Annals of Nuclear Energy 63 (2014) 268275

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Annals of Nuclear Energy

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Analysis of an ATLAS 6-in. cold-leg break simulation with MARS code

Seyun Kim , Hwang-Yong Jun
KHNP Central Research Institute, 70 1312-gil Yuseong-daero Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
A transient analysis of an ATLAS (Advanced ThermalHydraulic Test Loop for Accident Simulation) 6-in. cold-leg break was carried out with the MARS (Multi-dimensional Analysis for Reactor Safety) safety analysis code in the frame of the Domestic Standard Problem exercise in Korea. The calculated major sequence of events of the 6-in. cold-leg break simulation showed good agreement with the measured data. The calculated break mass owrate was predicted well, whereas accumulated mass of the break outow was underestimated due to the underestimation of the break mass owrate in a later phase. The general trends of the collapsed water level were well predicted in the core and the downcomer region. The loop seal clearing phenomena were observed at about 400 s in the 1-A and 2-B intermediate legs in the calculation results which is identical to the experiment. To investigate the emergency core coolant (ECC) bypass phenomena, variation of the boron concentration in safety injection water was adopted. In the loop seal clearing phase of the 6-in. cold-leg break, about 4050% of the ECC bypass fraction was calculated and after the loop seal clearance, 2030% of ECC water bypassed, that is, not participating in core cooling directly. The boron tracking approach is considered to be a feasible methodology with which quantify the ECC bypass ow in the early phase of a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA). 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 1 February 2012 Received in revised form 14 March 2013 Accepted 23 May 2013

Keywords: SBLOCA (small break loss of coolant accident) ECC (emergency core coolant) bypass MARS (Multi-dimensional Analysis for Reactor Safety) ATLAS (Advanced Thermal-Hydraulic Test Loop for Accident Simulation) Loop seal clear DSP (Domestic Standard Problem)

1. Introduction An integral effect test facility, ATLAS (Advanced Thermal Hydraulic Test Loop for Accident Simulation) for accident simulations is operated by KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) (Baek et al., 2005). 15 tests have been completed to support the resolution of the safety issues, and an intensive code assessment work is underway. ATLAS has been used to provide unique test data for a reactor coolant system with a DVI (Direct vessel injection) of emergency core coolant (ECC). This will signicantly expand the number of databases available for code validation. The effects of the safety injection method were investigated by applying the CLI (cold leg injection) method to a 6-in. cold-leg break SBLOCA (small-break loss-of-coolant accident). This counterpart test to the DVI line break is the unique integral effect data to verify the surpassing safety performance of the DVI method over the traditional CLI method. A Domestic Standard Problem (DSP) exercise using ATLAS was started with the expectation of the effective utilization of the experimental database of ATLAS, a verication of thermalhydraulic phenomena in SBLOCA with a DVI and the identication of code limitations or a lack of modeling which would contribute to improving safety analysis methodologies for PWRs. The rst ATLAS
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 42 870 5216; fax: +82 42 870 5138.
E-mail address: seyunkim@khnp.co.kr (S. Kim). 0306-4549/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2013.05.034

DSP exercise (DSP-01) was started in 2009 with a guillotine break test data of one DVI nozzle through the coordination of KAERI and KINS (Korea Institute of Nuclear Regulation) (KAERI, 2009). The DSP-01 exercise was performed as an open calculation; the integral effect test data was open to the participants prior to the code calculations. The DSP-01 was successfully completed in 2010 (Choi, 2010). For the DSP-02 exercise, a 6-in. cold-leg SBLOCA was selected in 2011 among the database constructed with ATLAS (KAERI, 2010). This experiment is the counterpart test to the DVI line break to verify the safety performance of the DVI method over the traditional CLI method (Baek et al., 2005). 2. Analysis conditions The experimental conditions for the 6-in. cold-leg break SBLOCA tests were determined by a pre-test calculation with the bestestimate thermalhydraulic code, MARS (Multi-dimensional Analysis for Reactor Safety) 3.1. The pre-test calculation was conducted with the assumption of simultaneous loss of off-site power with the break and the worst single failure with the loss of a diesel generator. Therefore, only two safety injections by the safety injection pump (SIP) were activated. As regards the safety injection ow by the four safety injection tanks (SITs), all SITs were available to provide the safety injection ow into the core. As for the core power condition, the provided electrical heat curve was used in the transient calculation. In a 6-in. cold-leg break, the containment

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back-pressure does not affect the progression of this transient, because a choking condition is maintained throughout the transient. Compared with the large break LOCA, the phases of the smallbreak LOCA prior to core recovery occur over a long period of time. The blowdown, natural circulation, loop seal clearing, boil-off, and core recovery phase should be investigated meticulously with relevant models of safety analysis codes in order to predict these thermal hydraulic phenomena correctly. To investigate the ECC bypass phenomena, a ner study of the thermalhydraulic behavior in upper annulus downcomer was carried out (Kim et al., 2011). DSP-02 analyses were carried out with the MARS-KS (Multidimensional Analysis for Reactor Safety KINS Standard) safety analysis code (KINS, 2007). The one-dimensional model of MARS was used in the analyses. The MARS code is a best-estimate code developed by KAERI through unication and restructuring the RELAP/MOD 3.2.1 and COBRA-TF (Coolant Boiling in Rod Arrays, TwoFluid version) codes. The analyses were performed with Microsoft Windows XP (32bit) as the operating system and the transient calculation took about 29 min with an Intel Core i5 CPU operating at 2.67 GHz. Based on the steady state input le of the MARS code, a transient input for 6-in. cold-leg bottom break was prepared. The input nodal diagram is presented in Fig. 1. To analyze SBLOCA, the break pipe line, SITs (Safety injection tanks), SIPs (Safety injection pumps) and IRWST (In-containment refueling water storage tank) should be modeled. The provided steady-state model for the 8% power condition of the ATLAS facility was used, and additional safety-related components were modeled according to the given description of the test facility (Kang et al., 2009). The break simulation system was modeled with a valve component with simplication, as tabulated in Table 1.

Four available safety injection tanks and the passive control of the discharge ow with uidic devices (FD) were modeled with the accumulator component in MARS according to the descriptions tabulated in Table 2. Two safety injection pumps were simulated with the boundary condition of the time-dependent junction component of the MARS code through a table of pressure vs. mass owrate which was constructed with the interpolation of experimental data. The IRWST connected to the SIP was modeled with the time-dependent volume component of the MARS code. Three banks of MSSVs were modeled according to each valve areas and pressure set points. The provided conservative 1973 ANS decay heat curve with a 1.2 multiplication factor was considered with the tables for the power vs. the time to simulate the decay heat in the transient calculation. The sequence of major events, including the LPP (low pressurizer pressure) trip and the delay time of component activation, were modeled with trip according to the specications. The feedwater junctions were replaced for the simulation of the feedwater isolation activated by the trip signal. The main steam isolation valve was modeled with a trip valve component activated by a turbine isolation signal. For the bypass model, the downcomer to upper head bypass lines and the downcomer to upper head bypass lines were modeled with several pipe components.

3. Analysis results 3.1. Steady state analysis results A comparison table for the selected initial and boundary conditions used in the transient calculations is presented in Table 3. The

Fig. 1. MARS nodal diagram for ATLAS 6-in. cold-leg break simulation.

270 Table 1 Major parameters of the break simulation system. No. 581 597 Type Valve Tmdpvol Area (m2) 0.0 1.60 Length (m) 3.38

S. Kim, H.-Y. Jun / Annals of Nuclear Energy 63 (2014) 268275

Volume (m3) 5.40

Hydraulic dia.(m) 0.0381 1.426

Inclined angle 90

Elevation (m) 3.38

Loss coeff. (forw.) 2.93

Loss coeff. (rev.) 3.43

Table 2 Major parameters of the safety injection tanks. SIT1 Length of stand pipe (m) Level of liquid (m) Effective liquid volume (m3) Liquid volume (m3) Surgeline length (m) Elevation (m) 1.45288 3.00872 0.186740 0.205923 12.8920 4.25128 SIT2 1.45288 3.02016 0.186740 0.206706 13.0020 4.24984 SIT3 1.45288 3.05448 0.186348 0.209055 12.8750 4.18552 SIT4 1.45288 3.00872 0.186740 0.205923 12.8920 4.25128

Table 3 Major variables in steady state condition. Parameter Primary system Core power (W) Heat loss (W) PZR pressure (Pa) Core inlet temp.(K) Core exit temp. (K) Hot leg temp. (K) Cold leg temp. (K) Measured 1.63E+06 66,000a 1.55E+07 563.2 598.8 597.7 598.7 565.4 565.5 564.2 565.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 3.83 7.82E+06 7.82E+06 568.5 505.2 496.5 0.373 0.044 4.707 673000a 28500a 4.25E+06 4.05E+06 322.5 323.2 5.32 5.28 323.2 1.01E+05 Calculated 1.63E+06 67063 1.55E+07 563.80 597.30 596.73 596.73 563.09 563.31 563.33 563.33 2.0946 2.0838 2.0854 2.0854 3.8301 7.94E+06 7.94E+06 567.56 505.2 496.5 0.3846 0.044 4.707 781390 28,367 4.23E+06 4.23E + 06 324.25 324.05 5.4397 5.3882 320.85 1.01E+05 Differences 0.1% 1.6% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 4.8% 0.8% 5.2% 5.2% 0.0% 1.5% 1.5% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 3.1% 0.0% 0.0% 11.4% 0.5% 0.5% 4.4% 0.5% 0.3% 2.3% 2.0% 0.7% 0.0%

RCS ow rate (kg/s)

Pressurizer level (m) Secondary system (SG1/SG2) Pressure (Pa) Steam temp. (K) FW temp. (K) FW ow rate (kg/s) Water level (m) Heat removal (W) Heat loss (W) ECCS SIT pressure (Pa) SIT temp. (K) SIT level (m) RWT temp. (K) Containment Pressure (Pa)
a

568.8 506.4 495.7 0.382 0.042 5.088 752,000a 28,500a 4.15E+06 4.17E + 06 323.2 325.4 5.33 5.29

567.56 506.4 495.7 0.3774 0.042 5.150 764430 28367 4.23E+06 4.23E+06 323.95 324.25 5.4283 5.4397

0.2% 0.2% 0.0% 1.2% 0.0% 1.2% 2.1% 0.5% 1.9% 1.4% 0.2% 0.4% 1.8% 2.8%

Estimated value.

comparison table contains the important variables of the primary, the secondary, the ECC, and the containment system. The heat losses in the primary and secondary systems are modeled with heat structures of MARS code. The estimated heat loss about 66 kW for primary system and 57 kW for secondary system were modeled. Total 4 bypass lines were modeled according to test facility specications. Calculated bypass ow rates are 1.1% and 0.7% of

the core ow rate for downcomer to upper head and downcomer to hot leg, respectively. In given heat balance condition of experiment, steady state condition was found in the basis of primary temperature condition of experiment. Therefore, the calculated primary owrate has larger difference with the experimental data than the calculated temperature. In the secondary side, the feed water ow rate was controlled with steam generator downcomer

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6

water level. So, calculated feed water ow rates show differences with the experimental data.
1.6x10

9.0x10
7

8.5x10
7

3.2. Transient analysis results The transient calculations were carried out for 2000 s. For the calculation of the critical ow, the HenryFauske model was adopted as the critical ow model and a discharge coefcient of 0.85 was used after determination with a sensitivity study. The break occurs at 0.0 s in the simulation while the break opens at 204 s in the experiment. For a comparison with measured data, a time shift of +204 s was adopted. The pressure of the primary system reached the set point of a low pressurizer pressure trip at 223.91 s. The high pressure safety injection (HPSI) started to inject ECC water through the intact DVI nozzle after the LPP trip signal with a delay of 28.28 s. The calculated sequence of the 6-in. coldleg break simulation shows good agreement with the measured value. This is tabulated in Table 4. Four safety injection tanks were activated at 688.51 s when the pressure of the upper annular plenum decreased to 4.04 MPa. The activation times of the safety injection tanks were calculated 18.6 s later than the measured time. This was due to the slight gradual decrease of the primary pressure after the plateau in the calculation when compared to the measurement, as shown in Fig. 2. The unstable plateaus were observed in the experiment and in the calculation; most likely caused by the intermittent opening and closing of the MSSV valves of the secondary loop. Through a modeling gradual opening of MSSV with a modication of discharge coefcient of MSSVs, a good agreement of opening frequency of the MSSVs between experiment and calculation was obtained as depicted in Fig. 2. The heat generation from core is exactly identical to the measured value, as depicted in Fig. 3. The calculated heat transfer rates in the steam generators oscillated due to the rapid change of the void fraction in the steam generators. The calculated break mass owrate feasibly predicts the actual result, as presented in Fig. 4. However, the accumulated mass of the break outow was slightly underestimated in the long term, as shown in Fig. 5. This is caused by the slight underestimation of the break mass owrate in 700 1200 s. The comparison of the peak cladding temperature is depicted in Fig. 6. In the calculation, a slight peak around 360 s was observed. The peaks originated from the descent of the collapsed water level in the core at 360 s, as presented in Fig. 7. The general trends of the collapsed water level are well predicted in the core and downcomer regions, as shown in Fig. 7. The underestimation of the minimum value of the collapsed water level in the core is chiey a result of the overestimation of the pressure difference between the hot leg and the intermediate leg at about 360 s, as shown in Fig. 8. The asymptotically converged value of the water collapsed level in the downcomer is considered to have resulted from the underestimation of the pressure difference between the hot leg

1.4x10 1.2x10

8.0x10
7

7.5x10
7

Pressure [Pa]

1.0x10 8.0x10 6.0x10 4.0x10 2.0x10

7.0x10
6

200

250

300

350

Pressurizer (Exp.) SG1 (Exp.) SG2 (Exp.) Pressurizer (Cal.) SG1 (Cal.) SG2 (Cal.)

0.0

200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Time [s]
Fig. 2. Transient pressure of primary and secondary system.

2.0x10

Heat transfer rate [W]

1.5x10

Core (Exp.) Core (Cal.) SG1 (Cal.) SG2 (Cal.)

1.0x10

5.0x10

0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Time [s]
Fig. 3. Heat transfer rate in core and steam generator.

10

mfbreak (Exp.) mfbreak (Cal.)

Break massflow rate [kg/s]

Table 4 Comparisons of major sequence of events. Event Time (s) Exp. Initiation of break LPP trip MSIV closure Main feedwater isolation Reactor scram RCP trip Turbine trip SIP activation SIT valve open 204 228 Cal. 204.00 223.91 223.98 230.98 236.26 236.26 236.36 252.20 688.51 0.0 4.1 Differences (s) Remarks

200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Time [s]
Fig. 4. Comparison of mass owrate at break.

236

0.3

257 649

4.8 39.5

HPSI-1,3 SIT-1,2,3,4

and the intermediate leg in a later phase. The variation of the collapsed water level in the downcomer of about 1200 s in the experiment resulted from the change of the pressure difference between the downcomer and the upper head. The point of time of the loop seal clearing phenomena occurs is well predicted when compared to the experimental data shown in Fig. 9. The loop seal clearing phenomena was observed in the 1-A

272
2000

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Downcomer (Exp.) Core (Exp.) Downcomer (Cal.) Core (Cal.)

Accumulated outflow mass [kg]

5 1500

Collapsed water level [m]

1000

Experiment Calculation

500

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Time [s]
Fig. 5. Accumulated mass at break.

Time [s]
Fig. 7. Comparison of collapsed water level in core and downcomer.

700

2.5x104

Pressure difference between hot leg and intermediate leg [Pa]

Peak cladding temperature [K]

650

PCT (Exp.) PCT (Cal.)

2.0x104 1.5x10
4

dPHL-IL1-A (Exp.) dPHL-IL1-B (Exp.) dPHL-IL2-A (Exp.) dPHL-IL2-B (Exp.)

dPHL-IL 1-A (Cal.) dPHL-IL 1-B (Cal.) dPHL-IL 2-A (Cal.) dPHL-IL 2-B (Cal.)

600

1.0x104 5.0x103 0.0 -5.0x103 -1.0x104

550

500

450

400 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Time [s]
Fig. 6. Comparison of peak cladding temperature.

Time [s]
Fig. 8. Pressure difference between the hot leg and the intermediate leg.

Collapsed water level in intermediate leg [m]

and 2-B intermediate legs in the calculation results which is identical phenomena in the experiment. However, the loop seal clearing phenomena can be initiated with an oscillating circumferential ow unbalance in the downcomer or the core. Accordingly, the sequence and the location of the loop seal clearing can be changed with a small variation of the ow condition in the downcomer in the simulation.

1.5

1-A (Exp.) 1-B (Exp.-miss) 2-A (Exp.) 2-B (Exp.)

1-A (Cal.) 1-B (Cal.) 2-A (Cal.) 2-B (Cal.)

1.0

3.3. Investigation of the ECC bypass In a simulation of a large-break LOCA, a direct ECC bypass may occur due to the interaction between the circumferential steam ow and the downward-owing liquid-lm (Yun et al., 2004). However, in a small-break LOCA, the ECC can bypass through the circumferential mixture or liquid ow caused by the break ow in the cold leg. In particular, in small-break LOCA, the narrow meaning of the ECC bypass, as a sweep out of the ECC by the steam break ow, cannot be applied. Therefore, an ECC bypass can be considered as a circumferential ECC ow in the downcomer which does not participate in the core cooling in a small-break LOCA. On the other hand, the total break mass ow does not increase with the bypassed ECC due to the critical ow phenomena at the break. For this reason, the contribution of the ECC bypass to the loss in the primary inventory is very different between a small-break LOCA and a large-break LOCA. The upper annulus volume of the downcomer is considered as a single volume and the ow patterns of the volume are observed in

0.5

0.0

200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Time [s]
Fig. 9. Comparison of collapsed water level in intermediate leg.

an early phase of the transient, as shown in Fig. 10. Before the safety injection (at 252 s), the huge pressure difference at the break and the density difference between the core and the steam generator represent the major ow driving force. Therefore, before the loop seal formation (at 290 s), the coolant ows from the intact cold leg (CL) to the broken cold leg and the lower downcomer (DC), that is, to the core. In the loop seal formation phase (290 360 s), the coolant inventory comes from the core and the lower

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Fig. 10. Flow behavior at upper annulus volume.

downcomer is discharged to the broken cold leg; moreover the collapsed water level in the core decreases rapidly, as presented in Fig. 7. After the loop seal clearance, the ow is stabilized with slight frequent oscillations. The ow characteristics in the reactor vessel (RV) inlet nozzle are observed at an early phase of the transient, as shown in Fig. 11. In the natural circulation phase, the inow from circumferentially neighboring volumes and the outow to the broken cold leg and the lower downcomer both form. In the loop seal formation phase, the magnitude of the mass ow does not decrease signicantly when compared to that of the integrated upper annulus volume, and the circumferential inow becomes apparent. After the loop seal clearance, the ow at the break becomes a mixture and hence declines considerably. Redistribution of the mass inventory occurs and the circumferential pressure difference is resolved through horizontal ows. The ECC bypass fraction, which is the fraction of input water bypassed out through the broken cold leg, was calculated with a trace of borated ECC water. The injected ECC water ows along several path to the break. When the injected ECC water bypasses directly along the circumferential direction, it takes only 412 s. However, when the injected ECC water passes through the core and the steam generator, it takes more than 20 s because the path through the steam generator is longer than the circumferential path to the break as shown in Fig. 12. In the investigations, the boron concentration of the SIP was controlled to predict the ECC bypass fraction in short intervals. Apparently, the boron mass owrate at the broken cold leg shows superposition characteristics in the boron mass ow, originating from the injected ECC water owing along several paths, i.e., the bypass path and the normal circulation path, with the direct bypass path along the circumferential direction. To calculate the ECC bypass fraction, the boron mass owrate at the broken cold leg was integrated for the bypass phase, ranging from the initiation of boron insertion to the rst nadir in the boron mass owrate curve. The ECC bypass fraction was dened using the boron total mass for a specied period, as described below.

Fig. 11. Flow characteristics in the reactor vessel inlet nozzle.

R t2tb _ boron;out dt m fbypass Rt1 t110 _ boron;in dt m t1

Path through steam generator of broken loop

DVI line

Hot leg

Barrel Ci r cu mf e bre r ent ak ial p (by at pa h to ss) the

Break Cold leg

Injected boron at DVI Core

Boron massflow rate

Detected boron at break

Reactor vessel

Bypassed boron Fully circulated boron

Full circulation path

Time

Fig. 12. Schematic of ECC bypass and boron tracking approach.

274
3.0E-02
Loop seal formation Loop seal clearance

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2.5E-02

2.0E-02

1.5E-02

SI

1.0E-02

5.0E-03

Break

0.0E+00 250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

Time [s]
Fig. 13. Boron massow rate in SIP and broken cold leg.

100% 90%

In system code, a numerical diffusion of boron transport equation exists inevitably, and numerical diffusion of boron is involved in this analysis. A second-order accurate Godunov method to solve the boron transport equation was implemented in MARS (KAERI, 2004). According to the statistical methodology (Macian-Juan and Mahaffy, 1998), the numerical diffusion of MARS shows similar order with the turbulent diffusion in simple pipe layout, which is 0.41.4 times of the turbulent diffusion. This numerical diffusion is 520 times less than that of implicit rst-order upwind scheme. The range of the ECC bypass fraction depicted in Fig. 14 appears to be reasonable when compared to those in previous works for the ECC bypass phenomena (Yun et al., 2004; MPR Associates, 1992). Each 34 points of Fig. 14 indicate the accumulated bypass fraction for 10 s. Particularly, in the loop seal phase, the ECC bypass fraction was increased due to the decrease in the ow in the core region. In this phase, the temperature of the uid at the broken cold leg is lower than that of core inlet as presented in Fig. 15. This indicates that the uid outows from the broken pipe do not participated in the cooling of the core. After loop seal clearing, the decrease of the ECC bypass fraction was observed due to the abrupt formation of the ow from the downcomer to the core. The variations of ECC bypass fraction shows consistency with the temperature behavior at the break.

Boron mass flowrate [kg/s]

ECC bypass fraction [%]

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 200

4. Conclusions With the MARS-KS safety analysis code, a transient analysis for a 6-in. cold-leg break at the ATLAS experimental facility was carried out. The break simulation system and additional safety-related components were modeled according to the description of test facility and experimental data. For the calculation of the critical ow, the HenryFauske model was adopted and a discharge coefcient of 0.85 was used after determination by a sensitivity study. The transient calculations were carried out for 2000 s. The calculated major sequence of events during a 6-in. cold-leg break simulation showed good agreement with measured values. The activation time of the safety injection tanks was calculated to be 18.6 s later than the measured time. This was caused by the slight gradual decrease in the primary pressure. While the calculated break mass owrate was predicted well, the accumulated mass of the break outow was underestimated due to the underestimation of break mass owrate in a later phase. In the calculation, a slight peak in the cladding temperature at around 360 s was observed. The peak originated from the descent of the core collapsed water level. The general trends noted in the collapsed water level were well predicted in the core and downcomer region. The underestimation of the minimum value of the core water collapsed level was mainly a result of the overestimation of the pressure difference between the hot leg and the intermediate leg. The loop seal clearing phenomena observed in the 1-A and 2-B intermediate legs in the calculation results was precisely predicted in the experiment. However, it was found that the sequence and the location of the loop seal clearing can vary with a small variation of the ow condition in the downcomer. In the investigation of the ECC bypass phenomena, an approach involving the variation of the boron concentration in the safety injection for the given intervals was adopted. In the loop seal clearing phase of 6-in. cold-leg break, about 4050% of the ECC bypass fraction was calculated. After the loop seal clearance, 2030% of the ECC water bypassed, that is, not participating in core cooling directly. The boron tracking approach is considered to be a feasible methodology with which to quantify the ECC bypass at an early phase of a small-break loss-of-coolant accident. A detailed investigation of the ECC bypass phenomena with uncertainty qualication and compensation due to numerical diffusion with the boron tracking approach will be followed.

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

Time [s]
Fig. 14. ECC bypass fraction in early phase of SBLOCA.

580
Core inlet temperature

570

Break f low temperature

Fluid temperature [K]

560

550

540

530

520 200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

400.0

450.0

500.0

550.0

600.0

Time [s]
Fig. 15. Transient behavior of uid temperature.

where t1 is the time the boron injection begins, t2 is time the boron start to be detected at the break and tb is the bypass duration To trace the ECC water, 50,000 (ppm) of boron was applied for only 10 s. The subsequent boron mass owrate at the break was then investigated. For 340 s, 34 independent transient analyses were carried out sequentially. The boron mass owrates calculated from 34 sets of transient analyses are shown in Fig. 13.

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Acknowledgement This study was conducted in the framework of DSP-02 exercise coordinated by KAERI, KINS and DSP chairman. References
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KAERI, 2010. ATLAS Domestic Standard Problem (DSP-02) Specications. 53211-TS002-R.03, KAERI Interim Report. Kang, K.H., et al., 2009. ATLAS Facility and Instrumentation Description, Report. KAERI/TR-3779. Kim, S., Jun, H.-Y., Ha, S.J., 2011. Analysis of ATLAS 6-in. cold leg break simulation with MARS-KS code. Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Spring Meeting, Taebaek, Korea, May 2627. Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), 2007. Expert training course for the regulatory auditing safety, analysis, KINS/TR-143. Macian-Juan, R., Mahaffy, J.H., 1998. Numerical diffusion and the tracking of solute elds in system codes: Part I. One-dimensional ows. NED 179, 297319. MPR Associates, 1992. Summary of Results from the UPTF Downcomer injection/ Vent Valve Separate Effects Tests: Comparison to Previous Scaled Tests, and Application to Babcock & Wilcox Pressurized Water Reactors. MPR-1329. Yun, B.J. et al., 2004. Scaling for the ECC bypass phenomena during the LBLOCA reood phase. NED 231, 315325.