"LIGHT BLUE": Public Perceptions of Security and Police Performance in Kosovo.

"LIGHT BLUE"
Public Perceptions of Security and Police Performance in Kosovo
UNDP Kosovo June 2004
LIGHT BLUE
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements > >

The lead author of this study was Edward Rees of UNDP Kosovo. The study has been greatly assisted by a dedicated group of professionals in Kosovo that have guided the process and provided valuable insights at every stage. Members of the Survey working group were Jill Muncy (Deputy Commissioner Operations, UNMIK Police), Delphine Bost (UNMIK Pillar One) and Tamara Duffey (OSCE KPS School). Consultant to UNDP was Dr. Gordon Peake. Others who provided valuable insight and assistance include Steve Bennett, Thom Hacker, Sam Ivey, Takakazu Ito, Rupert White, Tim Kukula, Stephan Anagnost, Paul Norman, Debra Willoughby, Richard Ponzio, Virtyt Gacaferi, Deirdre Keogh, Mytaher Haskuka, Jennifer Slotin and staff of UNDP's Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery. UNDP is also grateful to UNICEF and UNIFEM for comments on the draft report. Index Kosova, a joint venture with BBSS Gallup International, performed the survey work. The authors take full responsibility for the report's contents.
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Map KPS Locations
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LIGHT BLUE
Table of Contents
Table of Contents > >
Preface .......................................................................................................................... 7 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................. 9 Technical Notes ........................................................................................................ ...... 10 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ...................................................................................... .............................. 13 The composite Municipal "Sense of Security" Index ............................................. ................. 15 Part 1: General survey findings ............................................................................. ........... 17 Perceptions of safety and security - improving 'security' but worries about rising crime ....... 17 Main security concerns - different responses for Kosovo-wide vs. closer to home ............. 18 The many causes of crime & quality of life issues .......................................................... 20 A growing confidence in the Kosovo Police Service ....................................................... 21 Limited contacts with the police and other security providers .......................................... 22 Police-community relations - calls for more preventive policing ...................................... 24 Perceptions of roles and responsibilities of different security actors ................................. 26
Part 2: The insecurity of the Kosovo-S Serb community ........................................................ 29 Concerns And Perceptions Of Safety And Security - a much bleaker outlook ..................... 29 Main security concern - freedom of movement ............................................................. 31 More convergence than divergence on the causes of crime and quality of life issues ........ 32 The Kosovo Police Service - low confidence generally ................................................... 32 Police-community relations -calls for a balance between reactive and preventive policing .. 34 Perceptions of roles and responsibilities of security actors in the K-Serb community ........... 35
Part 3: Conclusions and recommendations ...................................................................... 39 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
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1 - General perceptions of improvement/deterioration in security .................................... 17 2 - Is crime on the increase or decrease? .............................................................. 18 3 - Types of crime in the municipality ..................................................................... 20 4 - Causes of crime ............................................................................................. 20 5 - Perceptions of KPS performance (overall) .......................................................... 21 6 - Priority areas for police from a citizens' perspective ............................................ 25 7 - Perceptions of security by different ethnic groups ................................................ 29 8 - Adjusting activities due to crime, by ethnicity ...................................................... 30 9 - Is crime on the increase or decrease? By ethnicity ................................................ 30 10 - Citizen reactions to a police uniform, by ethnicity ............................................. 34
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Table of Contents
Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix
I - Main Municipal Differences ......................................................................... II - Survey's method ......................................................................................... III - Management Information ........................................................................... IV - Moderator Guide for PAR Groups with the General Public .......................... V - Moderator Guide for Focus Group Discussions with KPS Officers. ...................
41 59 61 81 83
Text Boxes (for inside the report text): The composite Municipal "Sense of Security" Index ....................................................... Differences in survey responses from youth .................................................................. Differences in survey responses from women ................................................................. KPS Focus Group findings .......................................................................................... Crime problems facing Kosovo .................................................................................... Lack of capacity ......................................................................................................... Public trust and co-operation ....................................................................................... Pay/Aftercare .............................................................................................................. Honest Enough to Admit Mistakes ................................................................................ Police Transition ......................................................................................................... Community Focus Groups ........................................................................................... Rule Of Law - Kosovo Standards Implementation Plan ..................................................
15 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 32 37
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Preface
Preface > >

Given the events of March 2004 public security and police performance are weighty and timely issues for discussion in Kosovo. In late 2003 UNDP was asked by the UN Mission to undertake a local survey to gauge the public's perceptions about public security and police performance in Kosovo. While the events of March 2004 have cast a shadow over Kosovo, "Light Blue" - Public Perceptions of Security and Police Performance in Kosovo presents the conclusions of a 6 000 respondent public perceptions survey on security and crime. It asks simple and yet fundamental questions of Kosovo's public to get a better sense of how the public feels the security situation is developing in Kosovo and correlates that with public attitudes about police performance. The sample size is large enough that credible conclusions can be drawn across all of Kosovo's municipalities in addition to a wide range of demographic groupings in Kosovo's communities. This survey and associated report are intended to contribute to a broader debate about the fluid nature of public security and ever-expanding remit of KPS performance in Kosovo. The events of March 2004 tested many assumptions that had been made about these issues in Kosovo, by both internationals and Kosovans alike. The Survey provides a wealth of information that calls for careful analysis and the report is designed to be an indicative view of the material gleaned from survey respondents, rather than being the definitive and final word on the matter. An enormous amount of data is available from the survey for further research by policy makers and practitioners. Undoubtedly, the most significant message of the survey is that security and police services are still viewed very much through the politicized lens of ethnicity in Kosovo - an ongoing challenge some five years after the conflict of 1999. This is unsustainable and destabilizing - as the events of March 2004 attest to. The good news is the increasing credibility with which the KPS is viewed by the general public - an extraordinary achievement given the legacy of policing practices in Kosovo and the relatively short time since its creation. Extending that confidence across all communities, and all municipalities in Kosovo remains the primary challenge. The convergence of all groups in Kosovo, at the underlying socio-economic causes of crime, is another fundamental message from the public in this survey, that challenges all of us to renew our efforts to get Kosovo's development process on track.
Resident Representative: Robert Piper UNDP Kosovo, June 2004
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations > >
KCB KFOR KPC KPS PISG UNDP UNMIK UNMIK-P K-Serb K-Albanian REA
Kosovo Consolidated Budget Kosovo Force Kosovo Protection Corps Kosovo Police Service Provisional Institutions of Self-Government United Nations Development Programme United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo UNMIK Police Kosovo Serb community Kosovo Albanian community Kosovo Roma, Egyptian and Ashkali community
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Technical Notes
Technical Notes > >

1. Readers will note from the questionnaire used (Appendix II) that questions were presented on a range of issues, with reference to more general concepts of 'safety' and 'security' or more specific concepts such as 'crime'. The pattern of answers reflect a fairly clear distinction in respondents' minds whereby 'security' is more associated with military/defense aspects ie. more the domain of KFOR etc.., whilst 'crime' falls more firmly in the domain of the Kosovo Police Service/UNMIK Police etc.. This distinction is useful to bear in mind in interpreting the data.
2.
Readers interested in reviewing the raw data (available at www.ks.undp.org) will note two tables have been generated for each of the questions. One set of tables, are the un-weighted, raw results; on the basis of these tables, Municipality-by-Municipality statistics can be extracted. A second set of tables, are the weighted tables, where statistical adjustments have been made to the raw numbers in order to be able draw accurate data Kosovo-wide, and between different demographic or location characteristics. Under UN Security Council Resolution 1244, Kosovo stayes formally under UN administration.
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary > >

Public security is a main concern of the people of Kosovo. Without a professional, ethnically balanced, and politically neutral police service, the ability to maintain public order and protect human rights is diminished, threatening democracy and development. Following decades of suspicion and civil unrest, a majority of Kosovans now perceive the police as a trusted and credible institution. If it is to help to sustain the still fragile peace process, promote justice, and ensure the physical security of all Kosovans, the Kosovo Police Service (KPS) must further broaden public trust and engage communities through regular dialogue about steps to jointly improve current levels of safety and security. This is the chief message of the "Public Perceptions Survey on Public Security and Police Performance", carried out, in November and December 2003, in all thirty municipalities of Kosovo. From a proportionally representative sampling of 6,000 Kosovan respondents, a rich set of findings were collected about the public's views of safety and security in Kosovo, quality of life and crime, and the Kosovo Police Service: 81% of Kosovans interviewed believe that, in 2003, levels of safety and security either improved or remained the same. However, almost double the number of Kosovo Serb respondents than general respondents (29% to 16%) perceived deterioration during this period. Of similar concern are those of municipalities where respondents observed a worsening in safety and security levels on a scale far higher that the Kosovo-wide average, including Decan/Decane (49%), Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok (40%), Zveqan/ Zvecane (35%), and Leposaviq/Leposavic (29%). Much more concerted attention is needed to bridge the perception gaps between K-Serbs and non-KSerbs and between municipalities. 29% of Kosovans interviewed judge that, in 2003, the prevalence of crime decreased,
whilst 47% of K-S Serb respondents felt crime had increased. Among the lead factors viewed as contributing to crime was high youth unemployment. Specific crimes, such as the sale of illicit weapons, prostitution, car theft, and drug use, are further seen as threatening the quality of life across Kosovo. An integrated approach to crime prevention, with full community involvement and high-level political support, is required. 56% of Kosovans interviewed perceive the performance of the Kosovo Police Service as excellent or good, with 36% considering performance to be fair. Only 6% viewed police efforts as poor. Here again, the K-Serb population diverged from the general average, with 35% classifying KPS performance as poor. The top six police activities that respondents argued should be strengthened include: crime prevention, fighting organized crime, community policing, traffic safety, personal safety and foot patrols. By giving people a substantial role in assessing the performance of policing, a new relationship can be forged between local communities and the police to overcome mistrust and advance collaboration. The Kosovo Police Service (KPS) has made marked progress in nearly five short years. With the transition of operational policing responsibility from UNMIK - Police to the KPS underway, considerable work remains to reduce crime and insecurity among all Kosovans, in accordance with the Rule of Law goals outlined in the "Standards for Kosovo", Rule of Law Implementation Plan.
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Introduction
Introduction > >

Since the establishment of the United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo (UNMIK) in June 1999, creating a safe and secure environment for Kosovans remains a key challenge. Mandated by UN Security Council Resolution 1244, UNMIK is charged with "establishing local police forces". The formation of an empowered, credible and trusted Kosovo Police Service (KPS) is an important milestone that will help to determine the future of Kosovo. Creating the KPS has been, and remains, a bold experiment, and the manner in which Kosovo is policed is unique. In addition to assuming executive policing for the first time, it represents the first occasion where the international community is tasked with constructing an entirely new local policing apparatus, the KPS.1 The KPS' international architects sought an ambitious goal: to create a technically competent, apolitical service that adheres to the highest principles of democratic policing. Both new services - UNMIK Police and the KPS - would bring their respective strengths and weaknesses. Composed of police officers from more than fifty nationalities, UNMIK Police brought experience of policing with no exposure to Kosovo; whilst, on the other hand, the KPS benefited from local knowledge and linguistic advantages but with limited policing experience. The reform and strengthening of local policing since 1999 is one of UNMIK and Kosovo's most visible achievements. Translated from a thinly outlined commitment in a peace plan into a reality, the Kosovo Police Service is gradually assuming more operational policing responsibilities. According to the current timetable, the vast majority of
1
"reserved" police operational functions will be transitioned from international to local ownership by 2006, with the substantive transfer of operational responsibilities occurring in 2004 and 2005. Most regional operations should be in the hands of KPS by 2005. The central headquarter functions are expected to be handed over by mid 2006. By this time, the KPS should have become a fully self-sustained entity funded from the Kosovo Budget.2 The actual mechanics or details of the handover and what role the international police will play are still under preparation and, hence, were not available for this study. However, as the transition gathers pace, it is crucial to recognize the public's perceptions of the professional development and operational activities of the police service. It is also essential to maintain a sense of public concerns in order to ensure that policing activities are responsive to community priorities. In response to this need, UNMIK and the Kosovo Police Service School, approached the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to commission a public perceptions survey on public security and police performance in Kosovo. In total, 6 000 residents from across Kosovo's 30 municipalities were surveyed, in November and December 2003, on a broad range of questions about how safe and secure they feel and the quality of their new police service in reducing crime and feelings of insecurity. The survey was further supplemented by conducting focus groups with members of the public and members of the KPS. It is hoped that the results - which are representative of the people of Kosovo and proportionately broken down by municipality, ethnicity, age, employment status, and gender will help provide a sense of the progress made toward achieving the objectives of a safe and secure environment and fair, effective policing.
It has been a process subsequently replicated in East Timor but within a shorter time frame. In East Timor, UNTAET had executive policing powers from November 1999 until May 2002. It was also responsible for developing the completely new East Timor Police Service with 3 000 police officers. UNTAET's successor mission, UNMISET, completed this role and in a phased handover passed executive police responsibility to indigenous authorities between 2002 and 2004.
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THE KOSOVO GENERAL GOVERNMENT 2003 BUDGET, p. 143.
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Introduction
It is equally important that the results assist police development initiatives in Kosovo, now and in the future. These goals become increasingly urgent as the Standards for Kosovo Implementation Plan (agreed upon by the PISG and UNMIK) presents a number of related Rule of Law priorities as central to determining the future political status of Kosovo. The survey analysis contained in this report is broken down into two parts. Part 1, "General Findings", reviews the general trends across Kosovo, how the public generally feels about crime, key institutions, neighbourhood safety, the causes of crime and so forth. Whilst the findings indicate a general sense of improvement in 'security' overall and a strong trust in the nascent Kosovo Police Service, the survey also reveals concerns about rising crime in their neighbourhood caused primarily by a deteriorating socio-economic situation. Differing attitudes from K-Serb respondents also begin to emerge. Part 2, "The insecurity of the K-Serb minority", looks in greater detail at the widely divergent findings of the survey, with regard to the attitudes of Kosovo's minority communities, particularly the Serb minority. Even before the events of March this year, the data paints a stark picture of uncertainty with regard to security, lack of confidence in the KPS and a pessimistic outlook for the future. Throughout the report, text-boxes have been inserted that highlight other findings that could be of interest to readers. In particular, a simple "Municipal 'Sense of Security' Score Card" has been introduced which can be found on page {15}. Achieving democracy and equitable development depend on personal safety and security. When an official security organization, such as the police, is unable to cope with rising crime, human rights violations, or ethnic violence, people lose faith in government and their feelings of insecurity and helplessness grow. In this report, the concerns and perceptions of safety and security across Kosovo are presented and analyzed. In illustrating divergent views among ethnic groups and municiPage 14
palities, it identifies gaps that require immediate attention and establishes a baseline by which the Kosovo Police Service and future governments can be judged. For a more complete picture of the security situation in Kosovo, it is important to juxtapose these findings alongside official police crime statistics. The raw data from the survey can also be downloaded from the UNDP Kosovo website (www.ks.undp.org) for further research. ***
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The composite Municipal "Sense of Security" Index
The composite Municipal "Sense of Security" Index

Security/Safety Index
Kacanik/Kacanik Kline/Klina Istog/Istok Dragash/Dragas Shtime/Stimlje Malisheve/Malisevo Viti/Vitina Rahovec/Orahovac Gllogovc/Glogovac Ferizaj/Urosevac Skenderaj/Srbica PrizrenPrizren Vushtrri/Vucitrn Podujeve/Podujevo Obiliq/Obilic Gjilan/Gnjilane Suhareke/Suvareka Decan/Decani Peje/Pec Fushe Kosove/Kosovo Polje Kamenice/Kamenica Lipjan/Lipljane Gjakove/Djakovica Prishtine/Pristina Leposaviq/Leposavic Zveqan/Zvecan Mitrovice/Mitrovica Novoberde/Novobrdo Shterpce/Strpce Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok 31.8 44.8 44.6 41.2 39.6 38.2 37.6 51.6 51.6 51.4 51.4 51 49.4
75.8
73.8 73.4 70.2 69.2 67.4 67.2 67 66.4 66 65.6 63.2 61.2 60.2 57.6 57.4
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
With 6,000 people answering 40 questions, many of them with sub-questions, it is easy to lose sight of the main findings of the survey. To assist readers in getting an overall sense of which municipalities people felt safer, or less safe, we have prepared a "composite index" which gives a snap-shot of where municipalities stand against each other, on the basic sense of safety. The Municipality Security Index is based on the responses to five of the 40 questions in the questionnaire: The percentage of respondents to Q. 1b. "Compared to a year ago, has the security situation in your neighbourhood" who responded that the situation had "gotten better"; The percentage of respondents to Q. 2 "Have you limited or changed your activities in your area due to your concerns about crime? who answered "no"; The percentage of respondents to Q. 29 (b) "Over the next year, how likely, in your opinion, is it that you will be the victim of a violent crime in Kosovo?" who answered "Somewhat/Highly unlikely"; The percentage of respondents to Q. 16 "When you see a police officer coming towards you what is your reaction? who answered that they feel a sense of "Safety/security"; The percentage of respondents to Q. 30 "In your opinion, compared to other communities in Kosovo, how safe is your municipality overall?" who answered "much safer" or "slightly safer".
Least Safe
Safest
75
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PART 1: General survey findings
Part 1: General survey findings > >
Figure 1 - General perceptions of improve ment/deterioration in security

Th in k in g a b ou t t hs e s e c u r i ts yituation s it u a t ion K o s o v ocompared to Thinking a bout the ecurity ini n Kosovo c om p a r ed a t oya y ea ago s e c u r i th yas h a s ear argo, s,ecurity ..
46%
50% 45% 40%
35%
In this part of the analysis, the general findings of the 6,000-respondent survey are explained, giving a 'birds-eye' view of general perceptions of the security situation. Respondents' perceptions of the causes of crime, their confidence in the policing authorities, their attitudes towards community relations with the police and so forth, are explored. The sharply contrasting responses of Kosovo's Serb community begin to emerge, but are the main topic of Part 2.
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
16% 2%
Refused / Don't Know
Gotten worse
Stayed the same
Gotten better
Perceptions o f s afety a nd s ecurity improving 'security' but worries about rising crime
The survey results indicate that most Kosovans feel security, generally, has improved substantially over recent years. When asked to compare the overall security situation in Kosovo, compared to a year ago, 46% felt that the situation had "gotten better". Just 16% of all respondents claimed that the situation had deteriorated. When asked about the security situation 'in their neighborhood', 45% had seen improvement, 48% felt the situation was unchanged, and only 5% saw deterioration. Besides the mainly K-Serb municipalities (discussed in detail in Part 2), Prishtin/Pristina (10%) and Decan/Decane (12%) stood out with less positive assessments of neighbourhood security with 10% and 12% respectively of respondents reporting a deterioration. A good indicator of this sense of security is whether people feel that they have had to modify their behavior to take into account worries about crime: again, 82% of respondents stated that they had not done so over the last year, against 13% who reported that they had.
Only 2% of the 6,000 respondents asserted that they had been a victim of a crime in the last year, with the highest incidence of respondents reporting being victims of crime in Fush Kosov/Kosovo Polje, closely followed by Prishtin/Pristina, Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok, and Zveqan/Zvecane. Of those asserting to be victims of crime, 44% stated that they had been subject to burglary, 17% stated that they had been harassed, and 24% that they had been assaulted. Residents of Fush Kosov/ Kosovo Polje were particularly hard hit by the March 2004 events, undoubtedly reinforcing this higher sense of insecurity than in other parts of Kosovo. In general, respondents demonstrated a hopeful view of the future with 82% asserting that their neighborhood is a place where people "want to remain". Only 10% were of the opposite opinion. In this category, results are similar across the various ethnic communities and other demographic groupings in Kosovo. Whilst many respondents voiced a positive picture about 'security' generally, they were less positive about 'crime'. When asked if the prevalence of crime has increased, remained the same, or decreased in the past year, 33% of respondents perceived crime to have
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When asked what they consider "the most serious security problem of Kosovo at the moment", the most common first-response to this question was "killings/murders" (31%), followed by "poor law enforcement" (10%), "unresolved murder cases" (6%) and "freedom of movement" Figure 2 - Is crime on the increase or (5%). More than 50% of respondents in decrease? Klin/Klina (62%), Istog/Istok (53%), and Decan/Decane (62%) identified "killings/ Ta k en a s wh o l e, o v er t h e l a s t 12 m o n t h s t h e p r ev el a n c e o f c r i m e Taken as whole, over the last 12 months the prevelance of murders" as their first mentioned probi n Ko s o v o h a s crime in Kosovo has lem. "Poor law enforcement" stood out in responses from Gjilan/Gnjilane (27%) and Shtime/Stimlje (20%), and "unre33% 31% 29% solved murder cases" stood out in Gjilan/Gnjilane (15%) and Kacanik/ 35% Kacanik (15%). "Freedom of movement" 30% was the primary theme in the mainly K25% Serb dominated municipalities of 20% 7% Shtrpc/Strpce (37%), Zveqan/Zvecane 15% (36%), Novobrd/Novo Brdo (31%) 10% and Fush Kosov/Kosovo Polje (23%) to 5% name a few examples.
0% Refused / Don't know Decreased Remained the same Increased
increased, 31% that it has remained static, while 29% believed that it had decreased. The three mainly K-Albanian municipalities that registered significantly above-average numbers of respondents asserting crime had decreased, were Dragash/Dragas (50%), Malishev/Malisevo (45%) and Ferizaj/ Urosevac (42%).
Main security concerns - different responses for Kosovo-w wide vs. closer to home
Looking ahead, 22% of those surveyed thought it 'highly' or 'somewhat likely' that they would be the victims of a property crime in the next year, while 64% asserted that it was 'somewhat' or 'highly' unlikely. One quarter of respondents believed it 'highly' or 'somewhat' likely that they would be the victims of a violent crime in the coming year.
Only a cumulative of 7% of respondents viewed problems such as human trafficking, drugs, insufficient police officers, a lenient judiciary, and illicit weapons as being of primary concern. No respondents believed terrorism to be a concern in Kosovo, nor did any respondents identify political party disputes, corruption, or final status as being a security problem. When asked about security problems closer to home, respondents were much less forth-
Differences in survey responses from youth Across the spectrum of survey questions, there were relatively few areas in which youth opinion differed markedly from other age groups - although in some specific areas there was a noticeable divergence of perceptions. When questioned on what are viewed as major security problems in Kosovo, the issue of drugs and drug dealing are of more concern to youth than other age groups with twice as many persons between 18-25 years old worried about the issue as compared to the 56+ age group. When questioned on what security concerns exist for respondents in their neighborhoods during nighttime hours, 'driving at night time' emerged as a greater concern than for other age groups. Younger respondents were also generally much more concerned than their elders about the seriousness of organized gangs in posing a challenge to security and quality on life in their respective municipalities over the past year.
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coming in their responses. Whereas, in talking about "Kosovo" more generally, only 15% gave "refused/don't know" responses to the interviewers, 62% were either not willing or unable to offer any specifics for their neighbourhood (68% of K-Albanian respondents provided this response vs. 8% of K-Serb respondents). Of the 38% that did offer a response, "insufficient police patrolling on foot", "poor law enforcement", "robberies of home/car properties" and "freedom of movement" featured as the most "first-mentions" among respondents' answers. The absence of a response from so many to this question deserves closer attention. Burglaries, car-theft and 'children exposed to drugs' were scenarios of most concern in daytime hours. In nighttime hours, 'driving through Kosovo' moved to the place of highest concern and worries about burglaries, car-theft and drugs were given an even higher weighting.
Respondents were asked to rate a variety of crime and quality of life issues in their municipality from "very serious" to "not a problem" (see Q.9 in Annex 1). Burglary, assault, drug use, unlawful weapon use, speeding motor vehicles, car theft, organized gangs and prostitution were all seen as problem areas by respondents in varying degrees of intensity. For example, illicit weapons were viewed as a major problem most significantly in the western municipalities of Pej/Pec, Decan/Decane, and Gjakov/Dakovica. Respondents in Gjakov/Dakovica, Mitrovic/Mitrovica and Prizren/Prizren were especially concerned about prostitution. Drug use was viewed as being particularly serious in Prishtin/Pristina, Mitrovic/Mitrovica, and Gjakov/Dakovica. Organized gangs were identified as a problem particularly in Gjakov/Dakovica and Klin/ Klina. Car-theft featured especially in Gjakov/ Dakovica, Mitrovic/Mitrovica and Prishtin/ Pristina. Different crimes ranked in "seriousness of problem".
Differences in survey responses from women When questioned on whether or not the security situation had improved in Kosovo over the past year, female respondents demonstrated greater pessimism generally, with only 41% believing that things had improved, as compared to 52% of male respondents. With regards to personal security, female respondents also differed in opinion with male respondents in a number of areas; women were far more likely to be worried about driving at night, being at home alone, strangers loitering in the neighborhood, and walking in the neighborhood. The survey also revealed that women are far less likely to have contact with security providers through routine traffic checks and other forms of contact, with 93% of female respondents stating that they had never had such contact as compared with 66% of male respondents. Survey results also highlighted that female respondents were less knowledgeable about police community/police initiatives. When questioned about the presence of 'neighbourhood watch' or other such activities, twice as many women than men were unaware of any such activity, with 22% of women stating as such. While 51% of male respondents stated that they would participate in such an activity if given the chance only 31% of women were so inclined. A full 60% of women asserted that they would not participate as compared with 42% of men. The same trend applied to female respondents knowledge of, and attitudes towards, participating in other forms of structured police/community interaction. Women respondents were less likely to know about police/community cooperative fora, and they are less likely to participate in such fora as men, even if they know about them. Female respondents were also less knowledgeable than males on the demographic make up of the KPS, and were also less likely to have an opinion than men, on whether or not the ethnic mix has struck the right balance within the KPS. Seeing as women are often the target of specific and especially traumatic varieties of crime, it is alarming that fully 37% of female respondents were not aware of what telephone number they can use in an effort to obtain emergency police assistance- this is double the number of males respondents.
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Figure 3 - Types of crime in the municipality

How would you rank the following types of crime in your municipality for the past 12 months?
Very Serious
60% 50% 40% 30% 20%
influencing the increase in crime in their municipalities. High across all municipalities, unemployment identified as a primary cause of crime was particularly pronounced in Pej/ Pec, Vushtrri/ Vucitrn, Decan/Decane, Kamenic/Kamenica and Leposaviq/ Leposavic. Respondents in Pej/Pec and Decan/ Decane similarly placed "poverty" higher than all other municipalities in explaining crime.
Not a Problem
10% 0% -10% -20%

Dr ug s Pro pe rty sm on lts ce ng au the ft s len ali uti ga Ass Vio stit nd ea le po
It is significant to note, however, that 'quality of life' issues were ranked much higher than crime issues, by respondents to this question; specifically, 'youth unemployment' and 'litter' were consistently ranked as a higher-order problem in their municipality than any of the crime issues identified in figure 3.
As in other places, household security is a concern for Kosovans. One quarter of respondents stated that they use guard dogs to secure their homes, with this practice being apparently most common in Novobrd/ Novo Brdo, where 58% of those surveyed admitted to following this practice. Eight times as ra t e h i now yo u r b mig u n i cw i pas a l i t y to v e r ti hnfluence e p a s t 1 2 m o no t hfs ?the following factors on the In your opinion he many K-Serb respondents admitted to increase of crime rate in your municipality over the past 12 months? taking extra precautions such as dead 0.79 80% bolt locks. 7% of respondents from across Kosovo admitted to either own70% ing, or having someone else in the 60% 0.52 household own, a weapon for sport 0.48 0.48 0.46 50% and/or protection against crime - K0.41 0.38 Serb and K-Albanian responses con0.37 40% 0.35 verged on this question.3
Big Influence
30% 0.27
A range of other factors perceived to negatively influence the crime rate were (in order of priority): poor investigation of crime cases, the lack of alternative activities for youth, general lack of education, too lenient courts and the availability of illicit weapons. Respondents in Decan/Decane were most likely to view unemployment and the availability of illicit weapons as being influencing factors in the increase of crime in their municipality. Survey results from Pej/Pec, and Gjakov/Dakovica indicate that respondents in these two municipalities also consider illicit weapons to be a major factor contributing to the rise in crime. Decan/Decane had significantly more respondents indicating that "the practices of political parties" contribute to the rise of crime in their municipality. These three western municipalities are evidently problem areas. The courts were considered especially lenient in Prizren/ Prizren, Pej/Pec, and Vushtrri/ Vucitrn municipalities. Figure 4 - Causes of crime
me
ga
Do
No Influence at all
The many causes of crime & quality of life issues

Across all municipalities of Kosovo, respondents almost uniformly placed unemployment and poverty/ low incomes as the primary factors in
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20% 0.09 10% 0% -0.06 -10%
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g n s ts s th s s nt n ns rt ce se es ing es uh io ess ie on ur ne us se ot een ito a u o u as titn sec en rtrtiie ym ct co ap ca oyu rirtiit bb en m a to ep pa la yd lo ho sre la a cu ern py p eec W ep uto ed ra pie h l oa ie t nc rp fu e th lo ca rim il oa m of e n eud em d o ra c c i icr u p en i W lp o lco f p l y r c e f o h e k t P f a i l o i o A p c o f c l o e i n n km /o af rt cp or oo o Uu lc c ec onf lid o labo f ce fo ug La kL ite l Tle so ntio Po tsp p oc DrA ga mo re / ilaiity io Av ti ko fc tifce b st e dLip Lac o o a Too Un ve kp rac ig ila cs ite rug Lac itn Ps e e a s a r i r L D t m v e o i f v A L no o rac r ip
For further analyses on illicit arms see Kosovo and the Gun Report in www.ks.undp.org
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Respondents placed youth unemployment as being the most serious challenge to communities' quality of life. Respondents' perceptions of this problem were most intense in nine municipalities: Pej/Pec, Podujev/Podujevo, Prishtin/Pristina, Gjakov/Dakovica, Klin/Klina, Decan/Decane, Rahovec/Orahovac, Ferizaj/ Urosevac, and Fush Kosov/Kosovo Polje. Other important challenges to quality of life were seen as being the condition of streets/sidewalks in their neighborhoods, in addition to inadequate street lighting, and the illegal dumping of waste ('litter'). Every municipality in Kosovo placed inadequate street lighting as a foremost issue, with Decan/ Decane, Ferizaj/Urosevac, Kacanik/ Kacanik, being of particular concern. Respondents from Decan/Decane, Kacanik/ Kacanik, Fush Kosov/ Kosovo Polje, Pej/Pec, Podujev/ Podujevo, Prishtin/Pristina, Prizren/ Prizren, and Shtime/ Stimlje were especially animated about the illegal dumping of waste.
communities to overcome mistrust and advance collaboration continues to merit high attention. When questioned on how well the KPS is doing in providing services to the people of Kosovo, respondents were generally positive: 22% suggested performance was excellent, while 34% felt it was good, and 36% perceived it to be fair. Only 6% said KPS' performance was poor. Interestingly, KPS received above average criticism in Gjilan/Gnjilane, Mitrovic/ Mitrovica, and Prishtin/Pristina. Higher ratings of criticism are visible among Leposaviq/Leposavic, Novobrd/Novo Brdo, Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok and Zveqan/ Zvecane as well. Figure 5 - Perceptions of KPS performance (overall)
Overall, how t o tw h eell ci t i d z eo ns y oou f Kof seel o v o ?the KPS is doing in providing services to the citizens of Kosovo?
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 6% 2% 22% 34% 36%
A growing confidence in the Kosovo Police Service

Kosovo's transition is intricately linked to the establishment of a broad based police force that is accountable, non-political and perceived as impartial by all ethnic communities. The survey therefore also asked people their views on the early performance of the new Kosovo Police Service. Although the results manifest considerable progress, the need to foster new relations between the KPS and local
(100) Excellent
(50) Good
(50) Fair
(-100) Poor
Refused / Don't know
Of interest is that in the top six police activities that respondents argued should be strengthened or improved upon - crime prevention, fighting organised crime, community
KPS Focus Group findings Broadly speaking the survey results suggest that public confidence in the KPS is secure, especially among the K-Albanian community. But what are the concerns of the KPS officers themselves? Do they match those of the Kosovo public? Four focus groups were conducted with a multi-ethnic selection of KPS officers from across Kosovo. During these focus groups KPS officers were candid, detailed and thoughtful, projecting the image of officers proud of their service and its achievements but uncertain as to what the future will hold. Importantly, although the process of transferring operational policing responsibilities is well underway, KPS officers in the focus group expressed a sense of being peripheral figures in the process. Senior KPS figures are critical about their lack of involvement and consultation on key elements of the transition, such as the compilation of a strategic plan. Corresponding with the findings from the perceptions survey, a theme that emerged is that an encouraging start has been made but that it needs to be supported in order to safeguard and build on that what has been achieved.
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Crime problems facing Kosovo Although Kosovo is a much safer society now than when the first group of KPS officers took to the streets in 1999, the dangers are still very real for police officers as well as members of the public. Five officers have been killed in the line of duty since the establishment of the KPS, all in the last year and all with illicit weapons. Officers asserted that the sources of insecurity are much wider and varied now as compared to the last time a demographically reflective police service operated in Kosovo - policing is much tougher than it was before 1989. A lot of problems are considered as hangovers from conflict, which have yet to be adequately addressed, i.e,. ready access to illict weapons. Each officer cited the presence, strength and roots of organized criminal networks within Kosovo: a scourge that gravely hampers prospects for the development of rule of law. Coinciding with the results of the public perceptions survey, officers asserted that another major reason for crime was not organized malfeasance per se but a consequence of a hopeless economic situation. Endemic unemployment, the absence of opportunity and the familial strains that it brings is a combustible mix that can often lead to sustenance-driven crime. As one officer observed "the problem of security is now much more economically based." policing, traffic safety, personal safety and foot patrols - the only major split in opinion between K-Serbs and K-Albanians was in the area of personal safety where twice as many KSerbs than K-Albanians saw this as a priority area. Community policing was viewed as being an especially necessary area for improvement by respondents in Gjilan/Gnjilane (69%), Viti/Vitina (68%), and Kamenic/Kamenica (65%). Notably, weapons collection did not register at all with respondents as being an area for improvement. Regarding the ethnic neutrality of the KPS, 79% of those surveyed claimed it was neutral with only 14% stating it was biased in favour of K-Albanians. Amongst K-Serbs, 63% of respondents asserted this bias to be present, as opposed to 9% of K-Albanians. Less than a third of K-Serbs thought KPS an ethnically neutral police service. Given the negative legacy of previous policing practices in Kosovo, a significant 90% of respondents from across Kosovo stated that when they see a police officer approach them, they either have 'neutral' or 'secure' feelings, with only 8% having a fearful or concerned reaction.
Limited contacts with the police and other security providers

Despite this generally high evaluation of the KPS, the survey revealed limited citizen-initiated contact with the police or other security providers. As many as 91% of respondents stated that they had never asked a member of KPS, UNMIK-P , or KFOR for personal advice or directions in the past year. 8% reported having interacted with KPS while only 1% had approached UNMIK-P and 1% KFOR. The greatest lack of contact between the public and security providers was found to be in Decan/Decane and Zveqan/Zvecane with 97% of respondents never having had any such contact. Higher than average levels of this type of contact with KPS were recorded in Shtrpc/Strpce, Novobrd/Novo Brdo, Kacanik/Kacanik, Suharek/Suva Reka, and Rahovec/Orahovac. Similarly, 96% of respondents stated that in the past year they had never come into contact with a member of KPS, UNMIK-P or KFOR regarding a community issue. Similar responses were found when asking respondents if they had ever contacted the police station to discuss a community issue. Only 2% of respondents stated that they had been involved in a community outreach program being offered by the
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police. Only in Rahovec/Orahovac and Shtime/ Stimlje were there notably higher than average responses asserting that respondents had been involved in a KPS community outreach program. Approximately one third of respondents stated that they lived within 1 km of the nearest police station, with 50% of all respondents asserting that they lived within 10 km of a police station. Predictably, less densely populated rural areas were less well covered with 31% of rural respondents stating that they lived over 10km from a police station, while 64% of urban respondents claimed to live within 1 km of a police station. Over half of respondents in Kamenic/Kamenica asserted that they lived in excess of 10km from the nearest police station. When queried on whether or not the police was responsive to their needs 86% of those surveyed responded positively, with only 8% answering negatively. The most responsive police services appear to be in Ferizaj/ Urosevac, Malishev/Malisevo, and Gllogovc/ Gllogovac municipalities - where over 95% of respondents answered favourably. Zubin Potok/ Lack of capacity
Zubin Potok respondents were least favourable in their assessment of police responsiveness, with less than 30% of respondents answering positively. When asked if they would call the police should their family be subject to threats, 95% of respondents indicated that they would. Notably, 13% of those surveyed in Podujev/ Podujevo claimed that they would not call the police in the event their families were threatened. The vast majority of respondents also stated that they would call the police for assistance were they robbed in the street. This pattern repeats itself when respondents were questioned as to whether they would seek assistance from the police if belongings were stolen from their car or house. In the event of being assaulted and it resulting in an injury, the overwhelming majority of respondents from across Kosovo (97%) stated that they would call the police for assistance. Kacanik/Kacanik demonstrated a higher than average incidence of respondents stating they would not call the police with nearly one tenth of respondents responding negatively. Respondents were generally less likely to state that they would
While officers consider the KPS sufficiently stocked with "front-end" needs such as uniforms, weapons, and vehicles, it is without many of the accoutrements needed to match the challenges of comprehensive and sophisticated crime. One officer put it aptly: "We have elegant uniforms, sufficient vehicles. But we don't have the equipment for real crime investigation." It is certainly no match for the sophistication and financial wherewithal of the criminal organizations in their midst. Officers mentioned the lack of funding for witness protection programs and money to fund such programs. Officers complained that the lack of support from counterpart justice organizations impacts negatively upon their effectiveness, and consequently public perceptions of it. Not only is the judicial/legal system viewed as sclerotic and inefficient, it also viewed by officers as too lenient, thereby minimizing the fear of incarceration as a deterrent. Officers worry that it is little more than a 'revolving door' with suspects out on the streets soon after they've been arrested. Corruption was also identified in the judicial/legal system by KPS officers, which they believe reduces favorable public perceptions of criminal justice institutions. One officer observed: "very often people ask me- how come that yesterday you caught the thief, while today everyone can see that same thief is having a cup of coffee in the caf?" The justice system is perceived as far too perforated to enable effective law enforcement, and duly build up public trust in rule of law institutions. The absence of rules (never mind enforcement of those rules) surrounding tax collection was cited as something that reinforced ambivalent attitudes towards rule of law. And if the system is perceived as being so imperfect, then why would one have a good reason to invest trust in it?
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seek assistance from the police should they be assaulted and it did not result in an injury; 77% of respondents stated that they would call the police in such an eventuality. The municipality in which the greatest number of respondents indicated a willingness to report such crime was Klin/Klina (94%). While respondents were much more likely to not seek police assistance in instances of assaults, respondents were far more likely to seek police interventions in cases of sexual assault. Notably, respondents from Gjakov/ Dakovica were considerably less inclined to seek police assistance in the event of sexual assault. A major initiative of the police in 2003 was to improve road safety conditions and 27% of respondents stated that police had stopped them for a routine traffic check at some point in the last year. Notably, K-Serb respondents claiming they had been stopped Public trust and co-o operation
were proportionally three times higher than KAlbanian respondents - and especially so in the northern municipalities and in Shtrpc/ Strpce. K-Serb respondents were also three times more likely to feel that they had been treated unfairly when coming into contact with the police.
Police-c community relations - calls for more preventive policing

Approximately 63% of all respondents argued that the best police response to crime is preventative in nature. Whereas, only 7% of all respondents claimed that a purely reactive police response should be practiced. While levels of contact with the public as initiated by the police are relatively low, so it is the case for contacts initiated by the public. In the last year less that 3% of respondents had cause to report traffic incidents, crimes, suspi-
Citizen co-operation is accepted by officers as the most essential element in any police officer's armory, yet officers believe 'a phobia of the blue uniform' still shapes public attitudes. Given the results of the public perceptions survey this may be misplaced, especially among K-Albanian communities. Focus group participants stated that while there is increased co-operation on small-scale matters, there is a marked unwillingness to trust the police in more serious cases, where there is the potential for personal ramifications. There is something of a Catch 22: it is hard to build trust when there are so few demonstrable results; and it is difficult to obtain results when one is receiving so little public assistance in the investigation of crimes. A major contributory reason for the lack of trust is the absence of any form of either financial incentive or physical protection for providing information, a consequence of KPS' budgetary constraints. Focus group participants attribute the lack of citizen co-operation to a negative tradition of police-community relations. The association people make with reporting to the police as informing on neighbors is still very strong. It is difficult to replace this with the notion that one is performing a community service. There also appears to be little police-initiated contact with the public. The KPS appear to adopt a relatively distant position vis--vis the public, and most encounters are initiated by the public. This approach serves only to reinforce the feeling of distance between the police and the policed. The survey reveals that this is an area the public has a serious desire to redress through structured police/community forums. Another way to do so would be to marshal the media more effectively. Interviews revealed ambivalence among officers towards the media. The survey reveals high (positive) public recognition for the police service given through the television production Crime File, suggesting that the media could be another outlet for advancing police-community relations. One officer suggested a means by which this could be achieved: it would be good to have joint meetings with police and citizens in one place, to talk directly to each other and ask questions and receive answers. The media could also be involved in this process.
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Pay/Aftercare Officers were most animated when discussing the issue of pay and aftercare. It is an issue that saps morale and if not addressed has the potential to encourage graft and corruption within the service, tarnishing its public image and jeopardizing the sustainability of gains made to date. Wages remain low. The average officer earns 230 euros, and senior officers do not earn much more. Although the pay rates are commensurate with police officers in neighboring countries, officers contend that this is the reason why these forces are so susceptible to corruption. The decision to keep wages low is in line with the resources of the Kosovo Consolidated Budget (KCB) but it could backfire, meaning that quality applicants will not consider the service as an attractive career. Compounding this problem is a virtual dearth of ancillary benefits to officers. In spite of the inherent danger of police work there are no pensions, subsidies/allowances or health insurance. Officers described how they have personally covered the expense of being treated in hospital due to injuries sustained while on duty. What is perhaps most humiliating is the lack of aftercare to fallen officers. Officers related stories of having to take collections for the families of fallen officers. cious activities, etc to the police. In these cases respondents generally felt that they had been treated fairly. would lodge complaints against the police, KFOR and UNMIK received increased ratings and the OSCE, courts and municipality offices appeared in responses across Kosovo. There appeared to be some confusion on this issue.
Only 4% of respondents stated that their area had citizen groups such as "neighborhood Figure 6 - Priority areas for police from a watches", with 41% stating that they would parcitizens' perspective ticipate in such a group if one were established. Both K-Albanian and K-Serb responop six areas of activity that have to be maintained/pursued dents converged on this point. A number of Top six areas of activity that have to be maintained/pursued more actively by the police more actively by the police municipalities indicated a stronger desire for such a structure than others, specifi66% 70% cally Prishtin/Pristina, Pej/Pec, Sknderaj 60% /Srbica, Suharek/Suva Reka, Fush 50% Kosov/ Kosovo Polje, Obiliq/ Obilic, 36% 34% 33% 40% and Zubin Potok/ Zubin Potok. This idea 28% 24% 30% found least favour in Shtrpc/Strpce. 20% Similar results were found when ques10% tioning respondents on the matter of 0% other forms of police/public information Crime Fighting Community Traffic safety Personal Foot patrols sharing structures. Very few seem to policing safety prevention organized crime exist, and yet there is a significant minority of people who felt more such When queried on the subject of high prostructures were desirable. file police programs/initiatives, there was a marked lack of public knowledge. Some 38% In the matter of lodging a complaint were familiar with the television program against a police officer, 71% of respondents Crime File, while only 13% were familiar with stated that they would first lodge a complaint the recent weapons amnesty. Remarkably, just with the responsible station commander/KPS 4% were aware of police/community cooperasupervisor, whereas 10% stated they would file tion initiatives and only 2% had any knowledge it directly with a patrol officer and 5% said they about the operational handover of police stawould resort to UNMIK. The Courts and tions to KPS. Some 52% of respondents knew Ombudspersons office received negligible of no specific police programs/activities. Only results. When questioned further on where they when prompted with answers did these results
Percent
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rise significantly. For example, when prompted with the answer of the 2003 weapons amnesty, the number of respondents increased from 13% to 65%. In the case of operational handover of police stations, the number increased from 2% to 13% of respondents.
were not offered as an option and perhaps should have been. When questioned on which institution is most capable of 'keeping the peace', 48% of overall respondents argue KPS is most effective in this area, some 32% contended KFOR is best suited to keep the peace with UNMIK-P receiving 8%. Whilst 3% of respondents (all KAlbanian) suggested that the Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC) is most effective in keeping the peace, some 13% of K-Serb respondents argued that the Serbian Police and Army were best placed for this responsibility, with only 12% of K-Serbs being of the opinion that KPS was most capable in performing this task. It is likely that the police's reduced scores in this regard are due to the perception that respondents viewed "keeping the peace" as being of the broad remit - i.e. 'peace' as it relates to the conflict of 1999; more of a 'defence' rather than a 'law and order' issue. Nevertheless, a significant number do look to the KPS for this function which endorses current thinking to increase KPS training in conflict resolution. Respondents were not favorable in their opinions of police structures when questioned on which organization is most capable of providing 'border security'. Only 31% of respondents thought KPS most capable, while 44% were in favour of KFOR and KPC received 9%. This is of interest given the decision to eventually position KPS as the prime provider of border security in Kosovo, and KFOR's current plans to disengage from some areas of the border. As in the above questions, some 15% of respondents (primarily from the northern municipalities) argued that the Serbian Police and Army are most capable of providing border security, despite having no legal remit to do so. ***
Perceptions of roles and responsibilities of different security actors

Finally, the survey also sought the public's views on their perceptions of which of the various security actors in Kosovo were best placed to addressed different security and crime issues. When questioned in detail on the subject of organized crime, the survey questions elicited a series of particularly interesting responses. In general terms, the majority of respondents (72%) asserted that KPS is the most capable institution to deal effectively with organized crime, as opposed to 10% of respondents who selected UNMIK-P and the 7% who thought KFOR was most suited to the task. The KPS received higher than average approval ratings for its ability to deal effectively with organized crime in Podujev/Podujevo, Sknderaj/ Srbica, Klin/ Klina, Istog/Istok, Decan/ Decane, Dragash/ Dragas, Rahovec/ Orahovac, Viti/Vitina, Shtime/ Stimlje, Ferizaj/ Urosevac, Obiliq/Obilic, Malishev/ Malisevo and Gllogovc/Gllogovac, with Kacanik/Kacanik receiving the highest rating at 92% of respondents claiming that KPS is the most effective institution in dealing with organized crime. As in the case of organized crime, most respondents contended that KPS was the most effective organization to deal with corruption, with 62% of respondents in favour of KPS and 17% in favour of UNMIK-P and KFOR receiving 5%. This question was couched in terms of the role of organizations and institutions; 'community involvement' and/or community responsibility Honest Enough to Admit Mistakes
Officers were also candid about their own service's shortcomings. Many felt that the quality of officers was too variable, something which they viewed as being a consequence of decisions by UNMIK to place too much emphasis on quantity and too little on quality. Too many officers were viewed as having slipped through perfunctory background checks, which made some worry that it could create a negative public image of the police service. There was also some apparent bewilderment at the subsequent recruitment criteria in the service and its pace. Officers cited a disconnection between the skills/experience and ranks of some officers. Focus groups participants felt there was a lack of clarity in the system.
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Police Transition In the last eighteen months the total number of UNMIK Police in Kosovo have decreased by 18% while KPS numbers have increased by 20%. This is a trend which is scheduled to accelerate with 6,700 officers comprising KPS by end of 2005, and UNMIK Police scheduled to number less than 3,000 by the same date. Only 13% of respondents to the survey were aware of this transition underway.
Date
Percentage December 2003 September 2003 June 2003 March 2003 October 2002 June 2002
Total KPS
20% Increase 5 704 5 769 5 207 5 247
Total UNMIK-P P
18% Decrease 3 735 3 727 4 067 4 389 4 274 4 524
5 240
4770
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PART 2. The insecurity of the Kosovo-Serb community
Part 2. The insecurity of the Kosovo-Serb community > >

As foreshadowed in the previous part of this report, whereas the overall trends from the survey indicate growing confidence in security and the KPS despite worries about rising crime, the picture is startlingly-different when viewed through the lens of Kosovo's minority Serb community. Whilst other minorities also coexist with the K-Albanian community, the results of the survey were considerably more homogeneous for all ethnic groups except for the KSerb community. The rare instances where this was not the case are noted in the text. It also bears repeating that this survey was undertaken at the end of 2003, before the dramatic events of March 2004, which left 19 dead, 900 injured and more than 600 predominantly Serb houses destroyed or damaged as well as Churches and various public facilities.
Gjilan/Gnjilane Mitrovica (22%).
(25%)
and
Mitrovic/
Figure 7 - Perceptions of security by different ethnic groups

Compared year ago, security situation in Kosovo has... Compared to atoya ear a go,the the security situation in K osovo has...
70% 60% 50%
61% 49% 34%
60%
Percent Percent
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% gotten better
29% 22% 15% 12% 2% 1% 5%
9%
stayed the same K Albanian K Serb
gotten worse Other
Refused/Don't know
Concerns And Perceptions Of Safety And Security - a much bleaker outlook

In a marked divergence of opinion with KAlbanians, 29% of K-Serb respondents to the survey asserted that the security situation in Kosovo generally, had worsened in the last year. Other minorities tended to agree with the broadly positive perception that Kosovo witnessed an overall security improvement in the past year, with 83% of such respondents sensing that the environment either remained static or had improved to some extent. With the exception of mainly Albanian Decan/Decane where 49% of respondents noted that their municipality witnessed a deterioration in the security situation - municipalities registering a much higher response of a deterioration in the security situation compared to last year were either overwhelmingly K-Serbian municipalities or those with a high proportion, viz: Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok (40% registering a deterioration), Zveqan/Zvecane (35%), Leposaviq/ Leposavic (29%), Shtrpc/Strpce (24%),
Much the same pattern could be found when respondents turned to their immediate neighborhoods. Whilst only 4% of K-Albanian respondents reported the situation getting worse, 15% of K-Serb respondents held a negative view of developments in their neighborhood's security situation over the past twelve months. Thus, the municipalities that registered a significant number of respondents claiming that the situation had deteriorated were Novobrd/Novo Brdo (16% deterioration), Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok (15%), Mitrovic/ Mitrovica (14%), Leposaviq/Leposavic (14%), Zveqan/Zvecane (13%), Gjilan/Gnjilane (12%) and Shtrpc/Strpce (10%). Again, while most of those surveyed Kosovo-wide indicated that they had not changed their behavior due to concerns about crime and security, the survey clearly illustrates a divergence between K-Albanians and KSerbs in this regard with only 10% of KAlbanian respondents changing their behavior, while 46% of K-Serbs reported limiting or changing their activities due to their concerns about crime. Other minorities were more in line with K-Albanian feelings on the subject, with only 13% having modified their behavior. The municipalities, which showed sizable numbers of respondents stating that they had changed or limited their behavior were Shtrpc/Strpce (45%), Zubin Potok/Zubin
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dents stated that they were a victim of one sort or the other - however two and half times as many K-Serbs as opposed to KAlbanians stated that they were victims. The highest incidence of respondents being victims of crime was found in Fush Kosov/Kosovo Polje, closely followed by Prishtin/Pristina, Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok, and Zveqan/Zvecane. The greatest discrepancy between responses from K-Albanians Figure 8 - Adjusting activities due to crime, and K-Serbs is in the increased likelihood for by ethnicity K-Serb respondents to claim that they had been harassed. Notably, K-Serb Have you or changed changed your activities in yarea our a rea Have youlimited limited or your activities in your due todue to respondents reporting to have concerns about crime? YES! concerns about crime? YES! been the victim of car theft were nearly three times higher than K46% Albanian respondents. K-Albanians 50% are most commonly victims of bur40% glary, while K-Serbs are subject to 30% motor vehicle theft and harass13% ment. 10% 20%
10% 0% K Albanian K Serb Other
Potok (39%), Zveqan/ Zvecane (32%), Mitrovic/ Mitrovica (30%), Leposaviq/Leposavic (27%) and Novobrd/ Novo Brdo (24%) as well as Decan/Decane (34%), Lipjan/Lipjane (25%), Prishtin/Pristina (36%) and Gjakov/Dakovica (32%). These results highlight the fact that respondents in urban and/or K-Serb areas are more likely to modify their behavior due to their concerns about crime.
Percent
Figure 9 - Is crime on the increase or decrease? By ethnicity
Over he l ast 12 12months, months, the prevalence of crime in Kosovo Over tthe last the prevalence of crime in Kosovo has...has...
While approximately one 50% third of all respondents perceived overall crime rates to have 40% decreased over the past year, it is 30% of particular note that only 5% of 20% K-Serb respondents believed that it had decreased while 47% 10% asserted that it had increased. At 0% either end of this spectrum we find Dragash/ Dragas, where only 7% believe crime to have increased with 50% feeling it had decreased, as opposed to Leposaviq/ Leposavic, where 47% of respondents feel crime has increased with only 5% thinking it had decreased in the past year. Other municipalities with large numbers of respondents contending an increase in crime were Zveqan/Zvecane (60%), Decan/Decane (58%), Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok (52%), Prishtin/Pristina (44%) and Mitrovic/ Mitrovica (46%).
Percent
47% 42% 33% 30% 22% 13% 5% 7% 6% 27% 37% 31%
increased
remained the same K Albanian K Serb
decreased Other
Refused/Don't know
While most of those surveyed demonstrated a hopeful view of the future with 82% asserting that their neighborhood is a place 'where people want to remain', in the K-Serb dominated municipalities of both Novobrd/Novo Brdo and Obiliq/Obilic those surveyed had less favorable views with only 68% of respondents voicing a positive opinion on the issue. While approximately one quarter of those surveyed thought it 'highly' or 'somewhat' likely that they would be the victims of a property crime in the next year, 64% of respondents
When asked if they had been a victim of crime in the last year, only 2% of all responPage 30
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overall asserted that it was somewhat unlikely/highly unlikely. Yet dramatic differences appear when comparing responses from KSerbs and K-Albanians. Only 17% of KAlbanian think it likely they would be a victim of such a crime while 67% of K-Serbs were of the same opinion. Municipalities where respondents perceived a higher likelihood of being victims of property crime in the next year were Gjakov/Dakovica, Decan/Decane, Kamenic/Kamenica, Fush Kosov/Kosovo Polje, Leposaviq/Leposavic, Lipjan/Lipjane, Mitrovic/Mitrovica, Novobrd/Novo Brdo, Prishtin/Pristina, Shtrpc/Strpce, Zubin Potok/ Zubin Potok and Zveqan/Zvecane. With regard to violent crimes, whereas only 20% of K-Albanian respondents felt under such significant threat, 75% of K-Serb respondents believed that they would be the victims of a violent crime in the next year. 70% of those surveyed in Zveqan/Zvecane and 73% of those in Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok thought they were in danger of being victims of violent crime in the next year. Mitrovic/Mitrovica and Prishtin /Pristina also had high rates of respondents being fearful of being subject to violence. The survey results point to an overwhelming conviction amongst the K-Serb community that they are at considerably greater risk in Kosovo than K-Albanians. They are not alone in this regard, with some mainly K-Albanian municipalities and urban centres going against overall trends but the pattern is unmistakable.
capacity of the policing services to effectively respond to these challenges. This is even more pressing given KFOR's policy of reducing/limiting escort activities for K-Serb communities, with police assuming greater responsibilities in this area. The municipalities with the greatest number of respondents articulating the opinion that 'freedom of movement' is the greatest security issue are: Shtrpc/Strpce (37%), Zveqan/ Zvecane (36%), Novobrd/Novo Brdo (31%), Fush Kosov/Kosovo Polje (23%), Leposaviq/ Leposavic (20%), Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok (20%), Lipjan/Lipjane (18%), Mitrovic/Mitrovica (14%). Prishtin/Pristina also registered a high response rate relative to other municipalities at 21%. Of note is that lack of effective law enforcement is considered to be the most serious security problem in a specific neighborhood by significant numbers of respondents in three municipalities: 37% in Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok, 23% of respondents in Leposaviq/ Leposavic, and 15% in Zveqan/ Zvecane point to this issue as being of primary concern to them. 49% of respondents in Shtrpc/Strpce state that the greatest security problem in their neighborhood is freedom of movement. When questioned on daytime situations and issues in their neighborhoods that are causes of possible concern to respondents, the survey showed a divergence of opinion between K-Albanian and K-Serb respondents in one area - this being that K-Serb respondents tended to be far more concerned than KAlbanian respondents about having to drive in the daytime. Respondents' attitudes intensified when questioned on what they were most concerned about in their neighborhoods during the nighttime. While burglary and car theft remain important concerns of all respondents, driving outside one's neighborhood became a major concern for all respondents, including KAlbanian but especially so for K-Serb respondents. Respondents in Leposaviq/Leposavic, Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok and Zveqan/Zvecane were most concerned about driving at night. Slightly less concerned were those respondents from Gjakov/Dakovica, Decan/Decane, Gjilan/Gnjilane, Mitrovic/Mitrovica, Novobrd/ Novo Brdo, Pej/Pec, Prishtin/Pristina, Prizren/Prizren, and Shtrpc/Strpce.
Main s ecurity c oncern - f reedom o f movement

On the question of what respondents currently believe to be the most serious security problem in Kosovo there were also strongly divergent feelings articulated by Kosovo's communities. While 35% of K-Albanian respondents identified 'killings/murders' as the most pressing issue, only 5% of K-Serb respondents are of a similar opinion. In contrast, 37% of K-Serb respondents identified 'freedom of movement' or the lack thereof, as the greatest security problem in Kosovo (as opposed to only 2% of K-Albanians who did so). The concerns expressed indicate ongoing doubts in the
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LIGHT BLUE
More convergence than divergence on the causes of crime and quality of life issues
A number of factors were perceived to have an influence on the prevalence of crime, the most important of which was generally asserted to be unemployment and poverty. Of note is that K-Albanian and K-Serb respondents converged in their perceptions of these influencing factors with one important exception the availability of illicit weapons. K-Albanian respondents were far more likely than K-Serbs to highlight the availability of illicit weapons as being a major factor affecting the increase of crime in their municipality. Both K-Serb and K-Albanian respondents similarly converged in their opinion as to what poses the most serious challenge to their quality of life. Respondents placed youth unemployment as being the most serious challenge to communities' quality of life. This feeling is echoed across the spectrum of ethnic and demographic groupings.
the performance of the KPS are outlined in table 2. Consistently, and in some cases dramatically, K-Serb and K-Albanians diverge in their assessments of KPS. The prevention of inter-ethnic violence was viewed as an area for improvement in KPS performance by only 7% of K-Albanians, as opposed to 25% of K-Serbs. Of note was that 14% of KAlbanians viewed the prevention of domestic violence as being an important area to make improvements, as opposed to just 6% of K-Serbs. As noted in Part 1, regarding the ethnic neutrality of the KPS, less than a third of K-Serbs thought KPS an "ethnically neutral" police service. The most marked results in this question came from Shtrpc/Strpce, where 66% of respondents stated that KPS was biased in favour of K-Albanians. The two communities converged when questioned if they thought that a KPS officer of the same ethnicity would treat them more favorably. Nevertheless, four times as many K-Serbs compared to K-Albanians thought that officers of the same ethnicity would treat them less favorably; this suggests relations between K-Serbs in the community and K-Serb police officers are less than harmonious. One in two respondents overall felt that there are an appropriate number of women in KPS, while one in five felt that there were too many. Approximately 50% of those surveyed thought that the appropriate ethnic balance has been struck in the KPS, however K-Serbs diverged on this issue, with 85% stating that there were too many K-Albanians in the police service. In contrast, 35% of K-Albanians argue that there are too few K-Albanians in the police service. Regarding Kosovo Roma, K-Albanians and K-Serbs again hold different opinions.
The Kosovo Police Service - low confidence generally

As in other trends in this survey, K-Serbs were significantly more critical of the KPS and its performance - with only 1% saying KPS' performance was 'excellent' while 35% stated it was 'poor'. Other minorities converged with KAlbanian's more positive feelings regarding KPS performance. The divergence in opinion between K-Serbs and K-Albanians is directly reflected in municipal results with heavily K-Serb areas eliciting negative marks for KPS while in other areas, ratings were much higher. The responses of those surveyed on a number of more detailed questions relating to
Community Focus Groups Serb-dominated municipalities recorded consistently higher levels of insecurity and a matching level of distrust in the police. This was also borne out by focus groups conducted with K-Serb participants in Caglavica and Mitrovic/Mitrovica. A feeling of being besieged emerged: for example, female participants regarded the principal source of insecurity in their midst as K-Albanians. Caglavica respondents recorded an almost blanket feeling of partial and unreasonable treatment in their dealings with the KPS (although they did feel that they were treated slightly more favorably when that officer was of a similar ethnicity to them). Mitrovic/Mitrovica focus groups recorded similarly bleak perceptions. That there is an evident hankering among Serb respondents for the return of Serb forces to police them is another powerful indication of how far the KPS has yet to establish itself the sole provider of public security.
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Only 7% of K-Albanians believe that there are too few Roma in the police service, as opposed to 53% of K-Serbs. A similar pattern emerges on the subject whether or not there are enough Kosovo Turks/Gorani/Bosniacs in the police service. However, large numbers of people do
not know what the ethnic make up of the KPS is and declined to offer an opinion. While one in two total respondents state they have a friend or relative in the KPS, 70% of K-Serbs stated that they know no one in KPS.
Table 1 - Response table on the role and responsiveness of KPS, by ethnicity
To what extent do you agree with the following statements?

(average values by scale from -100 to 100 where -100 means 'strongly disagree' and 100 means 'strongly agree')
The presence of KPS in my neighborhood is appropriate for the need Traffic enforcement by KPS meets the needs of the community KPS gives proper attention to minor crimes (i.e. vandalism, disturbances, etc.) KPS is providing appropriate community education and outreach programs
74 43 56 56
Serb
13 30 -22 -39 -12 -15 1 27 21 21 -6 -17 3 -28 -14 19 -2 -13 -10
The efforts of KPS to enforce the law are compatible with community needs 66 KPS officers perform an appropriate amount of patrolling on foot in the center of your settlement. KPS responds to emergency calls in a timely manner KPS officers treat people with respect KPS officers respect the rights of individuals and treat people fairly Calls to the KPS station are handled professionally and courteously A formal complaint brought against a KPS officer will receive a fair, objective and timely response The KPS solicits and welcomes community input KPS officers are respected by the community The KPS has a good public image The KPS does its job well KPS officers look professional in appearance The information provided by KPS in local media is useful KPS officers provide timely and useful information to persons reporting crimes The KPS publicizes its services and programs adequately 25 70 80 79 77 63 81 77 82 76 72 81 70 68
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Other 74 66 62 58 58 36 68 80 78 78 65 76 74 73 74 71 72 65 63
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Statement
Albanian
LIGHT BLUE
K-Serb respondents were three times as likely to have feelings of concern when approached by a police officer as compared to K-Albanian respondents. The greatest incidence of such reporting was recorded in Zubin Potok/Zubin Potok (28% of respondents), Fush Kosov/Kosovo Polje (21% of respondents), and interestingly K-Albanian-dominated Gjakov/Dakovica (16% of respondents). As to whether or not the police was responsive to their needs, there was significant divergence between K-Albanian respondents (90% of whom answered positively) and K-Serb respondents (only 44% of whom answered positively). Zubin Potok /Zubin Potok respondents were least favourable in their assessment of police responsiveness, with less than 30% of respondents answering positively. Four times as many K-Serb respondents, compared to KAlbanian respondents, would not call the police in the event of an accident - while overall, nine out of ten respondents would do so. K-Serb respondents were far more likely to be stopped (38%) by KPS than K-Albanian respondents (17%). Whereas, K-Serb respondents (20%) were far more likely to be stopped by UNMIK-P as compared to K-Albanians (3%). Only 1% of respondents from across Kosovo admitted to filing a complaint against a police officer, and in these cases it was only K-Serbs doing so, to UNMIK-P alone.
Figure 10 - Citizen reactions to a police uniform, by ethnicity

y p g y y When you see a police officer coming towards you what is your reaction? reaction?
70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% Percent Percent 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0%
67%
60%
53%
31% 11% 7% 11% 4% 7%

Concern Concern
31% 10% 1%1%1% Other Other 1%1%1%

Ref/DK Ref/DK
3%
Fear Fear
Neutral Neutral
K Serb
Safety Safety
Other
K Albanian
Police-c community relations -c calls for a balance between reactive and preventive policing
On the nature of police response to crime there was some convergence of responses from those surveyed: 66% of KAlbanian and 42% of K-Serb respondents (63% of all those surveyed) believed that the best police response to crime is preventive in nature. K-Serbs tended to feel that a combined proactive and reactive police policy was appropriate, whereas K-Albanians were more likely to favour the proactive response. Nevertheless - as noted in Part 1 - 'crime prevention', 'community policing' and 'more foot patrols' remained high priorities across the board.
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While nearly 100% of respondents articulated an opinion that they would call the police should their family be subject to threats, twice as many K-Serbs as opposed to K-Albanians stated that they would not do so. Again, a vast majority of respondents stated that they would call the police for assistance should they be robbed in the street, although predictably KSerbs answered negatively thirteen times more often than K-Albanian respondents. Other minorities were apparently just as comfortable calling the police for assistance in the event of being robbed on the street. This pattern repeats itself when respondents were questioned if they would seek assistance from the police if belongings were stolen from their car or house. In the event of being assaulted and injured, K-Serb were five times more likely than K-Albanians to say that they would not seek police assistance in such an eventuality. People were less likely to state that they would seek assistance from the police should they be assaulted and it did not result in an injury. However, again, significantly less K-Serbs were prepared to do so. Interestingly, there were especially high rates of respondents disinclined to report such a crime in the following municipalities: Prishtin/Pristina (29%), Mitrovic/ Mitrovica (30%), Prizren/Prizren (29%), Gjakov/ Dakovica (25%), Leposaviq/Leposavic (44%), Fush Kosov/ Kosovo Polje (30%), Zubin Potok/ Zubin Potok (37%), and Zveqan/Zvecane (45%).
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In 2003, the police made a concerted effort to improve road safety conditions. Notably, K-Serb respondents claiming to have been stopped, were three times higher than KAlbanian respondents - and especially so in the northern municipalities and in Shtrpc/Strpce. K-Serb respondents were also three times more likely to feel that they had been treated unfairly when coming into contact with the police. While levels of contact with the public as initiated by the police are relatively low so it is the case for contacts initiated by the public. In the last year, less that 3% of respondents had cause to report traffic incidents, crimes, suspicious activities, etc to the police. In these cases respondents generally felt that they had been treated fairly, although the pattern of perceived discrimination of K-Serb respondents is borne out again with these respondents feeling that they were treated unfairly twice as often as KAlbanians. While only 22% of respondents believed that the police give a lot of consideration to what citizens say/think before making a decision, in Zveqan/Zvecane this dynamic appears to be most pronounced with 26% of respondents stating that the police does not take citizen opinions seriously at all. Fully a quarter of K-Serb respondents from across Kosovo perceive that the police do not take into consideration citizen attitudes before making a decision. While nearly three quarters of total respondents would report a complaint against a police officer to the station commander/KPS commander, only 58% of K-Serb respondents would do so, while 20% indicated that they would lodge the complaint with UNMIK.
Serbs were much more supportive of UNMIKP's capabilities as compared with K-Albanians, with 36% of K-Serbs selecting UNMIK-P and only 8% of K-Albanians in favour of UNMIK-P . A statistically significant minority of K-Serb respondents argued that neither KPS, UNMIKP , nor KFOR were capable of dealing effectively with organized crime but mentioned either the Serbian police (13%) or the Serbian Army (3%). Notably, those municipalities with the largest numbers of respondents asserting the capability of the Serb Police and Serb Army to deal most effectively with organized crime were Leposaviq/Leposavic (27%), Zubin Potok/ Zubin Potok (20%), and Zveqan/Zvecane (26%). These same three municipalities also indicated higher than average marks for UNMIK-P and lower ratings for KPS. As with organized crime, most respondents contended that KPS was the most effective organization to deal with corruption. However, only 11% of K-Serb respondents were of the feeling that KPS is the most effective institution in this regard with 41% of K-Serbs feeling UNMIK-P was most suited to this role. Again, respondents identifying the Serbian Police were statistically significant with 9% of respondents, primarily from northern municipalities, claiming it was the most effective. The divergence between respondents again surfaces on the matter of which institution is capable to deal most effectively with ensuring freedom of movement. While 72% of the total surveyed asserted that KPS is the most capable, only 13% K-Serbs agreed. 19% of KSerbs stated that UNMIK-P was best suited, while 36% believed KFOR to be the best suited. 12% of K-Serb respondents claimed that the Serbian Police and Serbian Army were most capable. When questioned which institution is best placed to deal with the provision of personal security, respondents mirrored these divergent trends. When queried on the ability of security providers to prevent inter-ethnic violence, KPS fared poorly. Only 50% of those surveyed stated that they believe that KPS is most capable of dealing with the challenge of preventing inter-
Perceptions of roles and responsibilities of security actors in the K-S Serb community
On the matter of organised crime, the majority of respondents (72%) asserted that KPS is the most capable institution to deal effectively with organized crime. However, KSerb respondents diverged widely with KAlbanians. 78% of K-Albanian respondents, as opposed to 15% of K-Serbs, thought KPS most effective in dealing with organized crime. K-
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LIGHT BLUE
ethnic violence, while UNMIK-P and KFOR register 13% and 24% respectively. As in the trends highlighted above, K-Serb respondents are less positive in their perceptions as to KPS's ability to provide security to their community, with only 10% of K-Serb respondents feeling KPS could prevent inter-ethnic violence. 21% of this grouping asserted that UNMIK-P was most capable of preventing such violence, while another 35% contended that KFOR was best suited. Interestingly, other minorities were generally more positive about KPS in this respect than K-Serb respondents. 47% of other minorities' respondents believed that KPS was capable of preventing inter-ethnic violence. As stated above, a significant minority (14%) of KSerbs argued that the Serbian Army and Serbian police were best placed for such a task -this was most marked in Leposaviq/Leposavic, where some 23% of respondents stated that Serbian government security providers (the army and police) were most capable of preventing inter-ethnic violence.
Those surveyed were broadly of the opinion that KPS was best suited to ensuring the protection of property in Kosovo (67% of respondents - 72% of K-Albanians). As in the above examples, UNMIK-P and KFOR fared better than KPS in the view of K-Serb respondents, and again a significant number of respondents from this community voiced the view that the Serbian Army and Police were most capable of protecting property. These attitudes and perceptions are again mirrored almost identically when respondents were questioned on which institution was most capable in dealing effectively with the issue of war crimes. Only 50% of K-Albanians felt that KPS was capable with a mere 6% of K-Serbs believing KPS could meet the challenge - both groups placed some considerable trust in international security providers to address this issue. A minority of respondents in Mitrovic/ Mitrovica (8%), Lipjan/Lipjane (6%), Zubin Potok/ Zubin Potok (18%), Leposaviq/Leposavic (23%) felt KPS was in a position to do so.
Table 2 - Table of responses on roles and responsibilities of different policing bodies, by ethnicity
Who is more capable to deal effectively with

fighting organized crime
Institution
UNMIK UNMIK UNMIK
UNMIK UNMIK UNMIK UNMIK UNMIK UNMIK KPS Police KPS Police KPS Police KPS Police KPS Police KPS Police KPS Police KPS Police KPS Police
Ethnicity Albanian Serbian

78.0% 8.0% 67.0% 15.0% 78.0% 6.0% 82.0% 4.0% 51.0% 7.0% 34.0% 6.0% 53.0% 13.0% 72.0% 8.0% 50.0% 20.0% 15.0% 36.0% 11.0% 41.0% 13.0% 19.0% 21.0% 21.0% 12.0% 18.0% 4.0% 11.0% 10.0% 21.0% 13.0% 28.0% 6.0% 29.0%
fighting corruption
ensuring freedom of movement providing personal security keeping the peace providing border security prevention of inter-ethnic violence protection of property
trace war crimes

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When posed with the question of what organizations other than KPS, UNMIK-P and KFOR that deal with crime in their areas, 16% of respondents stated that KPC played a role, while private security companies elicited a 3% response rate. Not surprisingly, KPC did not register in responses from K-Serb respondents. However, coordination centers, the Serb National Council for Northern Kosovo, and the Serb National Council Gracanica, were recognized by 38% of K-Serbs as dealing with crime. A majority of respondents asserted that outside
of KPS and international security providers, there were no other organizations dealing with crime in their area that they knew of. 62% of all respondents indicated that they would rather approach these organizations than the KPS in the event of having a problem.
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Rule Of Law - Kosovo Standards Implementation Plan A key part of the ongoing political process are the "standards for Kosovo"; a cornerstone of this policy, jointly agreed upon by UNMIK and the PISG, is the "Rule of Law Implementation Plan". Public security and police performance are central issues in the process. The Implementation Plan explicitly acknowledges: The establishment of a multi-ethnic Kosovo Police Service, based on respect for human rights, that has grown steadily in size to over 5,700 officers, and whose officers are now engaged in almost every sphere of police work in Kosovo; That the security situation has steadily improved, and most crime is now at or near the levels of neighbouring and other European countries. As the survey indicates, much work remains to entrench the rule of law in Kosovo and, in particular, the sustainable police institutions that will maintain it once the international community withdraws. Priority areas for improvement, that are both highlighted by this study as well as recognized by the Standards for Kosovo process, include the following: The security environment for members of ethnic communities must be further improved; Kosovans must assume progressively greater functional responsibilities throughout the KPS; All communities must give unequivocal support to UNMIK and the PISG's commitment to fight crime, and in particular inter-ethnic crime, organized crime and trafficking, and terrorism; Witnesses must be better protected from retaliation; Corruption must be targeted in all public institutions and offenders brought to justice; All residents and institutions in Kosovo must maintain a high level of commitment to security of both international and local law enforcement officials, judges and prosecutors. The Implementation Plan sets out the priorities for UNMIK and the PISG in achieving the Rule of Law Standards by: Transferring greater functional responsibilities to Kosovans throughout those institutions, in particular through continued transition of police stations to KPS control, increasing the involvement of the KPS in specialized areas, and the training of judges and prosecutors to undertake organized crime and other serious crime cases; Building a sustainable witness protection facility in Kosovo and securing arrangements for resettlement of protected witnesses outside Kosovo.
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PART 3: Conclusions and recommendations
Part 3: Conclusions and recommendations > >

Nearly five years after creation, this survey indicates that the Kosovo Police Service is well on its way to becoming a trusted and professional public institution in Kosovo, despite differences of view among members of Kosovo's Serbian community. In the eyes of most Kosovans, the KPS has transformed the notion of the police from a force to be feared to a service to be valued and trusted. Given the troubled history of policing in Kosovo, this is a momentous achievement in a remarkably short period of time. Nevertheless, the survey results suggest that the Kosovo Police Service's overall acceptance by Kosovo's two primary ethnic communities is still fragile enough to be reversed in the event of crisis or a decline in stability. In order to safeguard the achievements realized to date, a number of steps should help ensure that the KPS becomes a truly capable, politically neutral and representative police service. A Lot Done, Much More to Do: While the survey showed broad public satisfaction with everyday levels of safety and security, as well as satisfaction with KPS, this stands in contrast with public concerns about some wider public security issues. The findings indicate a perception that Kosovo's citizens are not entirely confident that the KPS maintains the professional wherewithal to tackle these complex issues. K-Albanians were most adamant about the lingering threat to their safety and security posed by murders, and particularly those that remain unsolved. K-Serbs still view their limited freedom of movement as a major challenge to their safety and security. These points stress the need for the police service to effectively grapple with some of the root causes of crime and insecurity or disorder in the province. Sustained work, involving a range of key partners, is required in this endeavour. Broaden Public Trust: The survey showed that the most disconcerting theme to emerge from the report is the ongoing lack of trust by the K-Serb community of the KPS, a reality undoubtedly reinforced by the events of March 2004.
Boosting K-Serb support for the KPS is crucial if an ethnically neutral police service is to be realized. Despite the KPS' legitimate multi-ethnic internal demographics, few K-Serb respondents view the KPS as ethnically neutral. The perception pervades among this group that the KPS is a KAlbanian dominated service that polices in the interest of the Albanian community. Consistently, and in some cases dramatically, the KPS scored markedly lower ratings among K-Serb respondents than other communities. A significant number of K-Serbs record higher faith in the Serbian Army and Police (who are expressly forbidden from policing the territory). With the police service's incremental assumption of policing responsibilities, this issue is clearly a fault line that requires urgent attention. Furthermore, the lack of trust in the police service may be symptomatic of skepticism in the wider political process; urgent thought, therefore, may need to be invested in building greater trust among the K-Serb population. Widespread negative attitudes by the K-Serb community vis-a-vis the KPS suggest it is as much embedded in political issues as it is in the operational policing of the KPS. Consequently, the solution may be enmeshed in the future political direction of Kosovo. Police / Community Forums: The survey showed that there is a general wish for regular and substantive community consultation over issues of safety and security, as well as police performance. Currently, regular, structured contacts between the police service and communities are minimal. There is a high level of public interest - matched by the KPS officers themselves - in creating and participating in forums and/or other mechanisms for improving the police service through community information and opinion sharing. This opportunity should be seized. Conditions of Service: The survey indicated that achievements regarding the KPS remain fragile, as views from within the service stress that some significant personnel and administrative issues need to be addressed. Responding to these emerging needs becomes imperative in order to ensure officer morale and preserve the positive public perceptions of police performance across Kosovo. ***
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APPENDIX I
Appendix I > >

Main Municipal Differences
Percentage of respondents answering has gotten better. [Kosovo - wide average: 42%]
Dragash / Esbhb| Shtime / \ujnmkf Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Podujev / Podujevo Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Vushtrri / Wvjuso Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Sknderaj / Serbica Kaanik / Lbbojl Prizren / Prizren Suharek / Suva Reka Lypjan / Lipjane Klin / Klina Viti / Vitina Gllogovc / Gllogovac Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Istog / Istok Pej / Qf Rahovec / Orahovac Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Kamenic / Kamenica Gjilane / Gnjilane Mitrovic / Mitrovica Dean / Efbo Novobrd / Novo Brdo Shtrpce / \usqdf Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Zveqan / [wf~bo Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok
0% 4% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 10% 9% 22% 36% 33% 32% 32% 29% 26% 43% 42% 42% 41% 40% 63% 61% 59% 58% 57% 57% 55% 54% 51% 51% 51% 50% 49% 49% 47%
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APPENDIX I
Have you limited or changed your activities in your area due to your u limited or changed your activities in your area due to your concerns concerns about crime? YES (17%) about crime? YES (17%)
Shtrpce / \usqdf Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Dean / Efbo Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Zveqan / [wf~bo Mitrovic / Mitrovica Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Lypjan / Lipjane Kamenic / Kamenica Novobrd / Novo Brdo Gjilane / Gnjilane Gllogovc / Gllogovac Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Suharek / Suva Reka Podujev / Podujevo Prizren / Prizren Sknderaj / Serbica Shtime / \ujnmkf Dragash / Esbhb| Klin / Klina Rahovec / Orahovac Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Pej / Qf Vushtrri / Wvjuso Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Istog / Istok Kaanik / Lbbojl Viti / Vitina
0% 3% 3% 2% 2% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 10% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 5% 5% 5% 13% 12% 17% 19% 22% 25% 24% 24% 27% 30% 32% 32% 34% 36% 39%
45%
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APPENDIX I
The most serious security problem of Kosovo at the moment? ous security problem of Kosovo at the moment? (First (First mentioned) KILLINGS/MURDERS (28%) mentioned) KILLINGS/MURDERS (28% )
Dean / Efbo Klin / Klina Istog / Istok Vushtrri / Wvjuso Viti / Vitina Pej / Qf Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Kamenic / Kamenica Sknderaj / Serbica Gllogovc / Gllogovac Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Kaanik / Lbbojl Suharek / Suva Reka Novobrd / Novo Brdo Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Shtime / \ujnmkf Rahovec / Orahovac Gjilane / Gnjilane Podujev / Podujevo Lypjan / Lipjane Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Prizren / Prizren Mitrovic / Mitrovica Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Dragash / Esbhb| Shtrpce / \usqdf Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Zveqan / [wf~bo
0%
62% 62% 53% 49% 48% 43% 40% 37% 36% 35% 33% 32% 31% 29% 26% 23% 23% 21% 20% 20% 19% 19% 18% 17% 16% 11% 10% 9% 6% 6%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
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LIGHT BLUE
APPENDIX I
Do you think that your neighborhood is a place where people want to stay or people want to leave? LEAVE (10%)
Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Sknderaj / Serbica Klin / Klina Novobrd / Novo Brdo Vushtrri / Wvjuso Dean / Efbo Dragash / Esbhb| Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Podujev / Podujevo Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Mitrovic / Mitrovica Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Rahovec / Orahovac Gjilane / Gnjilane Gllogovc / Gllogovac Shtrpce / \usqdf Suharek / Suva Reka Viti / Vitina Istog / Istok Kamenic / Kamenica Prizren / Prizren Shtime / \ujnmkf Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Zveqan / [wf~bo Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Lypjan / Lipjane Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Kaanik / Lbbojl Pej / Qf
0%
22% 19% 18% 18% 16% 15% 15% 15% 13% 12% 11% 11% 11% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 6% 5% 5% 5% 5% 3% 3%
5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
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APPENDIX I
Contact with the KPS in the last 12 months in Kosovo STOPPED FOR ROUTINE CHECK OF DRIVING LICENSE AND CAR DOCUMENTS (12%)
Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Zveqan / [wf~bo Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Shtrpce / \usqdf Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Mitrovic / Mitrovica Rahovec / Orahovac Novobrd / Novo Brdo Podujev / Podujevo Kamenic / Kamenica Sknderaj / Serbica Pej / Qf Shtime / \ujnmkf Suharek / Suva Reka Dean / Efbo Kaanik / Lbbojl Prizren / Prizren Gjilane / Gnjilane Dragash / Esbhb| Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Lypjan / Lipjane Viti / Vitina Vushtrri / Wvjuso Klin / Klina Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Gllogovc / Gllogovac Istog / Istok
0% 5%
42% 40% 36% 31% 31% 31% 28% 26% 26% 25% 23% 22% 21% 21% 20% 20% 20% 19% 18% 18% 17% 15% 14% 14% 14% 13% 11% 11% 10% 7%
10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
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Which organisation or institution in Kosovo is capable to deal effectively with "Fighting organized crime" ? KPS (65%)
Kaanik / Lbbojl Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Vushtrri / Wvjuso Klin / Klina Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Podujev / Podujevo Rahovec / Orahovac Shtime / \ujnmkf Viti / Vitina Gllogovc / Gllogovac Istog / Istok Sknderaj / Serbica Dean / Efbo Suharek / Suva Reka Dragash / Esbhb| Pej / Qf Novobrd / Novo Brdo Gjilane / Gnjilane Prizren / Prizren Kamenic / Kamenica Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Lypjan / Lipjane Mitrovic / Mitrovica Shtrpce / \usqdf Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Zveqan / [wf~bo
0%
92% 85% 84% 84% 81% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 79% 77% 77% 74% 74% 72% 71% 66% 64% 64% 63% 60% 60% 56% 55% 47% 40% 18% 12% 9%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
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APPENDIX I
Which organisation or institution in Kosovo is capable to deal effectively with "Ensuring freedom of movment"? KPS (65%)
Kaanik / Lbbojl Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Klin / Klina Dean / Efbo Viti / Vitina Vushtrri / Wvjuso Podujev / Podujevo Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Shtime / \ujnmkf Gllogovc / Gllogovac Istog / Istok Pej / Qf Suharek / Suva Reka Sknderaj / Serbica Rahovec / Orahovac Kamenic / Kamenica Prizren / Prizren Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Dragash / Esbhb| Lypjan / Lipjane Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Gjilane / Gnjilane Novobrd / Novo Brdo Mitrovic / Mitrovica Shtrpce / \usqdf Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Zveqan / [wf~bo
0%
88% 86% 85% 84% 83% 83% 83% 82% 81% 80% 79% 77% 76% 76% 75% 72% 71% 67% 64% 62% 61% 61% 60% 59% 55% 45% 28% 15% 13% 6%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
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Which organisation or institution in Kosovo is capable to deal effectively with "Providing personal security"? KPS (70%)
Kaanik / Lbbojl Klin / Klina Dean / Efbo Istog / Istok Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Shtime / \ujnmkf Vushtrri / Wvjuso Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Viti / Vitina Gllogovc / Gllogovac Pej / Qf Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Podujev / Podujevo Rahovec / Orahovac Sknderaj / Serbica Suharek / Suva Reka Prizren / Prizren Kamenic / Kamenica Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Dragash / Esbhb| Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Gjilane / Gnjilane Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Lypjan / Lipjane Novobrd / Novo Brdo Mitrovic / Mitrovica Shtrpce / \usqdf Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Zveqan / [wf~bo
0% 10%
90% 90% 88% 88% 87% 87% 87% 85% 85% 83% 83% 82% 82% 79% 78% 78% 75% 70% 67% 66% 66% 63% 62% 61% 53% 50% 48% 28% 15% 13%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
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Do you think that the Police is responsive to your needs? YES (81%)
Gllogovc / Gllogovac Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Kaanik / Lbbojl Shtime / \ujnmkf Podujev / Podujevo Sknderaj / Serbica Istog / Istok Vushtrri / Wvjuso Viti / Vitina Dean / Efbo Klin / Klina Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Rahovec / Orahovac Dragash / Esbhb| Pej / Qf Suharek / Suva Reka Prizren / Prizren Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Kamenic / Kamenica Gjilane / Gnjilane Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Lypjan / Lipjane Mitrovic / Mitrovica Shtrpce / \usqdf Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Novobrd / Novo Brdo Zveqan / [wf~bo Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok
0% 20%
96% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93% 93% 92% 92% 91% 90% 90% 89% 89% 88% 87% 86% 84% 79% 78% 77% 75% 74% 72% 72% 71% 57% 53% 40% 29%
40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
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In the past 12 months, for what did the Police contact you last time in Kosovo? ROUTINE TRAFFIC CHECK (28%)
Zveqan / [wf~bo Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Shtrpce / \usqdf! Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Gjilane / Gnjilane Mitrovic / Mitrovica Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Novobrd / Novo Brdo Rahovec / Orahovac Pej / Qf Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Kaanik / Lbbojl Suharek / Suva Reka Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Suharek / Suva Reka Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Kamenic / Kamenica Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Viti / Vitina Klin / Klina Podujev / Podujevo Dean / Efbo Dragash / Esbhb| Shtime / \ujnmkf Istog / Istok Prizren / Prizren Gllogovc / Gllogovac Lypjan / Lipjane Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Vushtrri / Wvjuso
0% 5% 10%
43% 41% 38% 37% 32% 31% 30% 29% 29% 28% 28% 27% 27% 26% 25% 24% 24% 24% 24% 23% 23% 22% 22% 20% 19% 19% 18% 17% 14% 14%
15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%
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Would you participate in a crime watch group, if such one would get you participate in a crime watch group, if such one would get oranizedin your neighbourhood? YES (41%) oranizedin your neighbourhood? YES (41%)
Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Pej / Qf Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Sknderaj / Serbica Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Suharek / Suva Reka Gllogovc / Gllogovac Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Novobrd / Novo Brdo Prizren / Prizren Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Mitrovic / Mitrovica Vushtrri / Wvjuso Zveqan / [wf~bo Gjilane / Gnjilane Istog / Istok Klin / Klina Viti / Vitina Podujev / Podujevo Dean / Efbo Kamenic / Kamenica Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Lypjan / Lipjane Rahovec / Orahovac Shtime / \ujnmkf Dragash / Esbhb| Kaanik / Lbbojl Shtrpce / \usqdf!
0% 10% 20%
58% 56% 55% 54% 54% 51% 51% 50% 48% 47% 47% 47% 44% 43% 40% 38% 37% 37% 36% 36% 35% 34% 34% 34% 32% 32% 32% 28% 23% 21%
30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
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Do you or anyone in the household own any firearms for sport or protection against crime? YES, SPORTS (6%)
Shtime / \ujnmkf Lypjan / Lipjane Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Sknderaj / Serbica Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Istog / Istok Klin / Klina Novobrd / Novo Brdo Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Dragash / Esbhb| Zveqan / [wf~bo Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Suharek / Suva Reka Vushtrri / Wvjuso Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Prizren / Prizren Kamenic / Kamenica Shtrpce / \usqdf! Viti / Vitina Gllogovc / Gllogovac Kaanik / Lbbojl Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Mitrovic / Mitrovica Podujev / Podujevo Rahovec / Orahovac Dean / Efbo Gjilane / Gnjilane Pej / Qf
0%
13% 11% 10% 10% 10% 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1%

2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
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Which area of police activity do you think needs to be addressed most urgently? CRIME PREVENTION (33%)
Dean / Efbo Sknderaj / Serbica Pej / Qf Vushtrri / Wvjuso Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Rahovec / Orahovac Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Shtime / \ujnmkf Gllogovc / Gllogovac Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Viti / Vitina Kamenic / Kamenica Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Kaanik / Lbbojl Suharek / Suva Reka Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Klin / Klina Mitrovic / Mitrovica Dragash / Esbhb| Gjilane / Gnjilane Novobrd / Novo Brdo Podujev / Podujevo Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Prizren / Prizren Lypjan / Lipjane Istog / Istok Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Shtrpce / \usqdf! Zveqan / [wf~bo
0% 10%
57% 54% 50% 45% 44% 44% 43% 43% 41% 40% 38% 37% 36% 33% 33% 30% 30% 29% 26% 26% 26% 26% 25% 24% 24% 22% 19% 17% 16% 15%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
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In your opinion, is the KPS neutral in its behaviour towards all citizens of Kosovo or is it baised in favor of members of certain ethnic group? NEUTRAL (73%)
Dean / Efbo Kaanik / Lbbojl Pej / Qf Dragash / Esbhb| Shtime / \ujnmkf Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Sknderaj / Serbica Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Klin / Klina Suharek / Suva Reka Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Rahovec / Orahovac Viti / Vitina Podujev / Podujevo Prizren / Prizren Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Vushtrri / Wvjuso Gllogovc / Gllogovac Lypjan / Lipjane Istog / Istok Mitrovic / Mitrovica Gjilane / Gnjilane Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Kamenic / Kamenica Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Novobrd / Novo Brdo Shtrpce / \usqdf! Zveqan / [wf~bo Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok
0%
96% 94% 90% 89% 89% 88% 87% 86% 86% 86% 85% 85% 84% 81% 78% 76% 76% 75% 73% 69% 68% 67% 66% 65% 65% 43% 35% 32% 30% 19%
20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
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If you have a problem and need to contact KPS for this, can you tell me which number would you call? "92" (55%)
Gjilane / Gnjilane Kamenic / Kamenica Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Mitrovic / Mitrovica Viti / Vitina Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Gllogovc / Gllogovac Kaanik / Lbbojl Dean / Efbo Zveqan / [wf~bo Pej / Qf Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Shtrpce / \usqdf! Vushtrri / Wvjuso Lypjan / Lipjane Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Dragash / Esbhb| Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Shtime / \ujnmkf Sknderaj / Serbica Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Prizren / Prizren Rahovec / Orahovac Podujev / Podujevo Novobrd / Novo Brdo Istog / Istok Klin / Klina Suharek / Suva Reka
0% 10% 20%
82% 79% 75% 71% 66% 66% 63% 63% 61% 60% 60% 59% 56% 56% 55% 54% 54% 53% 51% 48% 48% 48% 47% 46% 46% 43% 36% 32% 31% 28%
30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
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If you have a problem and need to contact KPS for this, can you tell me which number would you call? "112" (26%)
Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Podujev / Podujevo Sknderaj / Serbica Dragash / Esbhb| Rahovec / Orahovac Gjilane / Gnjilane Vushtrri / Wvjuso Viti / Vitina Dean / Efbo Shtime / \ujnmkf Kaanik / Lbbojl Novobrd / Novo Brdo Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Gllogovc / Gllogovac Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Mitrovic / Mitrovica Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Suharek / Suva Reka Klin / Klina Prizren / Prizren Kamenic / Kamenica Istog / Istok Pej / Qf Lypjan / Lipjane Shtrpce / \usqdf! Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Zveqan / [wf~bo
0%
57% 55% 47% 45% 43% 41% 37% 36% 35% 29% 28% 28% 28% 27% 26% 24% 24% 23% 22% 20% 19% 19% 17% 13% 13% 11% 11% 1% 1% 1%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
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What crime do you think are the best solved/sorted out whithout the need for recources to the police? QUARRELS, FIGHTS (34%)
Zveqan / [wf~bo Mitrovic / Mitrovica Leposaviq / Mfqptbwj~ Dean / Efbo Novobrd / Novo Brdo Zubin Potok / Zubin Potok Shtrpce / \usqdf! Kaanik / Lbbojl Gjilane / Gnjilane Rahovec / Orahovac Gjakov / ]blpwjdb Gllogovc / Gllogovac Prizren / Prizren Ferizaj / Vsp|fwbd Sknderaj / Serbica Viti / Vitina Vushtrri / Wvjuso Pej / Qf Suharek / Suva Reka Lypjan / Lipjane Prishtin / Qsj|ujob Malishev / Nbmj|fwp Shtime / \ujnmkf Kamenic / Kamenica Fush Kosov / Kosovo Polje Obiliq / Pcjmj~ Dragash / Esbhb| Podujev / Podujevo Istog / Istok Klin / Klina
0% 10%
54% 52% 51% 47% 47% 46% 45% 43% 42% 40% 38% 35% 35% 34% 33% 32% 32% 31% 31% 30% 29% 28% 28% 27% 25% 24% 20% 20% 19% 19%
20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
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Appendix II > >

Survey's method
In the Public Perceptions Survey of Public Security and Police Performance in Kosovo three methods were used: 1. Quantitative Survey with the general public 2. Qualitative Study: Participatory Action Research Groups with the general public 3. Qualitative Study: Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews with KPS Officers 1. Quantitative Survey with the general public From 22nd November through 7th December 2003, Index Kosova, joint venture with BBSS Gallup International, conducted a Public Perceptions Survey of Public Security and Police Performance among Kosovan Albanians and Kosovan Serbs in Kosovo. The survey was concluded in two separate sub-samples, each implemented based on same methodology, whereby slight differences in the composition of the respective sampling plans were designed to address the environmental and behavioral conditions as encountered among the main ethnic groups of Kosovan population at present. The size of the Albanian plus sub-sample amounted to 4800 respondents, the residential split - 55% rural vs. 45% urban. The number of Serb plus households equaled to 1200 respondents. The exercised sampling procedure was multi-staged random selection method. In the first stage the universe was divided proportionally to regional, residential (urban/rural) and ethnic characteristics of population. (As the survey regards as primary the municipality strata, the regional aspect was considered conditionally and the plan was pur-
posive over-sampling so to achieve 200 households per municipality on average. In municipalities, where significantly relevant portion of the population /25% and over/ was composed of residents from another ethnic group, that sub-sample was further divided in proportions so to allow analysis per segments.) In the second stage, selection of a household was executed via 'random route' method. (The size of a sampling unit was 8 households irrespective of the type of residence, or 25 sampling units per municipality in average. Each sampling unit was given a starting point /well-known public building or site in respective settlement, selected on "from the pot" principle"/. In urban areas, the selected household was every 4th address/house on the left-hand side of the street. In block-of-flats of up to 4 floors, the selected household was each 5th apartment, counting them from the first to the left from the entrance. In block-of-flats of 5 floors and over, the selected household was every 10th apartment, counting them the same manner. In rural areas, the selected household was every 4th inhabitable dwelling/house on both sides of the interviewer's route, counting them wave-wise. In settlements of compact, dense pattern, the selection step was identical to the one for urban areas.) In the third stage the interview was conducted with one respondent per household aged 18+ years, exercising "next birthday" selection-key. In the fourth stage the replacement of a respondent was done after 3 attempts (initial visit and two call-backs) if the designated contact is not available for the period or refuses to take part. Substitution made according to the rules governing selection of a household. The survey was carried out in the field by a total of 218 interviewers of whom 164 Albanian and 54 Serb, 10 regional supervisors of whom 7 Albanian and 3 Serb, and 2 field force managers, one for each sub-sample. Twelve data clerks accomplished the data entry, while the 2 DP managers, Project manager and Research Manager validated the final data set.
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2. Qualitative Study: Participatory Action Research Groups with the general public The Participatory Action Research Groups were conducted during November and December 2003 in the following locations: Prishtina, Mitrovica, Gjilan and Peja. There were six PAR Groups in total - four with Kosovan Albanians and two with Kosovan Serbs. Each group was composed of three subgroups: males (7-9 participants aged 18-55 years), females (7-9 participants aged 18-55 years) and children (7-9 participants aged 1017 years). The participants were randomly selected by interviewers and supervisors in the field based on the above mentioned criteria per each sub-group. Three moderators were used for the group moderation, one moderator per each sub-group. 3. Qualitative Study: Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews with KPS Officers The Focus Group Discussions and Indepth Interviews were organized between 2nd and 9th December 2003. Three focus group discussions were held with Albanian KPS Officers and four in-depth Interviews were conducted with KPS Officers, members of minority groups in Kosovo. The participants were selected and brought together in cooperation with Police Authorities and the UNDP , and they were all held in Prishtina. Each group was composed of 6-8 participants from different police stations across Kosovo. One moderator guided the discussion and made the interviews with KPS Officers.
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Appendix III > >

Management Information
M-1 1. M-2 2. M-3 3. Respondent Identification Number ___ ___ ___ ___ Sampling Point: ___ ___ ___ Month of Interview 1. January 2. February 3. March M-4 4. M-5 5. 4. April 5. May 6. June 7. July 8. August 9. September 10. October 11. November 12. December
Date of Interview: ___ ___ Region 1. 2. 3. 4. Prishtina/Pristina Mitrovice/Mitrovica Prizren/Prizren Gjakove/Djakovica 5. 6. 7. 8. Gjilan/Gnjilane Peje/Pec Ferizaj/Urosevac Other
M-6 6.
Residence 1. 2. 3. 4. Rural area Village Town/City Pristina
M-7 7.
Code Municipality 1. Pristina 2. Mitrovice 3. Gjilane 4. Peje 5. Prizren 6. Gjakove 7. Podujeve 8. Vushtrri 9. Skenderaj 10. Leposaviq 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Kline Istog Decan Dragash Suhareke Rahovec Viti Kamenice Lipjan Shtime 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Ferizaj Kacanik Fushe Kosove Obiliq Novobrda Zubin Potok Shterpce Zvecan Gllogovc Malisheve
M-8 8.
Day of the Week Interview Completed 1. Sunday 5. Thursday 2. Monday 6. Friday 3. Tuesday 7. Saturday 4. Wednesday
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M-9 9.
Interviewer Code: ___ ___ ___
M-1 10. Interview Completed on the ... 1. first visit to that house? 2. second (return) visit to that house? or 3. third visit to that house? M-1 11. Record Time (using 24 hour clock) Interview was Started: __ __ : __ __ (Fill in all four data positions) M-1 12. Record Length of Interview in Minutes: ___ ___ (Record times greater than 99 minutes as 99)
Begin Sampling Procedure Here

1. 2. After selecting a house or apartment using the random route technique, Introduce yourself: "Good morning/afternoon/evening. My name is _______________. I am working for Index Kosova/BBSS Gallup International. We are conducting a survey on public safety and public opinion of police performance throughout Kosova and want to interview one person from your household. We will select this person at random; depending on whom in the household has the next birthday. Answers to the survey will be strictly confidential, according to international research standards." Ask for the first name, gender and age of all members of the household who are 18 years of age or older. When the list is complete, ask for the birthday of each person. Number 1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ 11. ______ 12. ______ 13. ______ 14. ______ 15. ______ 4. 1st Name's Initial _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ Gender __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________ Age Birthday ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
3.
The person with the next birthday (looking forward in time) is the designated respondent for that household. Attempt to complete the interview with the designated respondent now.
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5.
If the designated respondent is at home and refuses the interview or another family member blocks the interview, politely leave the house and to the next appropriate house or apartment on that route. If the designated respondent is not at home, attempt to schedule an interview for later that day (in rural areas) or at any other time in the fieldwork period (in urban areas). Record the date and time of that appointment: Date: __________ Time: __________
6.
Section I: Demographics
D-1. D-2. D-3. D-4. Respondent Gender How old were you on last birthday? 1. Male 2. Female
__ __ (Actual Age) a) month __ __ b) year __ __ __ __
Since when do you live in this particular neighborhood?
(Interviewer: If hasn't lived here for the last 10 years, ibid. came after October 1993, ask) And from what place did you come to live here? In Kosovo Outside Kosovo 16. Rahovec/Orahovac Germany.......110 a) 1. Rural 2. Urban 1. Prishtina/Pristina b) Municipality/Code __ __ __ 3. Gjilan/Gnjilane
2. Mitrovice/Mitrovica 17. Viti/Vitina 18. Kamenice/Kamenica 4. Peje/Pec 19. Lipjan/Lipjane 5. Prizren/Prizren 20. Shtime/Stimlje 6. Gjakove/Djakovica 21. Ferizaj/Urosevac 7. Podujeve/Podujevo 22. Kacanik/Kacanik 8. Vushtrri/Vucitrn 23. F. Kosove/K. Polje 9. Skenderaj/Srbica 24. Obiliq/Obilic 10. Leposaviq/Leposavc 25. Novoberda/Novobrbo 11. Kline/Klina 26. Z. Potok/Z. Potok 12. Istog/Istok 27. Shterpce/Strpce 13. Decan/Decan 28. Zvecan/Zvecan 14. Dragash/Dragas 29. Gllogovc/Glogovac 15. Suhareke/Suva Reka 30. Malisheve/Malisevo
D-5.
How many persons live here in your household, in the strict meaning of household, ibid. share common budget, lived here at least 3 months in the past year and are not tenants? __ __ (Actual number)
Austria...111 Serbia....112 Montenegro...113 Turkey............114 USA..............115 Albania..........116 Switzerland.....117 Macedonia.....118 Other (specify) ..
D-6.
Would you tell me how many of them are men/women and how old is each of them? Years
0-4 5-10 11-15 16-18 19-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55+ Total
Men
Women
D-7.
Do you own or rent your home? 1. Own
2. Rent
3. Other (specify) ___________
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D-8.
Are you ? 1. Employed 2. Self-employed 3. Retired 4. Unemployed 5. Disabled 6. Student 7. House wife/husband 9. Refused/Don't Know
D-9.
What is your ethnicity? 1. Albanian 2. Serbian 3. Bosniac 4. Turkish 5. Roma 6. Gorani 7. Other ________
D-10. Thinking of revenues received or earned by all members of your household, how much would you estimate your monthly household income? (Show Card) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 0-50 euro 51-100 euro 101-150 euro 150-200 euro 201-250 euro 251-300 euro 301-350 euro 351-400 euro 401-450 euro 451-500 euro 11. 501-550 euro 12. 551-600 euro 13. 601-650 euro 14. 651-700 euro 15. 701-750 euro 16. 751-800 euro 17. 801-1100 euro 18. 1101-1300 euro 19. 1301-1600 euro 20. 1601 + euro 99. Don't Know/Refused
Section II: Concerns and Perceptions of Safety

Q-1a. Thinking about the security situation in Kosovo compared to a year ago, do you think that security situation has Q-1b. And compared to a year ago, has the security situation in your neighborhood Q-1a Q-1b Kosovo neighborhood gotten better? 1 1 stayed the same? or 2 2 gotten worse? 3 3 Refused/Don't Know Q-2. 9 9
Have you limited or changed your activities in your area due to your concerns about crime? 1. Yes 2. No 9. Refused/Don't Know
Q-3a. What do you think is the most serious security problem of Kosovo at the moment? (Single Response) Q-3b. And what are the other security problems of Kosovo? (Multiple Response) Q-3a Q-3b (Single) (Multiple) Poor law enforcement 1 1 Lenient judiciary system 2 2 Insufficient police patrolling on foot 3 3 Abundant petty crime 4 4
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Unresolved murder cases Ample weapons possession Organized gangs Racketeering Human trafficking Freedom of movement Use of drugs and drug dealing Robberies of trade outlets Robberies of home/car properties Safety for minorities Lack of law Insufficient number of policemen Personal safety/security Killings/murders Other (specify) _______________ Refused/Don't Know
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 98 99
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 98 99
Q-4a. What do you think is the most serious security problem of your neighborhood at the moment? (Single Response) Q-4b. And what are the other security problems of your neighborhood? (Multiple Response) Q-4a Q-4b (Single) (Multiple) Poor law enforcement 1 1 Lenient judiciary system 2 2 Insufficient police patrolling on foot 3 3 Abundant petty crime 4 4 Unresolved murder cases 5 5 Ample weapons possession 6 6 Organized gangs 7 7 Racketeering 8 8 Human trafficking 9 9 Freedom of movement 10 10 Use of drugs and drug dealing 11 11 Robberies of trade outlets 12 12 Robberies of home/car properties 13 13 Safety for minorities 14 14 Lack of law 15 15 Insufficient number of policemen 16 16 Personal safety/security 17 17 Killings/murders 18 18 Other (specify) _______________ Refused/Don't Know Q-5. 98 99 98 99
Most of us worry at some time or other. Tell me, how worried do you feel about the following situations and issues in your neighborhood during the daytime hours? (Show Card) Very worried a) Having your home burglarized 1 b) Walking around your neighborhood 1 Somewhat Not that Not worried worried worried at all 2 3 4 2 3 4 R/DK 9 9
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c) d) e) f) g) h) Q-6.
Driving through your neighborhood Driving in Kosovo during daytime Being alone at home Children exposed to drugs Strangers loitering near your home Car theft
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4
9 9 9 9 9 9
And how worried do you feel about the following situations and issues in your neighborhood during the nighttime hours? (Show Card) Very Somewhat Not that Not worried worried worried worried at all a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Having your home burglarized Walking around your neighborhood Driving through your neighborhood Driving in Kosovo during daytime Being alone at home Children exposed to drugs Strangers loitering near your home Car theft 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 R/DK 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Q-7.
To what extent are the following issues a problem in your neighborhood? Is it a significant problem, somewhat a problem or not a problem at all in your neighborhood/area (Show Card) Significant a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) Car horns/stereos/alarms Speeding cars/screeching tires Dilapidated streets/sidewalks Visible drug possession and use Illegal dumping/littering Loud music from homes Loud music from public facilities Noisy neighbors Parking/traffic problems Cars not yielding to pedestrians Burglaries Robberies of trade outlets Inadequate street lighting Public drinking/intoxication Stray/barking dogs Trespassing upon your property Unsupervised children/youths Vandalism/graffiti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Somewhat 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Not at all 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 R/DK 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Q-8.
Generally speaking do you think that your neighborhood is a place where people want to stay or people want to leave? 1. Stay 2. Leave 3. Refused/Don't Know
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Section III: Quality of Life and Crime

Q-9. Please rate the seriousness of the following crimes and quality of life issues in your municipality for the past 12 months. (Show Card) Very Moderately Serious Serious a) Burglary/House break ins b) Assaults c) Domestic Violence d) Unlawful drug use e) Unsupervised house parties f) Public drinking g) Graffiti h) Litter i) Unlawful weapon use j) Loitering k) Property theft l) Organized gangs m) Speeding motor vehicles n) Bad driving behavior o) Drunk driving p) Youth unemployment q) Vehicle theft r) Harassing/Annoying phone calls s) Vandalism t) Parking problems u) Prostitution w) Other (specify) __________________ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Slightly Serious 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Not a Problem 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Refused/ Don't Know 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Q-10. Taken as a whole, what do you think about the prevalence of crime in Kosovo? Has it over the last 12 months 1. increased? 2. remained the same? or 3. decreased? 9. Refused/Don't know.
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Q-11. In your opinion how big was the influence of the following factors on the increase of crime rate in your municipality over the past 12 months? Was it big, moderate, slight or not an influence at all? (Show Card) Big Moderate Influence Influence a) Tool lenient courts b) Poor investigation of crime cases c) Drug/alcohol abuse d) Lack of alternative activities for youth e) Lack of education f) Lack of jobs/employment g) Limited police presence h) Poor parenting i) Poverty/low income j) Intolerance of differences based on ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, etc. k) Availability of weapons l) Lack of respect for institutions of authority m) Practices of political parties n) Other (specify) ___________________ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Slight Influence 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 No Influence at all 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Refused/ Don't Know 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Q-12a. Have you ever been the victim of a crime in Kosovo in the last 12 months? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Refused/Don't Know
Q-12b. (Filtered) Of what kind was the crime? (Multiple Response) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Battery Racketeering Burglary/looting Pick-pocketing Motor vehicle theft Property taken from your vehicle or parts of the vehicle stolen Harassment Physical attack
97. Other (specify) _____________ 98. Refused 99. Don't Know Q-13. In the last 12 months in Kosovo, have you ever came in contact with KPS, UNMIK Police or KFOR in the following cases? (If Yes, ask for EACH organization. Multiple Response.) No Yes Yes Yes R/DK KPS UNMIK Pol KFOR a) Stopped to ask an officer for advice or directions? 1 2 3 5 9 b) Stopped to talk to an officer about a community issue? 1 2 3 5 9 c) Called the station to discuss a community issue? 1 2 3 5 9 d) Been involved in a traffic accident which required intervention? 1 2 3 5 9
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e) Been involved in a community outreach program? f) Been stopped for routine check of your driving license and car documents? g) Been stopped for a traffic offense? h) Been questioned and released (other than for a traffic offense)? i) Reported a crime? j) Been arrested? k) Filed a formal complaint against an officer?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Q-14. Which organization or institution in Kosovo is capable to deal effectively with the following (Single response for each option) KPS UNMIK. KFOR Other Ref./DK Pol (specify) a. Fighting organized crime 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9 b. Fighting corruption 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9 c. Ensuring freedom of movement 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9 d. Providing personal security 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9 e. Keeping the peace 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9 f. Providing border security 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9 g. Prevention of inter-ethnic violence 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9 h. Protection of property 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9 i. Trace War Crimes 1 2 3 4 _______________ 9
Q-15. Please indicate which of the two statements describes what you consider to be the best police response to crime: 1. The police should take preventive measures to deal with crime 2. The police should react to crimes committed. 3. Both (vol.) 9. Refused/Don't Know
Q-16. Tell me, when you see a police officer coming towards you what is your reaction? 1. 2. 3. 4. Fear Concern Neutral (no feeling) Safety/Security
8. Other (specify) _______________ 9. Refused/Don't Know
Q-17. Do you think that Police is responsive to your needs? 1. Yes 2. No 9. Refused/Don't Know
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Q-18. Sometimes people consider some incidents serious, while others would rather treat the same cases as insignificant. As I'm reading you the following situations, please, tell me, in which cases you will call Police for assistance and in which you will rather not call. Will call Won't call R/DK a) if you got into a traffic incident in your settlement? 1 3 9 b) if you got into a traffic incident in Kosovo, outside your settlement? 1 3 9 c) if you/members of your family were subject to threats? 1 3 9 d) if having been mugged and robbed on the street? 1 3 9 e) if having things stolen from your car, if you have such? 1 3 9 f) if got involved in an incident in cafeteria or restaurant? 1 3 9 g) if some of your property from the house was stolen? 1 3 9 h) if attacked and that caused you physical injury? 1 3 9 i) if attacked and that didn't cause you physical injury? 1 3 9 Q-19a. In the past 12 months, how many times have you been contacted by the Police in Kosovo in the following circumstances: a. routine traffic check __ __ (write in how many times) b. you did traffic offence __ __ (write in how many times) c. you were involved in a traffic accident __ __ (write in how many times) d. you were a bystander/witness to an incident __ __ (write in how many times) e. you were the victim of a crime __ __ (write in how many times) f. you were bystander/witness to a crime __ __ (write in how many times) g. the police wanted to question you in relation to a crime __ __ (write in how many times) Q-19b.In the past 12 months, for what did the Police contact you last time in Kosovo (Single response) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Routine traffic check For traffic offence You were involved in a traffic accident You were a bystander/witness to an incident You were the victim of a crime You were bystander/witness to a crime The police questioned you in relation to a crime Routine check of ID cards When crossing Kosovo border-line
98. Other (specify) _______________ 99. Refused/Don't Know" Q-19c. Would say that on this occasion you were treated fairly or you were treated unfairly? 1. Fairly 2. Unfairly 9. Refused/Don't Know Q-20a. And in the past 12 months, how many times you yourself contacted the Police in Kosovo in the following circumstances? a. you were involved in a traffic accident
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__ __ (write in)
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APPENDIX III
b. you were victim of a crime __ __ (write in) c. you wanted to report a suspicious incident/make a complaint to the police __ __ (write in) Q-20b.In the past 12 months, for what did you yourself contact the Police last time in Kosovo? (Single response) 1. Involved in a traffic accident 2. You were victim of a crime 3. Wanted to report suspicious incident or make complaint to the police 4. You needed some information 5. You were seeking advice 8. Other (specify)___________________ 9. Refused/Don't Know" Q-20c. Would say that on this occasion you were treated fairly or you were treated unfairly? 1. Fairly 2. Unfairly 9. Refused/Don't Know Q-21. (Ask All) If you were involved in an incident/witnessed an incident during the past year and you didn't report it to the police, why not? (Multiple response) 0. There were no such cases 1. Relatively trivial 2. Solved by myself or my family 3. Not appropriate to involve the police 4. Police could not do anything so no point 5. Afraid of the police 6. Don't like/trust the police 8. Other (specify) ____________________ 9. Refused/Don't Know Q-22a.In various places people sometimes get together driven by their common crime concerns and supported by the local authorities and police plan out and carry out activities to prevent and reduce crime. Does your neighborhood have such a citizen watch group, organized around the objectives to prevent and reduce specifically crime, and this group is supported by local authorities and the police? Skip to Q-2 23 1. Yes Go to Q-2 22b 2. No 9. Refused/Don't Know Skip to Q-2 23
(Filtered: If No) Would you participate in a crime watch group, if such one would get Q-22b.( organized in your neighborhood? 1. Yes 2. No 9. Refused/Don't Know
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Q-23. (Ask All) Does your community have an organized group, other than watch group, where you can inform the police about matters that concern your locality? Go to Q-2 24a 1. Yes Skip to Q-2 25 2. No 9. Refused/Don't Know Skip to Q-2 25
(Filtered) Have you participated in such a meeting? Q-24a.( 1. Yes 2. No Go to Q-2 24b Go to Q-2 24c Skip to Q-2 25
9. Refused/Don't Know
(Filtered: If Yes to Q-2 24a) How much do you feel the expressed views of the participants were Q-24b.( listened to and acted upon? 1. 2. 3. 4. A lot Somewhat Little Not at all Skip Skip Skip Skip to to to to Q-2 25 Q-2 25 Q-2 25 Q-2 25
9. Refused/Don't know
Skip to Q-2 25
24a) Would you be interested in participating in such a meeting? Q-24c. (Filtered: If No to Q-2 1. Yes 2. No 3. Refused/Don't Know Q-25. (Ask All) How much consideration in general do you think that the police give to what citizens say before making their decision? 1. 2. 3. 4. A lot Some thought Only a little Don't give it a second thought
9. Refused/Don't know Q-26a.If you had a complaint about a police officer where would you report it FIRST? (Single response) Q-26b. Where else? (Multiple response) Patrol Officer Police Station (Station Commander / KPS Supervisor)
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Q-26a (single) 1 2
Q-26b (multiple) 1 2
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UNMIK Ombudsman's Office OSCE KFOR Other (specify) ________________ Refused/Don't Know
3 4 5 6 8 9
3 4 5 6 8 9
Q-27a.Now I am going to ask you something about police programs and activities. Do you know of any police programs, meaning activities related to the police service or its relations with Kosovo people, which have taken place during past few years or are taking place currently? (Interviewers: Multiple response. Circle only those that the respondent mentions and that are on the list) (Ask for those not mentioned) And have you heard of the following police programs? Q-27b.( Q-3 32a (Do NOT read out. Multiple response) 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 Q-3 32b (Ask for each not mentioned in Q34a and code) 1 2 3 4 5 8
Process of empowering local police stations/services Community Cooperation Traffic security education Weapon possession amnesty (illicit small arms control) Crime File Other (specify) _____________ Refused/Don't Know
(Ask All) Now on another matter. Nowadays people in Kosovo feel different about the safety of Q-28a.( their houses, some try hard to protect it, while others don't lock the door when going out. Do you and your family living here use any kind of security and if yes, what kind? (Multiple response) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Alarm system Sensor lights Standard door & window locks Window grills Dead bolt locks Anti-open devices in windows Exterior/interior burglar bars Dog
97. Do not secure home 98. Other (specify) ______________________ 99. Refused/Don't know Q-28b.Do you or anyone in the household own any firearms for sport or protection against crime? 1. Yes, Sport 2. Yes, Protection against crime 3. Yes, Both
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4. No, Neither 8. Refused 9. Don't Know Q-29a.Over the next year, how likely, in your opinion, is it that you will be the victim of a property crime in Kosovo? 1. 2. 3. 4. Highly likely Somewhat likely Somewhat unlikely Highly unlikely
9. Refused/Don't Know Q-29b.And over the next year, how likely, in your opinion, is it that you will be the victim of a violent crime in Kosovo? 1. 2. 3. 4. Highly likely Somewhat likely Somewhat unlikely Highly unlikely
9. Refused/Don't Know Q-30. In your opinion, compared to other communities in Kosovo, how safe is your municipality overall? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Much safer Slightly safer About the same Less safe Much less safe
Section IV: Kosovo Police Service

"Now I am going to pose you a couple of questions about the Kosovo Police Service?" Q-31. Overall, how well do you feel Kosovo Police Service is doing in providing services to the citizens of Kosovo? (Show Card) 1. 2. 3. 4. 9.
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Excellent Good Fair Poor Refused/Don't Know
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Q-32. Now I'm going to read you another list of statements. Please, tell me do you strongly agree, agree somewhat, disagree somewhat or strongly disagree with each of them? (SHOW CARD)
Strongly Agree
Agree Disagree Somewhat Somewhat 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
Strongly Disagree 4 4 4 4 4
Refused/ Don't Know 9 9 9 9 9
a) The presence of Kosovo Police Service in my neighborhood is appropriate for the need b) Traffic enforcement of Kosovo Police Service meets the needs of the community c) Kosovo Police Service gives proper attention to minor crimes (i.e. vandalism, disturbances, etc.) d) Kosovo Police Service is providing appropriate community education and outreach programs e) Efforts of Kosovo Police Service to enforce the law are compatible with community needs f) Kosovo Police Service officers perform an appropriate amount of patrolling on foot in the center of your settlement g) KPS responds to emergency calls in a timely manner h) Kosovo police Service officers treat people with respect i) Kosovo police Service officers respect the rights of individuals and treat people fairly j) Calls to the KPS station are handled professionally and courteously k) A formal complaint brought against a Kosovo police Service officer will receive a fair, objective and timely response l) The Kosovo Police Service solicits and welcomes community input m) Kosovo Police Service officers are respected by the community n) The Kosovo Police Service has a good public image o) The Kosovo Police Service does its job well p) Kosovo Police Service officers look professional in appearance q) The information provided by KPS in local media is useful r) Kosovo Police Service officers provide timely and useful information to persons reporting crimes s) The Kosovo Police Service publicizes its services and programs adequately
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4
9 9 9 9 9
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
9 9 9 9
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
9 9 9 9
Q-33a.Which areas of police activities, in your opinion, have to be maintained or pursued more actively by the police services? (Multiple Response)
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Q-33b.And which ONE do you think needs to be addressed most urgently? (Single Response) Q-33a Q-33b (Multiple) (Single) Community policing (enhancement of co-operation between community and Police) 1 1 Crime prevention 2 2 Traffic safety 3 3 Personal safety 4 4 Prevention of domestic violence 5 5 Fighting organized crime 6 6 Prevention of inter-ethnic violence 7 7 Trace war crimes 8 8 Have more foot patrols 9 9 Other (specify) Refused/Don't Know 98 99 98 99
Q-34. In your opinion, is the KPS neutral in its behavior towards all citizens of Kosovo or is it biased in favour of members of a certain ethnic group? 1. Neutral 2. Biased in favor of Albanians 3. Biased in favor of Serbs 8. Biased in favor of other (specify) ______________ 9. Refused/Don't know Q-35a.Do you think that your ethnicity matters in how you will be dealt with by a KPS officer? Do you think it matters a lot, somewhat matters, doesn't matter that much or doesn't matter at all? 1. 2. 3. 4. Matters a lot Somewhat matters Doesn't matter that much Doesn't matter at all Go to Q-3 35b Go to Q-3 35b Skip to Q-3 36 Skip to Q-3 36 Skip to Q-3 36
(Filtered) Do you think you will be treated more favorably or less favorably if an officer is from Q-35b.( same ethnicity? 1. More favorably 2. Less favorably 9. Refused/Don't Know" Q-36. In your opinion is the number of women in the KPS 1. too many? 2. too few? or 3. about right? 9. Refused/Don't know
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Q-37. And thinking of different ethnic groups, do you think that the number of Kosovo Albanians in the KPS is too many, too few or is about right? And the number of (Show Card) too many 1 1 1 1 1 1 too few 2 2 2 2 2 2 about right 3 3 3 3 3 3 ref/ dk 9 9 9 9 9 9
a) Albanians b) Serbs c) Roma d) Turks e) Gorani f) Bosniacs
Q-38a.Apologies to be asking this, but if you have a problem and need to contact KPS for this, can Multiple answer) you tell me which number would you call? (M 1. 92 (right number) 2. 112 (right number) 3. Mobtel number (right number) - we will insert this as soon as we get it 4. Other 9. Refused/Don't Know Q-38b.How far from your house is the nearest KPS station? 1. Within 1 km 2. From 1 to 3 km 3. From 4 to 10 km 4. Over 10 km 9. Refused/Don't Know Q-38c. Do you personally have a friend or a relative who is KPS officer? 1. Yes 2. No 9. Refused/Don't Know
Q-39. Apart from international security and police forces and KPS, do you have any other groups, organizations or individuals that deal with crime in your area? (Multiple Response) 1. Kosovo Protection Corps 2. Coordination center 3. Serb National Council for Northern Kosovo 4. Serb National Council Gracanica 5. Private security companies 7. Other (specify) ______________________ 8. No, there's no such 9. Refused/Don't Know 40) Would you choose to contact any of these organizations Q-40. (Filtered: if answered 1 to 7 in Q-4 over the police if you had a problem? 1. Yes 2. No
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8. Depends on the problem (vol.) 9. Refused/Don't know
Q-41. (Ask All) What crimes do you think are best solved/ sorted out without the need for recourse to the police? (Multiple Response) 1. Violence against the person 2. Quarrels, fights 3. Sexual offences 4. Theft/ robbery 5. Property Damage 6. Traffic accidents 7. Other (specify) _________________ 8. None 9. Refused/Don't Know Read Closing Statement to the Respondent:
Respondent Information:
"Thank you for participating in our survey. Do you have any questions? In the next few days my supervisor may contact you to evaluate the quality of my work and answer any other ques tions you may have about the interview. To help him do that, could I have your telephone number?" Name: _______________ Address:______________ ______________ Tel No. _______________
M-1 13a. Interviewer: Code number of people present at the interview including yourself and the respondent: ___ ___ people
M-1 13b. Interviewer: (Filtered. If more than you and the respondent being during the interview) Code surroundings/people present. (Multiple response) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Children Other adult household members Neighbors, onlookers Local official Other, (specify) ___________ "I certify that I have completed this interview according to the instructions provided me by Index Kosova/BBSS Gallup International." Name: _______________ Signed: _______________ Date: _______________
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To be Completed by the Supervisor: M-1 13. Interview Subject to Back-c check/Control 1. Yes 2. No check/Control M-1 14. Method of Back-c 1. 2. 3. 4. Direct supervision during interview Back-check in person by supervisor Back-check by telephone by supervisor or Index Kosova/BBSS Gallup International Not Subject to back-check
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Appendix IV > >

Moderator Guide for PAR Groups with the General Public
The groups will be composed of three sub-groups: males (7-9 participants), females (7-9 participants) and children (7-9 participants). Topics to be discussed are: (1) local definitions of security and insecurity, (2) local perceptions of 'security providers', (3) contact with the KPS, (4) types of crimes and incidents, and (5) a joint review/presentation of all findings from the groups. The moderator should take particular note of participants' attitudes towards the main topics, as well as their reactions and behavior during the exercises. Exercise 1. Defining Insecurity/Risk Factors The participants are invited to give an account of all factors, which in their view constitute at present insecurity or risks for insecurity. After completing the list, they are guided to work in pairs and rank each of the factors according to the perceived gravity of the factors and likelihood of affecting people. Exercise 2. Identifying Security Providers Participants are required to prepare a list of security providers (people or institutions that they trust, would turn to, or would report to when they feel unsafe). Afterwards, they are asked to represent their list of security providers spatially. This is done by placing a circle in the center, which stands for the notion of 'us', and placing all other actors on the list in different sizes and distances from the 'us' circle (Venn diagram). Exercise 3. Contact with the KPS The participants are invited to make a list (maximum of 10 items) of cases in which they are likely to come in contact with the KPS. Once the list is produced they are asked to add two columns for each case which specify a) whether they are likely to be treated well (G) or badly (B) in these situations, and b) what they think are possible conse quences - positive or negative (ie. Positive refers to police efficiency in dealing with the case and negative refers to police inefficiency). Lastly, participants are asked to do pairranking to establish which cases are most common at present. Exercise 4. Types of criminal incidents The participants are asked to develop a list of all possible cases of crimes that could be committed in Kosovo today. Once the list is complete, participants are invited to point out in which cases one would call the police and in which cases one would rather not, and why.
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Appendix V > >

Moderator Guide for Focus Group Discussions with KPS Officers
I. Introduction by Moderator (5 minutes) Greetings Explanation of how the focus group works Review (introduce) plans for the session Brief outline of topics II. Discussion, Part 1 (45 minutes) 1. Can you please tell me, what are the most serious security problems of Kosovo at the moment? 2. And what are the main difficulties that you as a police officer face in your everyday work? a) Probe for problems related to functioning of the institution: - Legislative imperfections; - Poor cooperation with the judiciary system, bad coordination with the prosecution; - Interference/ influence from the local or central political organizations; - Poor equipment, limits or quotas on some essential resources; - Interaction / relationship with media, possible conflicts with human-rights NGOs; b) Probe for problems related to their immediate work: - Who are their risky groups - organized gangs, clans that fiercely defend their members, shady businessmen who use various means to evade police control? c) Probe for problems related to KPS itself - Perceived stand compared to previous police, more/less professional, effective, why; - Advantages/disadvantages compared to other enforcing institution at present; - Internal communicational, organizational glitches. III. IV. Break (10 minutes) Discussion, Part 2 (45 minutes) 3. Please describe in short one or two last interactions when you initiated that with a member of the public? 4. Now can you describe in short one or two last interactions when a member of the public solicited you for your potential help?
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5. What can you tell me what are the expectations of the public vis--vis the police? a) Probe for their partnership with the public, how do they speak and how are they perceived b) Probe: What's the rate of people's cooperation in case of a crime, how good is the net work of informants (if any)? 6. You have a lot of expertise/advice that you could impart to other places where the UN may need to establish a new police service from scratch. If your advice was sought as to what way they should do it/things to change, what advice would you give? V. Ending the session and thanking the participants
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&quot;LIGHT BLUE&quot;: Public Perceptions of Security and Police Performance in Kosovo.

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&quot;LIGHT BLUE&quot;: Public Perceptions of Security and Police Performance in Kosovo.

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"LIGHT BLUE"

Public Perceptions of Security and Police Performance in Kosovo

UNDP Kosovo June 2004

Acknowledgements > >

Map KPS Locations

Table of Contents > >

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

Preface > >

Resident Representative: Robert Piper UNDP Kosovo, June 2004

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations > >

Technical Notes > >

Executive Summary > >

Introduction > >

THE KOSOVO GENERAL GOVERNMENT 2003 BUDGET, p. 143.

The composite Municipal "Sense of Security" Index

The composite Municipal "Sense of Security" Index

PART 1: General survey findings

Part 1: General survey findings > >

Figure 1 - General perceptions of improve ment/deterioration in security

35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

Refused / Don't Know

Stayed the same

PART 1: General survey findings

PART 1: General survey findings

PART 1: General survey findings

Figure 3 - Types of crime in the municipality

10% 0% -10% -20%

The many causes of crime & quality of life issues

ns Bu rgl ary Dr un kd rivi ng Ba dd rivi ng Sp eed ing car s

PART 1: General survey findings

A growing confidence in the Kosovo Police Service

Refused / Don't know

PART 1: General survey findings

Limited contacts with the police and other security providers

PART 1: General survey findings

PART 1: General survey findings

Police-c community relations - calls for more preventive policing

PART 1: General survey findings

PART 1: General survey findings

Perceptions of roles and responsibilities of different security actors

PART 1: General survey findings

PART 2. The insecurity of the Kosovo-Serb community

Part 2. The insecurity of the Kosovo-Serb community > >

Gjilan/Gnjilane Mitrovica (22%).

Figure 7 - Perceptions of security by different ethnic groups

61% 49% 34%

40% 30% 20% 10% 0% gotten better

29% 22% 15% 12% 2% 1% 5%

stayed the same K Albanian K Serb

gotten worse Other

Concerns And Perceptions Of Safety And Security - a much bleaker outlook

PART 2. The insecurity of the Kosovo-Serb community

Figure 9 - Is crime on the increase or decrease? By ethnicity

47% 42% 33% 30% 22% 13% 5% 7% 6% 27% 37% 31%

remained the same K Albanian K Serb

PART 2. The insecurity of the Kosovo-Serb community

Main s ecurity c oncern - f reedom o f movement

PART 2. The insecurity of the Kosovo-Serb community

The Kosovo Police Service - low confidence generally

PART 2. The insecurity of the Kosovo-Serb community

Table 1 - Response table on the role and responsiveness of KPS, by ethnicity

To what extent do you agree with the following statements?

13 30 -22 -39 -12 -15 1 27 21 21 -6 -17 3 -28 -14 19 -2 -13 -10

"LIGHT BLUE": Public Perceptions of Security and Police Performance in Kosovo.

"LIGHT BLUE": Public Perceptions of Security and Police Performance in Kosovo.

Interviewer Code: _ _ ___

(Actual Age) a) month b) year