DEPENDENT

(CORRELATED) DESIGN if members of one sample can be used to determine the members of the other sample when there is a matching between the subjects in one sample and the subjects in the other samples (matched-pairs designs or correlated) e.g. husbands and wives; twins or paired with age, IQ we measure every participant more than once (repeated measures design) e.g. pretest-posttest look for changes that occur within participants as the same people are tested in different conditions (within-subjects design) e.g. causal effects (before-after) benefit of controlling for some of the extraneous factors because participants acts as their own control groups are already matched making them always equal requires fewer participants because of equality, they are better able to detect differences Dependent Designs are prone to Order Effects:
Type of Effect Practice Effect Definition Improvements in task performance due to learning or warming up. (Novice golfer hits balls more and more accurately over time of practice.) Decrease in task performance due to becoming tired or bored. The influence of a treatment or condition extends long enough to affect behavior in a subsequent condition. Can improve or impair performance. Control/Minimize Give subjects practice on the task before introducing the research conditions. Make the task as brief and interesting as possible. Allow enough time after each condition for its influence to wear off.

Fatigue Effect Carryover Effect

! Statistical analysis does not examine the original scores of participants instead, analyzes difference between scores of the two conditions hypothesis are made about the difference scores Ho = the mean difference is equal to zero Two-tailed: Ho : xd= 0 One-tailed: Ha : xd0 or xd0 Assumptions data chosen used for comparing the mean must be identical or matched subjects over a period of time or in a different circumstances. population from which the observed data is taken follows a normal distribution. The standard deviation of both the group must be approximately equal.

When to use paired t-test: When there are two samples and a within-groups design When sampling distribution is normally distributed When dependent variable is on interval or ratio scale FORMULAS:

STEPS: STEP 1; Assume the Ho and that the mean difference is zero STEP 2: Find the differences between the pair observation. STEP 3:Find the mean difference d. STEP 4: Find the Standard Deviation. STEP 5: Find the t-statistic value. STEP 6: Use the table of t-distribution and compare df. STEP 7: Make decision about the Ho. (Reject/Failure to Reject). SAMPLE PROBLEM Does attending a mixed race day camp affect childrens racial attitude? Six children attending a day camp ware given a test to measure racial prejudice (higher scores = more prejudice) when they first arrived at camp (Condition A: Before Day Camp). The same six children were given the same test later when they left camp (Condition B: After Day Camp).

EFFECT SIZE: Cohens d

From the sample problem

Attending mixed race camps greatly affects prejudice levels of children. Sample problems A researcher is interested in changes over time in happiness after a break up. He asks 6 people to complete a Happiness scale the first day after a break up and then complete the same scale again 20 days later. Higher numbers represent more happiness.

The following sets of scores were made by 10 individuals in lab experiment on perception. Is there a significant difference between the means of the distributions. Alpha level is .05.