Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
May - 2002
Iquitos, Peru
STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOINDUSTRY IN THE AMAZON
AND MARAÑON RIVER CORRIDOR IN PERU
IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES:
Peruvian Amazon
Research Institute
(IIAP)
CONTACTS:
UNIDO: Geram Appelgren gapplegren@unido.org
Latin America Representative – Bolivia
Binational
Plan: Manuel Picasso planbinacional@rree.gob.pe
Executive Director for Binational Plan - Peruvian
Chapter
May 2002
Peruvian Amazon Research Institute
Av. Abelardo Quiñónez Km. 2.5 Iquitos – Perú
E-mail: preside@iiap.org.pe
Tel: +51-(0)94-265515 Fax: +51-(0)94-265527
http://www.iiap.org.pe http://www.siamazonia.org.pe http://www.siturismo.org.pe
STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOINDUSTRY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
RIVER CORRIDOR IN PERU
Index
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Executive Summary
The Peruvian Amazon Research Institute 12 families, 58 groups, and 16 sub-groups.
(Instituto de Investigaciones de la This diversity also includes other population
Amazonìa Peruana - IIAP), under an groups, with theirs considerable sociocultural
agreement with the United Nations knowledge about the use and conservation of
Industrial Development Organization biological diversity.
(UNIDO) has prepared this Strategic Plan
proposal, designed to make bioindustry The Amazon-Marañon Corridor is
promotion viable in the Amazon-Marañon approximately 910 kilometers in length and
River Corridor, thus contributing to the has three clearly defined sectors:
development of the North Eastern Zone of
the Peruvian Border with Ecuador. a) The western sector: lies between Bagua
and the Campanquiz Cordillera in the
Bioindustry, as we understand it, is the set border zone between Amazonas and
of productive activities that, through Loreto Departments and has direct road
rational use of the Amazon region’s access to the coast and the Pacific Ocean;
biological diversity, supply products with
added value for domestic and foreign b) The central sector between the
markets. For this purpose, it is essential to Campanquiz Cordillera and Nauta is
combine the enormous potential of our accessible only by river,
biological diversity and the valuable
knowledge accumulated by the population c) The eastern sector, between Nauta and
in the Amazon region. Mazan, which has river and air access.
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Introduction
Background to establish competitive productive lines
based on biological diversity.
Article 69 of the Constitution of Peru
provides that the Peruvian State should The Peruvian Government and UNIDO have
promote the sustainable development the signed an agreement to strengthen
Amazon region. sustainable industrial development in Peru.
In keeping with this mandate, IIAP promotes The Strategic Plan for the Development
a Sustainable Development Vision for the of Bioindustry in the Amazon-Marañon
Peruvian Amazon Region, combining four River Corridors has been developed in this
aspects, including an economic dimension, framework as a guide for the development
and proposes the conversion of mercantile of a new productive base in this corridor,
extractive activities into production systems capable of stimulating a competitive
with management plans. The vision also economy that is environmentally aware,
identifies bioindustry as a strategic activity creates jobs, and combines the contributions
that encourages the development of a of different cultural expressions.
production base as well as environmental
and social sustainability. This document deliberately excludes certain
aspects that also represent considerable
The basis of the peace agreement between development potential in the proposed
Peru and Ecuador framed by the ideal of corridor, since we regard them as lying
Peace with Development, is to implement a outside our mandate. These include forestry
sustainable development program in the activities with a logging component, tourism,
Peruvian Amazon border region, aimed to and the environmental services market.
improve quality of life for the local
population and to stimulate peace, Nature and the scope of the
integration and cooperation. problem
One of the main objectives of this program is The development potential of the Amazon
to promote sustainable economic growth in a region rests on its enormous biological
manner consistent with the social and diversity. However, much of that diversity
natural reality of the border region. remains unknown, and what is known has
Emphasis will be placed on increasing value- been used in a way that plunders resources.
added production through investment
programs that include the Sustainable Within this universe of living beings there
Utilization of Biodiversity Project. are forest resources that are recognized for
their nutritional, medicinal and industrial
Within the framework of the Convention on properties. The products made from these
Biological Diversity, Peru has implemented a resources have considerable commercial
National Strategy on Biological Diversity, potential in the domestic and international
which includes a Regional Strategy on the markets.
Biological Diversity of the Amazon Region:
One of the main objectives of this strategy is
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However, these resources are currently This new development model takes into
extracted without management plans or account the prospects for the international
techniques, causing the depletion of natural market for natural products, which is
stocks. pursuing a rising growth trend.
Additionally, these products are sold in a For example, the organic foods market is
natural or fresh state, with no added value; worth around US$20 billion1 a year, and is
processing and preservation are largely mainly concentrated in Europe (45%),
absent. The result is a marginal, United States (40%), and Japan (12%).
undervalued supply without adequate quality
standards. Additionally, International trade in medicinal
and aromatic plants moves some 440,000
Despite the fact that population groups in tons per year. In 1996 sales totaled US$1.3
the Amazon make intensive use of resources billion.
to maintain their families, the Amazon
region’s contribution to GDP is very low and It is calculated that by 2010 the world
has continued to decline, from 11% in 1980 market for medicinal plants will be worth an
to less than 9% in the past few years. estimated US$100 billion.
Completing this scenario, fish consumption
Regional production has a very large currently tops 65 million tons a year, with an
component of extractive activities (50%), as annual per capita consumption of 13kg.
well as commerce and services (33%).
Peru’s participation in the current natural
Processing, manufacturing and construction products market is insignificant. However,
make up only 17% of the regional economic bioindustry in the region may make it easier
output. to harness these opportunities through the
sustainable management of biological
The importance of bioindustry diversity, with the added value of natural
assets and local knowledge, in order to
The sustainable use of biological diversity generate wealth and employment in line
constitutes the only lasting option for with an orderly, decentralized occupation
development in the Amazon region, given process of Peruvian territory.
the almost unanimous acknowledgement
that efforts to achieve economic growth The process at the regional level
based on exploitation of non-renewable
resources are unsustainable in the long run. The Strategic Plan for the Development
of Bioindustry in the Amazon-Marañon
Bioindustry represents a new style of River Corridor in Peru, is part of a process
economic development for the Amazon developed with the participation of different
region, opposed to the extractive and sectors of regional society in the
plundering approach used to date. Departments of Loreto and Amazonas, who
are interested in helping to develop
The Amazon-Marañon Corridor provides an bioindustry as an activity that offers tangible
example of a possible approach to be used, benefits to the population without negatively
ahead of the processes of settlement and affecting the region’s environment.
productive activity that will come with the
implementation of the proposed integration
and border development program.
1
For the purposes of this document billion = 1,000
million.
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In the 2001, the Peruvian State launched the This proposal, however, needs to be refined
National Strategy for Biological Diversity, and and validated through consultation with
it was in this context that the bioindustry additional stakeholders including
development strategy was formulated, entrepreneurs, government agencies, the
starting with consultation workshops with financial system, and the international
stakeholders in Loreto and Amazonas. technical and financial cooperation agencies.
We also obtained valuable support from a For this reason, this participatory process will
large group of Peruvian and foreign continue to seek commitments and a much
consultants (Annex 7). more proactive involvement on the part of
stakeholders in the development of the
Peruvian Amazon region.
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BIOINDUSTRY
CONTEXT ANALYSIS
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In the current context, one of the main Proper use of biodiversity produces a broad
challenges for the Amazon peoples is to deal range of goods and services, such as
successfully with modernization and insertion protection of aquifers, carbon fixing, eco-
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Pets: Parrots and other birds, monkeys and The Peruvian Amazon is part of the largest
some other land mammals, turtles, serpents, source of freshwater on the planet. The
caimans and other reptiles, various Department of Loreto alone has an estimated
amphibians and arthropods. 488,184 hectares of rivers and 99,067
hectares of lakes, which represent the main
Given that the Amazon ecosystem is natural resource for fishing development.
extremely fragile and the population density
of most wild animals is low, wild animal
Fish for human consumption is the largest
breeding technologies constitutes an
source of animal protein in this region; some
ecological, economic and socially viable
80,000 tons per year are consumed (Brack,
alternative way of providing a supply of
2000). Fish are caught by artisan methods
selected species for which there is great
from small boats, and in some cases using
demand in local markets (meat) and
larger fishing boats fitted with freezing
international markets (hides and animals for
equipment.
the pet market).
The main species fished include boquichico,
Peruvian legislation favors this type of yulilla, red-tailed sabalo, gamitana, paco,
activity, not only with respect to intensive palometa, sardine, chambira, lisa, ractacara,
breeding of animals in captivity or on farms, dorado, doncella, zungaro, maparate, cunchi
but also through the extensive management fierro, carachama, tucunare, arawana,
of so-called “managed wildlife areas”. paiche, corvina.
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
t/year
8,000
6,000
4,000 t/año
2,000 Tendencia t/año
-
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Years
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Arahuaca family. Includes the Yanesha, The importance of these populations for
Asháninka, Asheninka, Nomatsiguenga, bioindustry lies in their social practices,
Povenisati, Perené Asháninka, Ucayali ancient local knowledge and techniques
Asháninka, Pichis Asháninka, Machiguenga, (generally sustainable) for making use of
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biodiversity resources. We must also take One trait that sets these societies apart from
into account that sedentarization, population urban societies is their sociological vision,
growth, and technological changes have which encompasses human beings and
started to take their toll on the immediate ‘natural beings’ (animals, ‘owners’ of plants
surroundings. and animals, ‘spirits, ‘souls’). Both types of
beings are part of one society and, as such,
Each community has knowledge regarding communicate, exchanging and providing
the use and management of their local each other services through diverse forms of
natural resources, is part of the local society discourse (rituals).
its and shares with neighbors a cultural
heritage of technical, ecological, historical One might call it a “social partnership with
knowledge and ritual expressed in diverse nature” (“societure”) in which human beings
languages and of discourses. and nature come together to form a whole.
In varying degrees, “local traditions” are The mechanism for coexistence within this
distinguished from one another by the “social partnership with nature” are:
different activities in which communities dialogue, exchange and mutual service. This
engage: hunting, fishing, forest extraction, relationship with ‘natural beings’ entails
vegetable gardening, healing, cooking, certain forms of conduct and obligations that
handcraft production and festivals and set limits on the exploitation of resources
ceremonies. Amongst this diversity of and has a restraining effect on human
cultural expressions, different cultures and impact on the environment.
societies share common traits which enable
us to refer to them collectively as an In societies where these values no longer
“Amazon Civilization”. work efficiently and have been substituted
by commercial values, the ecological balance
A) Socio-cultural and economic has been affected and depletion has begun
organization of the indigenous to prevail over regeneration and
people. conservation.
The people of the Amazon region use natural B) Productive and healing activities
resources from the forest and its waters to of indigenous peoples.
sustain their domestic economies. This does
not always follow the same pattern as the Productive activities include hunting, fishing,
urban household built around a family forest extraction, vegetable gardening and
nucleus, since very often the ‘household’ handcrafts.
includes many other families who are blood
relatives. Hunting is carried out with shotguns, dogs
and, in the more isolated regions, with the
Communities beyond a certain size are not blowpipes (pucuna) and bows and arrows.
sociologically homogenized entities; they are Trapping is also used and involves a variety
not “units”. The inhabitants divide of implements.
themselves in terms of labor activities,
distribution and ceremonial groups mainly Fishing is carried out with hooks, nets,
based on the principle of reciprocity. funnel-shaped traps (nasa), and by making
Relationships are formed according to dams (tapajes) using palm leaves or wild
varying criteria, such as blood ties, pseudo- cane. The use of different types of
blood ties, neighborliness, and friendship. barbasco is declining because its harmful
environmental effects and is being
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discourage through environmental education replacing manioc and maize as the main
efforts. staple food.
The harpoon and the bow and arrow However, an examination of the array of the
(shipibo) are also used for fishing. cultigens found among different Amazonian
peoples shows that a sizeable amount of the
Forest plants and trees provide leaves for local biodiversity has been domesticated (20
roofs; palm tree wood and bark for house to 80 cultivated species) not only use as
construction; timber for sale; chonta palm food, but also for medicinal, handcraft-
(for palm hearts); edible wild fruits; fibers making, and ‘magical’ purposes.
for making handcrafts, medicines and dyes.
As with hunting, fishing and extraction,
The inventory of things that provide food, vegetable gardening traditions vary from one
medicines and raw materials varies from one town to the next, not only in terms of the
zone to another, as well as from one town to range of domesticated species and their
the next. varieties, but also with respect to the
knowledge of their soil requirements,
Equally, knowledge of these multiple planting patterns, which crops can be grown
species, their habitat, way of life, and uses in association, and the way are dealt with
varies among different communities. pests.
No single community knows everything there Each community manages their own
is to know about any species. Only by cultivation system composed of a particular
comparing and gathering knowledge about a set of cultivation practices and knowledge of
given species from different communities the forest regeneration cycle.
can we obtain a more complete vision of its
characteristics and potential. Handcraft production has increased and has
diversified in certain regions with access to
Short-cycle plant cultigens and cultivars are the tourist market. In parts where this
grown as single crops or in association with commercial stimulus is absent, the range of
other crops in lowland alluvial lands. Multi- locally manufactured products has
cropping in different degrees and diminished or has been substituted by
associations is the norm in highland areas, industrially manufactured goods.
where medium-cycle and perennial crops are
also cultivated. In spite of the growing consumption of
industrially produced medicines,
In highland farms and vegetable gardens it witchdoctors play a very important role in a
is common to see staple crops cultivated great many communities. Treatment
alongside plants grown for medicinal uses, regimes combine the use of plants and
as dyes, for making handcrafts, and, in some icaros (chanted prayers). In addition a
parts, for their aromatic properties fundamental psycho-social trust between
(perfumes). doctor and patient is crucial.
Traditional staple crops are unripe bananas, These traditions also vary from one people
cassava and corn. The area between the to the next: one plant might be used in one
Napo and Putumayo rivers is an ancient place for one disease, while an individual
cultural frontier, east of which wild or from another community would use another
poisonous yucca is processed into cassava, plant to treat the same condition.
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Sometimes, medicines that use a given plant symbolic association among plants, their
are different in each regional town. properties, their ‘owners’, animals and other
‘spiritual’ entities, and the ills that they can
In this universe, the healer is the person inflict upon human beings.
that supervises the ties between human
beings and ‘natural beings’. The healer is
familiar with complex knowledge, webs of
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sales tax (Impuesto General a las Ventas, or camu-camu, cat’s claw, achiote, pineapple,
IGV). sesame seed, brazilnut and barbasco (See
Annex 2).
The third stage of promotion of Amazon
Development began in 1998 with the Additionally, trading companies located in
introduction of the dividend on gas Loreto that reinvest at least 30% of their
production from the Aguaytia gas field; the profits in investment projects pay income tax
creation of CETICOS-LORETO, a at 5%. The normal income tax rate for the
transformation and services center offering country is 30%.
tax and tariff incentives for exports; the
promulgation of Law 27037 on Investment Taxpayers who engage in the sale of goods,
Promotion in the Amazon Region; the Peru- services, and construction, as well as the
Ecuador Peace Agreement, which includes a first sale of real estate carried out in the
sustainable development plan for the Amazon are exempt from sales tax.
northern border region over the next 10
years and investments in the order of The aforementioned activities and native
US$777 million; and the Mineral Royalties species have access to fiscal credit from
Act, which covers the main renewable and sales tax of between 25% and 50% of the
non-renewable resources. gross monthly tax on sales of taxable goods
carried out outside the Amazon region.
The tax framework of the Amazon region, in Sales tax for the rest of the country is 18%.
particular the Amazon – Marañon corridor, is
mainly provided by the Law on Investment An Amazon Region Investment Promotion
Promotion in the Amazon Region, which Fund (FOPRIA) has also been set up with an
creates mechanisms designed to attract, initial allocation of US$30 million. This entity
retain, compensate, and articulate should provides financing for basic
investments over the next 50 years. infrastructure projects, productive programs,
However, the Department of Amazonas is and studies for rural and technological
not covered by the benefits of this law. development. The Law that created this
fund also provides for implementation of an
Taxpayers in the Department of Loreto who investment program on port, airport, road
devote themselves to farming, aquaculture, and energy infrastructure.
fishing, tourism, forest extraction and
manufacturing activities associated with The Executive Committee for the Promotion
processing and marketing primary products of Private Investment in the Amazon Region
are liable to income tax at the low rate of has been created for administration
5%. The condition is that the goods must purposes. This Committee will supervise the
originate in the region, and that the at least Reference Plan for Amazon Region
70% of the assets and/or production must Concessions and the Committee for targeting
be located and/or carried out in the Amazon spending execution and public investment in
region. the Amazon region. FOPRIA and the above
administrative bodies are in the process of
Farming and processing activities involving implementation.
the following products are exempt from
income tax: cassava, soy bean, arracacha, Supplementary to the promotion program is
uncucha, urena, huasai, pijuayo fruit, the Peru-Colombia Customs Protocol, which
aguaje, anona, caimito, starfruit, cocona, sets tariffs and customs duties on imported
soursop, guayaba, cashew, malay apple, goods and services in the region.
purple ushum, tangerine, grapefruit, sapote,
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The anticipated impact of these promotion The situation is even worse in rural areas,
measures is to haul the region out of its where business units are family-based, small
structural recession, (currently growing at a and dispersed, and lack the title deeds to
higher rate than the population (3.5%)), and their property. These factors make them
to develop a productive base that is ineligible for obtaining credit.
stimulated by bioindustry that is sustainable,
based on consensus, provides high added One characteristic of the financial system is
value in the production chain, and is that interest rates are kept very high, which
integrated into the domestic and is symptomatic of a highly dollarized
international markets. financial system. The rate is based on a cost
structure in which the international cost of
1.2.2 Financing for Bioindustry money accounts for 28% of operating costs,
and the bad-debt portfolio 23%. For its part
In the past few decades, diverse policies the cash reserve requirement accounts for
have been applied in order to make only 3% of the structure, while 46% -in
financing available to stimulate economic other words, almost half the cost- is
growth, through promotion of productive attributed to the country risk and the
activities and development of production internal market risk factors.
infrastructure.
Hence, monetary policy measures are
Economic activities once had access to targeted not at the cash reserve
financing from the agrarian and industrial requirement, operating costs or the external
development banks, and to promotional interest rate, but at diminishing perceived
loans financed by oil trading dividends. country-risks, which is helped by clear signs
However, the economic reforms of the early of macroeconomic stability, transparent rules
1990s effectively put an end to the national of play, firm and independent supervising
promotional finance system. and regulatory bodies, and separation of
powers.
Development banks, in particular the
agrarian bank, had an adverse stimulus The national and regional financial system
against biodiversity conservation because must adapt to the new global trends in order
loans were released as forests were cleared to be able to access new markets, especially
to plant the single crops in fashion at the in the areas of eco-business, biobusiness,
time, ignoring the land’s forestry potential, environmental funds, as well as new
the low fertility of the soils, the wealth of instruments, financial products and
biological diversity and the fragility of the operating protocols under which
ecosystem. environmental variables are taken into
account for credit decisions.
Another aspect that should be considered
has to do with the way the traditional Financing regional investment is clearly
financial system operates, which is at odds dependent on national savings and foreign
with the socioeconomic and spatial investment, since regional savings account
conditions in the region. In the urban areas, for only around 3% of GDP.
there are a number of micro-businesses that
increase the value-added of biodiversity Hence, there is a need to create a propitious
products. However, their financial needs are climate to attract, retain, compensate, and
not met because they are not eligible for offer basic and economic infrastructure; in
credit. other words, to stimulate investment with
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the capacity to compete in other national Institute for Agricultural Research, Peruvian
and international market. Technological Institute for Fishing, National
Fund for Fishing Development, Peruvian
Currently, bioindustry has very limited access Amazon Research Institute, Harbormaster
to credit from the traditional private banking and Coastguard Office, National Council for
sector because of the absence of suitable Science and Technology, National Institute
financing sources in it, high interest rates, for the Defense of Competition and
the cost of financial services, requirements Protection of Intellectual Property, Export
that are disconnected from the Amazon Promotion Commission, and the Customs
region’s socioeconomic and biophysical Authority.
reality, obsolete technology, and virtually no
propensity to save. This situation means The following are also important players: the
makes it impossible to seize excellent Peruvian Biotrade Committee, Exporters
business opportunities because of the need Association, Central Reserve Bank of Peru,
for high profit margins to cover the Small and Micro-Business Promotion
inefficiencies of the system. Commission, National Development Institute,
and National Industry Association, among
However, in recent years a series of others.
instruments have been developed: financing
sources for biobusiness production chains, Private entities participate at all stages of
such as credit lines, guarantee funds, the value chain, generating jobs and income
venture capital funds, business development for the country. For their part, public entities
funds, competition funds, and business act on a promotional and regulatory
angels. But access to these sources requires capacity, providing the legal and
adequate training for financial operators and administrative framework, in addition to
entrepreneurs if they are to facilitate offering a range of services: technical,
financing for biobusiness. financial, organizational, training,
commercial, taxation, information, and
1.2.3 Institutional Framework health services, among others.
Peru has many institutions linked in one way One of the key areas of institutional support
or another to bioindustry. Although the is information on markets and bioindustry
country’s laws contain no explicit definition technologies. Currently, although each entity
of the concept of bioindustry per se, the has implemented and maintains its own
laws do include different components of information systems, an integrated system
bioindustry, such as agroindustry, fishing specifically geared to bioindustry is needed,
technology, the chemical and phytochemical that would act as a basic orientation
industry, and wild animal breeding platform, providing support to all the
technologies, amongst others. stakeholders involved.
As Annex 3 shows, there are many public SIAMAZONIA is not only the only information
and private entities connected with system on biological diversity operating in
bioindustry: Ministries of Economy and the Amazon region, but also the only one of
Finance; Agriculture; Fishing; Health; and its kind in the country. Furthermore, its
Industry, Tourism, Integration and profile meets the development requirements
International Trade Negotiations. of the GBIF, at which Peru is currently an
observer country.
Also involved with this activity is the National
Institute of Natural Resources, National
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Legislative Decree 823, which came into 1.3.4 Seal of quality, certification
effect April 1996, protects and governs and accreditation.
matters connected with industrial property:
patents, protection certificates, utility models, Seal of quality or conformity is issued by
industrial designs, industrial secrets, product certification agencies accredited by
and service brands, collective marks, INDECOPI. The seal is affixed to products to
certification marks, trade names, commercial show that they conform to particular
slogans and appellation of origin. technical standards of quality.
This decree also establishes the One of the advantages of the quality seal is
requirements, procedures, rights, and that it also tends to standardize product
limitations associated with the legal quality.
registration and recognition of each of these
elements; INDECOPI is the competent Certification and accreditation. The
authority in this area. Technical and Trade Regulations Commission
of INDECOPI supervises compliance with
Decision 486 of the CAN provides rules procedures for accreditation of
similar to those mentioned above, but it certification agencies, inspection agencies,
applies specifically to its member countries. and test and calibration laboratories. It also
regulates the certification activities of
In the particular case of the Amazon- accredited agencies.
Marañon Corridor one possible alternative
available is the registration of collective The following certification agencies operate
marks of producers of a given crop or animal in Peru:
(camu-camu, paiche, gamitana, majaz, etc.),
which would encourage producers to • SAT – Sociedad de Asesoramiento
organize and adopt a common strategy to Técnico S.A.C.
compete on the open market. • SGS del Perú S.A.C.
• International Analytical Services S.A.C. –
This method could stimulate the INASA
development of a given geographical area, • Instituto de Certificación, Inspección y
since it indicates that the product is of Ensayos La Molina Calidad Total –
optimum quality because it comes from a Laboratorios.
specific area known for the quality of its • Bureau Veritas S.A. Sucursal del Perú.
products or special production techniques • Certificaciones del Perú S.A. – CERPER
(for instance, ascorbic acid content,
production without using agrochemicals, use Systems and Management Certification
of traditional knowledge, etc.). Titles:
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
RIVER CORRIDOR IN PERU
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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These corridors not only contribute to In keeping with these land occupation
regional integration, but also facilitate a strategies, the primary area of influence of
permanent flow of goods and services to the the bioindustrial development strategy will
interior of the region (by river network), the basically be the remote support area, labeled
rest of the country (by road, from the Amazon-Marañon Development Corridor.
Yurimaguas, Saramiriza and Pucallpa), and
abroad (via the Amazon river to Brazil), On the Bagua side, the outer boundary is
including the ports on the Atlantic Ocean and formed by the border of the Department of
the Peruvian ports of Callao and Paita on the Amazonas and, on the Iquitos side, by that
Pacific coast. Currently, the Amazon-Ucayali of the Maynas province in the Department of
axis is the most developed. Loreto. Initially, activities will be centered in
four areas:
In the framework of the Peru-Ecuador
Binational Border Development Plan, the (1) The cities of Iquitos, Nauta and Mazan;
Sustainable Development Plan for the
Peruvian Amazon Border Area identified (2) The city of Lagunas because it connects
three areas of action: economic movements from the Marañon,
along the Huallaga river, to the
a) A critical strip, which comprises the Yurimaguas-Tarapoto highway;
populations located along the border.
(3) The cities of San Lorenzo, Saramiriza,
b) An immediate support area, which and Borja; and
includes all of the intermediate districts
and their areas of influence. (4) Santa María de Nieva, Imacita, and
Bagua.
c) Remote support area, which covers the
corridor connecting the main towns of The Binational Plan also takes into account a
Iquitos, Nauta, San Lorenzo, Lagunas, secondary area of influence formed by the
Saramiriza, Santa Maria de Nieva, road systems connecting Rioja, Bagua, and
Imacita, Bagua and Jaen. Saramiriza, (Transport Corridor 4); and
Mendez, Puerto Morona, Santa Maria de
In the remote support area, whose main Nieva, and Saramiriza (Transport Corridor 5).
function is to provide an economic
development corridor that supports the rest The northern river network formed by
of the border region, two activities with high tributaries of the Marañon and Amazon
economic potential have been targeted: Rivers is also taken into consideration. This
bioindustry and ecotourism. network will help to facilitate trade and
integration in the border areas of Ecuador,
Colombia and Brazil (see Figure 5).
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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1.4.2 Physical characteristics of the these groves that could be brought under
Amazon-Marañon Corridor. management.
The area of influence of the Amazon- Lake Rimachi, the second largest lake in the
Marañon corridor has been divided into three Amazon (approximately 3,000 hectares) is
large sectors determined by physical factors also in this sector. The lake offers strong
and altitude. possibilities for the management of paiche
and other hydrobiological resources.
The western sector is located between
Bagua and the Cordillera de Campanquis, in The farmlands in this sector are of average
the highland jungle sub-region. Politically, it fertility. They are located in the inundation
is part of the provinces of Bagua and areas of the Marañon River and in areas
Condorcanqui in the Department of around the sources of its tributaries, known
Amazonas. It is approximately 300 km long as restingas. This sector is very rich in
and features predominantly mountainous and biodiversity, justifying the creation of the
rough terrain with wide valleys. This section Pacaya Samiria National Reserve (2.1 million
also has development potential in the areas hectares) in the area known as the Ucamara
of hydroelectricity, tourism, and gold mining. Depression between the Marañon and the
Ucayali rivers.
Climatically it divides into two sub-sectors:
The eastern sector (160 km), located
a) The Bagua - Pongo de Rentema Sub between the towns of Nauta and Iquitos,
sector (60km) features a semi-dry tropical including the extension to Mazan, contains
climate. The vegetation is mainly thin, both highlands and flood land ecosystems.
scattered scrub with typical biological
diversity for this type of area. The soils are The wooded land is mainly tropical
fertile but hydroelectric potential is limited. rainforest, but this has been badly degraded
by migrant agriculture.
b) The Pongo de Rentema - Cordillera de
Campanquiz sub-sector (240 kms.), which The central and eastern sectors are part of
has dense wet tropical forests and more the Amazon lowlands sub-region and belong
biological diversity. Soils here are typically to the jurisdictions of the provinces of Alto
low in natural fertility. Amazonas, Loreto, and Maynas in the
Department of Loreto.
The central sector, between the Cordillera
de Campanquiz and Nauta is the largest (450 These two sectors have great bioindustry
kms) and is characterized by flat, undulating potential, and could produce natural
terrain, poor drainage, and widespread products under sustainable production
swampy ecosystems that are periodically systems thanks to the following comparative
inundated. advantages:
This sector contains the largest aguaje • Naturally fertile soils in floodplains due to
natural fruit groves in Peru (hydromorphic nutrients contained in sediments
ecosystems dominated by the aguaje, which annually deposited by river waters.
produce this fruit). The fruit is a common
part of the diet of the Loreto population and • Good river access, reducing produce
there is a rising trend in its consumption at transport costs.
the regional level. In the Department of
Loreto there are 5.64 million hectares of
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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• High potential for fish and land fauna, After them, in numerical order come the
capable of supplying virtually all the Urarinas (Corrientes, Tigre, Urituyacu,
animal protein needs of riverside Chambira); the Achuales (Morona and
communities. Pastaza); the Jeberos (district of Jeberos);
the Cashibos (Zungarococha); the Huitotos
• River and multi-modal links to regional, (Napo and Lower Nanay); and the Arabelas
national and international markets. (Upper Nanay and Pastaza).
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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The Department of Amazonas produced • Oil: this activity is carried out in Block
0.7% of the country’s GDP in 1994. As 8X, which is operated by the company
regards the departmental GDP, agriculture, Pluspetrol and located in the Pacaya -
hunting and forestry contributed 3%, other Samiria National Reserve.
services 23% and manufacturing
approximately 17%. • Hunting: this activity supplements the
income of rural populations, despite the
The central sector’s population is distributed fact that hunting areas are located at
among 300 small seltlements situated along considerable distances from mestizo and
the rivers. The main population centers are indigenous settlements.
Saramiriza, San Lorenzo, Lagunas, Barranca
and Santa Rita. The Eastern Sector, whose hub is the city
of Iquitos, has the largest population density
Although the population in this sector is in the Amazon-Marañon Corridor. Its
mainly made up of mestizo riverside population totals 400,000, of which 87%
communities, there are also indigenous reside in urban areas, with the remaining
populations belonging to the following ethnic 13% living in mestizo riverside communities.
groups: Aguaruna, Achual, Quichua
(Pastaza), Urarina and Cocama – Cocamilla. The economy in this sector is mainly
The Cocama – Cocamilla occupy certain sustained by services and commerce, with
sectors of the Pacaya – Samiria Reserve. limited industrial development, linked mainly
to forestry activity, construction, and soda
The economy is weak and based on five water bottling plants.
principal activities:
The Allpahuayo Mishana Reserve (57,663
• Agriculture, mainly involving four hectares) was created because of its
products (bananas, cassava, rice and exceptional biodiversity. Among other
corn), together with a vast range of things, it contains varillales, which are forest
vegetables and native fruits primarily ecosystems on white sand.
grown for subsistence consumption. Any
surplus produced is sold on the regional Fishing provides the main source of animal
market. protein for riverside populations in Loreto.
Fishing is carried out over a very wide area
• Fishing: this is the principal activity in with small boats and simple implements.
the area, due to the presence of the
Pacaya - Samiria National Reserve, which The estimated annual fishing output for
produces 60% of the fish catch in the 2000 was 42,000 tons of fresh and dry-
Amazon lowlands (DIREPE, Loreto 2000). salted fish.
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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Loreto accounts for 4.9% of Peru’s GDP. Oil In the department of Loreto, the National
provides 68% of the departmental GDP Industrial and Labor Training Service
(crude and byproducts), while agriculture, (SENATI), the Peruvian Institute for Business
hunting and forestry make up 13%, industry Administration (IPAE), the Pedro A. Del
4%, and fishing 1%. After hydrocarbons, Águila Hidalgo Higher Technology Institute,
the most productive sector is tourism, Emilio Romero Padilla Higher Institute, and
accounting for 14% of departmental GDP. the Loreto Higher Institute of Teacher
Training, train technical personnel in a
variety of areas: mechanics, electricity,
1.4.4 Human capital availability and education, computers, and carpentry.
needs
In the Department of Amazonas, the
Utcubamba Higher Institute of Teacher
Supply of professionals
Training, the Lonya Grande Higher
Technological Education Institute, the Bagua
The National University of the Peruvian
Technological Institute, and the Tsamajain
Amazon (UNAP), with a postgraduate school
Technological Institute train technical
and fourteen faculties, provides
personnel in the areas of crop and livestock
professionals in the areas of agronomy,
farming, nursing, accounting, computer
forest sciences, chemistry, medicine, law,
science, mechanics, and secretarial skills.
administration, accounting, economics,
international business, tourism, biology, food
There are also a number of technical
engineering, education, humanities, animal
colleges: 16 agricultural colleges; six
husbandry, nursing, systems engineering,
industrial colleges; one commercial college;
pharmacy, biochemistry, and dentistry.
and one medical school.
Iquitos Private University (UPI) supplies
In sum, the regional supply of professionals
professionals in six fields: law and political
and technicians is sufficient to meet the
sciences, obstetrics, civil engineering,
basic operating needs of bioindustry.
administration, accounting, and
However, it will be necessary to hire trained
communication sciences.
specialists from outside the region to
perform tasks that involve the use of
The recently founded Toribio Rodrìguez de
advanced technology.
Mendoza National University in the
department Amazonas, has four faculties:
Potential demand for human capital
agroindustrial engineering, nursing, tourism
and administration, and primary education.
It is essential to have professionals and
technicians for the primary production
The overall supply of human resources at
phase, transformation, administration and
the regional level is affected by the
management phase, as well as the
shortcomings that beset the regional
generation of science and technology.
university system, which produces
professionals with a poor technological and
To stimulate activities connected with the
scientific grounding. The system is largely
sustainable utilization of natural resources,
oblivious to the needs for the development
there is a need for agricultural technicians,
of a competitive culture.
aquaculture specialists, forestry technicians,
laboratory technicians, and engineers who
Supply of mid-level technical
are familiar with modern farming
personnel. technologies. These professionals will make
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
RIVER CORRIDOR IN PERU
it possible to improve crop yields, the 3,000 kilometers and are navigable year-
management of ponds and lakes for fish round.
production, integrated pest management,
and cloning. Also necessary are specialists in This network is connected to the Pacific
ecological and scientific tourism, as well as Ocean via two routes: by river as far as
other areas. Yurimaguas; and, also by river, as far as
Saramiriza. From these points, on there is
Fish production, for instance, requires road access to the main cities and ports on
permanent technical support from experts the coast. The Atlantic Ocean is reached
for selection of species to be cultivated, along the Amazon River (see Figure 5)
artificial reproduction techniques, pond and
lake management, as well as integrated A large portion of river transport capacity
management of larvae, fry, and young and (launches, barges, tugs, outboard boats) is
adult freshwater species with commercial idle. It is estimated that 70% of vessels are
value. idle due to lack of cargo traffic (Iquitos to
Pucallpa; Iquitos to oil-producing zones;
A second group of experts will be required in
Iquitos to Yurimaguas).
the area of industrial processing. There is a
need for engineers and technicians who are
capable of managing industrial processes,
developing new products, are alert to market Land Transport
needs and the constraints imposed by
environmental sustainability. There is limited road infrastructure in Loreto.
The Iquitos-Nauta highway extends 105 km,
A third group of human resources is needed of which 60 km are paved; the remainder is
in the area of business management; this unpaved.
means professionals with 21st-century
management skills, who are at ease with There are plans to pave the Yurimaguas -
modern management instruments, able to Tarapoto - Moyobamba road (304 km) over
identify market trends, are forward-looking, the next five years.
and have strategies for placing products in
the appropriate market niches; in other In the Department of Amazonas, most
words, business leaders. transport is by road; although a paved
It is essential to have the support of highway crosses the department connecting
qualified researchers who focus on the it to cities on the coast (Chiclayo and the
generation and/or adaptation of port of Paita), and to the Department of San
technological packages in line with the needs Martín.
of the market.
In the interior of the department there are
unpaved roads that need maintenance and
1.4.5 Support infrastructure for improvement.
bioindustry.
The road from Bagua to Santa Maria de
Nieva (approximately 105 km) is unpaved,
River Transport while the road from Santa Maria de Nieva to
Saramiriza (approximately 75 km) is still at
The main communication system in the the planning stage.
Department of Loreto is the network of large
rivers that extend for an overall distance
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RIVER CORRIDOR IN PERU
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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stations to Bayóvar on the Pacific coast. health posts, 16 health centers, and two
Studies have been concluded with a view to hospitals. The same source indicated that
connecting the pipeline to an oil-producing the Department of Loreto had 83 health
zone in Ecuador in order to pump out the posts, 11 health centers and 10 hospitals.
crude.
In the areas of science and technology,
Telecommunications apart from the universities and colleges
mentioned above, there are also public
The cities of Iquitos, Nauta and Bagua have institutions such as IIAP, the National
adequate telephone services with Internet Institute for Agricultural Research (INIA),
access. However there is a conspicuous the Veterinary Institute for Research in
difference between these places and other Tropical and Highland Areas (IVITA), and
small towns and villages in the corridor, Traditional Medicine Institute (IMETRA)
some of which only have one telephone which are currently operating.
booth for the entire population.
There are also NGOs, as well as investment
Nonetheless, Osiptel (the and development projects that provide
telecommunications authority) is carrying out assistance on specific research efforts.
a project to install an internet ‘café’ and
telephone exchange in the capital of each 1.4.6. Biological Resources
district throughout the country, which will
significantly improve the service. The biological resources of the Amazon-
Marañon corridor should contribute to the
Situation of other important development of this part of the Amazon
services. region through sustainable use. This process
will help to shift from subsistence farming to
Iquitos has the best water distribution and commercially and export oriented
sewage infrastructure in the Department of agriculture. The process also entails
Loreto. In other population centers there is identification of alternative solutions and
only partial coverage. There is no supply of foreign markets for products with
potable water in the Province of commercial potential.
Condorcanqui (Amazonas), where
inhabitants use untreated water from natural Following is a list of the main plant and
sources. There are also no installed sewage animal species found in this part of the
systems in this area. In the province of Amazon region, which have been identified
Bagua, water distribution and sewage based on their bioindustry potential (see
systems are in place but deficient. Annex 2).
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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fruit, timareo, ushum, uvilla, vino huayo, characidium, chilodus, pechito, tetra), and
ivory palm, cassava, yumanasi. other species, such as arawana, gamitana,
frederici, leporinos, shirui, chambira, etc.
Medicinal Plants
Achiote, ayahuasca, Peru balsam, Fauna
chuchuhuasi, clavohuasca, horsetail, Majaz, ronsoco, sajino, huangana, venado,
guanabana, guayusa, huito, ipururo, sachavaca, monkeys, coati, añuje, armadillo,
jergonquiro, cheeseweed, ojo de pollo, jaguar, ocelot, puma, huamburusho, snakes,
pacunga, paico, piñon, piri piri, pusanga snails, caimans, parrots, pihuichos,
caspi, quinine, remo caspi, retama, sanango, chirricleses, macaws, turtles, frogs, and,
dragon’s blood, totumo, cat’s claw, yahuar insects.
piri piri (Eleutherine bulbosa)
Oleaginous fruit
Flowers and Tropical Foliage Aguaje, ungurahui, pijuayo fruit, peanuts,
Orchids, gingers, bromeliads, heliconias, habilla.
ferns, palms.
Biocides
Fish for Human Consumption Barbasco, requilla (Guarea sp.), curare,
Acarahuazu, arawana, boquichico, cahuara, abuta.
chambira, carachama, corvina, doncella,
dorado, gamitana, lisa, maparate, paco, Plant fibers
paiche, palometa, ractacara, stingray, red- Panama hat plant, chambira palm, casha
tailed sabalo, sardine, tucunare, julilla, vara, piassava, tamshi (Thoracocarpus),
xenocara, zungaro. huambe.
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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Flowers and Tropical Foliage the preference is more towards small fish
species with little commercial value.
The United States, Canada, European Union
and Japan are all markets for tropical Another trend is the growing importance of
flowers. The first three are supplied mostly fresh fish. Fresh fish still enjoys a bigger
by Latin American countries, while Japan, market share than processed products.
Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union
are beginning to be supplied by South East Markets have become more flexible, and
Asia. new products and species have established
niches (Brazil exports gamitana meat at
The main producers in the world are Hawaii, US$20/kg. Brack A, 2000).
Costa Rica, Ecuador, Colombia and a number
of Caribbean islands. Live Ornamental Fish
Ecuador and Colombia possess infrastructure Trade in live ornamental fish has increased
for traditional flower growing, along with since 1980. The wholesale trade is currently
inexpensive skilled labor and specialized estimated at US$900 million, while the retail
technical personnel. By 1988, Colombia’s is worth US$3 billion (just in live animals for
annual flower exports came to US$450 aquariums).
million, while Ecuador exported around
US$125 million. This also gives an idea of Asia accounts for more than 50% of world
the potential revenues and employment demand for ornamental fish. Singapore is
opportunities that these activities can the main exporter of ornamental fish,
generate. Demand for foliage is similar to followed by the United States, Hong Kong,
that for tropical flowers. The United States, Japan, Malaysia, the Czech Republic, Israel,
Germany and the Netherlands are the the Philippines, and Sri Lanka.
world’s leading importers of tropical foliage,
accounting for 70% of the roughly US$195 Keeping pet fish is a pastime more common
million in sales that this industry generates to industrialized countries, as they are
each year. relatively expensive to purchase and
maintain. The main importers are the
Fish Products United States, Japan and Europe, particularly
Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.
Fish for human consumption In 2000 and 2001, exports of ornamental
fish from the Department of Loreto came to
Current world consumption is 65 million tons US$1,093,000 and US$1,301,000,
per year (13 kg per inhabitant per year), respectively, making the third non-traditional
primarily derived from marine species. export category, behind wood and sheet
Countries are aware that marine ecosystems metal industry.
are under threat, mainly from world climate
change, high levels of pollution, and Wildlife and Wild Animal Breeding
biodiversity loss. Accordingly, they are Technologies
attempting to steer to consumption towards
aquaculture products. The international market for wildlife has
three basic categories: live animals as pets,
In developed countries there is a preference furs, and meat for human consumption.
for cultivated species, primarily crustaceans
and mollusks, while in developing countries The international trade in wild animals is
smaller than it used to be, due to a series of
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
RIVER CORRIDOR IN PERU
restrictions imposed on commercial hunting. Examples include the red deer in New
Many producer countries of tropical wildlife Zealand, the kangaroo in Australia, and the
are facing increasingly aggressive campaigns African ostrich. All produced under managed
to limit the use of furs of wild animals whose conditions. This constitutes an additional
natural populations are on the verge of option in the area of wild animal breeding
extinction. technologies.
However, there is a large domestic and Sales of wild animals are regulated by the
international market for wild animals as Convention on International Trade in
exotic pets. Endangered Species of Wildlife and Flora
(CITES). Annex 5 shows the market linkage
The use of wild animals to produce meat to of the more representative species with
sell for human consumption is an activity bioindustry potential found in the Amazon-
that has found niches in developed country Marañon corridor.
markets.
The table below shows the levels of
international trade in wildlife for 1990.
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
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In other words, international demand for fish Lima could serve as a test ground prior to
is not being satisfied and that supply breach launch on the international market.
is increasing.
Value chain and available technology
On the other hand, demand in the
international market for ornamental fish is The value chain for hydrobiological
even growing, particularly in the United resources begins with extraction in the wild
States, Europe, and Asia. World trade in this or harvesting at fish farms. In the case of
area is worth approximately US$45 billion ornamental fish there is no experience with
and the Asian participation is 68% of that reproduction processes in controlled
market. environments, since at present they are
caught in the wild. As such, it is important
Peru has been exporting ornamental fish for to design and develop plans for adequate
40 years. Exports have increased from management in the wild and/or
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STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMAZON - MARAÑON
RIVER CORRIDOR IN PERU
development of aquaculture. Value can be Europe, Japan and the United States,
added after they are caught by adequately where the purchasing power of the
identifying species, ensuring quality consumer is higher and tradition
processes in quarantine phases, encourages the use of these goods, often
maintenance and conditioning, packaging as gifts.
and shipment.
Importers look for sources of supply that
Once caught, fish for human consumption offer a wide range of species, as opposed
have to be quickly gutted and frozen, in order to one or two.
to maintain a high level of freshness by the
time they reach the consumer or the The Amazon region has the potential to be
processing plant. The product can then be a highly diverse source of supply of exotic
filleted and prepared in a number of ways: flowers, such as heliconias, bromeliads,
plain, breaded or pre-cooked. gingers, ferns, araceas, palm trees and
In order to enter the frozen fish market, the orchids amongst others. The Amazon
region must have sufficient freezing region has a huge variety of these species
infrastructure to ensure shipment with the for which there is usually demand in Europe
required quality. in a specialized segment of that market.
Consumer demand for fish that comes from Value chain and available technology.
unpolluted waters, requires that the value
chain incorporate, not only processing, but This line will be based exclusively on
also steps taken to ensure that larvae and cultivation of plants under controlled
fingerlings are kept in waters free of toxic conditions.
waste. The meat from fish such as gamitana,
boquichico, and others, as well as the meat Value can be added mainly during the
left on the backbone of the paiche, can be cultivation phase, and later through post-
ground up for processing into patties and harvest handling techniques, containers
presented according to the market packaging, transport, and storage.
requirements of different economic strata.
Line 4: Medicinal plants.
In addition, other processing byproducts
could be used to make balanced animal food. With respect to medicinal plants, studies
show that there is a steady rise in use of
There are specialists (IIAP, UNAP) and the natural products for therapeutic purposes.
necessary management technologies to In 1998, international trade in medicinal and
develop fish farming available in the region, aromatic plants came to US$1.6 billion and
but a clear legal framework to promote this it is estimated that in 2010 it will reach
activity properly is needed. US$100 billion.
Line 3: Flowers and tropical foliage. The behavior of the international market
indicates that we should make considerable
The treatment applied to flowers and tropical efforts in the areas of research and
foliage, also grouped into a single category, development, as well as to offer more new
depends on the dynamics of the flower medicinal species, in order to make it more
markets. attractive.
Although certain markets prefer particular We should also take into account resources
varieties, in general, the buyers come from that native communities have been using
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for centuries, whose properties could be tablets, coated capsules, atomized dry
verified through in-depth research and clinical extracts, lyophilized extract or liquid extract.
studies, either with assistance from
international cooperation agencies, or The range of possible products with value
through strategic alliances with prestigious added includes, inter alia, medicines,
laboratories. In this way, it would be creams, ointments, suppositories, dyes,
possible to patent and market the principal syrups, oils, and infusions.
active agents of such plants.
Line 5: Plant fibers
Along with changes in demand there have
been other changes on the side of supply. The possibilities for development and export
There has been a steady decline in the of plant fibers found in the Amazon are
supply of wild plants because collectors are geared to trends in the international
turning to other sectors in search of better markets of home furniture, gifts, and
opportunities. This trend is particularly handcrafts. Asian countries, and to a lesser
noticeable in the more industrialized extent, Central America, currently dominate
countries. this market.
In response to this trend, greater and more At present, the rising demand for these
intensive cultivation of medicinal plants is products is the result of increased
being promoted, where conditions are environmental awareness among end
appropriate. This behavior has opened an consumers in developed countries, who are
opportunity in the market which the region turning to rustic decorative products made
could take advantage of. with renewable natural resources and
intensive manual labor.
Although efforts to cultivate certain plants
have failed or been unfeasible, it is broadly Such products can be purchased in large
accepted that cultivation is the only way to department stores and through mail-order
ensure the long-term sustainability of such catalogues. Although these products are
species and to supply the increasing demand. considered ‘rustic’, the market demands
conformity to certain quality standards in
Therefore, only by producing value-added the treatment of fibers used, design, and
products from these medicinal plants, will it finish. This entails semi-industrial
be possible to overcome economic limitations development at the production stages as
of these cultivars. well as skilled labor.
Value chain and available technology A plan to develop this line of products will
involve labor-training programs, product
Value adding is generated from the beginning designs tailored to market tastes and
of the production chain, in order to guarantee fashions, and use of raw materials
a high-quality product that can meets the processed using techniques that conform to
standards demanded by consumers. international standards.
A wide array of increasingly complex The plants species that could be used in this
technologies for processing exist, ranging area include the Panama hat plant (hats,
from those that are labor-intensive to those utility handcrafts), chambira palm (utility
that use robot technology to make the active handcrafts), casha vara (furniture), piassava
ingredients for production of capsules, (brooms, insulation material), tamshi and
huambe (furniture, utility handcrafts).
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In the project area, the raw material for Today, the only exportation permitted is of
these resources is harvested entirely in the wildlife products that come from animals
wild. However, cultivation technologies have hunted for food, principally the hides of the
been developed for some of these plants, sajino, huangana and venado.
with a view to industrial production. Also
other technologies have been developed for There is also unmet demand for animals as
the sustainable harvest of these plants in the pets, such as macaws, parrots, turtles,
wild. insects, caimans, lizards, frogs, monkeys
and various bird species.
The value chain and available technology
Bioindustry based on wild animal breeding
The raw material for these products will technologies will require the development of
come from managed natural populations and commercial systems for breeding wild
plantations cultivated by small farmers. animals, with a view to production and
export of meat that is free from chemical
Value-adding technologies include post- substances, processed and manufactured
harvest management, processing, and furs, and pets.
manufacture of items for the market.
The value chain and sustainable technology
In general, these technologies are highly
rudimentary, and mainly rely on unskilled Successful wild animal breeding
labor. Accordingly, intensive training technologies mainly entails skilled
measures are needed to improve all phases management of reproduction, feeding and
of production (drying, bleaching, dyeing, hygiene processes. There are already
weaving and polishing). The goal will be to markets for many wildlife products,
obtain better quality products and prices, particularly pets, insects and furs. However,
depending on the intrinsic characteristics of markets need to be developed for other
the raw material, product type, and demand. animals, such as those that would be bred
for their meat.
Line 6: Wild animal breeding
technologies Depending on the animal in question, we
will select available technologies, either for
Traditionally, wild animals have been hunted the treatment or manufacture of furs and
in the Amazon forests, either as a source of other intermediate goods, or to produce
protein for local populations, to supply the fur objects and merchandise for the end
and leather trade, or for export as pets. consumer.
At present, the wild animal market is supplied Processing technologies for furs and meat
by hunters and poachers. are widespread in industrialized countries.
Therefore, in implementing this line we will
Animals from the Peruvian Amazon have be able to choose from a wide range of
been exported since the beginning of the possibilities, depending on size, product
second half of the 20th century, resulting in type, availability of resources and other
the trade of large volumes of wildlife factors.
products and living animals until commercial
hunting was banned in 1975.
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In order to develop bioindustry, its main (training, technical assistance and legal
effort should be to implement public policies counseling), as well as help strengthen the
to improve productive factors, such as: local management capacities of
access to credit, capacity building and communities, and encourage the
scientific and technological research; conservation of natural resources.
improvement of port infrastructure,
extension of electricity and Indigenous communities
telecommunications coverage, and access to
new information technologies. The proposed area of influence contains
indigenous communities, who are the
Therefore, efforts should center on possessors of ancient knowledge and the
environmental management and the creation owners of large areas of the Peruvian
of adequate conditions for investment, such Amazon region.
as stable macroeconomic policies,
implementation of incentive schemes, Community members must interact with
political stability, stable regulatory representatives of producers and traders
frameworks, and having strong decentralized according to strict bargaining guidelines
institutions. based on equity.
The private sector should assume the International and domestic cooperation
challenge of boosting competitiveness based agencies should help each other to
on technological innovation and access to successfully implement scientific, technical,
new technologies, as well as organization of social, and economic initiatives.
production and commercialization along the
entire chain value. This can be achieved by It is crucial for the region to secure and
creating business clusters. increase flow of cooperation in areas of
scientific and technological development as
At every level, businessmen, producers and well as human capacity building, with the
commercialization agents should commit to assistance of multilateral organizations (IDB,
sustainable utilization, preservation of the CAF, World Bank, UNDP, UNEP, EU, UNIDO)
environment, and conservation of biological and bilateral cooperation programs.
diversity. They should also cement the
export capacity of the region. However, it is also important to have the
support of organizations interested in
Civil society organizations and NGOs bioindustry business such as the project
incubators network (UNCTAD, UNDP, USAID,
Civil society, cultural and nongovernmental COSUDE, Holland, TNC, WWF, international
organizations should be vigilant in cooperation agencies), risk and
monitoring the public and private environmental dividends quantification
administration of natural resources in order agencies (BV-SERM, INNOVEST, SAM) and
to protect and ensure access to them, Ecofund (UNEP FI, GAS - ETH, TCF - IFC,
safeguard respect for property and the EEF - MIF, LAC network, NV - WRI).
equitable distribution of the benefits derived
from their use.
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II STRATEGIC
FRAMEWORK
FOR BIOINDUSTRY
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2.1.1 Development vision for the The region has a consolidated awareness of
Amazon region 2 the value of natural resources, maintains the
balance of ecosystems, and controls pollution.
“Regional communities integrated with the Population is equally distributed and
rest of the nation exist in a climate of legal integrated between the rural and urban areas,
stability and manage their development in each administrating their territory in a
a sustainable manner, combining the sustainable manner.
human, economic, environmental and
political dimensions. The quality of their 4. Political and institutional dimension
people is sustained by an integrated The Amazon region is composed of
education in universalism and a high communities that are integrated with the rest
degree of awareness of the value of natural of the country in a climate of legal stability
resources. Their sustainable productive and manage the sustainable development and
system is based on bioindustry, which political affairs of the region in an
makes use of traditional and new independent manner.
technologies in the framework of an
efficient administration of their territory.”
2.1.2 Basic development strategies
This aspiration for the Amazon has been for the northeastern zone of
expressed in the vision for the development the Peru-Ecuador border3
of the Amazon up to 2022, which focuses
on four dimensions: The border development strategy proposes
interaction between the spatial strategy,
1. The human dimension the integration strategy, the natural
The Amazon region is valued for the quality resources utilization strategy, and the
of its people, who have different cultural assistance strategy. In this context, the
backgrounds and is a factor in their spatial strategy should be applied based on
development alternatives. The population’s land management, according to ecological and
needs are satisfied and continuity is economic zoning principles.
guaranteed by an educational system,
which is linked to the environment and Spatial strategy
open to universalism.
The plan provides for three imaginary areas:
2. Economic dimension
The Amazon region possesses a productive A critical strip running parallel to the
system, which is sustainable, profitable, border, where measures will be
consensualized, integrated, and supported implemented to enable border populations
by services, rules, and infrastructure. find ways to ensure their well-being.
Native and introduced technologies are
applied with synergy. Bioindustry An intermediate support area that
stimulates the regional economy. encompasses district capitals and other
potential poles of development between
3 Environmental dimension the border and the Marañon-Amazon
corridor, including its areas of influence.
2 3
Source: Peruvian Amazon Research Institute (IIAP) Source: Peru-Ecuador Binational Border Development Plan.
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Since this area will act as a kind of Minerals and hydrocarbons will be used
‘bridge’, investment will be needed to applying clean technologies, thereby avoiding
enhance the productive and urban adverse impacts on ecosystems, as well as
capacity within it. furnishing additional funds to finance growth
of the productive base.
A remote support area, which
encompasses the main, current and In addition, it is understood that economic
future, towns in the Amazon-Marañon circuits will expand from the micro level to the
corridor. Its function is to provide macro level, creating a progressively
socioeconomic support to the other integrated network.
areas. Accordingly, investment will be
needed to develop an economic Support strategy
corridor whose hubs are Mazan,
Iquitos, Nauta, Saramiriza, Nieva, and This is designed to consolidate regional
Bagua. identities, foster scientific research into new
technologies, and strengthen socioeconomic
Integration strategy institutions and organizations, helping to
support increasing productivity in a sustained
It has two dimensions: manner.
East-west integration along the Iquitos- Increased human capacities and qualities,
Jaen corridor multi-modal transport together with adequate environmental and
systems to connect to the road network financial management, will help to generate
on the northern coast and thereby competitive advantages.
ensure access to the Pacific Ocean, and
strengthen the route to the Atlantic
Ocean 2.2 SWOT ANALYSIS
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- The huge diversity of flora and fauna - The existence of a Plan on Sustainable
resources found is derived from multiple Development of the Amazon Region, which
ecological belts and ecosystems that places priority on the generation of added
provide a highly varied and permanent value for biodiversity resources and
supply of organic and exotic forestry, recognizes the importance of territorial
food and medicinal products. organization in the Marañon-Amazon
corridor.
- The existence of abundant alluvial
ecosystems with a high potential of - The existence of coca substitution
fertile soils for setting up programs, which promote the introduction
environmentally sounds production of profitable crops with an established
systems using species adapted to these market.
conditions.
- The growing interest of international
- Cultural diversity and knowledge of markets in natural curative products
traditional technologies that are derived from alternative medicines and
potentially advantageous for the traditional sources, as well as increasing
development of bioindustry and the consumer interest in organic products.
generation of added value.
- The increasing concern with the
- The cultural identity of indigenous conservation of biological diversity; a fact
populations that contributes to the that favors international agreements as well
preservation of biodiversity. as scientific and financial cooperation
- The existence of protected natural areas, programs for the countries with large
as well as biophysical and cultural biodiversity.
resources that constitute potential
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2.2.3 Weaknesses
2.2.4 Threats
- The area of influence of the strategic
plan consists, generally speaking of both, - Deforestation and depletion of Amazonian
poverty and extreme-poverty areas, with biodiversity resources due to changes in
subsistence economies and lack of basic land use and deficient environmental
services. control systems.
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2.3.1 Vision
To establish competitive productive lines
The vision expresses the aspiration of the based on the biological diversity of the
Amazonian communities to establish a Amazon region.
sustainable productive base supported by
the bioindustry. That aspiration is formulated
as follows: 2.3.4 Values, principles and Ideals
“In 2022, bioindustry will constitute one of Biological diversity is a legacy that holds
the pillars of sustainable development of the strategic value for current and future
Amazon-Marañon Corridor, achievable development of the Amazon region and the
through the positioning of competitive area of influence of the bioindustry strategy.
productive lines in the local and international
markets with the participation of both Given biodiversity’s systemic and dynamic
medium-sized and large productive units; character in time and space, and considering
helping to preserve ecosystems, incorporate its evolving processes and components, the
diverse cultural expressions, and improve management of biological diversity demands
quality of life.” a high level of responsibility to ensure
utilization without destruction.
2.3.2 Mission
Given that the level of knowledge about
The mission to be completed by both the ecosystems in the Amazon is low and the
State and the civil society in implementing use of natural resources is often not
this strategic plan is as follows: considered sustainable, it is necessary to set
down values, principles and ideals that
The State and the Amazonian societies of provide a framework for attitudes toward the
Peru provide solutions to the low levels of sustainability of biological diversity and the
employment and investment by promoting environment.
added value for biodiversity resources, with
a view to the production of competitive VALUES
goods and services and incorporation of
appropriate technologies, such as Equity: rights that correspond to
biotechnology and information technology, in each and every member of civil
order to place products in target markets. society, and serve to determine the
These entities must strive to contribute to proportions in which responsibilities,
improving quality of life based on a strategy benefits, costs and opportunities
of sustainability and distribution. offered by biodiversity should be
distributed.
2.3.3 Overriding Objective
Respect for diversity: Respect for
In coordination with the Regional Strategy others, nature and cultural rights.
on the Biological Diversity of the Amazon
Region, the overriding objective of the Intergenerational responsibility
Strategy for the Development of Bioindustry and commitment of all
in the Peruvian Amazon is to: stakeholders.
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Small is beautiful
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Overriding objective:
2 Develop new and better targeted products with ♦ Basket of goods with added value
the highest possible value added, using at the production stage
Amazonian biodiversity resources. ♦ The number of SME’s in clusters
that produce goods with value
added.
2.3.7 Strategic Lines The strategic lines identified for each of the
proposed strategic objectives offer the most
The dynamics of social, economic, effective routes for engineering the shift from
environmental and political processes at an extraction-oriented mindset toward a
the national level and the main trends in competitive bioindustry in the region.
the international market make it essential
to recognize the need to be willing to think
in strategic terms about ways to update
and maintain the effectiveness of strategies
to make bioindustry development in the
Amazon region a reality.
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Policies
The Peruvian State, at all levels, with the active participation of Amazonian communities,
should stimulate the development of a productive base for the sustainable use of biological
diversity, integrating the local level with the international context and preserving essential
ecological processes.
The Peruvian State promotes the sustainable use of biological diversity resources,
respecting the territories of the indigenous communities as well as their real and ownership
rights and recognizing traditional knowledge.
Unleashing strategies
Strategy 1.1 Orient production based on economic and ecological zoning, forest zoning,
organization of the fishing industry, and agricultural zoning, in order to
ensure the economically and environmentally efficient production of a
targeted basket of biodiversity products.
Strategy 1.2 Improve access to non-timber, wildlife and livestock, and fishing, and
aquacultural resources under management plans and efficient production
systems by streamlining administrative procedures and updating of national
regulations.
Strategy 1.3 Strengthen organizations of producers and traders of raw materials through
training programs in business management and development of a culture of
quality.
Strategy 1.4 Encourage the traditional financial system to make available promotional lines
of credit through the creation of collateral security funds for small rural
businesses in order to reduce risk.
Strategy 1.5 Reintroduce technical assistance services that encourage the use of
technologies for producing raw materials that have a minimal impact on the
environment.
Strategy 1.6 Stimulate and provide incentives for technological innovations and adoption
of new technologies for production and commercialization of raw materials by
involving universities and research institutions in the task of improving
production through the creation of competition funds for research and
development projects, internships, and thesis.
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Process strategies
Strategy 1.7 Adopt certification mechanisms in diverse production processes.
Strategic objective 2: Develop new and better targeted products with the
highest possible value added, using Amazonian biodiversity resources.
The Amazonian culture possesses practices for the use of different forestry products based
on ancient knowledge for satisfying the material and spiritual needs of the indigenous and
mestizo communities. The growing demand for natural products offers the opportunity to
create wealth, and to improve supply quality.
Policies
The Peruvian State, in cooperation with the private sector, encourages value adding in the
utilization of flora, wildlife and micro-organism resources, as well as other components of
biological diversity, dovetailing ancestral knowledge with global knowledge and articulating
the rural logic with the market in the areas of capital size, technology, human resources,
production scale, etc.
Unleashing strategies
Strategy 2.1 Orient production and value-added development for targeted products in
order to improve efficiency in the value chain.
Strategy 2.2 Improve product profiles and ensure the technical standardization of goods
that Peru already exports as well as those sold on the domestic market.
Strategy 2.3 Promote organization of SME’s into clusters along the value chain,
facilitating access to training in post-harvest technologies, processing and
commercialization.
Strategy 2.4 Stimulate technological innovation and the adoption of new processing
technologies, by involving universities and research institutions in the task of
improving production through the creation of competition funds for research
and development projects, internships, and theses, as well as through
promotion of credit lines.
Strategy 2.5 Create collateral security funds for SME’s in bioindustries and clusters, in
order to encourage the traditional financial system to make available
promotional credit lines.
Strategy 2.6 Stimulate private investment in scientific and technological services as well
as in mobile river stockpiling centers, post-harvest handling, containers,
packaging, storage and conditioned transportation.
Process strategies
Strategy 2.7 Encourage the incorporation of the value-adding processes, such as
biotechnology, freezing, liofilization, pulverization or atomization, and others
along the value chain.
Strategy 2.8 Stimulate investment in scientific and technological services, such as product
certification and quality control.
Strategy 2.9 Determine the appropriate technology needs for bioindustry in the region.
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Policies
The Peruvian State, in strategic alliance with the private sector, promotes the development
of national and international markets for biodiversity products, generating a supply of
competitive, diversified and targeted products with added value.
The Peruvian State assists SME’s in the process of building up export capacity, by modifying
laws, providing training, and taking part in trade fairs and technical or trade missions.
Unleashing strategies
Strategy 3.1 Develop the domestic market through the introduction of a basket of
bioindustry products in food security and health programs.
Strategy 3.2 Identify target bioindustry markets at the international level: NAFTA,
European Union, Asian countries, Andean Community, MERCOSUR, among
others.
Process strategies
Strategy 3.3 Encourage an export culture by promoting, inter alia, trade missions to
potential markets.
Policies
The private sector, with the help of the Peruvian State, develops a competitive bioindustry
in the Amazon region, with a view to establishing itself on the national and international
markets and stimulating the creation of jobs.
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Unleashing strategies
Strategy 4.1 Develop a supply of products that meet international quality standards.
Strategy 4.2 Improve access to financial resources.
Strategy 4.3 Update capacities for technological innovation and the assimilation of new
technologies in companies and research institutions.
Process strategies
Strategy 4.4 Promote ongoing technological innovation in businesses.
Strategy 4.5 Strengthen human capital through the training, skills updating and
specialization.
Policies
The Peruvian State creates favorable conditions for private national and international
investment, facilitating the generation of wealth to increase the well-being of all Peruvians.
The Peruvian State respects the real and property rights, creates a predictable regulatory
framework and ensures transparency in public decisions.
Unleashing strategies
Strategy 5.1 Create the Bioindustry Development Agency (ADBIO) as the specialized
body, co-managed with the private sector to promote and oversee the
development of this area.
Strategy 5.2 Strengthen institutions at the regional and national level, encouraging their
necessary decentralization, credibility and political stability for bioindustry
promotion.
Strategy 5.3 Create a system of fiscal and financial incentives specially tailored to
bioindustry promotion.
Strategy 5.4 Improve the financial capacity and access to credit at the regional level
through the creation of a revolving fund for investment for bioindustry.
Strategy 5.5 Implement mechanisms to attract diverse forms of financing, such as credit
lines, venture capital funds, business development funds, competition funds,
and business angels.
Strategy 5.6 Improve the availability and quality of road infrastructure, as well as that
connected with air and river transport, energy, and communication.
Strategy 5.7 Strengthen producers’ organizations in the chain value
Strategy 5.8 Promote the capacity for technological innovation and absorption on the part
of companies, to improve the technology innovation capacities of research
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Process strategies
Strategy 5.12 Improve the technological innovation and adaptation capacities of research
institutes in the framework of a renewed policy on science and national
technology.
Strategy 5.13 Facilitate access to specialized information on bioindustry.
Strategy 5.14 Stimulate reinvestment in order to diversification output using biological
diversity technological.
Strategy 5.15 Eliminate obstacles that hinder the use of biotechnology in diverse value-
adding production processes.
Strategy 5.16 Make public production policies compatible and eliminate discrimination
against non-traditional Amazonian products.
Strategy 5.17 Promote the integration of the Amazonian region with the national
economy through educational policies that emphasize the value of what is
ours and economic policies that promote a basket of food and medicinal
products that are mainly Amazonian in origin.
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Incorporate within bioindustry raw materials originating from managed natural stocks and efficient production systems
(Strategic Objective 1)
STRATEGY 1.1 Orient production based on economic and ecological zoning, forest zoning, organization of the fishing industry, and agricultural
zoning, in order to ensure the economically and environmentally efficient production of a targeted basket of biodiversity products.
STRATEGY 1.2 Improve access to non-timber, wildlife livestock, fishing, and aquacultural resources under management plans and efficient
production systems by streamlining administrative procedures and updating national regulations.
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STRATEGY 1.3 Strengthen organizations of producers and traders of raw materials through training programs in business management and
development of a culture of quality.
STRATEGY 1.4 Encourage the traditional financial system to make available promotional lines of credit through the creation of collateral
security funds for small rural businesses in order to reduce risk.
2. Operate a guarantee fund MEF Financial System, Funds from Law N° 27037
GRL, GRA
3. Capacity to improve access to promotional credit NGOs, Loreto and Amazonas IC
IC, Chambers of Commerce, Public Treasury
ADBIO Business Associations
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STRATEGY 1.5 Reintroduce technical assistance services that encourage the use of technologies for producing raw materials that have a
minimal impact on the environment.
STRATEGY 1.6 Stimulate and provide incentives for technological innovations and adoption of new technologies for production and
commercialization of raw materials by involving universities and research institutions in the task of improving production through the creation
of competition funds for research and development projects, internships, and theses.
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Develop new and better targeted products with the highest possible value added, using Amazonian biodiversity
resources. (Objective Strategy 2)
STRATEGY 2.1 Orient production and value-added development for targeted products in order to improve efficiency in the value chain.
STRATEGY 2.2 Improve product profiles and ensure the technical standardization of goods that Peru already exports as well as those sold on
the domestic market.
STRATEGY 2.3 Promote organization of SME’s into clusters along the value chain, facilitating access to training in post-harvest technologies,
processing and commercialization.
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STRATEGY 2.4 Stimulate technological innovation and the adoption of new processing technologies, by involving universities and research
institutions in the task of improving production through the creation of competition funds for research and development projects, internships,
and theses, as well as through promotion of credit lines.
STRATEGY 2.5 Create collateral security funds for SME’s in bioindustries and clusters, in order to encourage the traditional financial system to
make available promotional credit lines.
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STRATEGY 2.6 Stimulate private investment in scientific and technological services as well as in mobile river stockpiling centers, post-harvest
handling, containers, packaging, storage and conditioned transportation.
Develop markets for targeted products originating from different Amazonian biodiversity species (Objective Strategy 3)
STRATEGY 3. 1 Develop the domestic market through the introduction of a basket of bioindustry products in food security and health programs
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STRATEGY 3.2 Identify target bioindustry markets at the international level: NAFTA, European Union, Asian countries, Andean Community,
MERCOSUR, among others
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Develop the competitiveness of bioindustry in order to boost productivity in a climate of macroeconomic stability and
integration with domestic and international economy (Strategic Objective 4)
STRATEGY 4.1 Develop a supply of products that meet international quality standards.
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STRATEGY 4.3 Update capacities for technological innovation and the assimilation of new technologies in companies and research institutions.
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Create suitable conditions to stimulate an attractive environment for investment in bioindustry (Strategic Objective 5)
STRATEGY 5.1 Create the Bioindustry Development Agency (ADBIO) as a specialized body, co-managed with the private sector to promote and
oversee the development of this area.
STRATEGY 5.2 Strengthen institutions at the regional and national level, encouraging the necessary decentralization, credibility and political
stability for bioindustry promotion.
2. Increase participation of civil society by developing citizen oversight Central Government GRL, GRA, Public treasury
mechanisms and strengthening organizations: Associations, Unions, CS, ADBIO
NGO’s, Political Parties, regional fronts, others.
3. Ensure the stability of the regulatory framework and the national Central Government GRL ,GRA Public treasury,
economy. IC
4. Ensure effective decentralization of political power. Central Government CS, Political Parties, Public treasury, IC
GRA, GRL
5. Encourage separation of powers. Central Government, CS, Public treasury,
GRA, GRL Political Parties IC.
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STRATEGY 5.3 Create a system of fiscal and financial incentives specially tailored to bioindustry promotion.
STRATEGY 5.4 Improve the financial capacity and access to credit at the regional level through the creation of a revolving fund for investment
in bioindustry.
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STRATEGY 5.5 Implement mechanisms to attract diverse forms of financing, such as credit lines, venture capital funds, business development
funds, competition funds, and business angels.
STRATEGY 5.6 Improve the availability and quality of road infrastructure, as well as that connected with air and river transport, energy, and
communication.
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STRATEGY 5.8 Promote the capacity for technological innovation and absorption on the part of companies, and improvement of the technology
innovation capacities of research institutes in the framework of a renewed national policy on science and technology
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10. Launch the National System for Technological Innovation MITINCI, Universities, IIAP, ADBIO Public treasury
CONCYTEC IC
11. Implement fellowships for specialization programs CONCYTEC Universities, IIAP, ADBIO Public treasury
IC
STRATEGY 5.9 Improve access to markets through the development of economic corridors
STRATEGY 5.10 Create Information Centers in support of SME’s. These centers should be integrated with the Peruvian Amazon Biological
Diversity and Environmental Information System (SIAMAZONIA) and contain comprehensive information about organization, financing,
training, legal matters, technology, technical assistance, markets, etc.
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STRATEGY5.11 Interact efficiently with strategic allies to implement businesses associated with bioindustry, such as project incubator
networks, risks classifiers and environmental dividends quantifiers, as well as ecofunds.
2. Incorporate the Biobusiness and Biotrade Agenda in the APCI – RREE , Multi CCL, Public treasury
national cooperation agenda. sector Commission for IC CCA
International, ADBIO IIAP
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National agreements defined on basic Execution of the plan of action will undergo
aspects of bioindustry. internal and external evaluation.
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Terms:
Acronyms:
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PT : Public Treasury
PYME : Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprise
RREE : Ministry of Foreign Affairs
S.A.C. : Closed Stock Corporation
SBS : Superintendence of Banking and Insurance
SENASA : National Agricultural Health Service
SENATI : National Industrial and Labor Training Service
SIAMAZONIA : Information System for the Peruvian Amazon Biological
Diversity and Environment
SNI : National Industry Association
SUNAD : Peruvian Customs Service
TCA : Amazon Cooperation Treaty
TNC : The Nature Conservancy
TT-IDB : IDB Technological Transfer
UNAP : Peruvian Amazon National University
UNCTAD : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP : United Nations Development Program
UNEP : United Nations Environment Program
UPI : Iquitos Private University
USAID : United States Agency for International Development
WWF : World Wildlife Fund
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Bibliography
BID, Competitividad: El motor del crecimiento. Informe 2001: Progreso económico y social
en América Latina. Washington 2001.
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PROMPEX. Informe Taller “Bionegocios: Una opción de desarrollo para la Región San
Martín”. Tarapoto. FANPE-GTZ. Fundación Ebert. CTAR San Martín. IIAP.
CONTRADROGAS. Prompex - Cesem. Perú, 2000.
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UNCTAD. Project Document: Implementation of the Bio trade Initiative of UNCTAD in the
Amazonian Region. Ginebra - Suiza, 2000.
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ANNEXES
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Annex 01:
Definitions
Species
In the biological sense, this term refers to a set of individual organisms with characteristics
that distinguish them from other sets. Their common attribute is the ability to exchange
genetic material through reproduction mechanisms and produce fertile offspring.
Biodiversity
Biotechnology
There is a broad array of biotechnologies with different techniques and applications. The
Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB) defines biotechnology as “any technological
application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or
modify products or processes for specific use.”
Interpreted in this broad sense, the definition of biotechnology covers many instruments
and techniques normally used in agriculture and food production. Interpreted in a strict
sense, it refers to modern techniques for the manipulation of genetic information contained
in the DNA of a species’ chromosomes using molecular biology techniques and reproductive
technology applications.
The definition covers an wide area of modern technologies developed towards the end of the
20th century, such as genetic mapping, gene marking and transfer, DNA profiling, cloning of
microorganisms, plants, animals, and others.
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Bioindustry
This implies that the bioindustry process extends to the entire value chain; that is, to those
who process biodiversity resources, and those who, at the primary stage, ensure a
sustainable supply of biological diversity resources.
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Annex 02:
Common and Scientific Names
of Plant and Animal Species
English common name Scientific name Spanish common name
A) Birds
Curassow Mitu sp. Paujil
Macaw Ara spp. Guacamayo
Parakeet Brotogeris spp. Pihuicho
Parrot Amazona sp. Loro
Parrotlet Pionites spp., Touit spp., Piono Chirricles
Spix’s Guan Penelope jaquacu Pucacunga
B) Land Mammals
English common name Scientific name Spanish common name
Amazonian Tapir Tapirus terrestris Sachavaca
Armadillo Dasypus spp. Carachupa
Brocket deer Mazama spp. Venado
Brown Agouti Dasyprocta variegata Añuje
Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris Ronsoco
Coati Nasua nasua Achuni
Collared Peccary Tayassu tajacu Sajino
Jaguar Panthera onca Tigre
Margay Leopardus wiedii Huamburusho
Ocelot Felis pardalis Tigrillo
Paca Agouti paca Majaz
Puma Felis concolor Puma
White-lipped Peccary Tayassu pecari Huangana
C) River Mollusks
English common name Scientific Name Spanish common name
Apple Snail Pomacea maculata Churo
D) River Mammals
English common name Scientific Names Spanish common name
Amazonian Manatee Trichechus inunguis Manatí
Coypu Myocastor coypus Nutria
Pink Dolphin Inia geoffrensis Bufeo de río
Sotalia fluviatilis
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E) Fish
English common name Scientific Names Spanish common name
Aguarunichthys Aguarunichthys torosus Bolt cat
Amazon Puffer Colomesus asellus Pez globo
Apistogramma Apistogramma sp. Apistogramas
Arawana Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Arahuana silver
Banded Sholvenosed Catfish Brachyplatystoma juruense Bagre listado
Barred sorubim Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum Doncella
Black Adonis Catfish Pterygoplichthys sp., Carachama
Acanthycus hystrix
Black prochilodus Prochilodus nigricans Boquichico
Black-banded Marbled Catfish Zungaro zungaro Zungaro
Black-winged Hatchetfish Triportheus rotundatus Catalina
Bristle-nosed Catfish Ancistrus dolichopterus Xenocara
Brycon melanopterus Brycon melanopterus Sábalo cola negra
Bumpy-back Silver Dollar Stethaprion erythrops, Palometa
Metynnis maculatus,
Mylossoma duriventris
Cachama Colossoma macropomun Gamitana
Cichlid Aequidens sp. Bujurquis
Common Bacu Pterodoras granulosus Cahuara
Corydoras Corydoras sp. Corys
Crenicichla Crenicichla sp. Añashuas
Cupid Cichlid Biotodoma cupido Biotodoma amazonas
Characidium Characidium sp. Characidium
Checkerboard Cichlid Crenicara punctulatum Crenicara
Discus Fish Symphysodom sp. Pez disco
Dorado Brachyplatystoma flavicans Dorado
Dwarf Dolphin Cat Ageneiosus sp. Bocon
Dwarf Marbled Catfish Microglanys poecilus Bombie beecat
Eartheater Satanoperca jurupari Jurupari
Electric Eel Electrophorus electricus Anguila eléctrica
Flag cichlid Mesonauta festivus Festivum
Frederici Leporinus friderici Friderice
Freshwater Angelfish Pterophyllum scalare Escalar
Hancock’s Doradid Amblydoras hancockii Spinosissomos
Hatchetfish Carnegiella sp. Pechito
Highwaterman Catfish Hypopthalmus edentatus Maparate
Horse-head Pimelodid Goeldiella eques Cunchi fierro
Julilla Anodus elongatus Yulilla
Knifefish Gymnotus sp. Macanas
Leporellus Leporinus sp., Rhytiodus sp., Lisa
Leporellus vittatus
Multi-banded Leporinus Leporinus fasciatus Leporinos
Onelined Pencilfish Nannobrycon unifasciatus Auratus
Oscar Astronotus ocellatus Acarahuazú
Otoncinclus Otonciclus sp. Otonciclos
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F) Reptiles
English common name Scientific Name Spanish common name
Spectacled caiman Caiman crocodylus Caimán
G) Flora
English common name Scientific Name Spanish common name
Abilla Fevillea cordifolia Habilla
Alta palm Mauritia flexuosa Aguaje
Alternantera Alternanthera alinifolia Ojo de pollo
Amazon tree-grape Pouruma cecropiaefolia Uvilla
Annatto Bixa orellana Achiote
Anthurium fosteri Anthurium fosteri Jergónquiro
Araza Eugenia stipitata Arazá
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Annex 03:
Matrix of the Main
Bioindustry Stakeholders
Group or Function or Interests Shortcomings Consequences
Institution Activities For the project
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Promotes the Peru-Ecuador - To promotes peace and - Not decentralized. - Link to bilateral and multilateral
Binational Border Development development on the border. entities.
Plan. - To promotes sustainable
development of resources on the
common border.
Ministry of Economy and - Manages public economic and - Balanced and effective budget - Short-term vision. - Promotes or discourages investment
Finance financial policy. allocation. - Political priorities. (higher/lower taxes)
- Economic tax policy.
Ministry of Agriculture - - Formulates and proposes - To increase agricultural - Insufficient resources. - Budget as compensation for crops.
Loreto and Amazonas Regional policies for the sector. production. - Insufficient personnel.
Agricultural Directorate. - Promotes crops.
- Formulates and proposes - To stimulate fishing production. - Slow, overly - Matching funds (FONDEPES) for
Ministry of Fishing policies for the sector. bureaucratic. aquaculture
- Promotes fishing activities. - Insufficient resources.
National Institute for the - Registers trademarks and - To support positioning of - Slow overly - Facilitates certification and protects
Defense of Competition patents. products in the market. bureaucratic. intellectual property rights on
and Protection of - Protection of Intellectual - Inefficient at regional products.
Intellectual Property Property. level.
(INDECOPI)
National Institute for - Conducts researches at the - To raise productivity. - Insufficient budget and - Technical and scientific support.
Agriculture and Agro primary stage. - Genetic improvement. personnel.
Industrial Research - Transfers technology.
(INIAA)
National Institute of - Promotes and supports - Conservation of natural - Centralized - Facilitates access to land and
Natural Resources sustainable use of resources. resources. - Little interest in issuing concessions.
(INRENA) rules to facilitate
concessions.
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Export Promotion - Promotes exports, including - To make bio industry export more - Insufficient budget - Coordinates with public and private
Commission (PROMPEX) bioindustry. dynamic. sector.
- Partnership for breaking into new
markets.
- Promote investment in the - Promote rational use of resources. - Little technical, financial - Investment with positive synergy.
CTAR - Loreto region. - Contribute to regional and management
and CTAR - Amazonas - Release funding for projects development. capacity.
- Short turnover period
for officials.
National Commission on - Supervise placement of - To expand the Peruvian capital - Little development of - Tax benefits for ecofund investors.
Corporations and Securities securities market. the capital market in
(CONASEV) the region.
International Technical - Promote bioconservation and - To improve quality of life for target - Difficulty in accessing - Additional funds for biobusiness.
Cooperation Agencies sustainable development groups. assistance
Peruvian Amazon Research - Generates cultivation - To transfer technology. - Lack of focus or results. - Supplies basic technology
Institute - IIAP technologies. - To contribute to regional - Needs to integrate with - Information source
- Conservation of biodiversity. development. the business sector.
Peruvian Amazon National - Training of professionals. - To give production added value. - Lack of modern vision - Makes available processing
University - UNAP - Genetic research and transfer - To supply professionals in different - Structure and awkward technology and infrastructure.
specialties. mechanisms. - Trains professionals.
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Entrepreneurs - Give resources added value. - To maximize economic profits. - Limited supply - Broaden supply.
- Manufacture competitive - To reduce risks. - Domestic vision of the - Participation in the productive
products. - To preserve biodiversity. market. chain.
- Little social awareness.
- Limited capital.
NGOs - Support target groups. - To pave the way for sustainability. - Lack of experience in - Strategic partner with
- Integrate target groups with biodiversity projects. entrepreneurs and producers.
the market.
Note: There are also other institutions that are indirectly linked to bioindustry, including CONCYTEC and business associations (ADEX, COMEX, SIN,
CCL).
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Annex 04:
Population of the
Amazon – Marañón Corridor
TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL POP
DEPARTMENT/ DISTRICT POP. POP. POP. DENS. GROWTH
PROVINCE 1981 1993 2000 Km2 (3-2)/(2)
(1) (2) (3) (2000)
Amazonas
Condorcanqui Nieva 8697 17104 8363 1.86 -51.11%
El Cenepa 10422 9568 22666 4.24 136.89%
Río Santiago 10413 9365 8206 1.02 -12.38%
29532 36037 39235 2.20 8.87%
Bagua La Peca 21920 30868 36414 124.97 17.97%
Aramango 8433 13869 17.596 21.59 26.87%
Copallín 6072 6816 6975 77.34 2.33%
El Paco 1135 1104 1054 73.35 -4.53%
Imaza 10392 21911 31423 6.93 43.41%
47952 74568 93462 16.27 25.34%
TOTAL AMAZONAS 77484 110605 132697 9.23 19.97%
Loreto
Alto Amazonas Yurimaguas 38664 52831 59733 22.25 13.06%
Balsa Puerto 7053 10934 13418 6.20 22.72%
Barranca 4696 8558 11537 1.93 34.81%
Cahuapanas 4288 7598 10077 7.57 32.63%
Jeberos 3731 3375 3289 0.71 -2.55%
Lagunas 9708 12164 13192 2.34 8.45%
Manseriche 3873 7098 9600 2.75 35.25%
Morona 3489 1331 1141 0.13 -14.27%
Pastaza 8390 13671 17118 0.75 25.21%
Santa Cruz 3304 4155 4515 2.60 8.66%
Tnt. C. López 4079 5157 5622 3.40 9.02%
91275 126872 149242 2.44 17.63%
Nanay Iquitos 183848 272466 331548 55.89 21.68%
Alto Nanay 2097 2360 2459 0.18 4.19%
Fern. Lores 14393 17357 18737 3.83 7.95%
Indiana 10108 14280 16900 7.95 18.35%
L. Amazonas 8850 12001 13869 2.08 15.57%
Mazán 7696 12106 15250 1.79 25.97%
Napo 9361 12829 14917 0.50 16.28%
Punchana 31700 54857 73043 102.70 33.15%
Putumayo 4230 7340 9788 s/d 33.35%
T. Causana 3377 5258 6584 0.79 25.22%
Yaquerana 802 1866 2950 s/d 58.09%
276462.00 412720 506045 6.14 22.61%
Loreto Nauta 15881 26703 33918 5.36 27.02%
Parinari 7065 7918 8118 0.69 2.53%
Tigre 6764 5858 5299 0.30 -9.54%
Trompeteros 1981 4303 6157 0.46 43.09%
Urarinas 6969 9548 1018 0.06 -89.34%
38660 54330 54520 1.37 0.34%
TOTAL LORETO 406397 593922 709807 3.32 19.51%
TOTAL AMAZONAS AND 483881 704527 842504 6.28 19.58%
LORETO
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Annex 05:
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Ornamental
Bromelia
Ferns
Gingers
Heliconias
Orchids
Palms
Oleaginous
Aguaje
Ungurahui
Peanut
Pijuayo fruit
Biocides
Barbasco
Curare
Requilla (Guarea Sp.)
Fish
Boquichico
Gamitana
Dorado
Paiche
Pirapitinga
Zungaro
Plant fibers
Panama hat plant
Chambira palm
Casha vara
Piassava
Tamshi
Huambe
Colorants /
Spices
Achiote
Huito
Chile pepper
Palillo
Animal breeding
Caimans
Ronsoco
Sajino
Frogs
Insects
Macaws
Monkeys
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Industrial
Fig
Ivory palm
LATEX RESINS
Rosewood
Rubber tree
Leche caspi
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Annex 06:
Supervision
Revision
Text correction
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Consultants
Consultancy coordinator
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Annex 07:
BIO2.1- Cadena de valor de frutos del aguaje en Iquitos, Perú. Rojas Ruiz, Roberto
A
BIO2.1- Cadena de valor: el caso del pijuayo para palmito. Acosta Vega, Aldo
B
BIO2.1- Cadena de valor de una de gato y barbasco. Caritas Chachapoyas
C
BIO2.1- Producción de veneno cristalizado de serpiente en CTAR-Amazonas
D Condorcanqui, Amazonas.
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BIO4.2- Tecnología para generar valor agregado de plantas Sandoval Chacón, Manuel
A medicinales de la Amazonía Peruana, camu camu,
sangre de grado y uña de gato.
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BIO5.3- Plan de manejo sostenible del cultivo de heliconias. Meza Aguilar, Wilfredo
B
BIO5.3- Acceso y conservación del recurso paiche. Alcántara Bocanegra, Fernando
C
BIO5.3- Investigación bioalimentaria del camu camu y del aguaje Pasquel Quevedo, Antonio
D
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Annex 08:
ANNEXES