Ctrl Source Law Document ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ 1866 Art. 166, Penal Code 1929 1928 Art. 128, Penal Code Law on Firearms & Ammun. April 12, Weapons Law, March 18 Arts. 186 & 7 Penal Code. Pro-Reform Group Decree #36 Decree #283 Firearms Ord. Firearms Act Arts. 322-328, Penal Code

1948-52

AntiCommunists

20 Million

1935 19661976

Guatemala Uganda Cambodia

1960-81 1971-79 1975-79

Mayan Indians Christians, Pol. Rivals Educated Persons

100,000 300,000 1 Million

1871 1964 1955 1970 1956

TOTAL VICTIMS: 55.9 MILLION

OTHER STATISTICS OF WARS RECKLESSNESS Second World War, 55 million Mao Zedong's Regime, 40 million Stalin's Regime, 20 million First World War, 15 million Russian Civil War, 9 million Chinese Civil War(1945-9), 2.5 million http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm
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THE STATUS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS STOCKPILES, AS A RECKLESS THREAT TO CIVILIZATION

General Lee Butler, formerly responsible for all US Air Force and Navy strategic nuclear forces, describes nuclear weapons in the following way: "Nuclear weaponsTheir effects transcend time and place, poisoning the Earth and deforming its inhabitants for generation upon generation. They leave us wholly [collectively & totally] without defence, expung[ing] all hope for meaningful survival. They hold in their sway not just the fate of nations, but the very meaning of civilization." Globally around 30,000 nuclear weapons are held by various countries. More than one thousand five hundred of them ready to launch at a moment's notice, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. On average, each of them has a destructive power thirty times that of the Hiroshima bomb. Through atmospheric effects, a few hundred could destroy a major part of the world The US has around 9,962 nuclear weapons with 5,735 classed as [immediately] 'deliverable', on submarines, boats, planes and on land The Russian Federation has 16,000 nuclear weapons with 5,830 classed as deliverable France has 348 nuclear weapons, all deliverable The UK has 200 weapons all of which are deliverable China has an estimated stockpile of around 200 nuclear weapons, with some 145 classed as deliverable. Israel has an estimated arsenal of 100 weapons all of which are considered deliverable. India is estimated to have a stockpile of between 40 & 50 Pakistan is estimated to have 50-60 Europe hosts 480 NATO US weapons. Germany 150; the UK hosts 110; Italy 90. Turkey 90; the Netherlands 20; and Belgium 20 .

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THE FUKUSHIMA DISASTER Up to 300,000 tons of radioactive material[rough estimate] was stored or being used in and around the Fukushima nuclear reactor in 2011, when a Tsunami struck and rendered the plant disabled. Of those 300,000 tons, 1,000 tons are Plutonium, the most deadly chemical known to Man. Huge amounts of these radioactive materials spewed into the air as a result of the meltdown, explosion and continuous burning at these plants. A cold shutdown was declared in December 2011, but many suspect that the government of Japan, the nuclear industry and governments worldwide dont want the general population to know the real extent of the damage and threat to human life and to the environment for generations to come. Here is an example of how the Mainstream Media(MSM) portrays the disaster:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/fukushima_accident_inf129.html

Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident on 11 March 2011. Three reactor cores largely melted in the first three days. The accident was rated 7 on the INES scale, due to high radioactive releases in the first few days. Four reactors are written off - 2719 MWe net. After two weeks the three reactors (units 1-3) were stable with water addition but no proper heat sink for removal of decay heat from fuel. By July they were being cooled with recycled water from the new treatment plant. Reactor temperatures had fallen to below 80C at the end of October, and official 'cold shutdown condition' was announced in mid December. Apart from cooling, the basic ongoing task is to prevent release of radioactive materials, particularly in contaminated water leaked from the three units. There have been no deaths or cases of radiation sickness from the nuclear accident, but over 100,000 people had to be evacuated from their homes to ensure this. Government nervousness has delayed their return.

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GULF WAR SYNDROME: THE DIRTY INSIDE OF WARHOW CONVENTIONAL WAR IS GETTING MORE UNCONVENTIONAL
Links to Depleted Uranium in the US Mind: State of Denial: http://newswithviews.com/Howenstine/james29.htm (excerpt)A total of 580,400 US soldiers served in the first Gulf War[1991]. By the end of 2000 325,000 of these troops had become disabled This means that 56 % of those who served in the first Gulf War were disabled within less than 10 years. [Disabled means unable to function in any gainful employment.] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome (excerpt).roughly 1 in 4 of the 697,000 veterans who served in the first Gulf War are afflicted with the disorder: a different estimate!

DU: RECKLESSNESS + LACK OF INTEGRITY ON AN UNPRECEDENTED SCALE

There are currently more than 800,000 disabled vets from the Gulf War Era (300,000 from Desert Storm in 1991 and 500,000 from Operation Iraqi Freedom since 2003 4
Why would veterans exposed to DU be eligible for health care and disability benefits if the VA claims there are "no health problems associated with DU exposure"? This makes no sense. Such is the current impasse, because of the conspiracy of silence.

http://www.rense.com/general64/du.htm

American Use Of DU is "A crime against humanity which may, in the eyes of historians, rank with the worst atrocities of all time." US Iraq Military Vets "are on DU death row, waiting to die It's going to destroy the lives of thousands of children, all over the world. We all know how far radiation can travel. Radiation from [the disaster in] Chernobyl reached Wales and in Britain you sometimes get red dust from the Sahara on your car." Dr. Chris Busby, the British radiation expert, Fellow of the University of Liverpool in the Faculty of Medicine and UK representative on the European Committee on Radiation Risk. DU is dirt cheap, toxic, waste from nuclear power plants and bomb production On hearing that DU had been used in the Gulf in 1991, the UK Atomic Energy Authority sent the Ministry of Defense a special report on the potential damage to health and the environment. It
4

Over 200,000 US troops who returned from the 1991 war are now invalided out with ailments officially attributed to service in Iraq-that's 1 in 3. Note the three very DIFFERENT estimates of victims on this page.

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said that it could cause half a million additional cancer deaths in Iraq over 10 years. In that war the authorities only admitted to using 320 tons of DU-although the Dutch charity LAKA estimates the true figure is closer to 800 tons Case in Point and Public Witnesses: Today, David suffers from a variety of symptoms like
those known as Gulf War Syndrome, including respiratory and kidney problems, bowel conditions and painful joints Robert C. Koehler of the Chicago-based Tribune Media Services wrote in an article about DU weapons entitled Silent Genocide. DU dust does more than wreak havoc on the immune systems of those who breathe it or touch it; the substance also alters ones genetic code, Koehler wrote. The Pentagons response to such charges is denial, denial, denial. And the American media is its moral co-conspirator. The U.S. government has known for at least 20 years that DU weapons produce clouds of poison gas on impact. These clouds of aerosolized DU are laden with billions of toxic sub-micron sized particles. A 1984 Department of Energy conference on nuclear airborne waste reported that tests of DU anti-tank missiles showed that at least 31 percent of the mass of a DU penetrator is converted to nano-particles on impact. In larger bombs the percentage of aerosolized DU increases to nearly 100 percent, Fulk told me. DU is harmful in three ways, according to Fulk: Chemical toxicity, radiological toxicity and particle toxicity. Particles in the nano-meter (one billionth of a meter) range are a new breed of cat, Moret wrote. Because the size of the nano-particles allows them to pass freely throughout the organism and into the nucleus of its cells, exposure to nano-particles causes different symptoms than exposure to larger particles of the same substance. Internalized DU particles, Fulk said, act as a non-specific catalyst in both nuclear and nonnuclear ways. This means that the uranium particle can affect human DNA and RNA because of both its chemical and radiological properties. This is why internalized DU particles cause many, many diseases, Fulk said. Asked if this is how DU causes severe birth defects, Fulk said, Yes. MILITARY AWARE The military is aware of DUs harmful effects on the human genetic code. A 2001 study of DUs effect on DNA done by Dr. Alexandra C. Miller for the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute in Bethesda, Md., indicates that DUs chemical instability causes 1 million times more genetic damage than would be expected from its radiation effect alone When inhaled through the nose, nano-particles can cross the olfactory bulb directly into the brain through the blood brain barrier, where they migrate all through the brain, she wrote. Many Gulf era soldiers exposed to depleted uranium have been diagnosed with brain tumors, brain damage and impaired thought processes.

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DEPLETED URANIUM AND GULF WAR SYNDROME

What goes around comes around? http://newswithviews.com/Howenstine/james29.htm A total of 580,400 soldiers served in the first Gulf War[1991]. By the end of 2000 325,000 of these troops had become disabled This means that 56 % of those who served in the first Gulf War were disabled within less than 10 years. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome Roughly 1 in 4 of the 697,000 veterans who served in the first Gulf War are afflicted with the disorder. _______________________________________________________________________
http://www.rense.com/general64/du.htm

The Horror Of US Depleted Uranium Threatens the World(with reckless warfare + no integrity in planning): American Use Of DU is "A crime against humanity which may, in the eyes of historians, rank with the worst atrocities of all time." US Iraq Military Vets "are on DU death row, waiting to die." By James Denver 4-29-5
"I'm horrified. The people out there - the Iraqis, the media and the troops risk the most appalling ill health. And the radiation from depleted uranium can travel literally anywhere. It's going to destroy the lives of thousands of children, all over the world. We all know how far radiation can travel. Radiation from Chernobyl reached Wales and in Britain you sometimes get red dust from the Sahara on your car." The speaker is not some alarmist doom-sayer. He is Dr. Chris Busby, the British radiation expert, Fellow of the University of Liverpool in the Faculty of Medicine and UK representative of the European Committee on Radiation Risk, talking about the best-kept secret of this war: the fact that, by illegally using hundreds of tons of depleted uranium (DU) against Iraq, Britain and America have gravely endangered not only the Iraqis but the whole world. For these weapons have released deadly, carcinogenic and mutagenic, radioactive particles in such abundance that-whipped up by sandstorms and carried on trade winds - there is no corner of the globe they cannot penetrate-including Britain. For the wind has no boundaries and time is on their side: the radioactivity persists for over 4,500,000,000 years and can cause cancer, leukemia, brain damage, kidney failure, and extreme birth defects - killing millions of every age for centuries to come
60

'Depleted' uranium is in many ways a misnomer. For 'depleted' sounds weak. The only weak thing about depleted uranium is its price. It is dirt cheap, toxic, waste from nuclear power plants and bomb production. However, uranium is one of earth's heaviest elements and DU packs a Tyson's punch, smashing through tanks, buildings and bunkers with equal ease, spontaneously catching fire as it does so, and burning people alive. 'Crispy critters' is what US servicemen call those unfortunate enough to be close. And, when John Pilger encountered children killed at a greater distance he wrote: "The children's skin had folded back, like parchment, revealing veins and burnt flesh that seeped blood, while the eyes, intact, stared straight ahead. I vomited." (Daily Mirror) The millions of radioactive uranium oxide particles released when it burns can kill just as surely, but far more terribly. They can even be so tiny they pass through a gas mask, making protection against them impossible. Yet, small is not beautiful. For these invisible killers indiscriminately attack men, women, children and even babies in the womb-and do the gravest harm of all to children and unborn babies. Doctors in Iraq have estimated that birth defects have increased by 2-6 times, and 3-12 times as many children have developed cancer and leukaemia since 1991. Overall, cases of lymphoblastic leukemia more than quadrupled with other cancers also increasing 'at an alarming rate'. In men, lung, bladder, bronchus, skin, and stomach cancers showed the highest increase. In women, the highest increases were in breast and bladder cancer, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.1 On hearing that DU had been used in the Gulf in 1991, the UK Atomic Energy Authority sent the Ministry of Defense a special report on the potential damage to health and the environment. It said that it could cause half a million additional cancer deaths in Iraq over 10 years. In that war the authorities only admitted to using 320 tons of DU-although the Dutch charity LAKA estimates the true figure is closer to 800 tons Troops who were only exposed to DU for the brief period of the war were still excreting uranium in their semen 8 years later and some had 100 times the so-called 'safe limit' of uranium in their urine. The lack of government interest in the plight of veterans of the 1991 war is reflected in a lack of academic research on the impact of DU but informal research has found a high incidence of birth defects in their children. Britain and America not only used DU in this year's Iraq war, they dramatically increased its use-from a minimum of 320 tons in the previous
61

war to a minimum of 1500 tons in this one. This time the use of DU wasn't limited to anti-tank weapons--as it had largely been in the previous Gulf war--but was extended to the guided missiles, large bunker busters and big 2000-pound bombs used in Iraq's cities. This means that Iraq's cities have been blanketed in lethal particles-any one of which can cause cancer or deform a child. In addition, the use of DU in huge bombs which throw the deadly particles higher and wider in huge plumes of smoke means that billions of deadly particles have been carried high into the air-again and again and again as the bombs rained down-ready to be swept worldwide by the winds. The Royal Society has suggested the solution is massive decontamination in Iraq. That could only scratch the surface. For decontamination is hugely expensive and, though it may reduce the risks in some of the worst areas, it cannot fully remove them. For DU is too widespread on land and water. How do you clean up every nook and cranny of a city the size of Baghdad? How can they decontaminate a whole country in which microscopic particles, which cannot be detected with a normal geiger counter, are spread from border to border? And how can they clean up all the countries downwind of Iraq-and, indeed, the world?

So there are only two things we can do to mitigate this crime against humanity. The first is to provide the best possible medical care for the people of Iraq, for our returning troops and for those who served in the last Gulf war and, through that, minimize their suffering. The second is to relegate [indiscriminate] war, and the production and sale of [such] weapons, to the scrap heap of history-along with slavery and genocide. Then, and only then, will this crime against humanity be expunged, and the tragic deaths from this war truly bring freedom to the people of Iraq, and of the world.
______________________AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVE__________________________ In his article, The Gulf War Was The Most Toxic Battle In Western Military History, Dr. Malcolm Hooper, emeritus professor of medicinal chemistry at the University of Sunderland UK, attributes the symptoms of mysterious Gulf War Illness among American and coalition troops to a combination of toxic substances to which they were subjected(much from chemical weapons dumps).

These included, in addition to weapons of mass destruction(like DU), experimental vaccines, anti-nerve gas tablets, aerosolized pesticides, and smoke from hundreds of burning oil wells. Some of the vaccines were not approved by the FDA and had never been used on human subjects. No one had studied the interactive effects of as many as seventeen vaccines administered at the same time. Many soldiers became violently ill immediately after receiving the battery of shots and others developed a variety of symptoms later. Strangely, the normally bureaucratic military kept no records of who received what shots and when. However, most researchers cite radioactive poisoning from depleted uranium shells as the deadliest element in the Gulf War Illness cocktail. In the 1991 war the Pentagon fired more than 340 tons of DU projectiles at targets in Iraq and Kuwait. More than a half million Gulf era veterans are on medical disability.At last count, more than 1,000 tons have been used in Afghanistan and more than 3,000 tons in Iraq. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=2269 62

____________________________________________________________. An Alternate Opinion, by Mike Blair [http://www.beyondweird.com/conspiracy/cn07-43.html]:

It has been determined that a laboratory-produced Microorganism is responsible for much of the suffering of the American GIs, and is being passed to their children and others who come in contact with them. In a joint statement, Dr. Garth L. Nicolson, and his wife, Dr. Nancy L. Nicolson, have isolated a laboratory "engineered" microorganism, *Mycoplasma fermentans* (*incognitus* strain), which is the cause of much of the suffering of the U.S. servicemen50,000 U.S. servicemen who served in the Middle East during Operation Desert Storm[1992] are suffering from maladies resulting from exposure to chemical and biological warfare weapons, despite government claims to the contrary.

An Alternate Opinion, involving recklessness and self-indulgent squandering of human resources: A considerable amount of research indicates that the Gulf War Syndrome, as well as autism, is triggered by combing too many vaccines over too short a period. This is compounded by numerous other toxic events, especially in the Gulf War veteran. This includes exposure to pesticides, aspartame breakdown products, combat stress, high intake of food-based excitotoxins, possible exposure to released nerve agents, as well as exposure to contaminated vaccinesshould you have a defective immune system, or even part of the immune system is defective, your risk of complications goes up considerably. This is because the immune system is made of many components that must act in a specific concerted manner to kill the invader while minimizing the damage to surrounding normal tissues. One of the more common reasons for immune dysfunction is nutritional deficiency, even for single nutrients. http://www.rense.com/general67/vacc.htm

Chemical nerve agents, PB, and many of the pesticides to which Gulf War veterans were exposed belong to a class of chemicals called Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. These chemicals inactivate the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for breaking down the neurotransmitter chemical acetylcholine - a chemical which affects numerous bodily functions, according to the report. Forsythe believes a mixture of the three items above in combination with vaccines given to Gulf War servicemembers can't be ruled out as a possible cause for Gulf War Syndrome.The acute symptoms of excess exposure to Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors results in increased salivation and respiratory secretions, nausea, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, excess sweating, increased heart rate, and blood pressure.Other side effects can include muscle twitching, cramps, weakness, tremors, paralysis, fatigue, mental confusion, headache, poor concentration, and general weakness. Many of these side effects coincide with those of GWS.
http://www.army.mil/article/21654/researchers-narrow-gulf-war-syndrome-causes/

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ECONOMIC TURMOIL, DISPARITY, INJUSTICE, MONOPOLY, EXPLOITATION

Who Owns The Federal Reserve and by Extension the US Economy?

http://www.masternewmedia.org/news/2005/09/09/who_owns_the_federal_reserve.htm Nearly 200 years ago Thomas Jefferson wrote: "If the American people ever allowed the banks to control the issuance of their currency, the banks and corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the people of all property until their children will wake up homeless on the continent their fathers occupied." Read: Who dominates money-making, owns the economy, owns its people.
The creation of the Federal Reserve was much more than the creation of a currency manager. It was a transformation of the rulership and officialdom of the USA, by the purchase of media & government. Moreover, it was the realization of unprecedented power in the hands of private citizens. A snowball had begun to roll, in which certain individuals would reap a degree of power never imagined by past societies in the annals of history. Jekyll Island was the stage where International Bankers organized a silent coup over the American system of government, shifting control of public and private monies into the hands of a few very clever bankers. The FED or the Federal Reserve System became the all-powerful central bank of America, accountable to no-one. Its meetings and leadership are all totally secretive. These conspirators retained at that founding moment already 1/6 of the wealth of the world. Jacob Schiff and the Rockefellers, as agents of Rothschild interests centered in England, engineered a whole new management system for the US economy, a system passed into law by a few bribed congressmen during a holiday recess, with the cooperation of a compliant president, manoeuvered into position by the very same interests. (Eventually, Woodrow Wilson would confess to complicity in this dirty-money conspiracy.) Only the history and traditions of the Rothschild banking dynasty can unlock the secret of this pernicious and pervasive dominance in modern global finance. The availability of virtually unlimited funds if not simply astronomical sums of money accumulated by the Rothschild dynasty means that the alleged representatives in our various democratic republics will be compromised in their loyalty by persistant bribes and/or influence peddling. Stock market manipulation and the financing of wars entail an upward spiral of profit and financial control. The First World War is a case in point, as were the Napoleonic Wars, manipulated by the elite among the European bankers, the Rothschild family being the chief among them. Similarly, stock market crashes for windfall profits were enabled by the same central banking system deputed with the maintenance and stability of the same. A few voices have been courageous enough to speak truth to power and challenge this monopoly. Huey Long, President Lincoln, President Garfield, President McKinley and Andrew Jackson all suffered assassination attempts for their refusal to submit to the burgeoning power of banks. The Bilderberg Group, a closed-door meeting of the worlds financial and political elite, is the continuation of the monopolized and centralized power-structure established by the super-bankers of the early 20th century and spawned by the Rothschild banking dynasty in the 19 th century. One possible future of this cartel is to bankcrupt existing nations(or embarress them in meaningless wars) in order to gut national sovereignty, only to be rescued by a global governance of bankers amid contrived banking emergencies in the face of incompetent nationally-based leaders and leadership. Free Trade and other such policies are meant to erode national sovereignty, with slave labor, drug money and destabilizing revolutions and/or occupations, erasing national borders in favor of international banking interests

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_________________________________________________ http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=FinalWarn02-1

Final Warning: A History of the New World Order

Illuminism and the master plan for world domination -- by David Rivera, 1994 source: View From the Wall
Constitutional Money (1787)

Napoleon said:
"When a government is dependent for money upon the bankers, they and not the leaders of the government control the situation, since the hand that gives is above the hand that takes ... financiers are without patriotism and without decency..."

Karl Marx said in the Communist Manifesto: "Money plays the largest part in determining the course of history." The Rothschilds found out early that when you control the money you basically control everything else. So, while their political plans were being thwarted, they began to concentrate on tightening their grip on the financial structure of the world. Central banking was initiated by international banker William Paterson in 1691 when he obtained the Charter for the Bank of England which put the control of England's money in a privately owned company which had the right to issue notes payable on demand against the security of bank loans to the crown. One of their first transactions was to loan 1.2 million pounds at 8% interest to William of Orange to help the King pay the cost of his war with Louis XIV of France. Paterson said: "The bank hath benefit of interest on all monies which it creates out of nothing." Reginald McKenna, British Chancellor of the Exchequer (or Treasury), said 230 years later:
"The banks can and do create money ... And they who control the credit of the nation direct the policy of governments and hold in the hollow of their hands the destiny of the people."

Hamilton's elitist views and real purpose for wanting Central Banking came to light, when he wrote:
"All communities divide themselves into the few and the many. The first are rich and well-born, the other the mass of the people. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right."

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In 1791, Thomas Jefferson said:

"To preserve our independence, we must not let our rulers load us with perpetual debt. If we run into such debts, we (will then) be taxed in our meat and our drink, in our necessities and in our comforts, in our labor and in our amusements. If we can prevent the government from wasting the labor of the people under the pretense of caring for them, they (will) be happy."

Even though Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (later to be our 4th President, 1809-17) opposed the Bill, George Washington signed it into law on February 25, 1791. Alexander Hamilton became a very rich man. He and Aaron Burr helped establish the Manhattan Company in New York City, which developed into a very prosperous banking institution. It would later be controlled by the Warburg-Kuhn-Loeb interests, and in 1955 it merged with Rockefeller's Chase Bank to create the Chase Manhattan Bank.
The Second Bank of the United States (1816-32)

When Jefferson (1801-09) became President he opposed the bank as being unconstitutional and when the 20 year charter came up for renewal in 1811 it was denied. Nathan Rothschild, head of the family bank in England, had recognized America's potential and made loans to a few states, and in fact became the official European banker for the U.S. Government. Because he supported the Bank of the United States, he threatened:
"Either the application for renewal of the Charter is granted, or the United States will find itself in a most disastrous war."

He then ordered British troops to "teach these impudent Americans a lesson. Bring them back to Colonial status." This brought on the War of 1812, our second war with England, which facilitated the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. The war raised our national debt from $45 million to $127 million. Jefferson wrote to James Monroe (who later served as our 5th President, 1817-25) in January,
1815: "The dominion which the banking institutions have obtained over the minds of our citizens ... must be broken, or it will break us." In 1816, Jefferson wrote to John Tyler (who became our 10th President, 1841-45): "If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issuance of their
currency, first by inflation, and then by deflation, the banks and the corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the people of all property until their children wake up homeless on the continent their father's conquered ... I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies ... The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the Government, to whom it properly belongs." [disputed in its authenticity]

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WAR-PROFITING AND GRAND ECONOMIC DECEIT In 1984, Marshall Cohen observed that: [T]o an alarming degree, the history of international relations is a history of selfishness and brutality. It is a story in which spying, deceit, bribery, disloyalty, ingratitude, betrayal, exploitation, plunder, repression, subjection, and genocide are all too conspicuous. And it is a history that may well culminate in the moral catastrophe of nuclear war. 1 As the French Foreign Minister Walewski told Bismarck in 1857: "it was the business of a diplomat to cloak the interests of this country in the language of universal justice." 7 The willingness of realists to disguise their pursuit of interests as the pursuit of ideals often makes it difficult to discern their true objectives. In these situations, one must be prepared to test the rhetoric against probable outcomes and consistency of action in similar situations in order to parse out the true objectives of a state. Kant had no illusions about human nature; indeed, he was quick to point out that the natural state of humanity was a state of war. 9 Kant firmly believed, however, that war only served the rational interests of a small group of individuals within a state--those who benefited from conflict in either political or economic terms. He believed that war did not serve the rational interests of the ordinary citizens of a state who were called upon to finance the war, die in the war, or repair the damage from war. Thus, the solution to the problem of war was to give a political voice to ordinary citizens. As the number of states with republican constitutions increased, then the incidence of war would decline and a state of perpetual peace would be achieved.

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/iraq/ideals.htm A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation that pays returns to separate investors, not from any actual profit earned by the organization, but from their own money or money paid by subsequent investors. The Ponzi scheme usually entices new investors by offering returns other investments cannot guarantee, in the form of short-term returns that are either abnormally high or unusually consistent. The perpetuation of the returns that a Ponzi scheme advertises and pays requires an ever-increasing flow of money from investors to keep the scheme going. The system is destined to collapse because the earnings, if any, are less than the payments to investors. Usually, the scheme is interrupted by legal authorities before it collapses because a Ponzi scheme is suspected or because the promoter is selling unregistered securities. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponzi_scheme This is different from embezzlement, although embezzlement along with bribery, human trafficking and drug trafficking, remain major economic problems throughout the world. For example, it is estimated that Hosni Mubaraks family confiscated or embezzled, depending on the upcoming trial result, as much as $100-150 billion from national funds.

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Banking Power is now THE great power in modern society

and its money is mainly illegal money, by any standard(of any civilization or religion)

Who will stand up against this force of evil ? ? ? The issue which has swept down the centuries and which will have to be fought sooner or later is the people versus the banks. Lord Acton Give me control of a nation's money and I care not who makes the laws. Mayer Amschel Rothschild, founder of the Rothschild Dynasty I care not what puppet is placed on the throne of England to rule the Empire, ...The man that controls Britain's money supply controls the British Empire. And I control the money supply.Baron Nathan Mayer Rothschild, son of Mayer Amschel Rothschild History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling the money and its issuance.James Madison, US President and author of the US Constitution For the first time in its history, Western Civilization[and therefore modern civilization] is in danger of being destroyed internally by a corrupt, criminal ruling cabal[super-secret agency] which is centered around the Rockefeller interests, which include elements from the Morgan, Brown, Rothschild, Du Pont, Harriman, Kuhn-Loeb, and other groupings as well. This junta took control of the political, financial, and cultural life of America in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Carrol Quigley The Rothschilds, and that class of money-lenders of whom they are the representatives and agents - men who never think of lending a shilling to their next-door neighbors, for purposes of honest industry, unless upon the most ample security, and at the highest rate of interest - stand ready, at all times, to lend money in unlimited amounts to those robbers and murderers, who call themselves governments, to be expended in shooting down those who do not submit quietly to being robbed and enslaved. Lysander Spooner Banking was conceived in iniquity and was born in sin. The Bankers own the earth. Take it away from them, but leave them the power to create deposits, and with the flick of the pen they will create enough deposits to buy it back again. However, take it away from them, and all the great fortunes like mine will disappear and they ought to disappear, for this would be a happier and better world to live in. But, if you wish to remain the slaves of Bankers and pay the

cost of your own slavery, let them continue to create deposits. Sir Josiah Stamp

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ITS BEEN COMING FOR 200 YEARS! LOOK AT THESE QUOTES FROM 1800 -1820!

"If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around [the banks] will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered. The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs." "I sincerely believe that banking establishments are more dangerous than standing armies, and that the principle of spending money to be paid by posterity under the name of funding is but swindling futurity on a large scale." --Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor, 1816. "Everything predicted by the enemies of banks, in the beginning, is now coming to pass. We are to be ruined now by the deluge of bank paper. It is cruel that such revolutions in private fortunes should be at the mercy of avaricious adventurers, who, instead of employing their capital, if any they have, in manufactures, commerce, and other useful pursuits, make it an instrument to burden all the interchanges of property with their swindling profits, profits which are the price of no useful industry of theirs." --Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Cooper, 1814. "The Bank of the United States is one of the most deadly hostilities existing, against the principles and form of our Constitution. An institution like this, penetrating by its branches every part of the Union, acting by command and in phalanx, may, in a critical moment, upset the government. I deem no government safe which is under the vassalage of any self-constituted authorities, or any other authority than that of the nation, or its regular functionaries. What an obstruction could not this bank of the United States, with all its branch banks, be in time of war! It might dictate to us the peace we should accept, or withdraw its aids. Ought we then to give further growth to an institution so powerful, so hostile?" --Thomas Jefferson to Albert Gallatin, 1803.

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CRITIQUING THE TEXTBOOK: A COMMON QUESTION ON FINAL EXAMS

CRITICALLY ASSESSING OUR TEXTBOOK Do you agree with Eow Boon Hins definition of a good moral character(here)? 1. Strength of mind and citizenship, decent character and efficient work. Thus "A Responsible Family Man or Woman" A Practical Contributor to Society 2. Sense of dignity = objective sense of worth, in oneself and in others: "Caring" in principle, or valuing other human beings, in an absolute sense. 3. Integrity, meaning a degree of justice(fairness) and magnanimity(also called altruism). 4. Self-control, self-restraint and dispassionate, critical judgment. Do you agree with his preference for REFLECTIVE MORALITY vs. CUSTOMARY? Do you agree that the two are mutually exclusive?(pages 101 & 105) Does moral consciousness come from the individual, from spirituality(religious and secular ideals), from casually-adopted social norms or from enforced social norms or from all combined?(p.103) Is Kants idea right as the author seems to believe that we must each collect moral maxims and assemble a set of categorical imperatives(pages 38 and 108)? If human knowledge is finite and not absolute(37), can we be free & responsible? Does Kants notion of being generally good but specifically uncertain make sense? Doesnt a tension remain between objective and subjective considerations(108)? Do you like Eow Boon Hins definition of human nature as feeling and reasoning in a collective dimension?(109) Should human dignity & leadership be based on reason and reason alone? Isnt reason in Eow Boon Hin a pure abstraction? Does being fully human mean becoming a moral agent, recipient and critic ? What about the essence of morality as being cautious in a collective context ?(110) By Eow Boon Hins definition, can or should a mentally retarded person be moral? By Eow Boon Hins definition, is a mentally retarded person fully o r partly human?

Are employment opportunities, education, health and security against criminals responsibilities of government?(101-102)

the chief

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