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SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
Electrical signals are transferred between neurons and sensory receptors or muscle cells. Synapses
Electrical Chemical
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Specialized synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. Occurs at a structure on the muscle fiber motor end plate. (usually only one per fiber) Skeletal muscle fiber Neuromuscular junction Axons
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Synaptic trough - Invagination in the motor end plate membrane. Synaptic cleft - 20-30 nm wide - Contains large quantities Of acetylcholinesterase. (AchE) Subneural clefts - Increase the surface area of the post-synaptic membrane - Ach gated channels at tops - Voltage gated Na+ channel in bottom half
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Mediate chemical signalling between neurons Criteria: 1. Present in the presynaptic terminal & is synthesized by the cell. 2. Released on depolarization on the terminal 3. Specific receptors Major Categories 1. Small molecule transmitters 2. Peptides 3. Gaseous transmitters
NEUROTRANSMITTERS - CATEGORIES
1. Small molecule transmitters a. Acetylcholine (Ach) NMJ in the PNS b. Amino Acids (AA) Glutamate, Glycine & GABA in the CNS c. Biogenic Amines Dopamine, NE, E, Serotonin, Histamine d. Purines ATP 2. Peptides Fundamental in neurotransmission in the CNS a. Opiates & Opioids potent analgesics b. Substance P pain transmission in smooth muscle 3. Gas Neurotransmitters Nitric Oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO)
ACETYLCHOLINE CYCLE
1. Acetylcholine is made from choline & Acetyl CoA. 2. In the synaptic cleft, Ach is rapidly broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. 3. Choline is transported back into the axon terminal and is used to make more Ach.
ACETYLCHOLINE EFFECTS
ACh receptors 2 a, 1 B, 1 d, 1 y proteins
EPP
50-70 mv
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Autoimmune disease Igs (antibodies) block or destroy Ach receptors at the postsynaptic NMJ closed Na+ channels No depolarization Weak EPP Paralysis
6.
EG COUPLING - COMPARISON
Skeletal Muscle 1. The trigger for SR release is voltage. Voltage Activated Calcium Release. (VACR) 2. The T tubule membrane has a voltage sensor (DHP receptor) 3. The ryanodine receptor is the SR Ca release channel 4. Ca release is proportional to membrane voltage Cardiac Muscle 1. The trigger for SR release is calcium. Calcium Activated Calcium Release. (CACR) 2. The T tubule membrane has a Ca channel (DHP receptor) 3. The ryanodine receptor is the SR Ca release channel. 4. The ryanodine receptor is Ca gated and Ca release is proportional to Ca entry.