--=..

-r
37 Spelling rules

lf the compound is forrrred of rnonosyllables, it is nrore likely to be

written as one word. In cases of doubt it is better to ornit hvphens or consllt a modern dictionarv.
Hyphens are necessary: (a) when pronunciation or meaning rnight be unclear without them:

38

Phrasal verbs

co-ot'erate

(b) when words form

re-couer cover again) a cotnpound in a particular sentence:

(:

a do-il-lourself shop

362 Introduction
A
giue ut' : abandon (a habit or attempt) ktok after : take care of look for : search for, seek look out = beware The student need not try to decide whethcr the combination is verb + preposition or verb + adverb, but should consider the expression as a whole.

(c) in adjectir/e phrascs dealing with age, size, rveight

of time:

u tlo-as-jot4-Pleasc railu'al tickct

and duration

a fitte-1teav-s11 ,617 a ten-ton uehicle a six-foot wall a fiue-ntinutc inlerual Note that the compound is not in the plural form: no s. Adverb/participle compounds used as adjectives are commonly hyphenated, especially rvhen there is a danger of misunderstanding: Iow-Jlying uircraJl quick-dissolt'iltg sugar

In modern English it is very usual to place prepositions or adverbs after certain verbs so as to obtain a variety of meanings: giue away : give to someone/anyone

llyphens are used in a tcmporary wa1' 1n divide a word at the end of line. The division nrust be urade at a natural breal< in the rvord, i.e.,
betrveen syllables:

It is also important to learn whether the combination is transitive

(i.e. requires an object) or intransitive (i.e. cannot have an object):

dis-couraged look-ing inter-t'ctl

A monosyilable should not be divided.

look for is transitive: I am looking for my passport. look out is intransitive: Look out! This ice isn't safe!
Each of the combinations given in the following pages will be marked 'tr' (: 11un.1tive) or'intr'(: intransitive), and the examples of the use of each will help to emphasize this distinction.

Note that it is possible for a combination to have two or more different meanings, and to be transitive in one/some of these and intransitive in others. For example, take off can mean 'rernove'. It is then a transitive expression:

take off

He took off his hat. can also mean 'rise from the ground' (used of aircraft). Here it
The flane took oJJ'at ten o'clock.

is intransitive:

Transitive expressions: the position of the object Noun objects are usually placed at the end of these expressions:

am looking for

my glasses.

With some expressions, however, they can be placed either at the end or immediately after the verb, i.e. before the short word. We can say: IIe took off his coat or He took his coat off . Pronoun objects are sometimes placed at the end of the expression:

I atn looking for them. But they are more often placed immediately after the verb:
IIe
took

it

off.

This position is usual befsre the following short words: up, down, in, out, away, off and on (6xcept when used in the expression call on : visit).

38 Phrasal verbs
Examples given of the use of each expression will show all possible positions of noun or pronoun objects in the following way: I'll giue this old coat away. (giae away this old coat/giue it awuy) i.e. with this expression the noun object can come before or after the away; the pronoun object must come before the away. When only one example is given the student may assume that the pronoun object has the same position as the noun object.

38 Phrasal verbs ask for

(a) = ask to
Go to the

sPeak to:

ffice and ask for mg secretary. (b) = request, demand:

ask someone in (object before in) = invite him to enter the house: He didn't ask me in; he kept me standing at the door while he read
the message.

The men asked for more pay and shorter hours-

when these expressions are followed by a verb object the gerund form of ttre verb is used:
He kept on blowing his horn. Where gerunds are usual this will be shown by examples. Note that some expressions can be followed by an infinitive: It is up to you to decide this for yourself. Some of the younger members called on the minister to resign. The lecturer set out to show that most illnesses tpere auoidible. go on can be followed by either infinitive or gerund but there is a considerable difference in meaning. See 270 A.

ask someone out (object before out) = invite someone to

an

entertainment or to a meal (usually in a public place): She had a lot offriends and was usually asked out in the euenings' so she seldom spent an euening at home.

back back away (intr)

363

Verb + preposition/adverb combinations

give a good reason for, explain satisfactorily (some action or expenditure) : A treasurer must account for the money he sfends. He has behuued in the most extraordinary way; I can't account for his actions at all/l can't account for his behauing tike that.

account account for (tr)

step or move back slowly (because confronted by some danger or unpleasantness): When he took a gun out eueryone backed anay neruouslt. back out (intr) = withdraw (from some joint action previously agreed on), discontinue or refuse to provide previously promised help or support: He agreed to hetf but backed out when he found how dfficult it was. back somebody up = support morally or verbally:

The headmaster nel)er backed up his staff. (backed them uf) If a Parent complained about a teacher he assumed that the teacher uas m the wrong.

be be against (tr)

be opposed to (often used with gerund):

the Police

allow allow for (tr)

: make provision in advance for, take into account (usually some additional requirement, expenditure, delay etc.): It is 800 hilometres and I driue at 100 k.f.h., so I'il be there in eight hours. - But you'll haue to allow for delays going through towns and for stofs for refuelling. Allowing for depreciation youl car shourd be worth s2,000 this time
netct year.

anfihing till the Police arnue. be away (intr) : be away from home/this place for at least a night. be back (intr) = have returned after a long or short absence: I want to see Mrs Pitt. Is she in? No, I'm afraid she's out at the moment ot No, I'm afraid she's away for the weekend- When will she be back?

I'm for doing nothing till

ariue./I'm against doing

answer answer back (intr), answer somebody back = answer

impudcntly:
FATIIER: Why were
FATIIER:

a reDroof

yu

soN: Iou should haue been asleef.

so late last ntght? you weren't in tilt 2 a.m.

She'll be back in half an hour/next week. be for (tr) = be in favour of (often used with gerund). be in (intr) : be at home/in this bulding. be in for (tr) : be about to encounter (usually something unpleasant): Did you listen to the weather forecast? I'm afraid we're in for a
bumfy flight. If you think that the work is going to be easy you're in for a shock. be over (intr) = be finished: The storm is ouer now; ne can go on. be out (intr) : be away from home/from this building for a short time - not overnight. be up (intr) = be out of bed: Don't expect her to answer the doorbell at eight o'clock on Sunday morning. She won't be uf .
.)1,

Don't answer me back. Answer my question.

ask ask afterlfor somebody

were/how you were getting on)

: ask for news of: met Tom at the farty; he asked after you. (asked how vou

316

iS I'lrr;r.,.rl r,

r i,,

iJu l'lrr-;ts;tl I t'tl-r:;

be up to (tr) = 5.' phy'sit':rll1'or intt.llt,clu;rll1 strong ('uough (to perform a certain action). 1'he object is usualll.it, thouglr ir
possible:

l{r,nntcl is

break break down figures = take

ofJice llutugh fu trus ,rt, longer up to the u:orky'uf to doing the utork. be up to sonrething/some mischief/some trick/no good : be occupit.rl or busy with solne mischievous act: Don'l trust ltint; ht: is ult to sontething/sorna lrick. The boys are aery rluiet. I wondcr what they are uf to. Note' that the object of up to here is always some very inclefinite expression such as these given above. lt is never used rvith a particur;rl action. it is up to someone (often followed by an infinitive) : it is his responsibility or duty: It is uf ht the gouentmcnt to ktlee action on tittlence. I hauc helfed ),ou cts much as I can. Nou,it is up to_vou. (you musr continue by your own efforts.)

After his illness the Ministcr continued in

it under Yarious information: hearJings so as to give additional Yiu say that 10,000 peoflc use this libron'' Could 1'6v break that dou,n into age-groufs? (say how many of these are trnder 25' over
a total and sub-diYide

50 etc.)

break down

bear bear out (tr)

confirm:

etc. = cause to collapse by using force: to break down the door kt get into the burning hatl The J:irenten house. (break the door down/brcah it dowrt) break down (intr) = collapse, cease t<-t ftrnction properlv' ovt'tng ltr some fault or weakness: (a) llsed of people, it nornrallf irnplies a temporary enrotional collairse: (l{e rvas He brohe tlou,n u,hen telling me obout his son's tragic r/eallr. overcome bY his sorrow; he u'ePt.) (b) It can express collapsc of mental resistatrce: At Iirst he reJusad to atlnit his guilt ltttt uhen he u'as slt'tu'tt liu cttitlence he brohc dorn and cottJcssed. (c) When used of health it implies a serious physical collapse: A,fter ya.rs of ot:eruutrk his health broke d|u'n and hc hud to re ttrc.
a door

bea
blow blow out (tr)

(d) It is very often used of

;:':!';'i:;'r""
he bore ul>

(e)

machines: The car broke dou,n u,hen we uere dritting through thc descrt an,d it took us tuto tlaYs to rcPuir it. It can be used of negotiations: Tha ntgotiations brohc dou,n (were discc,ntinued) becitttsc ntilher

blou, up (tr or intr)

.,*11,1tuish (a flame) by blowing: The wind bleu' out the candle. (bleut the candle out/blau

break in (intr), break inttr (tr)

side wotild cl,nPlom$e.

it

out)

(a) = enter bY force: (b) = interrupt

(a)

: :

destroy b1'explosion, explode, be dcstroyi:d:

'fhieuas broke irt and stole tht siltrr. 'l'hrt httusa was brokut ittto u:hen lln ou'ner tNus oil holidu;"
u,us

(b)

Thcy blcu' up the bridges so that the cnenry crntltht'l .frtlhtu, them. (blaw lhe bridges uf/bleu: then uf) Just as we got to tha bridge it blew uf. fill with air, inflate, pump up: 'fht childreu ble w up their balloons und threu them into the air. ftleu, the balloons ult/blcu' then up)

somt:oltc bv solne sudden remark: tellittg them ubout nty trat,cls u,hcn ltc bnhe in uith tt slot}, ttJ

break in (a young htlrse/1;ony etc.) (tr) : train him ltlr use: l,rn cannot ritle or tlriue. u hrtrse sttfcly he/ore he ltus bum brokcn in. break off (tr or intr) : detach or bectlnle detached;

his ottttt.

boil hoil au,a1'(intr) -- bt: boiled until all (the liquid) has evaporated: I put the hettle ott the gas ring and then utent au,ay antl fltrgttt about it. When I retu,rned, the nuter had alt boiled uway and the Jlumc had burut a holc in the kettlc. boil over (intr) : to rise and flow over tht: sides of the container (used
onlv of hot liquids):
7'1rc

nilk

boiktd.

tret und then'

uas a horrible snu,l! o.f burning.

He hxth u bar Ll'L:hocolute und' brokc o/f a bit' (bn'hc a bil 'tJl/bnht it olf) ,i piece oJ-rock bnthc off untl Ji,lt into the p'ol at the .frnt o] the cli.li. break off (tr) = terntinate (used of agfeelnents cr negotiatiotts): tl:ltn hus brokett o.iJ her engagement lo T'om' (broken her enEagenent off/broken it ot-f) break oft (intr) = stop talking sucldenll', intcrrupt oneself: Tltt:t, u,erc in lhc mi.dtllt oi rtn ,trgu.tntnt bu.t brokc olf u'hen soilt(uttc trttttt: ittkt lhc rutttn.

break out (intr) (a) -- begrn (used of evils such as

Itr'ur hrokc out ott '1 tlufuust.

\'vars, epidemics, fircs etr"'):

iI8

'lt

38 Phrasal verbs
escape by using force from a pnson etc.: They locked him up in a room but he broke ozf. (smashed the door and escaped) The police are looking for two men who broke out of prison last night. break up (tr or intr) = disintegrate, cause to disintegrate: If that shif stay there she will break up/she will be broken uf b9 the
waues.

llS l'lrr;r,;rl

r',

lr.

O) :

call for = visit a place to collect a person or.tlrirrg: I am going to a pop concert with Tom. IIe is ntllittli.lrtr I must be ready then.
Iater on when we haue the car.

tttr'

ttl

t'tt:lt!

yl

Let's leaue our suitcases in the left luggage office and call for lfunt

call in is intransitive, and has the colloquial drop in: call

went. on a person:

same meaning as

look in

and the

The old shif was towed away to be broken uf and sold as scrap. Diuorce breaks uP a lol of families. (breaks families uf/breaks

Call in/Look in on your wa1 home and tell me how the interuiew

them uf) break up (intr)

etc.):

terminate (used of school Lerms, meetings, parties

He called on all the housewiues in the nrea and ashed them to sitn the petition.

The schooL broke uf on 30 July and holidays. The meeting broke uf in confusnn.

all

the boys went home

for

the

bring bring someone round (tr; object usually before round) (a) : persuade someone to accept a previously opposed suggestion: After a lot of argument I brought him round to my point of uiew. (b) : restore to consciousness: \
She

Other meanings of call forlinlon : require, demand (the subject here is often an impersonal word or phrase such as: the situation/this sort ofwork/this etc.; the object is then usually some quality, e.g. courage/patience/a steady hand

call for (tr)

etc.

The situalion calls lor tact. You'ue got the job! This calls for a celebration. But it can also be used with a personal subject:

fainted with the pain but a little brandy soon brought her round. bring a person or thing round (tr; object usually before round) : bring him/it to my/your/his house: I haue finished that book that you lent me: I'll bring it round (to your
house) tonight.

bring up (tr) (a) : educate

The workers are calling for strike action. The relations of the dead men are calling for an inquiry. call in a person/call him in : send for him/ask him to come to the house to perform some service. send for is more authoritative than call in which is therefore a more polite form: It was too late to call in an electrician. (call an electrician

and train children: to be

in/call him in)

She brought uP

(b)

her children uf/brought them uf)

truthful. (brought her children

There is some mystery about his death; the police haue been called in.

call on somebody (usually + infinitive) = ask him to do something/ask

him to help. This is a rather formal way of making a request and is chiefly used on formal occasions or in speeches etc. There is usually the idea that the person called upon will consider it his duty to comply with the request:
The President called

mention: At the last committee meeting, the treasurer hrought uf the question o,f raising the annr,tal subscription. (brought the question up/brought it ult)

ufon his people to make sacrifices for

the good

of

burn

their country.
The chairman called on the secretary to read the minutes of the last meehng.

burn down (tr or intr) = destror'. or be destrol'ed cornpletell' bi' tire

(used of buildings): 7-ht nrob bttnrl dou'u 1/rc c'rrrba.ssy'. (hurnl the embassl' dou,n/|rurnI it dott'n\ The hotel burnt dou'n beforc helb camc.

Other combinations with call call off (tr) = 6rn."1 something not yet started, or

call

call meaning 'visit' (for a short time) call at a plac:e: I called at the bank and arranged

to transfer some money.

abandon something already in progress: They had to call off (= cancel) the match as the ground was too wet to play on. (call the match off/call it offl When the fog got thicker the search was called o//. (abandoned) call out (tr; = ru-rnon someone to leave his house to deal with a situation outside. It is often used of troops when they are required to leave their barracks to deal Xvith civil disturbances: The police couldn't control the mob so troofs were called out.

32r

38 Phrasal verbs
The Fire Brigade u)as called lut seueral times on the night of 5 Nouember to Put out fires started by fireworks. Doctors don't much like being culled out at night.

38 Phrasal verbs

clean up (intr) is used sinrilarly:

I'hesc painters always clean up when thel'ue finished. (leave the place clean)

call up (tr) (a) : summon for military service:

clear
at the
age

(b)

:
I

tuhere there is conscription men ure called tQ of eighteen. (call uP men/call men up/call them uf)

In countries

cle
clear away (intr)

icles, usually in order to make space: e papers? (clear these papers

telephone: called Tom

u! and told him lhe neus. (called uf Tom/called

disperse:

him uf)
care

not to care about (tr)

care for (tr)

to be inclifferent to:

The Profcssor said that he uas intcrested only really care about stutJenls.

in

reseurch; he didn't

(a)

(b)

like (seldom used in the affirmative): He doesn't care for Jilms about uur'. : look after (not much used except in the passive): The house looked tucll cared for. (had been weil boked after/was in
good

condition)

carry

carry on (intr) = continue (usually work or duty): I can't cartj orx alone an1 ktnger; I'll haue to get hel!. carry on rvith (tr) is used similarll':
The doctor told ltcr to carry ott with tlze treatnwnt.

clear out a room/cupboard/drawer etc. : empty it, usually to make room for something else: I'll clear out this drawer and you can put you.r things in it. (clear this drawer out/clear it out) clear up (intr) = become fine after clouds or rain: The sfu looks a bit cloudg now but I think it will clear up. clear up (tr or intr) : make tidy and clean: are cooking it's best to t:lear uf as )rou go, instead of erything to the end and hauing a terrible pile of things to
(tr)
Clear up f/ris rness. (clear

carry out (tr)

perform (duties), obcy (orders, instructions), lullll

(threats): You rtre n,Lt meant to think Jbr yottrself; jou ttrc here to cnrrl out nty
ordars. Thc I.l'oter Board carrietl ou.t their lhrcat ttt r.ttt off om' tt'ater supll|1. (They threatened to do it and they did it.)

: finish I haue s (b) : solve

(a)

clear up (tr)

this mess up/clear it

up)

which stili remains to be <ione): hich I must clear ut' before I leaue lonight. ny detectiue stories when the police are bffied an ttue contes along nnd clears up the my,stery. (clears

IIe read tht' instructiotts but he rlidn't carry ihcm catch

rtut.

close

catch up

with (tr), catch up (tr or intr) : overtake. but not pass: I sturted lnst in the race fur,t I soon caught ttf tt'ith the others.
(cawght

clo

rnanentlv
att

them up/caught

uP)

shopi
(c

ncqq).

ii

,i,"p,

You'ue missed a whole term; ltsv'll haue to utork hard tt' cutclt
t,uith the rest

uf

dowu.

of tlrc class. (cah-h them uf/cntch up)

clean

close in (intr) = come nearer, approach from all sides (used of mist, darkness, enemies etc.):

clean out (tr)

thoroughly:

a room/cupboard/drarver

etc.

clean and tidy it

clos

r together (of people in a line):

we decided to stay where ue uere.

clean ou,t the spare raon. (clean ttut/cl,can it ou.t) clean up (tr) a mess, e.g. anything spilt:

I nus!
Cleun

the spare room

up/clertn

bit lhere'd be room Jbr another one on

uf any spilt paint. (clcrn thc spilt paint

322

it

uf)
ortt

38 Phrasal verbs

38 Phrasal

r.erbs

come come across/upon (tr)

When

come up (intr)
frnd by chance:
my passfort

was looking

for

(a) = rise to the surface:

A diuer with an aqualung doesn't haue to keep coming
up

came across these old ,Come

come along/on (intr) : corD with me, accompany me. often said to someone who is hesitating or delaying: Come on, or we'll be late. come away (intr) : leave (with me): Come away now. It's time to go home. come away/off (intr) : detach itself:

fhotographs.

on' is

When I licked ult the teapot the handle came awa)) in my hand. come in (intr), come into (tr) = enter: Someone knocked at my door and I said, ,Come in.' Come into the garden and

can stay underwater for quite a long time. Weeds are coming up euerywhere. (b) : be mentioned: The question of the caretaker's u)ages came up at the last meeting. come up (intr), come up to (tr) : approach, come close enough to talk: A policeman was standing a few yards away. He came uf to me and said, 'You can't park here.'

for air;

he

come off (intr)

I'tl

show

you my roses.

crop crop up (intr)

(a)

: appear, arise unexpectedly or by accident (the subject is normally an abstract noun such as difficulties/the subject etc. or a
pronoun): At first ull sorts of dfficulties croffed up and delayed us. Later ne learnt how to anticibate these.

succeed,

<_rf

I'm afraid that scheme

etc.):

than you haue auailable. take place; happen as arranged: When is the wedding coming ofl? - Next June. If we say The duchess was to haue opened the bazaar we imply that thi\ plan was made but didn't come off. (She arranged to open it but later had to cancel this arrangement.) (c) : end its run (of a ptay', exhibition etc.): 'Lady Windermere's Fan' is coming off next week. you'd better hurry if you want to see il. come out (intr) (a) : be revealed, exposed (the subject here is normally the truth/the facts/the whole story etc. and usually refers to facts which the people concerned were trying to keep hidden, i.e. scandals

a plan or scheme (used in negative): of yours non't come off. It needs more cabitai

(b) =

cut cut down

a tree : fell it: If you cut down aII the trees you will ruin the land. (cut the trees down/cut them down) cut down (tr) : t"6u." in size or amount:
We must cut down expenses

one

(b) = (c)
(a)

They deceiued euerybody till they quarrelled umong themselues; then fublicly denounced the others and the uhole truth came out.

or we'll be getting into debt. 'This article is too long,' said the editor. 'Could you cut it down to 2,000 words?' cut in (intr) = slip into traffic lane ahead of another car .rvhen there isn't roorn to do this safely: Accidcnts an, tfttn nusad by' drirtrs rutting in. cut off (tr) : disconnect, discontinue supply (usually of gas, water, electricity etc.). The object can either be the commodity or the person
who suffers: The Comfany has cut off our electricity supply because we hauen't paid our bill. (cut our supply off/cut it offl They'ue cut off the water/our water supply temporarily because they are repairing one of the ntain pipes. We were cut off in the middle of our (telephone) conuersation. (This might be accidental or a deliberate action by the switchboard

be published (of books): Her neu, nouel will be coming out in time : disappear (ofstains): Tomato stains don't usualfu come out.

fitr

the Chistmas sales.

come round (intr)

flrnally accept a previously opposed suggestion: Her futher at first reJ'used to let her stutlt abroad but he came ntund (to it) tn the end. (said she could go) (b) = come to my (your/his etc.) house: I'll conte round after dinner and tell you the plan. come round/to (intr; stress on to) = 1ss.r.r consciousness: lVhen tce found him he was unconscious but he came round/to in half an hour and expluined that he hatl been attacked antl robbed.

be cut off (intr)

: form a barrier between him and safety (often used in connexion with the tide, especially in the passive): We were cut off by the tide and had to be rescued by boat.
cut someone off
be inconveniently isolated (the subject is usually a place or residents in a certain place): You u.till be comfletely cut off if ltou go to liue in that uillage because there is a bus only4tnce a week.

operator.)

?'2'1

:J25

38 Phrasal verbs

1i8 Phrasal verbs

cut out (tr) (a) -- cut from

shape: When

a piece of cloth/paper etc. a smaller piece of a desired

drop drop in (intr)

am naking a dress I mark the cloth uith chalk and then cut it ottt. (cut out the dress/cu,t the dress out) Young ltectplc o.itcn cul rnt,t fltologtrtphs oJ their.lauourite fop slars and stick tlLem io th.c walls (b) = omit, leave out: If pu natt to get thin you must cul ottt sugar. (cut it out) be cut out for (tr) : be fitted or suited for (used of people, usually in the negative): His father got him a job in a bank but it sootl becam,e cleor that he uas not cut out for that hmd of work. (He wasn't happy and was not good at the work.) cut up (tr) : cut into small pieces: Thel cut dotun the tree and cut it uf for firewood. (cut the tree

: pay a short unannounced visit: He dropped in for a ieu ,ninutes to ask if he could borrow lour fower drill. (d:rop in is more colloquial than 'call in'.) drop out (intr) : withdrarv, retire from a scheme or plan: We planned to hire a coach for the exutrsion but nou so many feo|le haue rirolfed out that it u'ill not be neederl.
a cornpctitor/canclidate (for a corrtest, cxamination, etc.): 'lirclr;r: llu;t.t;ci.rtd t:ontpclilors hdrt: tnk'rtd Jrtr tht nctl Lond.ott

enter entcr for (tr1 = 1r",'u-e

Marulhrtn

fade

uf/cut uf the tree)

fade away (intr)

sorrnds):

disappear, become graclualll' fainter (usually of

mu.si.c

die

'fhe bnnd 'noued on and the

faded awai.

die away (intr)

They uaited

:
till

die down (intr)

become gradually fainter till inaudible: the sound of the guard's footsteps died aua1. become gradually calmer and finally disappear (of

riots, fires, excitemer.rt etc.): die out (intr) : become extinct (of customs, races, species of animals etc.): Elefhants nould die out tf men could shottt as ntanj as thq) ruished.
do
When the excitement had died down the shofkeepers took down their shutters and reofened their shops.

fall fall back (intr) : withdraw, retreat (this is a deliberate action, quite different from fall behind, which is involuntary): fall back on (tr) : use in the abscnce of something better: lVe had to full back on dried milk as fresh nilk nasn't ouailable.
IIe fell bach on the old argutnent that if 1ou educate tlomen thel As the eneml aduanced
we

feLl buck.

won't

be such good wiues

fall belrind (intr)

do away
Th.e

with (tr) abolish: gouernment should do away drinking hours.

uith

the regulations restrictittg

slip into the rear [hrough mability to keep up with the others, fail to keep up an agreed rate of payments: At tke bcginning thrt nlnle partl' kept tugether but hy the end of the du1, 77rtn u:ho were less fit had fullen behind. IIe. fell behind tuith his rent and th'c landlord began to bccoma
imPutient.

and mothers.

do up (tr)
lYhen

redecorate: do this room uf

room/do

do rvithout (tr)

it

I'll

paint the unlls cream. (do up this

fall in with
ll'e'd

ttb)

manage in the absence of a person or thing:

We had to do withrn,i petrol during the fuel crisis. The object is sometimes understood but not menti<lned: If there isn't an1 milk tue'll haue to do without (it).

fall in (intr) of troops etc. : get into line fall out (intr) of troops etc. : leave the lines: fall

bette.r

someone's plans : accept them and agree to c<t-operate: fall in utith his suggestion Jor the sake af peace.

draw draw back (intr)

draw up (intr)

retire, recriil: It's too late ta draw back nou; thc plans are alL made. draw up (tr) : ntnL" a written plan or agreement: [l[y solicitor drew uf the ]ease and we both signed it. (dreu

The h'oofs fell in nntl r,uere insfected. Aflet the parade the.y fell ottt and went back trt their barracksoff (intr) : decrease (of numbers, ltttendartce etc.): Orders hatte been felling off lately; tue need u new aduertising contpatgn.

Ij
to

the price
.

of

seats goes uP

tttttt:h ntttre theutre attcntlancas

uill

begin

: stop (of vehicles): Tlte car tlren up at the kerb and the driuer got ottt.
326

it

uf1

lall o.ff fall on (tr) =

211n.1 violently (the victim has normally no chance to defend hirnself as the attackers are too strong; it is also solnetimes used of hungry men who attack their food when they get it): The mob fell on tht' killers und clubbed them to death,. Thc staruing men JelL on the fooC. (devouled it)

38 l)hrasal vcrbs

iltJ I'lrr,r',,r1 rllr

quarret: fall out honest men get their own. (proverb; i.e. get

fall out (intr) :

When thieues

back their property)

get back (tr) = recover possession of: If you lend him a book he'll lend it to
get

fall through
My

plans

to be muc

journel turned out

feed be fed up (rntr), be fed up with (tr) : be completely bored (slang): I'm fed up with this net neuther. I'm fed up with waiting; I'm going httme.

feel feel up to (tr)

I I

: feel strong enough (to do something): don't feel up to tidying the kitchen nou. I'il tro it in the morning. don't feel uf to it.
fassport. (fitL three

fill fill

in/up forms etc. : complete them: I had to fill in three forms to get my forms infill them in)

new

find find out (tr)

discover as a result of conscious effort:

fix fix up (tr)

?rrange:

The club has already fixed up severar matches (fixed several matches uf/fixed them up1

for

next season.

get

someone else and you'll neuer back. (get back your book/get your book back) get back (intr) = reach home again: We spent the nhole day in the hills and didn't get back till dark. get off (intr) = be acquitted or receive no punishment (compare with get away with it, which implies that the offender is not even caught): He was tried for theft but got off because there wasn't sufficient euidence against him. (was acquitted) The boy had to appear before a magistrate but he got off as it nas his first offence. (received no punishment) get on (intr), get on with (tr) (a) : make progress, be successful: How is he getting on at school? He is getting on uer! well with his English. (b) : live, work etc., amicably with someone: He is a pleasant friendly man who gets on well with nearl euerybody. How are you and Mr Pitt getting on? get out (intr) : escape from, leave (an enclosed space): Don't wory about the sndke. It's in a box. It can't get out. News of the Budget got out before it was officially announced. I'm so busy that I don't uery often get out. (out of the house) Note that the imperative 'Get out', except when it means 'descend' (from a vehicle), is very rude. get out of (tr) : free oneself from an obligation or habit: I said that I'd help him. Now I don't utant to but I can't get out of it (free myself from my promise) He says that he smokes too much but he can't get out of the habit. Some people liue abroad to get out of paying heauy taxes. get over (tr) : .".ou"r from (illness, distress or mental weakness): He is just getting ouer a bad heart attack. I can't get ouer her leauing her hushand like that.0 haven't recovered from the surprise; I am astonished.) He used to be afraid of heights but he has got oaer that now. get it over (the object is usually it which normally represents something unpleasant) = deal with it and be hnished with it: If you haue to go to the dentist why ttot go at once and get it oaer? (Be careful not to confuse this with get over it, which is quite

it

different.)

get away with (tr) = perform some illegal or wrong act without being punished, usually without even being caught: He began forging cheques and at first he got awalt with it but in the end he nas caught and sent to pison.

Don't ask him how he is because if he starts tarking about you'll neuer get away from him. I had a lot to do in the ffice and didn't get away till eight.

his health

a person : coax him into letting you do what you want: Girls can usually get round their fathers. get round a difficulty/regulation : find some solution to it/evade it: If we charge feofle for admission we will haue to fay entertainment tax on our receipts; but we can get round this regulation by saying that we are charging not for admission but for refreshments. Money

get round

paid for refreshments is not taxed. get through (tr or in&) : finish a piece of work, finish successfully: He got through his exam all ight. (passed it) 329

328

38 Phrasal

','erbs

38 Phrasal
go

vcr-lrs

get up (intr)

: get into telephone communication: arn tryittg to cull London bul I can't get througlt; I thinh all the lines are enguged. get up (tr) : 6r*u6re, arrange (usualiy an amateur entertainment or charitable enterprise) : Thel got ul a concert in uid of cancer research. (They got it ui.)
get through (intr)

I get up at
giive

rise from bed, rise to one's feet, rnount:

seuen

o' clock

euery ntorning.

(For get used to mean enter/leave vehicles, see 93 D.)

go ahead (intr) : proceed, continue, lead the way: White she uus au)ai he u,ent ahead u'ith the work and got a lot dotte. You go ahead and I'll follow; I'm not quite reudy. go away (intr) = leave, leave me, leave this place: Are you going awayfor l1our holidal'? - No, I'rn staying at home. PLcase go awa!; I cun't work unless I am alone. go back (intr) = returrt, retire, retreat: go back on (tr) : withdraw or break (a promise): He utent back on his promise to teII nobody about this. (He told people about it, contrary to his promise.) go down (intr) (a) : be received with approval (usually of an idea): I suggested that she should look for a job but this suggestion did not
become less, be reduced (of wind, sea, weight, prices etc.): During her illness her weight wenl dou'n from 50 kilos to 40. The wind wcnt down and the sea became quite calm. go for (tr) = attack: The cat went for the dog and chased him out of the hallgo in for (tr) = be cspecially interestecl in, practise; cnter for (a competition): This rcstaurant goes in for uegetaian dishes. (specializes in them) She phys a tot of golf and goes in for aII the comfetitionsgo into (tr) = investigate thoroughly: 'We shall haue to go into this uery carefully,' said the detectiu.

I'm

neuer going back to that hotel.

It is most

uttcomfortable.

give something away = give it to soneone (who

mentioned):

neerd

not be
awa1,/giue

I'll

giue

this old coat aulaJ.

(giue au,61,

au'aj)

this old coat

it

give someone away (object before aw.ay) = betray him:

give back (tr) = 1"r1,r.e (a thing) to its owler: I must call at the librurl to git,e back this book.
back/to giue

He said that lte wus not an Arnerican but his uccenr g,ue him ctua1. (told us that he was an American)
(to giue

ft) :

go down at

all

well.

give out (tr)

buck) give in (intr) yield, cease ro reslsr: At first he uouldn't let rter ditte the car but she was so persuasire that euentual$ he gaue m.

it

this book
\-

(a)

: :

announce verbally:

They gatte

out the names

out)

out/gaue The

(b)

then

of the w,inners.

(gaue

the names
ach PuPil)

distribute, issue:

go off (intr)

give

ou :

The

give up (tr or intr)

something:

His

t,'t'
abaldon an attempt, cease trying to do

(a) - explode (of ammunition or firewr-rrks), be fired (of guns, usually accidentally): As he was cleaning his gun it ttLent ofl and killed him. ft) : be successful (ofsocial occasions): The farty went off uery well. (everyone enjoyed it) (c) - start a journeY, leave: He uent oJf in a greut hurry. go on (intr) : contintle a jottrneY: Gtt on till jou come to the crcssroads. go on (intr), go on with (tr), go on + gerund = continue any action:
Please go on

llqing; I

like it.

H/tue you giuen

He

uf dinking whisky beJore gaue up cigarettes. (gaue them uf)

breakfast?
.

Go on with lhe treatment.

It is tloing you

good.

go on + infinitive:
He began b' de.scribing the route and went on to tell us what the trip would probably cosf. (He continued his speech and told us etc.)

give oneself up @bject before up)

He tried to leurn Greeh but soon got tired of it and gatttr it uf

surrender:

He gaue himself up to despair. He u,as cold and hungry tfter a weeh on the run so he gaue himself uf to the police.

go out (intr)

(a) = leave the house:

(b)

She is always irulaors; she doesn't go out enough. join in social life, leave one's house for entertainments etc. She is rcry Prettl and goes out a lot.
131

.i5 l'lrr.r.,rl r,,rlr,

iJ8 Phrasal vt'rlrs

(c)

disappear, be discontinued (of fashions):

las!

be extinguished (of lights, fires etc.): The light went out and we were left in the dark. go over (tr) : .*r.tne, study or repeat carefully: He went ouer the frans again and discoaered iwo uery serious
mistakes.

(d) =

Cinolines went out about the middle of the

cenlun.

hand hand down (tr)

possessions):

bequeath or pass on (traditions/information/

hand in (tr) = give by hand (to someone who need not be mentioned
because the person spoken to knows already):

This legend has been handed doun from father to son.

8o round (intr) (a) = suffice (for a number of people):

(b)

:
I

Will there

go through (tr) : carefully (usually a number of things; go "*rnrlne through is like look through but more thorough): There is a mistahe someu,here: u,e'il haue to go through the accounts and see whcre it is.
The police went through their weapon.

house)

be enough wine to go round? go to his/her/your etc. house: said that I'd go round and see her during the weekend. (go to her

I handed in my resignation. (gave it to my employer) parcel in yesterday. (handed it in) (tr) hand out = distribute: He wus standing at the door of the theatre handing out leaflets. (handing leaflets out/handing them out) hand over (tr or intr) = surrender authority or responsibility to
Someone handed this

another:
The outgoing Minister handed ouer his department to his successor. (handed his department ouer/handed it ouer) hand round (tr) give or show to each person present:

files to

see

if

they could

fingerpints to match those that

they had

found on thi handri of the

find any

The hostess handed round coffee and cakes. (handed them round)

go through (tr) : suffer, endure: No one knows whut I went through white
uerdict. (how much I suffered)

\
I
was waiting

for

the

hang hang about/around (tr or intr) = loiter or wait (near): He hung about/around the entrance all day, hoPing lor a chance

to

go through with (tr) = finish, bnng to a conclusion (usually in the face of some opposition or difficultv): He went through with his prun arthough ail his friends aduised him to
abandon it.

buildings, ships etc. ): when the fire reached the cargo of chemicars the u,futre shif went up. (blew up)
Someone drcpped a cigarette end into a can of fetrol and the whole garage went up in flames. go without (tr) = 6o without. (But it only applies to things. ,Go without a person' has onry a literal meaning; i.e. it means tstart or make a journey r.l'ithout him'.)

po up (intr) (a) : rise (ofprices): The fice of strawberies went uf towards the end of the season. (b) = burst into flames (and be destroyed), explode (used of whole

sfeak to the director. hang back (intr) : show unwillingness to act: Eueryone afproued of the scheme but when we asked for uolunteers they all hung back. hang on to (tr) : retain, keep in one's possession (colloquial): I'd hang on to that old coat if I were you. It might be useful.

hold hold off (intr) = keep at a distance, stay away (used of rain): hold on (intr) = wait (especially on the telephone): Yes, Mr Pitt is in. If you hold on for a moment I'll get him for iou. hold on/out (intr) = persist in spite of, endure hardship or danger:
The suruiuors on the rock signalled that thel were short of water but could hold out for another day. The strikers held out for six weeks before agreeing to arbitration. The rain lortunately held off

till after

the school sports day.

hold up (tr)

grow grow out of (tr) =

bad) habit: later on.

(a) = stop by threats or

abandon, on becoming older, a childish (and
a
<_rften

vi<llence (often in order to rob): The terrorists held up the train and keft the fassengers as hostages. Masked men held uf the cashier and robbed the bank. (held
uD)

He used to tell a lot of lies as

him
loung
boy but he grew out of that

(b) = stop, delay

(especially used in the passive):

grow up (intr) = become adult: 'I'm going to be a pop star u,hen I grow up,' said the

The bus nas held uP because a tree had fallen across the road.
boy.

:13

'ifi l'ltt;ts.tl t.r

lrs

lJ8 I'hrasal verbs

join join up (intr) = enlist in one of the anned services:

IVhen

uor

was det.lured he joinert up at once.

knock out (tr) : hit someone so hzrd that he falls unconscious: In the linals oi the boxing championship he knoched out his opponent, who was carricd out oi the ring. (knocked his opponent
out/hnocked

jump jump at (tr)

him out)

the chance.

: u.."0, with enthusiasm (an offer or opportunity): Hc u,as offered a flace in the Himaluyan cxfedition ana juiped ut :
restrain, hinder, prevent

lay lay in (tr)

keep keep sornebody back (object before back)

from advancing:

=- provide or.reself with a sufficient quantity (of stores etc.) to last for some time: She expected a shortage ol died fruit so she laid in a large supply. lay out (tr) = plan gardens, building sites etc.: Le Notre laid out the gardens al Versailles. Aaid the gardens

Frequent illnesses heft him bach. (prevented him from rnaking nrrrmal progress)

keep down (tr)

reprgss, control:

close:

drtun rats? (keep them dou,n) Tty to renrcntber to turn off thc tight when ytttt reaue the roortt. I am trying to heep dou,n expenses. (keef expenses tloun) keep off (tr or intr) : refrain from walking on, or from corning too

trVhat is the best way to keep

oullaid them out) la1'up (tr) = 51ot" carefully till needed again (used of ships, cars etc.): Beftire he went to Brazil for e yedr, he laid up his car, as he' didn't u'ant to sell it. Aaid it uf) be laid up (of a person) : be confined to bed through illness: Shc was laid up for ueeks u,ith a slifped disk.
lead lead up to (tr)

keep on

: continue: nanted to etxflain but he hept ort talhing and didn,t giue mc e chance to say anything
I
water
out/keep

'Keep off the

grtss'. (park notice)

: prepare the way for, introduce (figuratively): He nanted lo borrow my binoculars, but he didn't say so at once. He led up to it fu talking about birdwatching. : stop (doing something): He was playing his trumfet but I told him to leaue off because the
neighbours were comfilaining about the noise. W;e'll sing our school song leauirrg out the last ten uerses.
They gaue each competitor

keep out (tr) = prevent from entenng:

My shoes ore aery old and don't keef out the water. (keeb the

leave leave off (usually intr) leave out (tr) = omit:

keep out (intr)

keep up (tr)

stay outside: 'Priuale. Keep out. ' (notice on door)

it

out)

rnrlnrrin (an effort): He began walking at four nilcs an hour but he coulcln,t keep up that n.began to u,alh more slonly. (he couldn,t hieplt upt keefi uf a conuerxilion with someone who only says

one wanted lo haue

it.

a number; but they leJt out No. 73 as ru, Aeft No. 73 out/left it out)

let

keep up.(intr), keep up

is advancing; advance at the same Dace, as: A runner cun't heef up u,ilh a cyclist.

with (tr) = lsmrh

abreast of someone whu

let dou'n (tr) = lower: When she lets her hair

hair/lets

The uork thut the c/a.ss r.s doing is too trfficurt fitr me . I unn't be ubre to keef uf (fuith them). It is imfossible to keep up with lhe news unless lrnt reud the
newspopers.

knock knock off (tr or intr)

down it reaches her waist. (lets douln her down) You can let u coat doun (lenglhen it) DJ, using the hem. let someone down (object before dou'n) : disappoint him by failing t<r act as well as expected, or failing to fulfil an agreement: I promised him that you would do thc work. Why did you le.l me down fu doing so little? He said he'tl come to helf nte; but he lct me down. He neuer

it

stop work for the day (colloquial): English tcorkmen usuulll, knoch off at 5.30 or 6.00 p.nt. W'e knock off u,ork in time for tea.

let in (tr)

turned up. : allow to enter, admit:

They let in the ticket-holders. (et thc ticket-holders in/ let them in) IJ yu mention m! rutme h the door-keeper he will let you in.

J31

33ir

38 Phrasal verbs

38 Phrasal verbs
before ofO = refrain from punishing: agistrate was going to fine me but he let me off.

let

look back/round (intr)

let out (tr) (a) : make wider (of clothes): (b)

off.)

clothes out/let them out)

That boy is getting fatter. You'il haue to ret out his crothes. 1et

his

allow to leave, release: He opened the door and let out the dog. Qet the dog out/let
a bad reputation

it

out)

live live down

forget it:

live in such a manner that people will

look behind (literally): the wzman behind us is wearing the rnost but Don't look round now extraordinary c lot he s. look for (tr) : search for, seek: I haue lost my watch. Will you help me to look for it? look forward to (tr) : expect with pleasure (often used with gerund): I am looking forward to her arriual/to seeing her. look in (intr) = pay a short (often unannounced) visit (= call in): I'll look in this euening to see how she is. look into (tr) : investigate: There is a mystery about his death and the police are looking

live in (intr)
servants):

He has neuer quite too much which he

live

in

liue was of w

ut
n. us

mg

look on . . . as (tr)

ADVERTTSEMENT:

live on (tr; = u." as staple food: It is said that for a cehain period of his life Byron

Cook wanted. 5140 a week. Liue in. liued on uinegar

: consider: Most feople look on a teleuision set as an essential piece of furniture' These children seem to look on their teachers as their enemieslook on (intr) = be a spectator only, not a participator: Two men nere fighting. The rest were looking on. look on (tr), look out on (tr) (used of windows and houses) : be
facing:

into it.

and fotatoes in order to keep thin. live up to (tr) = maintain a certain standard-moral, economic or behavioural: He had high ideals and tried to liue up to them. (he tried to act in accordance with his ideals)

His house looks (out) onto the sea. (ftom his house you can see

the sea.)

look out (intr) = be watchful, beware:

lock lock up a house (tr or intr; usually intr) = lock all doors: lock up a person or thing
pnson:
She locked

People usually lock up before they go to bed at night. put in a locked place, i.e. box, safe,

ufi/locked them uf)

ul the papers in her desk. (ocked the papers

look

look at (tr) = 1"*r.6'

: take care of: look after my parrot when I am awal? look ahead (intr) = consider the future so as to make provision for it: It's time yu looked ahead and made plans for gour retirement.
look after (tr)
Will

yu

(to someone just about to cross the road) 'Look out! There's a lorry coming!' look out for (tr) = keep one's eyes open so as to see something (usually fairly conspicuous) if it presents itself: I am going to the party bo, so look out for melook over (tr) : inspect critically, read again, revise quickly (look over is similar to go over but less thorough): Look oaer uthat you'ae written before handing it to the examiner. I'm going to look ouer a house that I'm thinking of buyng. look through (tr) : examine a number of things, often in order to select some of them; turn over the pages of a book or newspaper, looking for information: Look through your old clothes and see if you haue anything to giue awa!. I'd like you to look through these photograPhs and try to pick out the
man you saw. He looked through the books and decided that he uouldn't like themlook through someone = look at him without appearing to see him, as a deliberate act of rudeness: She has to be polite to me in the office but when we meet outside she always looks through me.

look back (intr), look back on (tr)

He looked at the clock and said, 'It is midnight., : consider the past: Looking back, I don't suppose ue are an! worse no00 than peofle

were a hundred years ago. Perhaps some day it will be pleasant to look back on these things.

336

337

iJ8 Phrasal vcrbs

look up

an address/a name/word/train time/telephone number etc. look for it in the appropriate book or paper, i.e. address book/

make up one's mind

colne to ;t clt't'isiort:
.

dictionary/timetable/directory etc. : lf you don't know the meaning of the v,ord look

it

up. Qook up the

must look up the time of yur train. (loctk for it in the timetable) somebod-v up can nrean 'visit'. The person visited usually lives at some distance and is not seen very often. look up is therefore different from look in, which implies that the person visited lives quite ckrse: Any time ),ou conte to London do look me up. (come and see me) I hauen't seen Tom Jbr ages. I must find out wherc he liues and look

word/look the word up)

look

In thc cnd he made up his mind to gtt hy lntrtt make up a quarrel/make it up = end it' Isn't it lime you and Ann made up your quarrel. (nurdt il ttlt) make up a story/excuse/explanation = invent it: I don't belicuc jitur storyt qs all. I think lou are just uaking tt ttp. make up (tr ()r intr) : use cosmetics: Mosl u,omen make up/muke uf their faces. (make their faces up/make them uf)
make up (tr)

him up. (look Tom up/look up Tom) look up (intr) = improve (the subject is usually thingslbusiness/uorld
affairs/the weather, i.e. nothing very definite):
nqw.

Business has been uery bad lately but things are beginning to ktok up

: k>ok at him contenrptuously, letting your eyes vvander from his head to his feet and back again: The Policeman looked the drunk man uP and down aery deliberatel; before reflying to his question.
look someone up and down
look up to (tr) = respect:
Schoolbols usuaLfu loLtk up to grcat athletes.

there. (m.ahe uf the presciption/make the prescriplion up) NOTICE (in tailor's ',vindow): Customers' own nnterials made ult. Tlte audience was made up of uery young childrett. make up for (tr) = compensate for (the object is very cften i/): You.'ll huue to u,ork uery hard toCay to rnake up for the timc you nasted yesterday/to muke uP for being late yesterday. lVe aren't allowcd to drink when we are in training but we intend to make uf for it uJter the race is ouer. (to drink more than trsual then)

yu

: put together, compound, colllpose: Take this prescription to the chemist's. They will makc

Actors hauc to be made up belore they apfear on stage.

it

up

for

miss

look down on (tr)

thetn.

despise: Small boys ofte.n look dou,n on little girls attd re.lilse to plal with
She thinks her neishbours look down on lter heen abroad.

miss out (tr) = leave out ('lea"'e out' is more usual; scc page li35). mix

a bit because she's neucr

mix up (tr)

: .on1ut.' IIe mixed up the addresses so thttt no

(mixed them uf)

one got the

right kttters.

make

make for (tr)

: :

be/get mixed up u'ith

travel towards:

The escalted prisoner was mahing

make off (intr)

fttr

the coust.

: be involved (usually with some rather person or business): disreputable I don't uant kt get nixed up tuith an1 illegal orgunization. :
move self and possessions iltttl new house, flat, rooms etc.

run away (used of thier,es etc.): The bo1,s made off uhen they suw the policemen. nrake out (tr) (a) = discor,'er the meaning of, understand, see, hear etc. clearly: I can't muke rrut the address, hc has n,ritlen il so badj. (nnke the

move move in (intr)

move out (intr)

address out/make
make

it

out)

Cun 1ou heur what the mun with the loud-huiler is saying?

I t:an't

(b)

(c)

make ottt u'h1 he isn't h.e.re yl. state (probabll' falsely or with exagge ration): He mude out thut he was tt shtdent lookitryfor a job. lVc lalcr learnt thttt this wasn't true at all. 7-lte English climatc istt't so biul as sonta lteoltle like. to tuuhc out. : u'riteachc'qu(': crLlSTOl\4ER: lIlho shull I make it ottt to? SIIOPKEEI'EIi: Make it out to Joncs and ConQunl,.

il oul ul all.

I can't

: leave house/flat etc., with <-rne's possessions, vacate accomrnodation : I har.te foutd a new fl.at. The present tenant is mouing out this u,eekend and I om ntouing in on Wednesday. move on or up (intr) : advance, go higher:
Nonnally in schools pufils ntoue uf euery yur.

order order somebody about (object before about)

: give him a lclt ordcrs (often regardless of his convenience or fer:lings): He is a retired admiral a.nd stiil has the habit of ordering
lteofle

<-rf

about.

3J8

139

38 Phrasal verbs pay pay back (tr), pay someone back (tr or intr)
mediocre modern erections are being them down)

38 Phrasal verbs

fut

uP. (PuU down houses/full

repay:

must pay back the money that I borrowed. (fal the money back/fay it back) I must pay back Mr Pitt. (Day Mr Pitt back/pay him bach) I must pay Mr Pitt back the money he lent me. (fay him buck money/pa1 it back to him)

pull off (tr;

: .u..""d

(the object is normally il):

the

pay someone back/out

revenge oneself:

I'll

pay you back

pay up (intr)

for this. (for the harm you have done me.)

to nrite to yu.

pay money owed in full (there is often a feeling that the

payer is reluctant):
Unless you

fal uf I shall tell mg solicitor

pick pick out (tr)

pick up (tr) (a) : raise or lift a person or thing, usually from the ground or from
table or chair:
He ficked up the

: .1.tu,rt., select, distinguish from a group: Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. (fick it out) In un identity parade the nitness has to try to pick out the criminal from a group of about eight men. (fiick the criminal out/pick him out) I know that you are in this photograph but I can't fick 1ou out.
a

Much to our sur\ise he fulled off the deal. (sold the goods/got the contract) (fulled it offl pull through (tr or intr) = recover from illness/cause someone to recover: We thought she was going to die but her own will-fower pulled her through. (tr) He is uery ill but he'll Pull through if ne look after him carefulll'. (intr) pull up (intr) : stop (of vehicles): A layby is a sface at the side of a main road, where driuers can Pull uf if they want a rest.

put put aside/by (tr; = .uu" for future use (usually money). put aside
often implies that the money is being saved for a certain purpose: Ht futs asidc S5O a month trt frtl ]br his suntnu:r fulidav (fttts
usidr:)

it

put away (tr)

etc.
):

I)rm't spend all ltmr salarl 7'r1' lrt ltut somcthing b1' cat h mttnlh : put tidily out of sight (usually in drawers, cupboards Put your toys away, children; it's bedtime. (put away the toys/fut

child and curried him into the house.

(piched

the

child uf)

(b)

(c)

all ouer the floor and I huue to pick them uf. call for, take with one (in a vehicle): I won't haue time to come to your house but I could pick 1ou up at the end of your road. The coach stops at the principal hotels to fick up tourists, but only if they arrange this in uduance. (fich tourists up/pick them uf) The cren of the wrecked yacht were ficked up by helicofter. : receive (by chance) wireless signals: Their SOS was picked up by another ship, which informed the lifeboat

She scatters toys

them awaY) put something back = replace it where you found it/where it belongs: When yu'ue finished with the book Put it back on the shelf. put back a clock/watch = retard the hands: fut the clock back is
sometimes used figuratively to mean return to the customs of the Past: MoTHER: Your father and I will aftange a mariage for you when the time comes. I)AUGHTER: You're trying to put the clock bach, mother. Parents rlon't arrange marriages these days! (put back the clock/Put it back)

headquarters.

(d) =

Sometimes

acquire cheaply, learn without effort: yu pick uf wonderful bargains in these murhcts. Children usually pick up foreign languuges uery quickly.

point point out (tr)

put down (tr) (a) = the opposite of Pick uP: He picked up the saucepan and fut it down at once because the handle uas almost red-hot. (fiut the saucepan down/put it down) (b) : crush rebellions, movements: Troops were used to put down the rebellion. (put the rebellion

indicate, show: As we droue through the city the guide pointed out the most important buildings. (fointed the buildings out/pointed them out) demolish (used of buildings): Euerywhere elegant old buildings are being pulled down and

(c)

down/fut it down) write: Put down his phone number before you forget

it. (fut the

number down/Put

pull pull down (tr)

put

it down) cusroMER (to shop assistant): I'll take that one. Please put it down to me/to m1 account. (enter it in my account) something down to (tr) = attribute it to: The children woutdk't answer him, but he uasn't annoyed as he Put
it donn to shlness.
341

340

.]E Phrasal verbs

ll,'l l'lrr,r'.tl rlt ll

put

hasn't been well since she came lo th.is countryt; I ltut it down to the climate. forward a suggestion/proposal erc. = offer it for consideration: The older members of the comrnittce are inclined to ueto an1
She

put up (tr) (a) : erect (a building, monument, statue etc.): He fut uf a shed in the garden. (put a shed uf/fut it u!) (b) : raise (prices): put someone up (object usually before up)
hospitality:
When the inQortation of foreign tomatoes was forbidden, home grolners fut up their prices. (|ut their prices up/put them

advance the hands. put forward is the opposite of put back: In March peofle in England put their clocks forward/on an hour. IVhen summer time ends they fut th.em back an ho.ur. put in a claim = make a claim:

put forward/on clocks

forward/put it forward)

suggestions fut foruard

by the ltounger ones. (put

a suggestion

and watches :

uf)

give him temporary

put in for a job/a post : apply for it: They are looking for a lecturer in geographl. Why don't yu fut in for it? put off an action : postpone it: Some feople. fut off making their utills titl it is too ktte. I'll put off my visit to Scotland till the weather is uarnter. (put my visit olf/fut it ffi put a person off (a) --- tell him to postpone his visit to you: I had inuited some guests to dinner but I had to put them off because

He Put in a claim for comfensation hecouse he had lost his luggage in the train cyash.

If yolt comc to Paris I nill fut 1ou up. You needn't look .[or an hotel. put someone up to sornething (usually some trick) : glve him the idea of doing itltell him how to do it: IIe couldn't haue thought of that trick by himself. Someone must haue put him. uf to it. put up with (tr) = bear patiently:
We had to

put up with a lot of noise when the children were at home.

ring ring up (tr or intr) : telephone: I rang uf the theatre to book uf/rang them uf)
If you can't
come

seats

for tonight. (rang the theatre

ring off (intr) : end a telephone call by putting down the receiver: IIe rang off before I could ask his name.
round round up (tr) = drive or bring together (people or
animals): collected them into a group) The sheepdog rounded uf the sheep and droue them through the gate. On the day after the riots the folice rounded uf all suspects/

ring

uP

and let me know.

(b) = repel, deter

a pouer cut freuented me from cooking arything.

put take off:

him: I wanted to see the exhibition but the queue put me off. Many people who want to come to England arc put off by the stories they hear about English weathel. on clothes/glasses/jewellery = dress oneself etc. The opposite is
He put on a

(:

rounded them up. (arrested them)

put put put

put out any kind of light or fire : extinguish it: Put out that light. (fut the light out/fut it out) put someone out (inconvenience him):
He i.s
ue.ry

so that he uould be inconspicuous. (fut a on) She put on her glasses and taok the letter from m1t hand. on an expresslon assume it: He put on an air of indffirence, which didn't deceiae dnybody for a molnent. on a play produceiperform it: The students usually put on a play at the end of the year. on a light/gas or electric fire/radio switch it on: Put on the light. (put the light on/put it on)

hlack coat

coat on/put

it

rub rub out (tr;

pencil or ink rnarks with an india-rubber: "r.."down the wrong word and then rubbed it out. The child wrote

(rubbed the w,ord out/rubbed out the word) rub up (tr) : r"u1." one's knowledge of a subject: I am going to France; I ntust rub up nty French. (ruh

it

tr.f)

run

run after (tr) : pursue (see example below). run away (intr) : flee, desert krne's home/school etc.),

elope:

be put

selfish. He wouldn't put himself out for anlone. be annoyed: She was uery put out when I said that her new suntmer dress didn't

out

suit her.

The thief ran away and the policeman ran after him. He ran away front home and got a job in a garage. run away with (tr) : become uncontrollable (of emotions), gallop off out of rider's control (rf horses): Don't let your etnotions run awa! with you. IIis horse ran au)a! with him and he had a bad fall. run away with the idefl : accept an idea too hastily: Don't run away with the idea that I am unsociable; I jr.tst hauen't time to go out much.
343

342

38 Pht';t';;rl r, rl,. rrur rkrwn (tr) : disparage, speak ill of: IIe is always running donn his neighbours. (running his
see over a houseia building

.ifi l'ltt;tr.;rl

t cr

ll

go into every room, examine it, often

neighbours down/running them down) run down (intr) : become unwound/discharged (of clocks/batteries
etc.):
This torch is useless; the battery has run tlonn. be run down (intr) : be in poor healtb after illness, overwork etc.: He is still run down after his illness and unfitfor work. run into (tr) : collide with (of vehicles):

with a view to buying or renting:

see through (tr)

in the house. I'd like to see ouer it. discover a hidden attempt to deceive: She fretended that she loaed him but he saw through her, and realized that she was onfi after his nxone!. (He wasn't taken in by

I'm definitely

interested

her/by her pretence. See take in.) see to (tr) : make arrangements, put right, repair:

: meet him accidentally: ran into my cousin in Harrods recently. (I met him.) run out of (tr) : have none left, having consumed all the supply: I haue run out of milk. Put some lemon in lour tea instead. run over (tr) = 6r1u" over accidentally (in a vehicle): The drunk man stepfed into the road right in front of the oncoming car. The driuer couldn't stop in time antl ran ouer him. run over (tr or intr) : overflow: He turned on both taps fulL and left the bathroom. When he came back he found that the water was running ouer./running ouer the
run into/across someone

The car skiddcrl and ran into a lamt'_posf. (struck the lamp_post)

yu can prouide the wine I'll see to the food. That electric fire isn't safe. You should haue it seen to. Please see to it that the door is locked.
If
s"11

sell

sell off (tr) =

rest

cheaply (what is left of a stock): This line is being discontinued so ne are selLing off the remainder of our stock; that's why they are so cheap. (selling the
ASSISTANT: off/seLLing

money): He inherited a fortune and ran through it in a yeur. run up bills = incur them and increase them by continuing to buy things and put them down to one's account: Her husband said that she must palt for things at once and not run up bills. run up against difficulties/oppositron : encounter themiit: If he tries to change the rules of the club he wilr ntn uf against a rot
of opposition.

your instructions again. run through (tr; = .onrurne extravagantly, waste (used of supplies or

run over/through (tr) : 1"1.r"urse, check or revise quickJy: We'ue got a fen minutes before the train goes, so I'll just run through

edge of the

bath.

\.

sell out (intr) : sell all that you have of a certain type of article: When all the seats for a certain performance haue been booked, theatres put a notice saying 'Sold out' outside the booking ffice.
send be sent down (intr)

it ffi

: be expelled from a university for misconduct: He behaued so badly in college that he was sent down and neuer got his degree. send for (tr) : summon: One of our water pifes has burst. We must send for the plumber. The director sent for me and asked for an explanation. send in (tr) = s"n6 to someone (who need not be mentioned because the person spoken to knows already): You must send in your application before Friday. (send it to the authority concerned) (send your application in/send it in) send on (tr; : 1o.*u.d, send after a person: If any letters come for you afier you haae gone I will send them on.
(send on

see

your letters/send your letters

on)

train/boat/plane etc.

see about (tr) = -uL" inquiries or arrangements: I must see about getting a room ready for him. see somebody off : accompany an intending traveller to his
:

set

The station was cronded with boys going back to schoor and farents who were seeing them off. see somebody out accompany a departing guest to the door of the house: When guests leaue the host usualllt sees them out. Don't bother to come to the door nith me. I can see myself out.

: begin (a period, usually unpleasant): Winter has set in eaily this year. set off (tr) : start (a series of events): That strike set off a series of strikes throughout the country. (set
set in (intr) them
set off/out (intr)

ffi

start

journey:

They set out/off at six and hofed to arriue before dark.

'for' is used when the destination is mentioned:

They set out/off for Rome.

314

345

38 Phrasal vcrbs set out + infinitive (often show/pro*e/explain or sorne similar verb) stand for (tr; =

38 Phrasal verbs

."pt"."n,'

begin this undertaking, aim: In this book the author sets out to lrctae that the inhabitants of the islands come front South Americu. set up (tr) : achierre, establish (a record): He.set ttf a nevr rccortl 1u tht: 1,000 mt:trc;. (scl a new rccord tt!/st:t it rtp) set up (intr') : start a nerv businessr Whcn he married he le.ft his father's shop rtnrl set ult on his oun. (opened his own shop)

The symbol 'x' usually stands for the unknown quantity in mathematics. stand for Parliament be a candidate for Parliament, offer yclurself

for electiou:
Pitt stood.for Pailiament fiue lears ago but he wasn't elecled. stand up for (tr) = defend verballY: His father blamed him, but his mother stood up for him and said thal he had acted scnsibll'. lVhy don't you stand uf .fitr loursef? stand up to (tr) = resist, defend oneself against (a person or force): This type of buildittg stands up to the gales uerl well. Your boss is a bully. If yu don't stand up to him he'LI Lead pu a dog's life. stand out (intr) : be conspicuous, be easily seen: She stood out from the crowd because of her height and her flaming
red hair.

Mr

settle

settle down (intr) : become accustomed to, and contented in, a new place, job etc.: He soon settLed dowtt in his ne w school. settle rrp (intr) : pay money owed: Tell me whct I one yuu antl I'll::ettle uf
.

shout shout down (tr)

heard:

make a loud noise to prevent a speaker frorn being

stay stay up (rntr)

pleasure:

rernain out of bed till later than usual, usually for

'fotn tried. lo make a speech dcfending hirnself bu.t lhe crond wouldn,t Iisten to his explanution antl shoulcd him tlou:tt. The noderatc speakers uere shouted down.

Children neuer nant to go to bed at the froper time; thel' alwalts nant to stay uP late.

show

sho*' off (tr or intr) = displar' (skill, k'or.vredge etc.) purely in nrder t. win notice or :rpplause: tlltltough Jules speaks Engrish perfecttl, ml,cousitt sltokc I'-rettch L, ltim all the titne just to shout uJI. (t<t impress us with her knowledoc of French)
He is a.lu,ajs ficking up uery hcau1, fl1i71g,. jusl lo sltout off his

step step up (tr) = in.."o.e rate clf, increase speed of (this usually refers to
industrial production) : This nen mat:hine will slep up

production- (stef it uf)

take
be taken aback (intr)

strength.
shut shut dorvn

(show

it

offl

(tr-

or intr)

close down (see page

.321]).

sit
sit back (intr) .= relax, take nr-r aclion, do n9 mr1re 11,ork: I hut,e utorkctl hord all m1 lifa und nou: I'm going to sit back
watch other feofle u,orking.

be surprised and disconcerted: I saw th'e bill. take after (tr) : t"..-ble (one's parents/grandparents etc.): He takes after his grandmother; she had red hair too. My father uas forgetful and I take a.fter him; I forget euerythingtake back (tr) = iryi11t6.aw (remarks, accttsations etc.): I blamed him bitterly at first but later, when I heard the whole story, I realized that he had been right and I tue'nt to him and took back my

nas taken aback when

ad

remarks. (took them back) take down (tr) : write, usually from dictation:
He read out the rmmes and his secretary took them down. (took down the names/took the names down) take for (tr) : attribute wrong identity or qualities to someone: I took him for his brother. They are extremely alike. Do y66 tttke me for a fool? l
I

sit up (intr) :

stay out of bed till latcr: than usual (.suall1, reacling, working, or rvaiting for somcone): I was tery worrit:d uhen h.e didn't conrc in and I sat uls till 3 a.n. uaiting lor hint. She sat up all night u;itlt the sick chilcl.

stand
stand by solreone (tr) : .nnalnue to support and help bim: No ntattir what hupfens I'll sktncl by.lyotr, so tlon't be ufi.airt.
,14o

I I

take in (tr) (a) : deceive: At first he took us in bi7i5

stories and we tried to helf him; but later

ue learnt that his stories nere all lies.

347

38 Phrasal verbs

38 Phrasal verbs
He took to drink. (began drinking too much) He took to borrowing money from the petty cash. : find likeable or agreeable, particularly at first meeting: I was introduced to the new headmistress yesterday' I can't say
to her.

(b)

(c)

receive as guests/lodgers: When our car broke down I knocked on the door of the nearest house. The ouner aery) kindly took us in and gaue us a bed for the night. People nho liue by the sea often take in paying guests during the sumlner. (take paying guests in/take them in)

(b)

took

He went to sea

(:

became a sailor) and took to the life like a duck to

understand, receive into the mind: I was thinking of something else while she was speaking and I didn't really take in what she was saying. I couldn't take in the lecture at all. h was too difficult for me.

(c)

water.

seek refuge/safety in:

makeless wide (of clothes): ,I'm getting much thinner; I'Il haue to take in my clothes. (take my clothes in/take them in) take off (tr) = r".oue (when used of clothing 'take off is the opposite of 'put on'): He took off his coat nhen he entered the house and fut it on again
when he went out. (took his coat off/took

(d)

ftouldn't take

it

in)

When they sau that the shif was sinking the crew took to the boats. After the failure of the cou| lnany of the rebels took to the hills and
became

guerillas.

take up (tr) (a) : begin a hobby, sport or kind of study (there is no feeling of
criticism here): He took up golf and became uery keen on it. (took it uf) (b) : occupy (a position in time or space): He has a uery small room and most of the space is taken up by a
grand Piano. A lot of an MP's time is taken up with answering letters from his

take off (intr)

take on (tr) (a) : undertake work:

leave the ground (of aeroplanes): There is often a sfectators'balcony at airports, where people can watch the planes taking off and landing.

it ffi

constituents.

talk talk over (tr)

Tatk
ouer

(b) (c)

She wants someone to look after her children. I shouldn't care to take on the job. They are uerl spoilt. (take the job on/take it on) engage staff:

lour answer tomorrow. (talk my suggestion/talk my suggestion ouer)

it

discuss: ouer with your wife and giue me

take out (tr;

They're taking on fifty new workers at the factory. : accept as an opponent: I'll take you on at table tennis. (l'll play against yc-ru.) I took on Mr Pitt at draughts. (took Mr Pitt on/took him on)

think think over (tr) = consider: I can't decide straight away but I'll think ouer your idea and let you know what I decide. (think your idea ouer/think it ouer)
throw throw away/out (tr)

: t"1y1oue, extract: Petrol will take out that stain. (take the stain out/take
The dentist took out two of her teeth.

it

out)

: entertain them (usually at some public place): Her small bo1 is at boarding school quite near here. I take him out euery month. (and give him a meal in a restaurant) take over (tr or intr) : assume responsibility for, or control of, in
take somebody out
succession to somebody else: We stop work at ten o'clock and the night shift takes ouer until the following morning. Miss Smith is leauing to get married and Miss Jones will be taking ouer the class/Miss Jones will be taking ouer from Miss Smith. (see

: jettison (rubbish etc.): Throw away those old sftoes. Nobodl could wear them now. (throw the shoes away/throw them away) throw up (tr) : abandon suddenly (some work or plan): He suddenly got tired of the job and threw it uf . (he threw up the
job/threw the job
uP)

tie

tie

someone

up bind his hands and feet so that he cannot move: The thieues tied up the night watchman before ofening the safe(tied the man uP/tied him uf)

hand over)

take to (tr) (a) : begrn

a habit. There is usually the impression that the speaker thinks this habit bad or foolish, though this is not necessarily always the case. It is often used with the gerund:

try try on (tr) = put on (an article of clothing) to see if it fits: cuSToMER IN DRESS sHoP: 1 like this dress. Could I try it this dress on/trt on"this dress)

on? (try

348

349

38 Phrasal verbs

trl'out (tr) = test:

ll'c won't knout hou the pLan unrks till ute haDe tricd it out. l'hey are trying out nev, wa!.s o[ preventing noise in hospitals. (trying them out)

(b) =

develop:

I'ue neuer made. Yorkshire fiudding before so I am rut! qu.ilt stttt'ltort

turn turn away (tr;

invitation card. (huncd them auq) turn down (tr; : t"iu.", reject an offer, application, applicalt: I al>flied for the job but lhe1, turned me dou,n/turncd dou,n m7application because I dirln't knout Gerntan.
He was of/ercd 1500fttr the picturc but he turned it dou,rt. (turnetl 4own the offerlumed the offer doun) turn into (tr) : .onu"., n,u' I unt going to tunt m! garage into a flulruom for the thiltlrttn. She turned the siluer candlcstick into a reuding lane. turn in (intr) = go to bed (used chiefly by sailors/campers etc.):
The captain trtrned

: r";u.. adnrittance to: The man at the door htrned away anS,body who hadn,t an

it is going to turn out. Marriages arranged by marriage bureuux frequently turn out well. (c) = be revealed. Notice the two possible constructions , it turned out that . . . and he turned out to be . .i He told her that he was a bachelor but it turned out that he u,as
six children. (She learnt this later.) Our car broke down half way lhrough the journel but tht: hikpr rue had ficked uf turned out to bc an axpcrt mechartic ttnd u,us uhh' l,t

mttried with

Note the difference between turn out and come out. With turn out the fact revealed is always mentioned and there is no irnplication thut the facts are discreditable. With come out we are told onlv tlrat certairr facts (usually discreditable) are revealed; we are not told what these
facts are.

fut

things right.

turn over (tr) = turn something

underneath is exposed:

so that the side previouslv

turn on (tr) (stress on turn) = attack suddenly

in, not rtulizing that

the icebergs u,cre so close.

(the attacker is

turn 1x) =

normally a friend or a hithcrto friendly anirnal): Tlte tigress tu.rned on the trainer and struck him to tht grountl. turn on/off (tr) : switch on/off (lights, gas, fires, radios, taps etc.) turn up/down (tr) = increase/decrease the pressure, force, r'olunrc (of gas or oil, lights, fires, or of radios): Turn urt the gas: it is much too lou,. I wish the feople in the next flat would turn doun their radio. you can hear etter! u,ord. (turn the sound doutn/tunt it do.utn)

Hc tunted ouer the stone. (turned the stone ouer/turned it ouer The initiuls 'PTo' dt the bottom of a fage meun 'Pleuse turn ouer'. 'T'urn ot'er a new leof. ' (begin again, meaning to do better) turn over (intr) (a) : turn upside drlrvn, upset, capsize (used of vehicles or b<lats): The cur struck the u'all and turned oter Th.e crtnoe turned ouer, throuing the boys into the u;ater. (b) = (of people) change position so as to lie on the other side:
ouer in a hummoch. l.\'hen his ularm u,tnt o.lf he just turned orcr ond u:enl to sleep again. turn up (intr) = arrive, appear (usually frorn ther point cif vierv of son.lcone waiting or serarchirrg): ll'e urranged lo maal ot the stalion ltut she didn't turn up. Don't hother to loolz for my umhrelh; it uill turn uf some day.

It is dfficult to turn

out (tr)

produce:

hundred tons of butter u u,cek. (tunts it r,tut) (b) : evict, empty: 1 turn a persoll out - evict hinr fronr his house/flat/roonr: /lt oru limc, if tenonts didn't pay their n:nt tfu londlonl ctndd tunt
The creunery turns out tn o

2 turn out rine's pockets/handbags/drawers etc. : empty thenr, usually looking for s..,'n",,r'n*' 'Turn oul .vonr fockets,' suid the dtttecliuc. 3 turn out a room : (usually) clean it thoroughll', first putting thc furniture outside: I tr1- kt tunt out ortc rourt crery ntonth if I hat,e tinte. turn oui (intr) (a) - assernble, conre out into the street (usuall_r'in order to r.r'e,lcome
sonrel;odv):
Th.e tohole torun tunred.

thcm out.

u'alk rvalk out (intr)

: march out in disgust rlr indignation: Sonc peopie u'(re so disgusted with lhc plol thai they u'ulked oul in the ruiddle of tha .first act. : attend, servc (at home or in a restaurant): upected his utJe to u,uit on hint harul and foot. The nun nho u,us tt,uitiu.g ou us secned t'er1 inexpcricncerl; he got nll our orders rnixctl up.
IIt
wash the plates etc. after a meal: lVhen ute haue dinner^uery late ne don't wush uf till the ncxt nnrning. (tcnsh uf the dishes/uash them up)

wait rvait on (tr)

u ash

u'hen they cune back u:ilh the CuD.

oul to u'elconte the u'inning Jbotball tcunt

lr'ash up (tr or intr)

lJ0

351

38 Phrasal vcrbs

watch watch out (intr) = look out. watch out for (tr) = 1oo1 out for wear wear away (intr)

39 List of irregular verbs

(see pagc 357)

: gradually reduce; make smooth or flat; hollow out (used mostly of wood or stone. The subject is usually the weather, or people who walk on or touch the stone etc.): It is almost impossible to read the inscription on the monument as most of the letters haue been worn away. (by the weather) wear off (intr) = disappear gradually (can be used literally but is chiefly used for mental or physical feelings): These glasses ma! seem uncomfortabLe at first but that feeling will
soon wear off. When her first feeling of shyness hud worn off she sturted to enjol herself. He began to try to sit urt, nhich showed us that lhe effects of the drug were nearing off.

364

Irregular verbs
The verbs in roman type are verbs which are not very common in modern English but may be found in literature. When a verb has two possible forms and one is less usual than the other, the less usual one will be printed in roman.
Compounds of irregular verbs form their past tenses and past participles in the same way as the original verb:

wear out (tr or intr) (a) (tr) : use till no longer serviceable; (intr) become unserviceable
a result of long use (chiefly of

Children near out their shoes out/near them out)

Cheap clothes wear out quickly.

clothes):
uery)

as

come
set upset

ouercolne oL,ercame
set

came
upset

come ouercome
set

(luickl!. (wear

their shoes

upset

(b) (tr)

exhaust (used of people; very often in the passive): He worked all night and wanted to go on working the nert day, but we sau that he was comfletefu worn out and persuaded him to stop.

Present and
abide anse awake

infrnitive

Simple past
abode
arose

Past participle
abode

wind wind up (tr or intr)

ar$en
awoken/awaked
been

awoke/au)qked
was bore beat became

bring or come to an end (used of speeches or

business proceedings) : The headmaster wound up (the meeting) by thanking the parents. (wound the meeting uf/wound it up)

wipe wipe out (tr)

6"t1.uy completely:

The epidemic wifed out whole out/wifed them out)

families.

(u)irted

whole families

work work out (tr)

: find, by calculation or study, the solution to some problem or a method of dealing with it; study and decide on the details of a scheme: He used his calculator to work out the cost. (uork the cost out) Tell me where you want to go and I'll work out a route. This is the outline of the plan. We want the committee to nork out the details. (work them out)

be bear beat become befall beget begin behold bend bereaae beseech bet bid (-- commanA bid (: offer) bind brte
*These

borne/born*
beaten
become

befell begot
began

befallen

begotten
begun

beheld bent
bereaued

beheld
bent bereaaed/bereft*

besought
betted/bet

besought
betted/bet

bade

bid bound

bit

bidden bid bound bitten

past participles ate not optional but carry different meanings and should be checked by the student in a reliable dictionary.
352
?tr?