Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 167

Validation Manual

Version 4.2

























P+Z Engineering GmbH, Munich
www.theseus-fe.com

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
II



























Legal Notices

Copyright 2012 P+Z Engineering GmbH. All Rights Reserved.

The information contained herein is the property of P+Z Engineering GmbH. Any use, copy, publication, distribution,
display, modification, or transmission of the information in whole or in part in any form or by any means without the prior
express written permission of P+Z Engineering GmbH is strictly prohibited. Except when expressly provided by P+Z
Engineering GmbH in writing, possession of this information shall not be construed to confer any license or rights under
any of P+Z Engineering GmbHs intellectual property rights, whether by estoppel, implication, or otherwise.
ALL COPIES OF THE INFORMATION, IF ALLOWED BY P+Z ENGINEERING GMBH, MUST DISPLAY THIS NOTICE
OF COPYRIGHT AND OWNERSHIP IN FULL.

THESEUS-FE is a copyright protected and registered trademark of P+Z Engineering GmbH.

All other brand and product names mentioned herein are the trademarks and registered trademarks of their respective
owners.

Printed in Germany.
June 2012
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
III
About this manual

P+Z Engineering GmbH reserves the right to make changes or improvements to the
software product described in this document without notice. P+Z Engineering GmbH
assumes no responsibility for any factual or typographical errors or omissions that may
have occurred. P+Z Engineering GmbH has however made every effort to ensure that the
information contained in this Manual is accurate.

The idea of this manual is to demonstrate the high quality of our software THESEUS-FE
by presenting a huge number of thermodynamic systems well validated with exact analytic
results, results from literature, or results achieved with our parent software tool INKA.
Additional background information can be found in the
- GUI Manual
- Keyword Manual
- Tutorial Manual
- Theory Manual
- Transformer Manual
- Oven Manual
also shipped with this release.








If you have any further questions, please contact:
P+Z Engineering GmbH
Anton-Ditt-Bogen 3
80939 Munich
Germany
Phone: +49 89 31857 466
Fax: +49 89 31857 333
To see the latest THESUES-FE software and services, please visit our web site at:
http://www.theseus-fe.com
Questions about pricing, sales, availability and general issues should be directed to:
sales@theseus-fe.com
Technical and scientific support issues should be addressed to:
support@theseus-fe.com
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
IV
Contents
CONTENTS .................................................................................................. IV
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... VII
1 ANALYTIC VALIDATIONS ...................................................................... 1
1.1 Steady State Problems .......................................................................................... 2
1.1.1 1D wall with internal heat generation .................................................................... 3
1.1.2 1D composite wall with internal heat generation and convection .......................... 5
1.1.3 Conduction through a fin (bound. cond.: temp./temp.) .......................................... 7
1.1.4 Conduction through a fin (bound. cond.: temp./adiabatic) .................................... 9
1.1.5 2D conduction in rectangular plate ..................................................................... 11
1.1.6 2D conduction in a disk (bound. cond.: temp./temp./convec.) ............................ 13
1.1.7 2D conduction in a disk (bound. cond.: temp./adiabatic./convec.) ...................... 15
1.2 Transient Solutions .............................................................................................. 17
1.2.1 1D wall cooling .................................................................................................... 18
1.2.2 Sphere heating ................................................................................................... 20
1.2.3 Cylinder heating .................................................................................................. 22
1.2.4 Infinite body with internal heat impulse ............................................................... 25
1.3 Thermal Radiation Boundary Conditions .......................................................... 28
1.3.1 Numeric view factor integration ........................................................................... 29
1.3.2 Solar short wave radiation (from sun) ................................................................. 30
1.3.3 Thermal long wave radiation (closed cavity) ....................................................... 37
1.3.4 Thermal long wave radiation (opened cavity) ..................................................... 41
2 ADVANCED CONDUCTION .................................................................. 44
2.1 Heat Bridges in Buildings ................................................................................... 45
2.1.1 Heat bridges: Example 1 .................................................................................... 46
2.1.2 Heat bridges: Example 2 .................................................................................... 48
2.1.3 Heat bridges: Example 3 .................................................................................... 50
2.1.4 Heat bridges: Example 4 .................................................................................... 52
2.2 Anisotropic Conductivity .................................................................................... 54
2.3 Temperature Dependent Conductivity ............................................................... 56
2.4 Phase Change ...................................................................................................... 58
2.5 Cylinder Radiation (open grey body cavity) ...................................................... 60
2.6 Disk Radiation ...................................................................................................... 63
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
V
2.7 Cylinder Radiation Coupled with 1D Flow ......................................................... 66
3 THESEUS-FE COMPARED WITH INKA ................................................ 70
3.1 Model a .................................................................................................................. 71
3.1.1 Linear convective airzone heating - without considering humidity (a 1) .............. 72
3.1.2 Linear convective airzone heating - considering humidity (a 2) .......................... 73
3.1.3 Linear convective airzone cooling - considering humidity (a 3) ........................... 74
3.1.4 Non-linear convective airzone heating - without considering humidity (a 4) ....... 76
3.1.5 Sun heating airzone - without considering humidity (a 5) ................................... 77
3.1.6 Sun heating airzone - without considering humidity (a 6) ................................... 78
3.1.7 Airzone heated by ventilation FVT (a 7) .............................................................. 79
3.1.8 Airzone heated by ventilation RVT (a 8) ............................................................. 81
3.1.9 Airzone cooled by ventilation RVT (a 9) .............................................................. 82
3.1.10 Airzone heated by ventilation RET (a 10) ........................................................... 84
3.1.11 Airzone cooled by ventilation HRET (a 11) ......................................................... 85
3.1.12 Airzone heated by inverse mode ventilation FAT (a 12) ..................................... 87
3.1.13 Airzone cooled by inverse mode ventilation RAT (a 13) ..................................... 89
3.2 Model b ................................................................................................................. 92
3.2.1 Glass transmission without refraction (b 1) ......................................................... 93
3.2.2 Glass transmission with refraction (b 2) .............................................................. 95
3.3 Model c .................................................................................................................. 96
3.3.1 Box with glas roof (c1) ........................................................................................ 97
4 MANIKIN FIALA-FE VALIDATIONS .................................................... 99
4.1 Passive System Validation ................................................................................ 100
4.1.1 Spherical body element .................................................................................... 101
4.1.2 Cylindr. body element with metabolism and blood perfusion (1) ....................... 104
4.1.3 Cylindr. body element with metabolism and blood perfusion (2) ....................... 106
4.1.4 Dead man in a cold environment (10C) ........................................................... 108
4.2 Thermal Neutrality Validation ........................................................................... 110
4.2.1 Naked Manikin .................................................................................................. 111
4.2.2 Clothed Manikin ................................................................................................ 113
4.3 Active System Validation .................................................................................. 114
4.3.1 Cooling at 5C (1) ............................................................................................. 115
4.3.2 Cooling at 5C (2) ............................................................................................. 118
4.3.3 Cool environment at 13C ................................................................................. 122
4.3.4 Cool environment at 15C ................................................................................. 124
4.3.5 Changing environment 28-18-28C .................................................................. 126
4.3.6 Changing environment 28-33-28C .................................................................. 129
4.3.7 Changing environment 18-42-18C .................................................................. 132
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
VI
4.3.8 Changing environment 28-48-28C .................................................................. 134
4.3.9 Changing activity in a cold environment at 10C............................................... 137
4.3.10 Stepwise changing activity in a warm environment at 30C .............................. 139
4.3.11 Cool environment at 10C ................................................................................. 141
4.3.12 Changing environment 43-17-43C .................................................................. 145
4.3.13 Naked manikin - 1 hr exposure - wide range of environmental conditions ........ 148
4.3.14 Clothed manikin - 3 hr exposure - wide range of environmental conditions ...... 150
4.4 Thermal Comfort Validation .............................................................................. 152
4.4.1 Thermal comfort at changing bound. cond.: neutral-cold-neutral ...................... 153
4.4.2 Thermal comfort at changing bound. cond.: neutral-hot-neutral ....................... 154
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 155

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
VII
List of figures

Fig. 1-1: Wall with heat generation system ....................................................................... 3
Fig. 1-2: Wall with heat generation - results ......................................................................... 4
Fig. 1-3: Composite wall with heat generation system ...................................................... 5
Fig. 1-4: Composite wall with heat generation - results ....................................................... 6
Fig. 1-5: Conduction through a fin with temp/temp BC system ......................................... 7
Fig. 1-6: Conduction through a fin with temp/temp BC results .......................................... 8
Fig. 1-7: Conduction through a fin with temp/adiabatic BC system ................................... 9
Fig. 1-8: Conduction through a fin with temp/adiabatic BC - results .................................. 10
Fig. 1-9: Rectangular plate conduction system ............................................................... 11
Fig. 1-10: Rectangular plate conduction - results at x = 0.0833 and x = 0.5 ...................... 12
Fig. 1-11: Rectangular plate conduction contour plot (temperature) ............................... 12
Fig. 1-12: Conduction in a disk system ........................................................................... 13
Fig. 1-13: Conduction in a disk temp. vs. Radius ............................................................ 14
Fig. 1-14: Conduction in a disk contour plot (temperature) ............................................. 14
Fig. 1-15: Conduction in a disk system ........................................................................... 15
Fig. 1-16: Conduction in a disk temp. vs. Radius ............................................................ 16
Fig. 1-17: Conduction in a disk contour plot (temperature) ............................................. 16
Fig. 1-18: Cooling of wall system .................................................................................... 18
Fig. 1-19: Cooling of wall - FE model ................................................................................. 18
Fig. 1-21: Results ............................................................................................................... 19
Fig. 1-23: Sphere heating system ................................................................................... 20
Fig. 1-24: Sphere heating time dep. results at center node ............................................ 21
Fig. 1-25: Sphere heating contour plot (temperature) at t = 600s ................................... 21
Fig. 1-26: Cylinder heating system ................................................................................. 22
Fig. 1-27: Cylinder heating results for core & skin (t = 0..300s) ...................................... 23
Fig. 1-28: Cylinder heating results for core & skin (t = 0..22500s) .................................. 23
Fig. 1-29: Cylinder heating contour plot (temperatur) ..................................................... 24
Fig. 1-30: Cylinder heating contour plot (convective heat flux density) ........................... 24
Fig. 1-31: Internal heat impulse system .......................................................................... 25
Fig. 1-32: Internal heat impulse results at t = 20 & 100s ................................................. 26
Fig. 1-33: Internal heat impulse time dep. results at R = 0 .............................................. 26
Fig. 1-34: Internal heat impulse contour plots (temperature) .......................................... 27
Fig. 1-35: V21 system (closed cavity) ............................................................................. 28
Fig. 1-36: V21 viewfactors ............................................................................................... 29
Fig. 1-37: V21 solar heating ............................................................................................ 30
Fig. 1-38: THESEUS-FE shell group results stored in the hdf file ...................................... 31
Fig. 1-39: V21 elementwise solar heatflux densities from THESEUS-FE (black body
cavity) ......................................................................................................................... 32
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
VIII
Fig. 1-40: V21 interior diffuse transmittance and reflectance .......................................... 33
Fig. 1-41: V21 results with and without interior diffuse transmittance and reflectance ... 33
Fig. 1-42: V21 global energy balance for the BB-Cavity (I
df
=0) ....................................... 34
Fig. 1-43: V21 global energy balance for the PSDGB-Cavity (I
df
=0) ............................... 34
Fig. 1-44: V21 global energy balance for the BB-Cavity (I
df
=100W/m2) .......................... 35
Fig. 1-45: V21 global energy balance for the PSDGB-Cavity (I
df
=100W/m2) .................. 35
Fig. 1-46: V21 global energy balance for the GB-Cavity (I
df
=100W/m2) ......................... 36
Fig. 1-47: V21 temperature boundary conditions for long wave radiation heat exchange
.................................................................................................................................... 37
Fig. 1-48: THESEUS-FE shell group results stored in the hdf file ...................................... 38
Fig. 1-49: V21 coarse mesh comparison between results (with and without reflection) .. 39
Fig. 1-50: V21 fine mesh comparison between results (with and without reflection) ....... 40
Fig. 1-51: V21 interior diffuse reflectance of long wave radiation .................................... 40
Fig. 1-52: V21 temperature boundary conditions for long wave radiation heat exchange
.................................................................................................................................... 41
Fig. 1-53: THESEUS-FE shell group results stored in the hdf file ...................................... 42
Fig. 1-54: V21 fine mesh comparison between results (with and without reflection) ....... 43
Fig. 1-55: V21 fine mesh view factor sum for elements of a closed cavity ...................... 43
Fig. 2-1: T-shaped heat bridge with boundary conditions .................................................. 46
Fig. 2-2: T-shaped heat bridge THESEUS-FE results ....................................................... 47
Fig. 2-3: Right-angle heat bridge with boundary conditions ............................................... 48
Fig. 2-4: Right-angle heat bridge THESEUS-FE results ................................................... 49
Fig. 2-5: Right-angle heat bridge 2 with boundary conditions ............................................ 50
Fig. 2-6: Right-angle heat bridge 2 THESEUS-FE results ................................................ 51
Fig. 2-7: 3D heat bridge with boundary conditions. All units are specified in cm ................ 52
Fig. 2-8: 3D heat bridge THESEUS-FE results ................................................................. 53
Fig. 2-9: Anisotropic plate with boundary conditions .......................................................... 54
Fig. 2-10: Anisotropic plate THESEUS-FE results compared with literature results.......... 55
Fig. 2-11: Variable heat conductivity model with boundary conditions ............................... 56
Fig. 2-12: THESEUS-FE results compared with isotropic lines from literature .................. 57
Fig. 2-13: Phase Change model with boundary conditions ................................................ 58
Fig. 2-14: Table for assigning material property specific heat ............................................ 58
Fig. 2-15: Phase change: THESEUS-FE results ............................................................... 59
Fig. 2-16: Phase change: Comparison of FE results with analytical solution at x = 1 ........ 59
Fig. 2-17: Cylinder Radiation example with boundary conditions ....................................... 60
Fig. 2-18: Cylinder Radiation: THESEUS-FE results ........................................................ 61
Fig. 2-19: Cylinder Radiation: THESEUS-FE results ........................................................... 62
Fig. 2-20: Disk .................................................................................................................... 63
Fig. 2-21: Fin Radiation: THESEUS-FE temperature results ............................................ 64
Fig. 2-22: Fin Radiation: THESEUS-FE radiation per element results ................................. 65
Fig. 2-23: Cylinder Radiation with 1D flow example: boundary conditions ......................... 66
Fig. 2-24: Radiation Cylinder with 1D Flow: Theory discription .......................................... 67
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
IX
Fig. 2-25: Radiation Cylinder with 1D Flow: Comparison with results from literature ......... 68
Fig. 2-26: Radiation Cylinder with 1D Flow: Field Results from Literature ......................... 69
Fig. 3-1: Model a 1 system .............................................................................................. 72
Fig. 3-2: Model a 1 - airzone temperature .......................................................................... 72
Fig. 3-3: Model a 2 system .............................................................................................. 73
Fig. 3-4: Model a 2 - airzone temperature .......................................................................... 73
Fig. 3-5: Model a 3 system .............................................................................................. 74
Fig. 3-6: Model a 3 - airzone absolute humidity ................................................................. 74
Fig. 3-7: Model a 3 - airzone temperature .......................................................................... 75
Fig. 3-8: Model a 4 system .............................................................................................. 76
Fig. 3-9: Model a 4 - airzone temperature .......................................................................... 76
Fig. 3-10: Model a 5 system ............................................................................................ 77
Fig. 3-11: Model a 5 - airzone temperature ........................................................................ 77
Fig. 3-12: Model a 6 - system ............................................................................................ 78
Fig. 3-13: Model a 6 - airzone temperature ........................................................................ 78
Fig. 3-14: Model a 7 system ............................................................................................ 79
Fig. 3-15: Model a 7 - airzone temperature ........................................................................ 79
Fig. 3-16: Model a 7 - airzone absolute humidity ............................................................... 80
Fig. 3-17: Model a 8 system ............................................................................................ 81
Fig. 3-18: Model a 8 - airzone temperature ........................................................................ 81
Fig. 3-19: Model a 9 system ............................................................................................ 82
Fig. 3-20: Model a 9 - airzone absolute humidity ............................................................... 82
Fig. 3-21: Model a 9 - airzone relative humidity ................................................................. 83
Fig. 3-22: Model a 9 - airzone temperature ........................................................................ 83
Fig. 3-23: Model a 10 - system .......................................................................................... 84
Fig. 3-24: Model a 10 - airzone temperature ...................................................................... 84
Fig. 3-25: Model a 11 - system .......................................................................................... 85
Fig. 3-26: Model a 11 ventilation HRET .......................................................................... 85
Fig. 3-27: Model a 11 airzone temperature ..................................................................... 86
Fig. 3-28: Model a 11 - airzone relative humidity ............................................................... 86
Fig. 3-29: Model a 12 system .......................................................................................... 87
Fig. 3-30: Model a 12 - ventilation outlet temperature (T
out1
) ............................................. 87
Fig. 3-31: Airzone relative humidity .................................................................................... 88
Fig. 3-32: Mode a 13 - system ........................................................................................... 89
Fig. 3-33: Model a 13 - temperature at ventilation outlet .................................................... 89
Fig. 3-34: Model a 14 abs. humidity at the ventilation outlet ........................................... 90
Fig. 3-35: Model a 13 rel. humidity at the ventilation outlet ............................................. 90
Fig. 3-36: Model a 13 airzone abs. humidity ................................................................... 90
Fig. 3-37: Model a 13 airzone rel. Humidity .................................................................... 91
Fig. 3-38: Model b 1 system ............................................................................................ 93
Fig. 3-39: Model b 1 airzone temperature ....................................................................... 94
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
X
Fig. 3-40: Model b 1 system ............................................................................................ 95
Fig. 3-41: Model b 1 airzone temperature ....................................................................... 95
Fig. 3-42: Model c 1 system ............................................................................................ 97
Fig. 3-43: Model c 1 airzone temperature ....................................................................... 98
Fig. 3-44: Model c 1 FE temperatures (inside, t = 500s) ................................................. 98
Fig. 4-1: Tissue temperature, radius 4.0 cm .................................................................... 102
Fig. 4-2: Tissue temperature, radius 7.5 cm .................................................................... 102
Fig. 4-3: Tissue temperature, radius 10.3 cm .................................................................. 103
Fig. 4-4: Tissue temperature, radius 2.20 cm .................................................................. 105
Fig. 4-5: Tissue temperature, radius 4.93 cm .................................................................. 105
Fig. 4-6: Tissue temperature, radius 5.48 cm .................................................................. 105
Fig. 4-7: Tissue temperature, radius 5.48 cm .................................................................. 107
Fig. 4-8: Dead man rectal temp. vs time ....................................................................... 108
Fig. 4-9: Dead man temperature distribution vs radius ................................................. 109
Fig. 4-10: Thermo-neutral with KSU uniform .................................................................... 113
Fig. 4-11: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 115
Fig. 4-12: Metabolism ...................................................................................................... 116
Fig. 4-13: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 116
Fig. 4-14: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 117
Fig. 4-15:Time dep. boundary cond.: ambient air temperature and relative humidity ...... 118
Fig. 4-16: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 119
Fig. 4-17: Metabolism ...................................................................................................... 119
Fig. 4-18: Forehead temperature ..................................................................................... 119
Fig. 4-19: Leg temperature .............................................................................................. 120
Fig. 4-20: Chest temperature ........................................................................................... 120
Fig. 4-21: Arm temperature .............................................................................................. 120
Fig. 4-22: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 121
Fig. 4-23: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 122
Fig. 4-24: Metabolism ...................................................................................................... 123
Fig. 4-25: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 123
Fig. 4-26: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 125
Fig. 4-27: Metabolism ...................................................................................................... 125
Fig. 4-28: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 125
Fig. 4-29: Time dependent boundary conditions: ambient air temperature ...................... 127
Fig. 4-30: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 127
Fig. 4-31: Metabolism ...................................................................................................... 128
Fig. 4-32: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 128
Fig. 4-33: Time dep. boundary cond.: ambient air temperature and relative humidity ..... 129
Fig. 4-34: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 130
Fig. 4-35: Evaporation heat loss ...................................................................................... 130
Fig. 4-36: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 131
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
XI
Fig. 4-37: Time dependent boundary conditions: ambient air temperature ...................... 132
Fig. 4-38: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 133
Fig. 4-39: Evaporation heat loss ...................................................................................... 133
Fig. 4-40: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 133
Fig. 4-41: Time dep. boundary cond.: ambient air temperature and relative humidity ..... 135
Fig. 4-42: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 135
Fig. 4-43: Evaporation heat loss ...................................................................................... 136
Fig. 4-44: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 136
Fig. 4-45: Time dependent boundary conditions: activity ................................................. 137
Fig. 4-46: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 138
Fig. 4-47: Weight loss ...................................................................................................... 138
Fig. 4-48: Oesophageal temperature ............................................................................... 138
Fig. 4-49: Time dependent boundary conditions: activity ................................................. 139
Fig. 4-50: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 140
Fig. 4-51: Skin evaporation .............................................................................................. 140
Fig. 4-52: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 140
Fig. 4-53: Time dependent boundary conditions: ambient air temperature ...................... 142
Fig. 4-54: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 142
Fig. 4-55: Metabolism ...................................................................................................... 143
Fig. 4-56: Shoulder temperature ...................................................................................... 143
Fig. 4-57: Arm temperature .............................................................................................. 143
Fig. 4-58: Abdomen temperature ..................................................................................... 144
Fig. 4-59: Deviation from inital value ................................................................................ 144
Fig. 4-60: Time dependent boundary conditions: ambient air temperature ...................... 145
Fig. 4-61: Mean skin temperature .................................................................................... 146
Fig. 4-62: Metabolism ...................................................................................................... 146
Fig. 4-63: Rectal temperature .......................................................................................... 146
Fig. 4-64: Evaporation...................................................................................................... 147
Fig. 4-65: Mean skin temperature, after 1hr exposure at different amb. Temperatures ... 148
Fig. 4-66: Extra metabolism, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures ........ 149
Fig. 4-67: Rectal temperature, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures ...... 149
Fig. 4-68: Evaporation, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures ................. 149
Fig. 4-69: Skin blood flow, after 3hr expos. at diff. amb. temp. (rh = 85%) ...................... 150
Fig. 4-70: Skin evaporation, after 3hr expos. at diff. amb. temp. (rh = 85%) .................... 151
Fig. 4-71: Hypothal. temp., after 3hr expos. at diff. amb. temp. (rh = 85%) ..................... 151
Fig. 4-72: Mean skin temperature, after 3hr expos. at diff. amb. temp. (rh = 85%) .......... 151
Fig. 4-73: Comparison of comfort indices ........................................................................ 153
Fig. 4-74: Comparison of comfort indices ........................................................................ 154


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
1
1 Analytic Validations
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
2
1.1 Steady State Problems
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
3
1.1.1 1D wall with internal heat generation
System


Fig. 1-1: Wall with heat generation system

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
Q 650 W / m Heat generation
k 0.79 W / m*K Conductivity
L 1 m Thickness
T1 = T2 20 C Temperature boundary condition
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_1_1.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem description
Wall with internal heat generation Q has temperature boundary conditions T
1
and T
2
. This
is a steady state, 1D problem. The exact analytic solution is given in [14].
THESEUS-FE model
1 quad shell element (PSHELL3) with 1 layer and 3 discretization points.
T
1
X
T
2
Q, k
L
System & boundary . cond .:
X
L
THESEUS - FE model :
adiabatic
adiabatic
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
4
Results

Fig. 1-2: Wall with heat generation - results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
5
1.1.2 1D composite wall with internal heat generation and convection
System



Fig. 1-3: Composite wall with heat generation system

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
Q 1.5E6 W / m Heat generation
k1 75 W / m*K Conductivity in left layer
L1 0.05 m Thickness in left layer
k2 150 W / m*K Conductivity in right layer
L2 0.02 m Thickness in right layer
h 1000 W / m
2
*K Convective heat transfer coefficient
T 30 C Ambient temperature
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_1_2.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem description
A two layer composite wall with heat generation in the first layer is modelled. The
composite wall is adiabatic on one side and has convection boundary condition on the
other.
The exact analytic solution for the temperature distribution is given in [14].
THESEUS-FE model
1 quad shell element (PSHELL3) with 2 layers and 3 discretization points per layer.
X
T

, h
Q
1
, k
1
L
1
k
2
L
2
adiabatic
X
L
1
L
2
System & boundary . cond .: THESEUS - FE model :
adiabatic
adiabatic
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
6
Results

Fig. 1-4: Composite wall with heat generation - results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
7
1.1.3 Conduction through a fin (bound. cond.: temp./temp.)
System

X
T
2
T
1
k
L
w
X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
T

, h

Fig. 1-5: Conduction through a fin with temp/temp BC system

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 81 W / m*K Conductivity
L 0.833 m Length
w 0.083 m Width
h 100 W / m
2
*K Convective heat transfer coefficient
T 20 C Ambient temperature
T1 100 C Left side temperature boundary condition
T2 20 C Right side temperature boundary condition
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_1_3.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem description
A 1D fin is modeled with temperature boundary conditions at both ends and convection on
the top and bottom surfaces. The depth of the beam is 0.05m.The temperature distribution
is plotted along the length of the beam.
The exact analytic solution is given in [14].
THESEUS-FE model
12 PSHELL3 elements are used to model the beam, each with 1 layer and 2 discretization
points in the depth direction to represent the top and bottom surfaces. The length of the FE
model is longer than the actual length, to set boundary conditions on the 1
st
and 12
th

element. Convection boundary condition is assigned to the top and bottom of elements 2
through 11.
Comment
Convection that would take place on the sides of the fin (in the depth direction) was not
accounted for in the FE model and is also ignored in the analytic solution.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
8
Results
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
Distance [m]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Analytical

Fig. 1-6: Conduction through a fin with temp/temp BC results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
9
1.1.4 Conduction through a fin (bound. cond.: temp./adiabatic)
System


X
T
1
k
L
w
X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
a
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
T

, h

Fig. 1-7: Conduction through a fin with temp/adiabatic BC system


System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 81 W / m*K Conductivity
L 0.833 m Length
w 0.083 m Width
h 100 W / m
2
*K Convective heat transfer coefficient
T 20 C Ambient temperature
T1 100 C Left side temperature boundary condition
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_1_4.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Problem description
A 1D fin is modelled with temperature boundary conditions at one end, insulated at the
other and convection on the top and bottom surfaces. The depth of the beam is 0.05m.The
temperature distribution is plotted along the length of the beam.
The exact analytic solution is given in [14].

THESEUS-FE model
12 PSHELL3 elements are used to model the beam, each with1 layer and 2 discretization
points in the depth direction to represent the top and bottom surfaces. The length of the FE
model is longer than the actual length, to set temperature boundary condition on the 1
st

element and convection with heat transfer coeff. = 0 on the12
th
element. Convection
boundary condition is assigned to the top and bottom of elements 2-11.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
10
Results
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
Distance [m]
T
[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Analytical

Fig. 1-8: Conduction through a fin with temp/adiabatic BC - results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
11
1.1.5 2D conduction in rectangular plate
System

X
T
2
T
1
k
L
Y
w
T
1
T
1
Group 4
Group 2
G
r
o
u
p

3
G
r
o
u
p

1
Group 5
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
w

Fig. 1-9: Rectangular plate conduction system


System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 81 W / m*K Conductivity
L 0.833 m Length
w 0.83 m Width
T1 100 C Temperature boundary condition
T2 20 C Temperature boundary condition
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_1_5.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Problem description
A 2D rectangle is modelled with temperature boundary conditions on all 4 sides.
The exact analytic solution is given in [13].

THESEUS-FE model
12*12 PSHELL3 elements are used to model the rectangle; each with 1 layer and 2
discretization points in the depth direction to represent the top and bottom surfaces. The
length and width of the FE model are longer than the actual length, to set temperature
boundary condition on the faces of groups 1 through 4. Group 5 represents the domain in
which temperature is calculated as a function of position.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
12
Results
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
Distance [m]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE: x=0.0833
Analytical: x=0.0833
THESEUS-FE: x= 0.5
Analytical: x= 0.5

Fig. 1-10: Rectangular plate conduction - results at x = 0.0833 and x = 0.5




Fig. 1-11: Rectangular plate conduction contour plot (temperature)



THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
13
1.1.6 2D conduction in a disk (bound. cond.: temp./temp./convec.)
System


k
T
1
R
in
R
out
0
T
1
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
R
in
R
out 0
T

, h

Fig. 1-12: Conduction in a disk system


System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 81 W / m*K Conductivity
Rin 0.065 m Inner radius
Rout 0.185 m Outer radius
T1 50 C Temperature on inner/outer edge
h 100 W / m
2
*K Convective heat transfer coefficient
T 20 C Ambiant temperature
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_1_6.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem description
A 2D disk with a hole of radius 0.065m is modelled with temperature boundary conditions
specified at the inner and outer edges. Convective boundary conditions hold for the rest of
the disc.
The exact analytic solution is given in [13].

THESEUS-FE model
3 different groups are used to model the disk, each element is a PSHELL3 with 1 layer and
2 discretization points in the depth direction to represent the top and bottom surfaces. The
inner and outer radius of the FE model are longer than the actual length, and are used to
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
14
set boundary condition on the faces of groups 1 and 3. Group 2 represents the domain in
which temperature is calculated as a function of position.
Results
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Radius [m]
T
[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Analytical

Fig. 1-13: Conduction in a disk temp. vs. Radius



Fig. 1-14: Conduction in a disk contour plot (temperature)


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
15
1.1.7 2D conduction in a disk (bound. cond.:
temp./adiabatic./convec.)
System

k
T
1
R
in
R
out
0
adiabatic
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
R
in
R
out 0
T

, h

Fig. 1-15: Conduction in a disk system

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 81 W / m*K Conductivity
Rin 0.065 m Inner radius
Rout 0.185 m Outer radius
T1 50 C Temperature on inner edge
h 100 W / m
2
*K Convective heat transfer coefficient
T 20 C Ambiant temperature
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_1_7.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Problem description
A 2D disk with a hole of radius 0.065m is modelled with temperature boundary condition
specified on the inner edge, and adiabatic condition on the outer edge. Convective
boundary conditions hold for the rest of the disc.
The exact analytic solution is given in [13].

THESEUS-FE model
3 different groups are used to model the disk, each element is a PSHELL3 with 1 layer and
2 discretization points in the depth direction to represent the top and bottom surfaces. The
inner and outer radius of the FE model are shorter and longer than the actual lengths, and
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
16
are used for applying the boundary conditions (group 1 and 3). Group 2 represents the
domain on which temperature is calculated as a function of position.
Results
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Radius [m]
T
[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Analytical

Fig. 1-16: Conduction in a disk temp. vs. Radius


Fig. 1-17: Conduction in a disk contour plot (temperature)


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
17
1.2 Transient Solutions
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
18
1.2.1 1D wall cooling
System
T
1
X
T
1
T
0
,c, k
L
System & boundary. cond.:
adiabatic
adiabatic

Fig. 1-18: Cooling of wall system

Fig. 1-19: Cooling of wall - FE model
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 81 W / m*K Conductivity
7860 kg / m
3
Density
c 452 J / kg*K Heat capacitance
L 0.1 m Thickness
T1 20 C Temperature boundary conditions
T0 50 C Initial temperature
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_2_1.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

X
L
THESEUS - FE model:
5 layers, 3 disc.
points per layer
X
L
THESEUS - FE
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
19
Problem description
A 1D wall with initial temperature T
0
is modeled as it cools to the temperature specified on
the boundary.
The exact analytic solution is given in [14].
THESEUS-FE model
Problem was modeled with PSHELL3 elements, 5 layers with 3 nodes per layer.
Results
model b
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Thickness [m]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE: t= 1s
Analytical: t= 1s
THESEUS-FE: t= 5s
Analytical: t= 5s

Fig. 1-20: Results

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
20
1.2.2 Sphere heating
System
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
R 0
adiabatic
T
0
, k, c
adiabatic
R
T

, h
T

, h

Fig. 1-21: Sphere heating system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 50 W / m*K Conductivity
8000 kg / m Density
c 500 J / kg*K Heat capacitance
R 0.05 m Radius
h 100 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
T 100 C Ambient temperature
T0 20 C Initial temperature
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_2_2.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Problem description
A sphere with initial temperature T
0
is modeled as it warms to the convective ambient
temperature over time.
The exact analytic solution is given in [15].
THESEUS-FE model
Problem was modeled with 3 groups; group 1 is the center face (PSHELL3) where
adiabatic boundary condition is applied, group 2 is the outer shell (PSHELL3) where
convection is applied and group 3 is the inner solid comprised of HEXA elements.


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
21
Results

20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Analytical

Fig. 1-22: Sphere heating time dep. results at center node


Fig. 1-23: Sphere heating contour plot (temperature) at t = 600s
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
22
1.2.3 Cylinder heating
System

System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
R
T
0
, k, c
adiabatic
cutting plane
core
point 1
skin
point 2
T

, h
T

, h

Fig. 1-24: Cylinder heating system

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 58 W / m*K Conductivity
8000 kg / m
3
Density
c 545 J / kg*K Heat capacitance
L 0.2 m Length
R 0.1 m Radius
h 20 W / m
2
*K Convective heat transfer coefficient
T 800 C Ambient temperature
T0 25 C Initial temperature
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_2_3.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem description
A cylinder with initial temperature T
0
is modeled as it warms to the convective ambient
temperature over time.
The exact analytic solution is given in [15].
THESEUS-FE model
Problem was modeled with 3 groups; group 1 is the center face (PSHELL3) where
adiabatic boundary condition is applied, group 2 is the outer shell (PSHELL3) where
convection is applied and group 3 is the inner solid comprised of HEXA elements.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
23

Results
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE: Core Temp.
Analytical Solution: Core Temp
THESEUS-FE: Skin Temp
Analytical Solution: Skin Temp

Fig. 1-25: Cylinder heating results for core & skin (t = 0..300s)

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE: Core Temp
Analytical Solution: Core Temp
THESEUS-FE: Skin Temp
Analytical Solution: Skin Temp

Fig. 1-26: Cylinder heating results for core & skin (t = 0..22500s)




THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
24
t = 200sec
t = 300sec
t = 600sec t = 100sec t = 200sec
t = 300sec
t = 600sec t = 100sec

Fig. 1-27: Cylinder heating contour plot (temperatur)





t = 200sec
t = 300sec t = 600sec t = 100sec t = 200sec
t = 300sec t = 600sec t = 100sec

Fig. 1-28: Cylinder heating contour plot (convective heat flux density)


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
25
1.2.4 Infinite body with internal heat impulse
System

System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
R
T
0
, , k, c
E
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
R
T
0
, , k, c
E

Fig. 1-29: Internal heat impulse system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 50 W / m*K Conductivity
10000 kg / m Density
c 500 J / kg*K Heat capacitance
L 0.6 m Length
R 0.3 m Radius
E 22643.38 J Initial energy input
T0 0 C Initial temperature
THESEUS-FE file Example_1_2_4.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Problem description
A cylinder under a Dirac internal heat impulse is modeled.
The exact analytic solution is given in [15].

THESEUS-FE model
The problem was modeled with 2 groups. The heat impulse is applied on group 1, an
internal PSHELL3 mesh of area 2.26E-5 m2 over a time period of 1 second. Group 2 Is a
solid element mesh and serves as the body of the cylinder. The cylinder is large enough
as to represent an infinite solid for the point load.

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
26
Results

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Radius [m]
T

[

C
]
Analytical (t=100sec)
Analytical (t=20sec)
THESEUS-FE (t=100sec)
THESEUS-FE (t=20sec)

Fig. 1-30: Internal heat impulse results at t = 20 & 100s

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 100 1000
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE (R=0)
Analytical (R=0)

Fig. 1-31: Internal heat impulse time dep. results at R = 0



THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
27
t = 20sec t = 40sec
t = 60sec t = 80sec
t = 100sec t = 200sec
1C
0C
T
core
= 37.4C
T
core
= 7.0C
T
core
= 3.3C T
core
= 1.1C
T
core
= 4.5C
T
core
= 13.0C
t = 20sec t = 40sec
t = 60sec t = 80sec
t = 100sec t = 200sec
1C
0C
T
core
= 37.4C
T
core
= 7.0C
T
core
= 3.3C T
core
= 1.1C
T
core
= 4.5C
T
core
= 13.0C

Fig. 1-32: Internal heat impulse contour plots (temperature)
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
28
1.3 Thermal Radiation Boundary Conditions
System

Fig. 1-33: V21 system (closed cavity)

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
29
1.3.1 Numeric view factor integration
For the closed radiation cavity shown in Fig. 1-33 view factors from THESEUS-FE 3.0
have been compared with some analytic results. Both results are shown in Fig. 1-34.

Fig. 1-34: V21 viewfactors
THESEUS-FE file: Example_1_3_1.tfe
THESEUS-FE results: Example_1_3_1.rpt

In the tfe-file the Keyword VFCTRL that controls the view factor calculation is omitted.
Thats why THESEUS-FE uses default settings:
#facets s 10000 VF_MTH=S2S, INT_MTH=ADAPTIVE
The (adaptive) surface-to-surface method for view factor calculation does not deal with
partial shading. Partially shaded relations between facets in the matrix above get the view
factor 0 as long as the element midpoint connection is interrupted by other elements. To
consider the phenomenon of partial shading more realistic it is recommended to apply the
hemi-sphere (VF_MTH=HS) or hemi-cube method (VF_MTH=HC) together with a high
refinement level: e.g. RFL=5 and SUBELM=5.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 VFSUM:
1 0,0000 0,1401 0,0155 0,0161 0,0686 0,0161 0,0000 0,0000 0,0213 0,0155 0,1401 0,0000 0,0441 0,0441 0,1018 0,0892 0,0000 0,0000 0,2794 0,0213 0,0140 1,02713
0,0000 0,1401 0,0155 0,0213 0,0155 0,1401 0,0442 0,0442 0,1018 0,0892 0,2793 0,0213 0,0140 1,00000
2 0,1752 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0271 0,0338 0,0000 0,0000 0,0385 0,0336 0,1001 0,0551 0,0000 0,0709 0,0551 0,0936 0,0000 0,0000 0,2749 0,0385 0,0122 1,00866
0,1751 0,0000 0,0386 0,0336 0,1001 0,0552 0,0709 0,0552 0,0936 0,2748 0,0386 0,0122 1,00000
3 0,0387 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0673 0,0901 0,0000 0,0000 0,2116 0,0563 0,0673 0,0286 0,0000 0,0497 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0768 0,2116 0,0768 0,97474
0,0387 0,0000 0,2116 0,0562 0,0673 0,0497 0,0772 0,2116 0,0772 1,00000
4 0,0134 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,2566 0,1374 0,1353 0,0740 0,0211 0,0300 0,0225 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0363 0,0130 0,0341 0,2198 0,99350
0,0000 0,2565 0,1374 0,1353 0,0741 0,0213 0,0363 0,0130 0,0341 0,2197 1,00000
5 0,0343 0,0109 0,0135 0,1540 0,0000 0,1540 0,1843 0,1315 0,0000 0,0135 0,0109 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0304 0,0304 0,0217 0,0269 0,1843 1,00022
0,1539 0,0000 0,1539 0,1842 0,1315 0,0852 0,0303 0,0303 0,0217 0,0269 0,1842 1,00000
6 0,0134 0,0225 0,0300 0,1374 0,2566 0,0000 0,1353 0,0740 0,0211 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0363 0,0000 0,0130 0,0341 0,2198 0,99350
0,1374 0,2565 0,0000 0,1353 0,0741 0,0211 0,0363 0,0130 0,0341 0,2197 1,00000
7 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,1015 0,2304 0,1015 0,0000 0,1746 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0828 0,0828 0,0000 0,0585 0,1709 1,00296
0,1015 0,2303 0,1015 0,0000 0,1746 0,0828 0,0828 0,1709 1,00000
8 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0888 0,2630 0,0888 0,2794 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0954 0,0954 0,0000 0,0000 0,0892 1,00005
0,0889 0,2630 0,0889 0,2793 0,0000 0,0954 0,0954 0,0892 1,00000
9 0,0266 0,0385 0,1058 0,0316 0,0000 0,0316 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,1058 0,0384 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,1686 0,2436 0,1686 0,95921
0,0266 0,0386 0,1058 0,0320 0,2130 0,0316 0,0000 0,1058 0,0386 0,1686 0,2436 0,1686 1,00000
10 0,0387 0,0673 0,0563 0,0901 0,0673 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,2116 0,0000 0,0000 0,0286 0,0497 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0768 0,2116 0,0768 0,97470
0,0387 0,0673 0,0562 0,0000 0,0772 0,2116 0,0772 1,00000
11 0,1752 0,1001 0,0336 0,0338 0,0271 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0384 0,0000 0,0000 0,0551 0,0709 0,0000 0,0551 0,0936 0,0000 0,0000 0,2749 0,0385 0,0122 1,00854
0,1751 0,1001 0,0336 0,0386 0,0000 0,0552 0,0709 0,0552 0,0936 0,2748 0,0386 0,0122 1,00000
12 0,0000 0,0441 0,0114 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0114 0,0441 0,0000 0,1401 0,1401 0,1612 0,2794 0,0000 0,0000 0,0892 0,0325 0,0294 0,98299
0,0442 0,0442 0,0000 0,1401 0,1401 0,1612 0,2793 0,0892 0,0325 1,00000
13 0,0551 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0249 0,0709 0,1752 0,0000 0,1001 0,1752 0,2749 0,0000 0,0000 0,0936 0,0289 0,0000 0,99864
0,0552 0,0709 0,1751 0,0000 0,1001 0,1751 0,2748 0,0936 1,00000
14 0,0551 0,0709 0,0249 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,1752 0,1001 0,0000 0,1752 0,2749 0,0000 0,0000 0,0936 0,0289 0,0000 0,99864
0,0552 0,0709 0,0249 0,1751 0,1001 0,0000 0,1751 0,2748 0,0936 1,00000
15 0,1018 0,0441 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0441 0,1612 0,1401 0,1401 0,0000 0,2794 0,0000 0,0000 0,0892 0,0000 0,0000 1,00003
0,1018 0,0442 0,0442 0,1612 0,1401 0,1401 0,0000 0,2793 0,0892 1,00000
16 0,0558 0,0468 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0468 0,1746 0,1375 0,1375 0,1746 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,1709 0,0585 0,0000 1,00293
0,0558 0,0468 0,0468 0,1746 0,1374 0,1374 0,1746 0,0000 0,1709 1,00000
17 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,1519 0,1088 0,3312 0,2385 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0540 0,0000 0,0326 0,0776 0,99450
0,1517 0,1088 0,3312 0,2384 0,0000 0,0540 0,0776 1,00000
18 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,1088 0,1519 0,0000 0,3312 0,2385 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0540 0,0000 0,0000 0,0326 0,0776 0,99450
0,1088 0,1517 0,3312 0,2384 0,0540 0,0000 0,0776 1,00000
19 0,1746 0,1375 0,0192 0,0098 0,0271 0,0098 0,0000 0,0000 0,0843 0,0192 0,1375 0,0558 0,0468 0,0468 0,0558 0,1709 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,99497
0,1746 0,1374 0,0193 0,0098 0,0271 0,0098 0,0000 1,00000
20 0,0266 0,0385 0,1058 0,0512 0,0673 0,0512 0,1170 0,0000 0,2436 0,1058 0,0385 0,0407 0,0289 0,0289 0,0000 0,1170 0,0163 0,0163 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 1,09348
0,0266 0,0386 0,1058 0,0512 0,0673 0,0512 0,2436 0,1058 0,0386 0,0407 0,0000 1,00000
21 0,0087 0,0061 0,0192 0,1648 0,2304 0,1648 0,1709 0,0558 0,0843 0,0192 0,0061 0,0184 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0194 0,0194 0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,98758
0,0087 0,0061 0,0193 0,1648 0,2303 0,1648 0,1709 0,0558 0,0843 0,0193 0,0061 0,0194 0,0194 0,0000 1,00000
shell elm. id:
-
shell elm. id:
-
THESEUS FE results
analytic results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
30
1.3.2 Solar short wave radiation (from sun)
For the system shown in Fig. 1-33 solar boundary conditions lead to element wise solar
heat fluxes that can be derived from the formulas in the THESEUS-FE Theory Manual.
Here the glass roof elements (19,20,21) on the roof transmit the short wave radiation heat
into the interior, as shown in the figure beneath.
B=0.5m

alti
= 32
90
L'=1*sin(
alti
)

alti
GROUP 1: "roof"
(glass, transmitting surf.)
GROUP 2:
(opaque surf)
elm.:19 20 21
1
12
9
15
H
=
0
.
5
m
ground
0.4m 0.4m
0.2m
L=1m

alti
5

Fig. 1-35: V21 solar heating
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
Idr 1000 W / m
2
Direct sun intensity (maximum)
Idf 100 W / m
2
Diffuse sun intensity (measured on the ground)
azi 0 deg Solar azimuth angle
alti 32 deg Solar altitude angle
grnd
0.1 ground reflectance
n 1.52 Refractive index (glass)
t0 0.5 Transmittance at normal incidence (glass)
o0 0.8 Absorbance at normal incidence (opque surf.)
THESEUS-FE file V21_sun_BB.tfe
V21_sun_PSDGB.tfe
V21_sun_GB.tfe
black body cavity
pseudo grey body cavity
grey body cavity
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
31
The solar heat hitting the ground:
( )
2
grnd
z
m / W 630 100 58 cos 1000 q
58 32 90
= + =
= = u

The solar heat hitting the exterior glass roof:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) W 32 100 530 5 . 0 Q
W 127 100 530 5 . 0 Q
W 156 100 530 5 . 0 Q
W 315 100 ) 58 cos( 1000 5 . 0 Q
396 . 0 , 496 . 0 7 . 59 0
405 . 0 , 495 . 0 58 , 0 F , 1 F , 5 . 0 A
sky , eff rf , sun
sky , eff tr , sun
sky , eff ab , sun
bc , sun
sky , eff sky , eff sky , eff
grnd sky
= + =
= t + t =
= o + o =
= + =
= t = o = = |
= t = o = = = =


Fig. 1-36: THESEUS-FE shell group results stored in the hdf file
The solar heat hitting the exterior surface of element 5:
( )
2
bc , sun rf , sun
2
bc , sun ab , sun
2
bc , sun
0 grnd sky
m / W 186 1 q q
m / W 744 q q
m / W 930 5 . 0 1 . 0 554 5 . 0 100 ) 32 cos( 1000 q
8 . 0 , 32 , 5 . 0 F , 5 . 0 F
= o =
= o =
= + + =
= o = o = = =


In a first step reflection and diffuse transmittance remain unconsidered inside the cavity:
then the solar heat hitting the interior surface of element 9 can be derived from
( )
( )
2
bc , sun rf , sun
2
bc , sun ab , sun
2
bc , sun
0
m / W 43 1 q q
m / W 172 q q
m / W 215 58 cos 1000 405 . 0 q
8 . 0 , 58
= o =
= o =
= =
= o = o =

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
32
The solar heat hitting the interior surface of element 12:
( )
( )
2
bc , sun rf , sun
2
bc , sun ab , sun
2
bc , sun
0
m / W 69 1 q q
m / W 275 q q
m / W 343 32 cos 1000 405 . 0 q
8 . 0 , 32
= o =
= o =
= =
= o = o =


exterior surf. (positive side) interior surf. (negative side)

Fig. 1-37: V21 elementwise solar heatflux densities from THESEUS-FE (black body cavity)
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
33
Now, in a second step reflection and diffuse transmittance will be considered inside the
Pseudo-Grey-Body (PSDGB) Cavity. View factors from Fig. 1-34 will be used.

The solar heat hitting the interior surface of element 9:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
0 ab , sun
2
bc , sun
bc , sun
1 , rf , sun 1 , 9 sky , eff df 21 , 9 20 , 9 19 , 9 k dr n bc , sun
m / W 5 . 191 8 . 1 23 6 . 214 q
m / W 4 . 239 8 . 1 23 6 . 214 q
69 0266 . 0 396 . 0 100 1686 . 0 2436 . 0 1686 . 0 58 cos 1000 405 . 0 q
q F I F F F cos I q
= + o + o =
= + + =
+ + + + =
+ t + + + t =

elm.:19
20
21
1
12
16
15
9
8
7
5

Fig. 1-38: V21 interior diffuse transmittance and reflectance
Analytic results shown here had been derived from the THESEUS-FE Theory Manual v3.0.
Heat fluxes shown here fit with the element wise solar heat fluxes stored in the result files
V21_sun_BB.hdf and V21_sun_PSDGB.hdf.

Black-Body Cavity
diffuse reflection & diffuse transmission
remain unconsidered inside
Pseudo-Grey-Body Cavity
diffuse reflection & diffuse transmission
considered inside
274.8W/m
2
285.5W/m
2

Fig. 1-39: V21 results with and without interior diffuse transmittance and reflectance
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
34
Now we will discuss some global energy balances.
First we start with a simulation that neglects diffuse solar boundary conditions (I
df
=0).
Diffuse reflection remains unconsidered inside the Black Body Cavity:
transmitting roof
opaque: interior surface
265W
26.4W
131.2W
107.3W
107.3W
85.9W
21.5W
82%
10%
8%
absorbed
reflected
lost
82% system absorbed
=100%*(131.2+85.9)/265
10% system reflected
=100%*26.4/265
8% neglected

Fig. 1-40: V21 global energy balance for the BB-Cavity (I
df
=0)
A direct solar heat flux of 265 W hits the roof. The direct transmittance of 0.405 leads to
107.3W of solar heat transported into the cavity. This is the amount of heat that hits the
interior surfaces. An absorbtion coefficient of 0.8 causes 85.9W absorbance at the interior
surfaces. 20% reflectance (21.5W) remain unconsidered in the energy balance.
To considere diffuse reflectance in the energy balance we choose a Pseudo Grey Body
Cavity:
transmitting roof
opaque: interior surface
265W
26.4W
131.2W
122.2W
107.3W
97.8W
24.4W
6.5W
2.6W
0.7W
3.2W
87%
11%
2%
absorbed
reflected
lost
87% system absorbed
=100%*(131.2+97.8+2.6)/265
11% system ref lected
=100%*(26.4+3.2)/265
2% neglected

Fig. 1-41: V21 global energy balance for the PSDGB-Cavity (I
df
=0)
The interior reflected heat fux of 21.5W from Fig. 1-40 is now distributed via view factors.
6.5W reach the negative side of the roof and the remaining part of 14.9W additionally hits
the opaque interior surfaces: 122.2 = 107.3 + 14.9W. With this approach we get a much
better system energy balance, with only 2% of neglected solar heat.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
35
Now we add diffuse solar boundary conditions (I
df
=100W/m
2
) and start with the Black Body
Approach:
77%
10%
13%
absorbed
reflected
lost
transmitting roof
opaque: interior surface
31.8W
156W
107.3W
85.9W
21.5W
77% system absorbed
=100%*(156+85.9)/315
10% system reflected
=100%*31.8/315
13% neglected
265W + 50W = 315W
107.3W + 19.8W =127.1W

Fig. 1-42: V21 global energy balance for the BB-Cavity (I
df
=100W/m2)
Here not only diffuse reflection but also the diffuse transmitted solar heat flux remains
unconsidered within the Cavity. All together 13% of the solar heat will be neglected.
To considere diffuse energy portions we choose a Pseudo Grey Body Cavity:

87%
11%
2%
absorbed
reflected
lost
transmitting roof
opaque: interior surface
31.8W
156W
142.3W
113.8W
28.5W
6.5W
3.2W
0.7W
2.6W
87% system absorbed
=100%*(156+113.8+3.2)/315
11% system ref lected
=100%*(31.8+2.6)/315
2% neglected
265W + 50W = 315W
107.3W + 19.8W =127.1W

Fig. 1-43: V21 global energy balance for the PSDGB-Cavity (I
df
=100W/m2)
The transmitted diffuse solar heat load of ~20W now hits the opque interior surfaces and
leads to a rise from 122.2W (see Fig. 1-41) to 142.3W. A good approximation of the
energy balance with 2% heat loss results from a Pseudo Grey Body Approach that once
updates the diffuse reflected solar heat (1 iteration).
The heat load of 6.493 W hitting the interior surface of the roof is divided into 3 parts:
3.218 W absorbed, 2.561 W transmitted and 0.714 W reflected. From this balance we can
derive the absorbance of 0.496 and the transmittance of 0.394. Those values result from
an effective incidence angle of 60 degree that is assumed for diffuse reflected solar heat.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
36
In a final figure we present the solar heat loads (as shown in the figure above) as percental
values of the total amount of 315W. To fulfil the energy balance with 0% heat loss we
apply a Grey Body Cavity that updates the diffuse reflected solar heat within 3 iterations.

transmitting roof
opaque: interior surface
10%
50%
37.9%
1.4%
1.1%
84% + 16% = 100%
40.4%
direct
applied
diffuse
applied
sun
reflected
absorbed
transmitted
back to the sky
absorbed
after reflection:
interior
absorbed
51%
38%
11%
absorbed
at the window
absorbed at
interior opaque
surfaces
reflected
and transmitted
back to the sky

Fig. 1-44: V21 global energy balance for the GB-Cavity (I
df
=100W/m2)
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
37
1.3.3 Thermal long wave radiation (closed cavity)
For the system shown in Fig. 1-33 temperature boundary conditions lead to long wave
radiation heat exchange that can be derived from the formulas in the THESEUS-FE
Theory Manual.
Here the element 9 has a fixed temperature of 1000C. All other element surfaces are
fixed at 0C. Those temperature differences lead to thermal radiation heat fluxes from the
hot to the cold element surfaces within the closed cavity, as shown in the figure beneath.
0C
elm.:19
20 21
1
12
16
15
9
8
7
5
1000C

Fig. 1-45: V21 temperature boundary conditions for long wave radiation heat exchange

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
9
T
1273.15 K

Absolute temperature of the heated element
21 10 , 8 1
T


273.15 K

Absolute temperature of all other elements
o 5.67051E-8 W/(m
2
K
4
) Stefan Bolzmann Constant
c 0.8 Surface emissivity
= 1 - c 0.2 Surface reflectance
THESEUS-FE file V21_rad_BB.tfe
V21_rad_GB.tfe
V21_fine2_rad_BB.tfe
V21_fine2_rad_GB.tfe

THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Within a blackbody cavity the reflectance will be consequently neglected. With the view
factor F
9-20
from Fig. 1-34 and the black body formulas in the Theory Manual one can
derive the long wave radiation heat flux from element 9 to element 20:
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
38
( )
( )
W 4 . 2317 m 1 . 0
m
W
23178 A q Q
1 . 0 24356 . 0 15 . 273 15 . 1273 10 67051 . 5 8 . 0 Q
A F T T Q
2
2
9 20 9 20 9
4 4 8 2
20 9
9 20 9
4
20
4
9 20 9 20 9
= = =
=
o c c =



The view factor between element 9 and the rest of the cavity surfaces is 1. With the black
body approach the total radiation heat flux absorbed on element 9 can then be derived
from:
( )
W 8 . 9514 m 1 . 0
m
W
95148 A q Q
1 . 0 15 . 1273 15 . 273 10 67 . 5 8 . 0 Q
2
2
9 9 9
4 4 8 2
9
= = =
=

In THESEUS-FE the numeric view factor calculation leads to a view factor sum for element
9 of 959225 . 0 F
k 9
=

, see Fig. 1-34. This is the reason for a value of
W 8 . 9126 Q
m
W
91269 95148 959225 . 0 q
9
2
9
= = =
derived with the THESEUS-FE black body approach.

Fig. 1-46: THESEUS-FE shell group results stored in the hdf file
Now, in a second step diffuse reflection will be considered inside a Grey Body (GB) Cavity.
View factors from Fig. 1-34 will be used for the THESEUS-FE simulation.
The final results for element 9
kW 996 . 11 Q Q Q
kW 390 . 0 Q
kW 078 . 0 Q Q
kW 918 . 11 T A Q
kW 607 . 11 Q
reflected emitted outgoing
ingoing
ingoing reflected
4
emitted
absorbed
= + =
=
= =
= co =
=

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
39
fulfil the energy balance:
outgoing ingoing absorbed
Q Q Q =
As shown here differences for the absorbed long wave radiation heat flux strongly depend
on the surface reflectance c = 1 . From that reasons a Grey Body Cavity is
recommended for c<0.9 and temperatures differences >100C.
Reflection neglected: Black Body (BB) Cavity Reflection considered: Grey Body (GB) Cavity
Absorbed long wave radiation heat flux density [W/m
2
]
Reflected rad. heat flux density [W/m
2
]

Fig. 1-47: V21 coarse mesh comparison between results (with and without reflection)
Reflection neglected: Black Body (BB) Cavity Reflection considered: Grey Body (GB) Cavity
Absorbed long wave radiation heat flux density: 0..22000 W/m
2
from reflection !
Absorbed long wave radiation heat flux density 0..1000 W/m2

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
40
Fig. 1-48: V21 fine mesh comparison between results (with and without reflection)
elm.:19
20
21
1
12
16
15
9
8
7
5

Fig. 1-49: V21 interior diffuse reflectance of long wave radiation
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
41
1.3.4 Thermal long wave radiation (opened cavity)
Here we use the same THESEUS-FE model as in the chapter above, with 2 modifications:
We delet the elements on the roof (19, 20, 21) and add the sky temperature -100C to the
cavity definition in the tfe-file. This operation changes the closed cavity from the chapter
above to an opened cavity. Long wave radiation heat exchang takes now place not only
inside the cavity, but also between elements inside and a so called background with a
user-defined temperature.

0C
elm:1
12
16
15
9
8
7
5
1000C
T
sky
= -100C

Fig. 1-50: V21 temperature boundary conditions for long wave radiation heat exchange

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
9
T
1273.15 K

absolute temperature of the heated element
18 10 , 8 1
T


273.15 K

absolute temperature of all other elements
sky
T
173.15 K absolute temperature of the background
o 5.67051E-8 W/(m
2
K
4
) Stefan Bolzmann Constant
c 0.8 surface emissivity
= 1 - c 0.2 surface reflectance
THESEUS-FE file V21_rad_BB_opencav.tfe
V21_fine2_rad_BB_opencav.tfe
V21_fine2_rad_GB_opencav.tfe

THESEUS-FE version 4.0

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
42
Within an opened blackbody cavity the reflectance will be consequently neglected.
With the formual
( )
ik
k
4
9
4
k k 9 9 , ab , rad
F T T q

c oc =
from the Theory Manual we will now show how to derive the absorbed long wave radiation
heat flux density on element 9.
First we take the view factor sum inside the cavity from the hdf-file 37841 . 0 F
k 9
=

, see
Fig. 1-51. Then the opening view factor is 62159 . 0 F 1 F
k 9 0 9
= =


The black body formula from above can be seperated into two parts
( ) ( )
4 4
k
k 9
2 4 4
0 9 9 , ab , rad
15 . 1273 15 . 273 F 8 . 0 15 . 1273 15 . 173 F 8 . 0 q |
.
|

\
|
o + o =


And with the Stefan Bolzman number o=5.67051E-8 we finally get
2
9 , ab , rad
2 2
9 , ab , rad
m
kW
0652 . 110 q
m
W
1 . 36005
m
W
1 . 74060 q
=
=

This value can be validated with the THESEUS-FE result file (suffix .hdf)

VFSUM = View factor sum [W/m
2
] RADAB = absorbed long wave rad. heat flux density [W/m
2
]

Fig. 1-51: THESEUS-FE shell group results stored in the hdf file

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
43
Field results shown here are related to a finer mesh:


Reflection neglected: Black Body (BB) Cavity Reflection considered: Grey Body (GB) Cavity
Absorbed long wave radiation heat flux density: 0..22000 W/m
2

Fig. 1-52: V21 fine mesh comparison between results (with and without reflection)
The figure beneath shows the element-wise view factor sum inside the closed cavity. None
of the shell elements inside the cavity reaches a sum of 1 each element exchanges
long wave radiation heat with the background (temperature -100C).


Fig. 1-53: V21 fine mesh view factor sum for elements of a closed cavity

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
44
2 Advanced Conduction
Several solved and experimental examples from literature have been taken and used for
further validation of THESEUS-FE.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
45
2.1 Heat Bridges in Buildings
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
46
2.1.1 Heat bridges: Example 1
System
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
2
L
1
k
T
out
, h
out
T
in
, h
in
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
T
in
, h
in
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
2
L
1
k
T
out
, h
out
T
in
, h
in
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
T
in
, h
in

Fig. 2-1: T-shaped heat bridge with boundary conditions
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k 0.56 W / m*K Conductivity
L1 0.300 m Length
L2 0.115 m Length
Tout 5 C Outside air temperature
hout 25 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
Tin 22 C Inside air temperature
hin 5 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
THESEUS-FE file Example_2_1_1.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Problem description
Heat bridge example with 1D steady heat conduction through a uniform wall and
convection boundary conditions on the outer and inner surface of the wall. THESEUS-FE
results are compared with experimental results at the corner location [19].

THESEUS-FE model
The problem was modeled with two groups of solid elements and two groups of PSHELL3
elements. Shell elements are placed on inner and outer surface and are used for assigning
boundary conditions.



THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
47


Results
THESEUS-FE: 19.92C
Literature: 17.92C
THESEUS-FE: 19.92C
Literature: 17.92C

Fig. 2-2: T-shaped heat bridge THESEUS-FE results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
48
2.1.2 Heat bridges: Example 2
System


System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
L
k
1
k
2
T
out
, h
out
T
in
, h
in
T
out
, h
out
Adiabatic
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
L
k
1
k
2
T
out
, h
out
T
in
, h
in
T
out
, h
out
Adiabatic
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c

Fig. 2-3: Right-angle heat bridge with boundary conditions


System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k1 0.21 W / m*K Conductivity
k2 0.56 W / m*K Conductivity
L 0.30 m Length
Tout 5 C Outside air temperature
hout 25 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
Tin 22 C Inside air temperature
hin 5 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
THESEUS-FE file Example_2_1_2.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Problem description
Heat bridge example, with heat conduction through a composite wall. Convection
boundary conditions are assigned on the outer and inner surface of the wall. THESEUS-FE
results are compared with experimanal results at the corner location [19].

THESEUS-FE model
The problem was modeled with two groups of solid elements and two groups of PSHELL3
elements. Shell elements are placed on the inner and outer surface and are used for
assigning boundary conditions.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
49
Results
THESEUS-FE: 17.02C
Literature: 17.07C
THESEUS-FE: 17.02C
Literature: 17.07C

Fig. 2-4: Right-angle heat bridge THESEUS-FE results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
50
2.1.3 Heat bridges: Example 3
System
System & boundary. cond.:
THESEUS-FE model:
L
L
k
2
k
1
k
1
a
a
T
out
, h
out
T
out
, h
out
T
in
, h
in
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
Adiabatic
System & boundary. cond.:
THESEUS-FE model:
L
L
k
2
k
1
k
1
a
a
T
out
, h
out
T
out
, h
out
T
in
, h
in
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
Adiabatic

Fig. 2-5: Right-angle heat bridge 2 with boundary conditions

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k1 0.56 W / m*K Conductivity
k2 0.21 W / m*K Conductivity
a 0.25 m Length
L 0.30 m Length
Tout 5 C Outside air temperature
hout 25 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
Tin 22 C Inside air temperature
hin 5 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
THESEUS-FE file Example_2_1_3.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem description
Heat bridge example, with steady heat conduction through a composite wall. Convection
boundary conditions are assigned on the outer and inner parts of the wall. THESEUS-FE
results are compared with experimanal results at a distance a from the inner corner [19].
THESEUS-FE model
The problem was modeled with two groups of solid elements and two groups of PSHELL3
elements. Shell elements are placed on the inner and outer surface and are used for
assigning convection boundary conditions.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
51
Results
THESEUS-FE: 18.40C
Literature: 17.92C
THESEUS-FE: 18.40C
Literature: 17.92C

Fig. 2-6: Right-angle heat bridge 2 THESEUS-FE results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
52
2.1.4 Heat bridges: Example 4
System

a
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
adiabatic
adiabatic
4
2
16
k
4
k
1 k
2
k
3
k
5
k
6
k
7
k
8
24
1.5
1.5 1.5
2.5
2.5
30
25
T
out
, h
out
T
in
, h
in
T
in
, h
in
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
a
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
adiabatic
adiabatic
4
2
16
k
4
k
1 k
2
k
3
k
5
k
6
k
7
k
8
24
1.5
1.5 1.5
2.5
2.5
30
25
T
out
, h
out
T
in
, h
in
T
in
, h
in
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:

Fig. 2-7: 3D heat bridge with boundary conditions. All units are specified in cm

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k1 0.87 W / m*K Conductivity
k2 0.21 W / m*K Conductivity
k3 0.35 W / m*K Conductivity
k4 0.093 W / m*K Conductivity
k5 2.1 W / m*K Conductivity
k6 1.4 W / m*K Conductivity
k7 0.04 W / m*K Conductivity
k8 0.70 W / m*K Conductivity
Tout 5 C Outside air temperature
hout 25 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
Tin 22 C Inside air temperature
hin 5 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer coefficient
THESEUS-FE file Example_2_1_4.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
53
Problem description
Three dimansional heat bridge example, with heat conduction through a composite wall.
Convection boundary conditions are assigned on the outer and inner surfaces of the
wall.THESEUS-FE results are compared with experimanal results at several corner
locations and along edges [19].
THESEUS-FE model
The problem was modeled with eight groups of solid elements representing the different
parts of the composite wall and two groups of PSHELL3 elements. Shell elements are
placed on inner and outer surfaces and are used for assigning convection boundary
conditions. A uniform mesh with quad elements of approximate length 1cm was used with
a total of 390,276 elements.
Results


THESEUS-FE: 18.9C
Literature: 18.4C
THESEUS-FE: 19.5C
Literature: 19.8C
THESEUS-FE: 19.8C
Literature: 19.6C
THESEUS-FE: 17.5C
Literature: 17.2C
THESEUS-FE: 17.7C
Literature: 17.9C
THESEUS-FE: 18.9C
Literature: 18.4C
THESEUS-FE: 19.5C
Literature: 19.8C
THESEUS-FE: 19.8C
Literature: 19.6C
THESEUS-FE: 17.5C
Literature: 17.2C
THESEUS-FE: 17.7C
Literature: 17.9C

Fig. 2-8: 3D heat bridge THESEUS-FE results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
54
2.2 Anisotropic Conductivity
System
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
1
adiabatic
L
1
T
2
T
1
adiabatic
L
2
L
2
k
1
k
11
k
22
O
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
1
adiabatic
L
1
T
2
T
1
adiabatic
L
2
L
2
k
1
k
11
k
22
O

Fig. 2-9: Anisotropic plate with boundary conditions
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k1 0.56 W / m*K Conductivity
k11 0.056 W / m*K Conductivity
k22 0.0056 W / m*K Conductivity
T1 100 C Temperature boundary condition
T2 0 C Temperature boundary condition
L1 1 m Length
L2 0.8 m Length
45 Degrees Angle of rotation
THESEUS-FE file Example_2_2.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem description
A planar square with a tilted square insert is used to demonstrate the effect of anisotropic
conductivity. Referring to Fig. 2-9, the outer square is an isotropic material with
conductivity k
1
. Constant temperature boundary conditions are imposed on the vertical
edges of the square while the horizontal edges are insulated. The inner material is
orthotropic with k
11
= k
1
/ 10 and k
22
= k
1
/ 100. The orientation of the material axes with
respect to the global coordinate axes is 45 degrees. Fig. 2-10 shows the temperature field.
The distortion of the results due to the anisotropy is clearly visualized. The dotted lines are
isothermal lines from literature for validation [20].

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
55

THESEUS-FE model
The problem was modeled with four groups of PSHELL3 elements. Temperature boundary
conditions are assigned on the left and right vertical groups. Isotropic material properties
are assigned to the outer square while anisotorpic material properties are assigned to the
local coordinates in tensor form of the inner square.
Results
Isothermal lines from literature.

Fig. 2-10: Anisotropic plate THESEUS-FE results compared with literature results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
56
2.3 Temperature Dependent Conductivity
System
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
1
adiabatic
L
3
adiabatic
L
2
R
1
a
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
a
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
T
out
, , h
out
k
1
= Constant
k
2
= k
1
+ C
1
xTemp.
adiabatic
T
out
, , h
out
Q
Q
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
L
1
adiabatic
L
3
adiabatic
L
2
R
1
a
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
a
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
T
out
, , h
out
k
1
= Constant
k
2
= k
1
+ C
1
xTemp.
adiabatic
T
out
, , h
out
Q
Q

Fig. 2-11: Variable heat conductivity model with boundary conditions
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k1 1 W / m*K Conductivity
C1 0.01 Constant
Tout 0 C Temperature boundary condition
hout 0.875 W / m
2
*K Heat transfer Coefficient
L1 3 m Length
L2 0.8 m Length
L3 1 m Length
R1 0.5 m Radius
Q 100 W / m
2
Heat Flux
THESEUS-FE file Example_2_3.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem description
This example illustrates the difference in results when conductivity variations are included
in the model. Fig. 2-11 contains a schematic and mesh for a simple planar geometry. The
top and bottom halfes are occupied by different isotropic materials; the bottom material
has constant conductivity, k
1
, while the top material has a conductivity that varies with
temperature as k = k
1
+C
1
*T. A constant heat flux is applied along the left edge of the the
domain. The right side boundaries are insulated. All other surfaces are convectively cooled
with a constant heat-transfer-coefficient and temperature [20].

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
57
THESEUS-FE model
The problem was modeled with two groups of solid elements of arbitrary thickness and
four groups of PSHELL3 elements. Heat flux and heat convection boundary conditions are
assigned on the shell elements. Transient 2nd order solver was used, due to the non-
liniearity of the problem, with an intial time step of 0.1 seconds and a run time of 25
seconds. Variable conductivity is assigned to the second group of solid elements via the
Temperature Table shown below:



Results
Isothermal lines from literature. Isothermal lines from literature.

Fig. 2-12: THESEUS-FE results compared with isotropic lines from literature
Temperature
[C]
Conductivity
[W/mK]
0 1
100 2
200 3
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
58
2.4 Phase Change
System
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
T
0
, k
1
T
BC
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
L
1
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
x

Fig. 2-13: Phase Change model with boundary conditions
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
k1 1.08 W / m*K Conductivity
1 kg / m
3
Density
L 70.26 J / kg Latent heat
Tl -0.15 C Liqidus temperature
T0 0 C Initial temperature
TBC -45 C Temperature boundary condition
L1 4 m Length
tfinal 2 s Simulation time
THESEUS-FE file phase_change.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem Description
A standard test problem for phase change is the one-dimensional Stefan problem. The
problem consists of a material region, with length 4 meters, held initially at a unifrom
temperature, T
0
= 0C, that is greater than the liquidus temperature T
l
= -0.15C . At time
zero, the left face of the region, x = 0, is lowered to a temperature below the solidus
temperature, to T
BC
= -45C, causing a solidification front to propagate into the material. All
other surfaces are insulated. The schematic of the problem is shown in Fig. 2-13 [20].
0
10
20
30
40
50
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
Temperature [C]
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

H
e
a
t

[
J
/
K
g
K
]
1 1
1 0
33.63 -0.15
33.63 -2.15
1 -2.3
1 -45
Specific Heat
[J/kgK]
T [C]
Latent Heat
70.26 J/kg

Fig. 2-14: Table for assigning material property specific heat
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
59
THESEUS-FE model
The example was solved using 64 PSHELL3 elements in the domain. Temperature
boundary conditions are applied on the left hand side and the material specific heat
property, was applied via Fig. 2-14 shown above. Computation was carried out for a phase
change temperature interval of 2 degrees, with solidification staring at -0.15 degrees.
Results

Time=0.0s
Time=0.5s
Time=1.0s
Time=1.5s
Time=2.0s
Solid Liquid
x=1
Time=0.0s
Time=0.5s
Time=1.0s
Time=1.5s
Time=2.0s
Solid Liquid
x=1

Fig. 2-15: Phase change: THESEUS-FE results

In Fig. 2-16 THESEUS-FE results are compared with the analytical solution. We see a
discrepancy of approxametaly 1 degree, which is attributed to the numerical calculation of
the Latent Heat addition. In nature, phase change or Latent Heat addition occurs
instantaneously. Numerically, the dirac impulse function can not be modeled, and there
fore we apply the Latent Heat addtion through a 2 degree temperature band. This
introduces a modeling error that results in an approximately 1 degree solution error.


-15
-13
-11
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time [s]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[

C
]
Analytic
THESEUS FE Results

Fig. 2-16: Phase change: Comparison of FE results with analytical solution at x = 1
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
60
2.5 Cylinder Radiation (open grey body cavity)
System
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
D
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
L
k,
q
T
0
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
D
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
L
k,
q
T
0

Fig. 2-17: Cylinder Radiation example with boundary conditions
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
c 0.3 Surface emissivity
k1 1.0 W / m*K Conductivity
T0 0 K Surrounding temperature
L 4 m Length
D 1 m Diameter
q 200 W / m
2
Applied heat flux
THESEUS-FE file cylinder_radiation.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem Description
A simple heated enclosure is the circular tube, open at both ends and insulated on the
outside surface. For a uniform heat addition q = 200 W/m
2
to the inside surface of the tube
wall and a surrounding environment at 0K, we calculate the stead state temperature
distribution along the inside surface [18].
THESEUS-FE model
The open ends of the tube are nonreflecting, and they are assumed to be black bodies at
the surrounding temperature 0 K. In THESEUS-FE, three major types of radiation heat
exchange are realized; for the current problem the model used was open-cavity with gray
body radiation. Gray body radiation considers reflection and absorption of each element
and performs a full view factor matrix calculation. On the inner surface of the cylinder wall,
the boundary conditions applied are the background temperature and heat flux. This is a
pure thermal radiation and conduction problem; the material properties assigned are the
emission coefficient and the conductivity k.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
61
Results
In Fig. 2-18 the THESEUS-FE results displayed are the view factor sum of each element,
the radiation from each element, and the nodal temperature values.
The view factor is a quantity used to define the fraction of thermal power leaving one
element and reaching another. The sum of the view factor on each element then
represents the fraction of thermal power leaving one elment and reaching all other elments
in the domain. For enclosed bodies the view factor sum of each element is their fore one.
For open cavitites, the value will be less then one, depending on how much thermal power
is lost to the environment. The radiation view factor depends strongly on distance and from
the results we can see that thermal power is mainly lost near the cylinder ends, while very
little power is lost from elements toward the center of the cylinder. The maximum and
minimum view factor sums are 0.975 and 0.6.
The second diagram quantifies how much radiation heat is lost from each element. For
elements near the cylinder ends, it is of magnitude -55 W/m
2
.
In the last diagram, the temperature results are displayed and compared with the analytic
solution. There is a close agreement between THESEUS-FE results and the analytic
results. We can further see that there is a 75 degree temperature difference between the
center of the cylinder, where little heat is lost compared with elements at the ends of the
cylinder where most of the thermal power is lost via radiation.

View Factor Sum
Radiation [W/m
2
]
View Factor Sum
Radiation [W/m
2
]

Fig. 2-18: Cylinder Radiation: THESEUS-FE results


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
62

100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x/D
T
e
m
p
.

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Analyitic
Temperature [C]
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x/D
T
e
m
p
.

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Analyitic
Temperature [C]

Fig. 2-19: Cylinder Radiation: THESEUS-FE results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
63
2.6 Disk Radiation
System
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
0 R
i
R
o
Adiabatic Adiabatic
k,
T
0
T
BC
a
System & boundary. cond.: THESEUS-FE model:
0 R
i
R
o
Adiabatic Adiabatic
k,
T
0
T
BC
a

Fig. 2-20: Disk
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
0.7 Surface emissivity
k 15.0 W / (m K) Conductivity
T0 -273.15 C Initial temperature
TBC 100 C Boundary condition
a 0.01 m Thickness
Rl 0.04 m Inner radius
R0 0.24 m Outer radius
THESEUS-FE file disk_radiation.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem Description
An annular fin in vacuum is insulated on one face and aournd its outside edge. The disk
has thickness of 0.01m, inner radius 0.04m, outer radius 0.24m, and thermal conductivity
15.0 W/mK. Energy is supplied to the inner edge from a pipe that fits the central hole and
maintains the inner edge at 100 C. The exposed annular surface, which is diffuse-gray
with emissivity 0.7, radiates to the environment at 0 K to investigate performance in a cold
environment. Results are shown for the temperature distribution as a function of radial
position along the disk, the radiation flux from each element and the radiation efficiency of
the disk calculated from THESEUS-FE is compared with results from literature [18]. In Fig.
2-22, Q
rad-total
is the total heat radiation from the disk to the environment taken from the
THESEUS-FE simulation and Q
rad-boundary
= A(T
4
BC
- T
4
0
) is the calculated theoretical
value, if the disk was held at a constant temperature of T
BC
. Where is the Stefan-
Boltzmann constant and A is the disk surface area
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
64
THESEUS-FE model
The disk is assumed thin enough so that the local temperature is considered constant
across the thickness. For surroundings at zero temperature there is no incoming radation.
Temperature boundary condition is specified at the inner radius of the fin and adiabatic
conditions are specified on the bottom and outer edge of the fin. The total number of
elements is 4284. The problem was calculated as a transient problem for 6 seconds, at
which time steady state was reached.
Results
Temperature [C] Temperature [C]

Fig. 2-21: Fin Radiation: THESEUS-FE temperature results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
65
Radiation [W/m
2
]
0.45
0.45
[W] 135.4
[W] 61.57
Q
Q

Literature
boundary - rad
total - rad
FE THESEUS
=
= = =

Radiation [W/m
2
]
0.45
0.45
[W] 135.4
[W] 61.57
Q
Q

Literature
boundary - rad
total - rad
FE THESEUS
=
= = =


Fig. 2-22: Fin Radiation: THESEUS-FE radiation per element results
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
66
2.7 Cylinder Radiation Coupled with 1D Flow
System

System & boundary. cond.:
D
o
k
w
,
( ) x q q
l
= t sin
max
x
D
i
T
f,in
p
f
, c
P,f
,
v
f
, k
f
, h
f
T
f,out

System & boundary. cond.:


D
o
k
w
,
( ) x q q
l
= t sin
max
x
D
i
T
f,in
p
f
, c
P,f
,
v
f
, k
f
, h
f
T
f,out


Fig. 2-23: Cylinder Radiation with 1D flow example: boundary conditions
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
kw 24.0 W / mK Wall conductivity
1 Wall emissivity
t 2 kg/m
3
Fluid density
cp,f 1 kJ / kg K Fluid specific heat
kf 0.044 W / mK Fluid conductivity
vf 5E-5 m / s Fluid inlet velocity
hf 3.4 W / m
2
K Fluid convective heat transfer coefficient
Tf,1 357 C Fluid inlet temperature
qmax 1750 W / m
2
Maximum applied heat flux density
1 m Tube length
Do 0.052 m Tube outer diameter
Di 0.048 m Tube inner diameter
THESEUS-FE file tube_closed_all.tfe
tube_closed_conv.tfe
Fully coupled model
Pure convection model
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Problem Description
A fluid with inlet temperature 357C flows through a 1m long circular tube with inner and
outer diamter 0.048m and 0.052m respectivly. The convective heat transfer coefficient is
calculated based on a laminar flow assumption through out the tube. The reynolds number
of the flow is 672 which is well below the transition region of 2100-4000. The Nusselt
number for a pipe with laminar flow is then constant, and the convective heat transfer
coefficient is also constant.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
67
K m W
D
k Nu
h
Nu
D u
i
f D
D
f
i m
D
2
/ 4 . 3
66 . 3 672 Re
=

=
= = =
v

The tube outer surface is perfectly insulated while the inner surface is heated electrically
with a sinusoidal heat flux of maximum value 1750 W/m
2
. The inner wall of the tube is
considered as a black body, and heat radiation from element to element and element ot
environment is accounted for. In this problem we consider the combined effects of
convection, conduction and thermal radiation, and compare temperatue results for the wall
and the fluid along the axial direction with results from literature. The schematic of the
problem is shown in Fig. 2-23 [18].
Shell Mesh:
Internal Volumes:
0.05m
single volume: V = 0.05*A = 9.82E-5 m
3
vol. exch. rate: dV/dt = 1.37E-3 m
3
/s
inlet source - volume 100:
temp. fixed at 630K (357C)
inlet outlet
volume 1
volume 2
volume 3
volume 19
volume 20
volume 17
applied heat load
conduction
radiation
convection
enthalpy flow (vol.flux)
wall
l=1m

Fig. 2-24: Radiation Cylinder with 1D Flow: Theory discription
THESEUS-FE model
The fully coupled THESEUS-FE model contains 3115 quad PSHELL3 elements of
thicknes 0.002m. The domain is divided into 20 volumes plus one source volume on
which the inlet flow conditions are specified. A volume in THESEUS-FE is a bounded
areas with one degree of freedom, T
vol
, that is spatially constant through out the volume.
Finite elements and volumes are coupled via convection. We consider the wall to be a
black body (emissivity = 1), that absorbes all incoming energy. For the background
(environment) radiation temperature, the specified inlet flow temperature and the
calculated outlet flow temperature are used. After the outflow temperature is calculated,
the radiation background temperature is updated and the calculation is rerun. This
procedure is carried out until convergance in outflow temperature is reached.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
68
Within each volume element, the combined effects of convection from the fluid, conduction
within the wall and heat radiation from the wall to the environment and to other elements,
determines the wall and fluid temperature. In Fig. 2-24 the interplay of these phenomona
are visually shown. The problem is calculated as a steady state problem.
Results
In Fig. 2-25 we compare THESEUS-FE temperature results along the tube length with that
from literature. We can see that the fluid temperature for the fully coupled problem
(radiation, conduction and convection) closely meets with results from literature. For the
wall temperature, results are shown for the fully coupled problem and for the pure
convection problem, ignoring radiation and conduction.

300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
X=x/D
T
[

C
]
wall temp. (literature, pure convection) wall temp. (THESEUS-FE, pure convection)
wall temp. (literature, fully coupled) wall temp. (THESEUS-FE, fully coupled)
fluid temp. (literature, fully coupled) fluid temp. (THESEUS-FE, fully coupled)

Fig. 2-25: Radiation Cylinder with 1D Flow: Comparison with results from literature
To conduct a further analysis of the problem, in the Fig. 2-26 we compare heat loss
through radation and heat loss through convection from each element. Near the inlet and
outlet of the tube, heat loss is strongly driven by radiation while through the center of the
tube convection dominates.


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
69

Radiation heat loss
[W/m
2
]
Convection heat loss
Radiation heat loss
[W/m
2
]
Convection heat loss

Fig. 2-26: Radiation Cylinder with 1D Flow: Field Results from Literature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
70
3 THESEUS-FE compared with INKA
THESEUS-FE compared with INKA
INKA was an explicite finite-difference solver for smaller thermodynamic systems. The
maximum number of shell elements was limited to about 5.000 shells. Conductive heat
transfer was only considered in shell normal direction. Sun heat loads, transmission and
most of the ventilation modes in THESEUS-FE had been implemented in INKA, too.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
71
3.1 Model a
This model is composed of a shell element and an airzone, both are thermally connected
via convection. An airzone is a mixture of dry air and steam with a homogeneous
temperature distribution. Besides temperature the humidity is the second degree of
freedom of the airzone.
1m
1m
1m
alu plate
airzone
T
airz
, h

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
72
3.1.1 Linear convective airzone heating - without considering
humidity (a 1)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
airzone: V=1m
3
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y

Fig. 3-1: Model a 1 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 0 % Initial relative humidity
hpos = hneg 6.0 W / m
2
*K Convective heat transfer coefficient
at positive/negative side of the plate
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 100 C Ambient temp. at neg. side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a1.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-2: Model a 1 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
73
3.1.2 Linear convective airzone heating - considering humidity (a 2)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
airzone: V=1m
3
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y

Fig. 3-3: Model a 2 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 68.6 % Initial relative humidity
hpos = hneg 6.0 W / m
2
*K Convective heat transfer coefficient
at positive/negative side of the plate
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 100 C Ambient temperature at negative side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a2.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-4: Model a 2 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
74
3.1.3 Linear convective airzone cooling - considering humidity (a 3)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
airzone: V=1m
3
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y

Fig. 3-5: Model a 3 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 68.6 % Initial relative humidity
hpos = hneg 6.0 W / m
2
*C Convection coefficient at positive/negative side of
the plate
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg -20 C Ambient temperature at negative side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a3.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
k
g
/
k
g
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-6: Model a 3 - airzone absolute humidity
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
75

0
5
10
15
20
25
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-7: Model a 3 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
76
3.1.4 Non-linear convective airzone heating - without considering
humidity (a 4)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
airzone: V=1m
3
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y

Fig. 3-8: Model a 4 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 0 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity at
positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 100 C Ambient temp. at neg. side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a4.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-9: Model a 4 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
77
3.1.5 Sun heating airzone - without considering humidity (a 5)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
sun

alti
= 60
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
sun

alti
= 60
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-10: Model a 5 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 0 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temp. at neg. side
qdr 1000 W / m
2
Direct sun intensity
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a5.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-11: Model a 5 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
78
3.1.6 Sun heating airzone - without considering humidity (a 6)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
sun

alti
= 20
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-12: Model a 6 - system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 0 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature at negative side
qdr 1000 W / m
2
Direct sun intensity
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a6.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-13: Model a 6 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
79
3.1.7 Airzone heated by ventilation FVT (a 7)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
VENTILT - FVT
dV/dt = 0.001 m
3
/sec
T_out = 80C
RLF_env = 68.6%
T_env = 20C
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-14: Model a 7 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 0 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature at negative side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a7.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-15: Model a 7 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
80
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
k
g
/
k
g
]
THESEUS
INKA

Fig. 3-16: Model a 7 - airzone absolute humidity
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
81
3.1.8 Airzone heated by ventilation RVT (a 8)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
VENTILT - RVT
dV/dt = 0.001 m
3
/sec
T_out = 80C
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-17: Model a 8 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 0 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz C Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature at neg. side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a8.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-18: Model a 8 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
82
3.1.9 Airzone cooled by ventilation RVT (a 9)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
VENTILT - RVT
dV/dt = 0.001 m
3
/sec
T_out = 0C
RLF_out = 100%
X_out =0.00374 (saturated)
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-19: Model a 9 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 68.6 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature at negative side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a9.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.010
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
k
g
/
k
g
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-20: Model a 9 - airzone absolute humidity
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
83
60
65
70
75
80
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
%
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-21: Model a 9 - airzone relative humidity
15
16
17
18
19
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-22: Model a 9 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
84
3.1.10 Airzone heated by ventilation RET (a 10)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
VENTILT - RET
dV/dt = 0.001 m
3
/sec
T_out = 2*T_in
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-23: Model a 10 - system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
0 68.6 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz C Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature at negative Side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a10.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-24: Model a 10 - airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
85
3.1.11 Airzone cooled by ventilation HRET (a 11)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
VENTILT - HRET
dV/dt = 0.001 m
3
/sec
T_out = F(T_in, RLF_in)
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-25: Model a 11 - system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 60 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 8 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz C Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 60 C Ambient temperature at negative side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a11.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
-5
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
0 20 40 60 80 100
Relative Humidity [%]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

E
v
a
p

O
u
t

[

C
]
T_in = 20C
T_in = 30C
T_in = 40C
T_in = 50C
T_in = 60C
RLF_in [%]
-5
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
0 20 40 60 80 100
Relative Humidity [%]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

E
v
a
p

O
u
t

[

C
]
T_in = 20C
T_in = 30C
T_in = 40C
T_in = 50C
T_in = 60C
RLF_in [%]

Fig. 3-26: Model a 11 ventilation HRET

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
86
Results
40
45
50
55
60
65
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS
INKA

Fig. 3-27: Model a 11 airzone temperature
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
%
]
THESEUS
INKA

Fig. 3-28: Model a 11 - airzone relative humidity
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
87
3.1.12 Airzone heated by inverse mode ventilation FAT (a 12)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
VENTILT - FAT
dV/dt = 0.001m
3
/sec
T_air(t) = 20C + 0.1*t
RLF_env = 68.6%
T_env = 20C
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-29: Model a 12 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 68.6 % Initial relative humidity
v
pos
= v
neg
0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature at negative side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a12.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-30: Model a 12 - ventilation outlet temperature (T
out1
)
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
88
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
%
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA
INKA creates false output!

Fig. 3-31: Airzone relative humidity
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
89
3.1.13 Airzone cooled by inverse mode ventilation RAT (a 13)
System
airzone: V=1m
3
(pos. side)
z
x,y
z
x,y
VENTILT - RAT
dV = 0.01m
3
/sec
T_air(t) = 20C - 0.05*t
alu plate: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
conductivity: k = 238 W/mK
spec. heat: c = 945 J/kgK
density: = 2700 kg/m
3

Fig. 3-32: Mode a 13 - system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 68.6 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity
at positive/negative side of the plate (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz C Ambient temp. at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature at negative side
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_a13.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-33: Model a 13 - temperature at ventilation outlet
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
90
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
k
g
/
k
g
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-34: Model a 14 abs. humidity at the ventilation outlet
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
%
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-35: Model a 13 rel. humidity at the ventilation outlet
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
k
g
/
k
g
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-36: Model a 13 airzone abs. humidity
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
91

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
[
%
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-37: Model a 13 airzone rel. Humidity




THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
92
3.2 Model b
This model is composed of an airzone and two shell elements. One shell is opaque
aluminium and the other transmitting glass. The aluminium is thermally connected via
convection with the airzone. An airzone is a mixture of dry air and steam with a
homogeneous temperature distribution. Besides temperature the humidity is the second
degree of freedom of the airzone.
0.1m
1m
1m
alu plate
airzone
T
airz
, h
glass roof

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
93
3.2.1 Glass transmission without refraction (b 1)
System
glass roof: 1m*1m*4mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
k = 0.90 W/mK , c = 800 J/kgK , = 2563 kg/m
3
emissivity: 0.8
absorbtion index: 0.35
transmission index: 0.58
sun

alti
= 60
inner airzone: V=0.1m
3
, T
0
= 20C
aluminium wall: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
k = 238 W/mK , c = 945 J/kg , = 2700 kg/m
3
absorbtion index: 0.8
glass roof: 1m*1m*4mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
k = 0.90 W/mK , c = 800 J/kgK , = 2563 kg/m
3
emissivity: 0.8
absorbtion index: 0.35
transmission index: 0.58
sun

alti
= 60
inner airzone: V=0.1m
3
, T
0
= 20C
aluminium wall: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
k = 238 W/mK , c = 945 J/kg , = 2700 kg/m
3
absorbtion index: 0.8

Fig. 3-38: Model b 1 system

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 0 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity, inside/outside the box (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temperature inside, at positive side =
airzone temperature
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature outside, at negative side
qdr 1000 W / m
2
Direct sun intensity
tend 500 S End time of simulation
Solver file model_b1.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0




THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
94
Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-39: Model b 1 airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
95
3.2.2 Glass transmission with refraction (b 2)
System
glass roof: 1m*1m*4mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
k = 0.90 W/mK , c = 800 J/kgK , = 2563 kg/m
3
emissivity: 0.8
absorbtion index: 0.35
normal transmission index: 0.58
refractive index: 1.52
sun

alti
= 60
inner airzone: V=0.1m
3
, T
0
= 20C
aluminium wall: 1m*1m*1mm
1 quad, PSHELL1, disc=2
k = 238 W/mK , c = 945 J/kg , = 2700 kg/m
3
absorbtion index: 0.8

Fig. 3-40: Model b 1 system
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
0 0 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Velocity inside/outside the box (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. inside, at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temp. outside, at neg. side
qdr 1000 W / m
2
Direct sun intensity
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_b2.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-41: Model b 1 airzone temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
96
3.3 Model c
This model is composed of an airzone and six shell elements. Five shells are opaque
aluminium and the roof of the box is transmitting glass. The aluminium is thermally
connected via convection with the inner airzone. An airzone is a mixture of dry air and
steam with a homogeneous temperature distribution. Besides temperature the humidity is
the second degree of freedom of the airzone.
1m
1m
airzone
glass roof
T
airz
, h

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
97
3.3.1 Box with glas roof (c1)
System

glas roof: 1m*1m*4mm
100 quad elements, PSHELL1, disc=2
k = 0.90 W/mK, c = 800 J/kgK,
= 2563 kg/m
3
emissivity: 0.8
absorbtion index: 0.35
normal transmission index: 0.58
refraction index: 1.52
sun

alti
= 45
inner airzone:
V=1m
3
, T0 = 20C
5 aluminium walls: 1m*1m*1mm
each 100 quad elements
PSHELL1, disc=2
k = 238 W/mK , c = 945 J/kgK
= 2700 kg/m
3
, emissivity: 0.8
absorbtion index: 0.8
radiation heat exchange:
considered inside/outside the box

Fig. 3-42: Model c 1 system

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
T0 20 C Initial temperature for airzone and plate
RLF0 0 % Initial relative humidity
vpos = vneg 0 m / s Ambient air velocity inside/outside the box (BC-FC)
Tamb,pos = Tairz Ambient temp. inside, at pos. side = airzone temp.
Tamb,neg 20 C Ambient temperature outside, at negative side
qdr 1000 W / m
2
Direct sun intensity
tend 500 s End time of simulation
Solver file model_c1.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0



THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
98

Results
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
0 100 200 300 400 500
time [sec]
T

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
INKA

Fig. 3-43: Model c 1 airzone temperature

Fig. 3-44: Model c 1 FE temperatures (inside, t = 500s)
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
99
4 Manikin FIALA-FE Validations
This section is a documentation of the complete validation program we run during the
implementation phase of FIALA-FE to guaranty the quality of our new thermal manikin.
The main reference for our validations was FIALAs PhD thesis [1].
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
100
4.1 Passive System Validation
Passive system validations with our manikin FIALA-FE typically use single body elements
and compare results achieved within THESEUS-FE with analytic results. Active system
control mechanisms like sweating, shivering, and vasomotion are consequently swiched
off in the following examples.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
101
4.1.1 Spherical body element
System
Initial temperature
T
init
= 37C
R
Ambient air:
T
a
= 0 C
h = 20 W / m
2
K


System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
Tinit 37 C
h 20 W / m *K Convective heat transfer coefficient
k 0.49 W / m*K Conductivity
1080 kg / m Density
c 3850 J / kg*K Heat capacitance
Ta 0 C Ambient temperature
R 10.3 cm Radius
BE 1 Number of body elements
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM PASSIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_3_6.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0


Comparison of predicted head-sphere temperatures with exact, analytically derived values
for conductive cooling using a time step of 5 minutes.
Results from D. FIALAS simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 3.6, [1].





THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
102
Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time [hr]
T
_
t

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Analytical

Fig. 4-1: Tissue temperature, radius 4.0 cm


0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time [hr]
T
_
t

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Analytical

Fig. 4-2: Tissue temperature, radius 7.5 cm









THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
103

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
time [hr]
T
_
t

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Analytical

Fig. 4-3: Tissue temperature, radius 10.3 cm



THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
104
4.1.2 Cylindr. body element with metabolism and blood perfusion (1)
System
Arterial heating
T
bla
= 37 C
w
bl
= 0.001 ml/cm
3
s
Muscle heat source:
q
m
= 600 W/m
3
2
*
R

Ambient air:
T
a
=0C
h=5W/m
2
K



System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
Tinit 0 C
wbl 0.001 ml / cm *s Basal values for blood perfusion
qm 600 W / m Basal values for metabolic rate
k 0.42 W / m*K Conductivity
1085 kg / m Density
c 3768 J / kg*K Heat capacitance
Tbla 37.0 C Fixed aterial blood temperature
R 5.48 cm Radius
BE 1 Number of body elements
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM PASSIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_3_7.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Comparison of predicted muscle tissue temperatures in a leg-cylinder with exact
analytically derived values after the sudden supply of blood and metabolic heat. The
prediction time step was 5 minutes.
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 3.7, [1].
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
105
Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time [min]
T
_
t

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Phd thesis Fiala, [1]
Analytical

Fig. 4-4: Tissue temperature, radius 2.20 cm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time [min]
T
_
t

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Analytical

Fig. 4-5: Tissue temperature, radius 4.93 cm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time [min]
T
_
t

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Analytical

Fig. 4-6: Tissue temperature, radius 5.48 cm
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
106
4.1.3 Cylindr. body element with metabolism and blood perfusion (2)
System


Arterial heating
T
bla
= 37 C
w
bl
= 0.005 ml / cm
3
s
Muscle heat source:
q = 600 W/m
3
2
*
R

Ambient air:
T
a
= 0C
h = 5W / m
2
K



System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
Tinit 0 C
wbl 0.005 ml / cm *s Basal values for blood perfusion
qm 600 W / m Basal values for metabolic rate
k 0.42 W / m*K Conductivity
1085 kg / m Density
c 3768 J / kg*K Heat capacitance
Tbla 37.0 C Fixed aterial blood temperature
R 5.48 cm Radius
BE 1 Number of body elements
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM PASSIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_3_8.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Comparison of predicted muscle tissue temperature in a leg-cylinder with exact analytically
derived values following the instantaneous introduction of a high blood flow and metabolic
heat. The prediction time step was 10 minutes.
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 3.8, [1].
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
107
Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time [min]
T
_
t

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Analytical

Fig. 4-7: Tissue temperature, radius 5.48 cm
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
108
4.1.4 Dead man in a cold environment (10C)
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
Tinit 37 C Initial temperatur of the abdomen
wbl 0 ml / cm *s Basal values for blood perfusion
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 10.0 C Ambient temperature
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 30.0 % Environment air relative humidity
BE 1 Number of body elements
(cylindrical body element used for the abdomen)
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM PASSIVE
POSI SED Sedentary
Solver file dead_man_clothed.tfe
dead_man_naked.tfe

THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Comparison of simulated rectal temperature with results presented in literature [16], [17]].
Switching metabolism and blood perfusion off inside the dead man, heat transport takes
place only via conduction in the human abdomen.
Results

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40
t [hr]
T

[

C
]
environment Temp.
THESEUS-FE, FIALA-FE (clothed)
THESEUS-FE, FIALA-FE (naked)
Literature

Fig. 4-8: Dead man rectal temp. vs time
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
109

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
r [m]
T

[

C
]
t=0
t=1hr
t=10hr
t=20hr
t=30hr
t=40hr
core bone muscle fat skin cloth
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
r [m]
T

[

C
]
t=0
t=1hr
t=10hr
t=20hr
t=30hr
t=40hr
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
r [m]
T

[

C
]
t=0
t=1hr
t=10hr
t=20hr
t=30hr
t=40hr
core bone muscle fat skin cloth
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
r [m]
T

[

C
]
t=0
t=1hr
t=10hr
t=20hr
t=30hr
t=40hr

Fig. 4-9: Dead man temperature distribution vs radius

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
110
4.2 Thermal Neutrality Validation
Boundary conditions at thermal neutrality are defined as thermally comfortable. That
means 30C for the naked and 25.5C for the clothed manikin. Active system control
mechanisms like sweating, shivering and vasomotion are consequently swiched off at
those boundary conditions. Results shown here do not depend on simulation time. Such
steady state solutions in THESEUS-FE create stp-files that contain human setpoint
temperatures that could be used for a later active system simulation.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
111
4.2.1 Naked Manikin
System
Hypothalamus temp.
Respiration
Cardiac output
Mean skin temp.
Rectal temp.
Bounding wall: T
w
= 30 C , c
w
=0.93
Activity: 0.8 met
Ambient air:
T
a
= 30C
Rh = 40%
v
a
= 0.05m/s

System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 0.8 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 30.0 C Ambient temperature
va 0.05 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 40.0 % Environment air relative humidity
BE 10 Number of body elements
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM PASSIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file neutral_naked.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Tab.A.2-4, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
112
Results
PhD thesis Fiala, [1] THESEUS-FE

Quantity Value Value Unit Description
Wght 73.50 73.53 kg Body weight
Body Fat 14.00 14.44 % Fat/body-mass ratio
A
sk
1.90 1.86 m Skin surface area
CardOut 4.90 4.89 ltr / min Cardiac output
M
bas,0
87.10 87.13 W Basal metabolism

Quantity Value Value Unit Description
T
sk,m
34.40 34.43 C Mean skin temperature
T
msc,m
36.20 36.03 C Mean muscle temperature
T
hy
37.00 36.90 C Head core (hypothalamus) temperature
T
re
36.88 36.80 C Abdomen core (rectal) temperature
h
c,m
2.70 2.66 W / m *K Mean convective heat transfer coefficient
h
r,m
5.00 4.50 W / m *K Mean radiative heat transfer coeeficient
Q
sk
78.50 78.17 W Skin heat loss
Q
sk,c
21.50 21.89 W Heat loss by convection
Q
sk,r
38.90 37.02 W Heat loss by (long wave) radiation
Q
sk,e
18.10 19.26 W Heat loss by skin evaporation
Q
rsp
8.50 8.96 W Heat loss by respiration
Q
sum
87.00 87.13 W Sum of heat losses

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
113
4.2.2 Clothed Manikin
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 1.0 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 25.5 C Ambient temperature
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 40.0 % Environment air relative humidity
BE 10 Number of body elements
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM PASSIVE
POSI SED Sedentary
Solver file neutral_KSU.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Tab.4.6, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
Results
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
rectal
mean skin
forehead skin
neck skin posterior
thorax skin anterior
thorax skin posterior
arm skin average
hand skin back
abdomen skin anterior
abdomen skin posterior
leg skin (anterior) average
leg skin (posterior) average
foot skin instep
T [C]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-10: Thermo-neutral with KSU uniform
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
114
4.3 Active System Validation
Simulated human temperatures shown here always start from thermaly neutrality (naked at
30C environment temperature, see section 4.2.1).
Active system control mechanisms like sweating, shivering and vasomotion are
consequently swiched on. Results shown here strongly depend on simulation time,
therefore we use the 2
nd
order transient solver in THESEUS-FE.


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
115
4.3.1 Cooling at 5C (1)
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
Ta = Tw 5 C Ambient temperature
act 0.8 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 30.0 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 7 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_16_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Exposure to servere cold of T
a
= 5 C investigated by YOUNG et al. [12]. Results from D.
FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.16, PhD thesis FIALA, [1].
Preconditioning
Simulation includes 20 min preconditioning at T
a
= 24 C and act = 0.8 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.
Results
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-11: Mean skin temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
116
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time [min]
Q
_
m

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-12: Metabolism
35
36
37
38
39
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-13: Rectal temperature
What you can see in Fig. 4-13 is that the rectal temperature simulated with THESEUS-FE
does not fit with FIALAs curve and experimental results. As a reaction on the
environmental cooling at 5C our curve (red one) falls down, whilst FIALAs blue curve
slightly rises. During our validation phase we found out that this problem (not fitting rectal
temperature) occurs especially at cold environmental conditions that lead to shivering!
Shivering is an active system response to falling skin temperatures, leading to extra
metabolism acting in the manikins muscle layers as an extra heat source. Now the
question is: why does this local muscle heating lead to a rising core temperature in [1], but
not with THESEUS-FE. One reason could be the different methods of building up the
radial temperature distribution in a sector: FIALA therefore uses a finite difference approach
with an isothermal core, whilst THESEUS-FE uses finite elements that discretise the
temperate distribution in each layer, here the core is typically divided into 2 sub-layers with
3 discretisation points.
But if we plot the muscle temperature at the posterior abdomen we get a similar rise for the
rectal temperature, as shown in Fig. 4-14. Finally we can state that it is reasonable not to
compare the abdomen core temperature with measured data points, but the abdomen
muscle temperature and thats the point where you can measure temperatures in
practise.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
117
The vertical shift of the red curve results from different starting conditions, this should be
the thermal neutrality with about 36.8C. FIALA seems to use higher values that might
result from a certain pre conditioning phase.

35
36
37
38
39
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE (muscle layer)
THESEUS-FE (abdomen core)
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-14: Rectal temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
118
4.3.2 Cooling at 5C (2)
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 0.8 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 11 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_17_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Exposure to an environment of T
a
=5C investigated by RAVEN et al. [6].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.17, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
t [min]
T_a [C]
rh [%]

Fig. 4-15:Time dep. boundary cond.: ambient air temperature and relative humidity
Results
Problems with an unfitting rectal temperature (in a very cold environment) had been
discussed at the end of section 4.3.1.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
119
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-16: Mean skin temperature
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time [min]
Q
_
m

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-17: Metabolism
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
time [min]
T
_
f
h

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-18: Forehead temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
120
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
time [min]
T
_
l
e
g

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-19: Leg temperature
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
time [min]
T
_
c
h

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE (thorax anterior)
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-20: Chest temperature
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
time [min]
T
_
a
r
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-21: Arm temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
121
35
36
37
38
39
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-22: Rectal temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
122
4.3.3 Cool environment at 13C
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 1.0 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 13.0 C Ambient temperature
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 40.0 % Environment air relative Humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_18_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Exposure to an environment of T
a
=13C investigated by HARDY et al. [4].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.18, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 17 C and act = 4.0 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.
Results
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-23: Mean skin temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
123
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
Q
_
m

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-24: Metabolism
35
36
37
38
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-25: Rectal temperature
Problems with an unfitting rectal temperature (in a very cold environment) had been
discussed at the end of section 4.3.1

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
124
4.3.4 Cool environment at 15C
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 0.9 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 15.0 C Ambient temperature
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 40 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 37 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_19_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Exposure to an environment of T
a
=15C investigated by WAGNER et al. [11].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.19, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1]
Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 20 C and act = 1.5 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.
Results
27
28
29
30
31
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
125
Fig. 4-26: Mean skin temperature
90
110
130
150
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time [min]
Q
_
m

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-27: Metabolism
36
37
38
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-28: Rectal temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
126
4.3.5 Changing environment 28-18-28C
System

t
1hr 3hr 4hr
28C
18C
28C
T
a
= T
w
Hypothalamus temp.
Mean skin temp.
Rectal temp.
Bounding wall: T
w
= 28-18-28 C , c
w
= 0.93
Activity: 1.15 met
Ambient air:
T
a
= 28-18-28C
Rh = 40%
v
a
= 0.1m/s


System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 1.15 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 40 % Environment air relative humidity
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_20_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0


Exposure to sudden changes in ambient temperature of T
a
=28-18-28 C investigated by
HARDY et al. [4].
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
127
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.20, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
a

[

C
]

Fig. 4-29: Time dependent boundary conditions: ambient air temperature

Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 22 C and act = 2.5 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.

Results
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-30: Mean skin temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
128
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
Q
_
m

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-31: Metabolism
35
36
37
38
39
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-32: Rectal temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
129
4.3.6 Changing environment 28-33-28C
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 1.0 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_22_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0
Sudden changes in ambient temperature from a neutral into a warm environment of T
a
=
33 C and back again investigated by STOLWIJK et al. [9].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.22, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1]

27
29
31
33
35
37
39
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
t [min]
T_a [C]
rh [%]

Fig. 4-33: Time dep. boundary cond.: ambient air temperature and relative humidity

Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 26 C and act = 2.0 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
130
Results

33
34
35
36
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-34: Mean skin temperature



10
30
50
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
Q
_
e
v

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-35: Evaporation heat loss






THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
131
36
37
38
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-36: Rectal temperature



THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
132
4.3.7 Changing environment 18-42-18C
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 1.0 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 30.0 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_23_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Sudden changes in ambient temperature from a cold into a hot environment of T
a
= 42C
and back again investigated by STOLWIJK et al. [9].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.23, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
a

[

C
]

Fig. 4-37: Time dependent boundary conditions: ambient air temperature
Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 24C and act = 2met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
133
Results
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-38: Mean skin temperature
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
Q
_
e
v

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-39: Evaporation heat loss
36
37
38
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-40: Rectal temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
134
4.3.8 Changing environment 28-48-28C
System

t
1hr 3hr 4hr
28C
48C
28C
T
a
= T
w
Hypothalamus temp.
Mean skin temp.
Rectal temp.
Bounding wall: T
w
= 28-48-28 C , c
w
= 0.93
Activity: 1.0 met
Ambient air:
T
a
= 28-48-28C
Rh = 43-27-44%
v
a
= 0.1m/s



System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 1.0 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_24_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Exposure to sudden changes in ambient temperature of T
a
= 28-48-28 C investigated by
STOLWIJK et al. [9].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.24, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
135
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
Ta [C]
Rh [%]

Fig. 4-41: Time dep. boundary cond.: ambient air temperature and relative humidity


Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 29 C and act = 2.0 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.


Results


32
33
34
35
36
37
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-42: Mean skin temperature

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
136



0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
Q
_
e
v

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-43: Evaporation heat loss

35
36
37
38
39
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE (T_re)
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-44: Rectal temperature

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
137
4.3.9 Changing activity in a cold environment at 10C
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 10.0 C Ambient temperature
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 40 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 1 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_25_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Discrepancies between predicted and measured skin temperature during working in a cold
environment of T
a
= 10 C investigated by SALTIN et al. [8]. Also shown is the predicted
skin temperature which resulted from the simulation when evaporation was prevented and
this imitated a small area of sticking tape on the skin as used in the experiments.
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.25, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time [min]
a
c
t

[
m
e
t
]

Fig. 4-45: Time dependent boundary conditions: activity
Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 7 C and act = 3.0 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
138
Results
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESUES-FE
Phd thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-46: Mean skin temperature
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time [min]
w
_
l
o
s
s

[
g
/
m
i
n
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-47: Weight loss
36
37
38
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time [min]
T
_
o
e

[

C
]
THESUES-FE (thorax core)
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-48: Oesophageal temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
139
4.3.10 Stepwise changing activity in a warm environment at 30C
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
Ta = Tw 30.0 C Ambient temperature
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 30 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_26_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Exercise at three levels of activity at T
a
= 30 C shown in [10].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.26, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
t [min]
a
c
t

[
m
e
t
]

Fig. 4-49: Time dependent boundary conditions: activity
Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 27 C and act = 1.0 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
140
Results
32
33
34
35
36
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Phd thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-50: Mean skin temperature
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
time [min]
Q
_
e
v

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-51: Skin evaporation
36
37
38
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-52: Rectal temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
141
4.3.11 Cool environment at 10C
System

Hypothalamus temp.
Mean skin temp.
Rectal temp.
Bounding wall: T
w
= 10 C , c
w
= 0.93
Activity: 0.8 met
Ambient air:
T
a
= 10C
Rh = 67%
v
a
= 0.1m/s


System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 0.8 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 67 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 4 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_27_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Exposure to an environment of T
a
= 10 C investigated by BUDD et al. [2].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.27, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
142
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time [min]
T
_
a

[

C
]

Fig. 4-53: Time dependent boundary conditions: ambient air temperature
Results
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-54: Mean skin temperature



THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
143
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time [min]
Q
_
m

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-55: Metabolism
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time [min]
T
_
s
h

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-56: Shoulder temperature
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
time [min]
T
_
a
r
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE (arm inferior)
THESEUS-FE (arm mean skin)
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-57: Arm temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
144
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
time [min]
T
_
a
b
d

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE (abd. mean skin)
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-58: Abdomen temperature
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time [min]
T
_
r
e

-

T
_
r
e

[
K
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-59: Deviation from inital value


Problems with an unfitting rectal temperature (in a very cold environment) had been
discussed at the end of section 4.3.1.


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
145
4.3.12 Changing environment 43-17-43C
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 1 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 30 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n 3 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_28_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE
version
4.0

Exposure to sudden changes in ambient temperature, from a hot environment of 43 C to
a cold environment of 17 C and back again, investigated by HARDY et al. [4].
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.28, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
a

[

C
]

Fig. 4-60: Time dependent boundary conditions: ambient air temperature
Preconditioning
Simulation includes 60 min preconditioning at T
a
= 25 C and act = 2.5 met.
The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
146
Results
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-61: Mean skin temperature
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
Q
_
m

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-62: Metabolism
36
37
38
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-63: Rectal temperature
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
147
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
time [min]
Q
_
e
v

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-64: Evaporation


THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
148
4.3.13 Naked manikin - 1 hr exposure - wide range of environmental
conditions
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
act 1.0 met Activity
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.1 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 30.0 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.1 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
n >=3 Number of test persons
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI STND Standing
Solver file Fig_4_30_shorts.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Skin temperature, body core temperature and regulatory responses as measured and as
predicted by the model over a wide range of environmental conditions [3] [4]. Each data
point represents a separate 1-hr exposure to the particular ambient temperature.
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 4.30, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
Results
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
T_a [C]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-65: Mean skin temperature, after 1hr exposure at different amb. Temperatures
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
149
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
T_a [C]
d
Q
_
m

[
W
/
m

]
THESEUS-FE
Phd thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-66: Extra metabolism, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures
35
36
37
38
39
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
T_a [C]
T
_
r
e

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
Phd thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-67: Rectal temperature, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures
Problems with an unfitting rectal temperature (in a very cold environment) had been
discussed at the end of section 4.3.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
T_a [C]
Q
_
e
v

[
W
/
m
2
]
THESEUS-FE
Phd thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-68: Evaporation, after 1hr exposure at different ambient temperatures
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
150
4.3.14 Clothed manikin - 3 hr exposure - wide range of environmental
conditions
System and boundary conditions
Quantity Value Unit Description
t 3 hr
act 1.0 met Activity
DT 300.0 Time step for thermal velocity update
w 0.93 Surrounding wall emissivity
va 0.12 m / s Environment air velocity
rh 85.0 % Environment air relative humidity
Icl 0.6 clo Global value for Icl for the PMV calculation
BE 10 Number of body elements
Manikin Type FIALA
MODE UNCPLD Uncoupled, boundary conditions defined here
SYSTEM ACTIVE
POSI SED Sedentary
Solver file Fig_5_5_KSU.tfe
THESEUS-FE version 4.0

Parameters of bodily thermal state as predicted for the experimental series of NEVINS et al.
[5] and ROHLERS et al. [7]. The subject were sedentary, and clad the KSU-uniform.
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 5.5, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
Preconditioning
Simulation includes 35 min preconditioning at T
a
= 24.5 C and act = 1.4 met or act = 2.0
met, as shown in [1]. The preconditioning phase is not plotted in the diagrams below.
Results
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
T_a [C]
S
B
F

[
%
b
a
s
a
l
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]

Fig. 4-69: Skin blood flow, after 3hr expos. at diff. amb. temp. (rh = 85%)
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
151
0
20
40
60
80
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
T_a [C]
Q
_
s
k
_
e
v

[
W
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]

Fig. 4-70: Skin evaporation, after 3hr expos. at diff. amb. temp. (rh = 85%)
35
36
37
38
39
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
T_a [C]
T
_
h
y

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE: rh=85%
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]

Fig. 4-71: Hypothal. temp., after 3hr expos. at diff. amb. temp. (rh = 85%)
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
T_a [C]
T
_
s
k
_
m

[

C
]
THESEUS-FE
PhD thesis Fiala, [1]

Fig. 4-72: Mean skin temperature, after 3hr expos. at diff. amb. temp. (rh = 85%)
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
152
4.4 Thermal Comfort Validation
Simulation results presented here show D. FIALAs dynamic thermal sensation index (DTS)
compared with experimental results of time-dependent thermal comfort studies. The DTS
index runs from -3 (cold) to +3 (hot) and is based on the 7-point ASHRAE-scale:

n
e
u
t
r
a
l
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y

c
o
o
l
c
o
o
l
c
o
l
d
h
o
t
w
a
r
m
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y

w
a
r
m
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y

c
o
o
l
c
o
o
l
c
o
l
d
h
o
t
w
a
r
m
s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y

w
a
r
m
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3

The static TS index shown here, too, does not considere dynamic effects. That means
changes of the mean skin temperature versus time are neglected in the DTS formula
consequently.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
153
4.4.1 Thermal comfort at changing bound. cond.: neutral-cold-neutral
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 5.28, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
System and boundary conditions
Compare System and boundary conditions of section 4.3.5.
Preconditioning
Compare Preconditioning of section 4.3.5.
Results
Compare Results of section 4.3.5.


-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 50 100 150 200
time [min]
DTS, THESEUS-FE
TS, THESEUS-FE
DTS, PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
Experiment

Fig. 4-73: Comparison of comfort indices
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
154
4.4.2 Thermal comfort at changing bound. cond.: neutral-hot-neutral
Results from D. FIALAs simulation had been presented originally in Fig. 5.29, PhD thesis
FIALA, [1].
System and boundary conditions
Compare System and boundary conditions of section 4.3.8.
Preconditioning
Compare Preconditioning of section 4.3.8.
Results
Compare Results of section 4.3.8.

-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
time [min]
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
DTS, THESEUS-FE
TS, THESEUS-FE
DTS, PhD thesis Fiala, [1]
experiment

Fig. 4-74: Comparison of comfort indices

THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
155
Bibliography

[1] FIALA D. Dynamic simulation of human heat transfer and thermal comfort. PhD
thesis. De Montfort University, Leicester. 1998
[2] BUDD, G.M., and N. WARHAFT. Body temperature, shivering, blood pressure and
heart rate during a standard cold stress in Australia and Antarctica. J. Physiol.
(London), vol. 186, pp. 216-232, 1966.
[3] GAGGE A.P., J.A.J. STOLWIJK, and J.D. HARDY. Comfort and the thermal sensation
and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures.
Environmental Research 1, pp. 1-20, 1967.
[4] HARDY J.D., and J.A.J. STOLWIJK. Partitional calorimetric studies of man during
exposures to thermal transients. J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 21, pp. 1799-1806, 1966.
[5] NEVINS R.G., R.R. GONZALEZ, Y. NISHI, and A.P. GAGGE. Effect of changes in
ambient temperature and level of humidity on comfort and thermal sensation.
ASHARE Trans. 72, pp. 283-291, 1966
[6] RAVEN, P.R., and S.M. HORVATH. Variability of physiological parameters of
unacclimatized males during a two-hour cold stress of 5 C. Int. J. Biometeor., vol.
14, number 3, pp. 309-320, 1970
[7] ROHLES F.H. Thermal Sensation of Sedentary Man in Moderate Temperatures.
Special report of Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas State University,
June 1970.
[8] SALTIN B.A., GAGGE A.P., and STOLWIJK J.A.J. Body temperature and sweating
during thermal transients caused by exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 28(3), pp. 318-327,
1970.
[9] STOLWIJK J.A.J., and J.D. HARDY. Partitioned calorimetric studies of responses of
man to thermal transients. J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 21, pp. 967-977, 1966.
[10] STOLWIJK, J.A.J. A mathematical model of physiological temperature regulation in
man. NASA contractor report, NASA CR-1855, Washington DC, August 1971.
[11] WAGNER J.A., and S.M. HORVATH. Influences of age and gender on human
thermoregulatory responses to cold exposures. J. Appl. Phsiol., vol. 58, pp. 180-
186, 1985.
[12] YOUNG, A.J., S.R. MUZA, M.N. SAWKA, R.R. GONZALEZ, and K.B. PANDOLF. Human
thermoregulatory responses to cold air are altered by repeated cold water
immersion. J. Appl. Physiol. 60(5): 1542-1548, 1086.
[13] MYERS, G.E., Analytical methods in conduction heat transfer, Genium Publishing
Corporation, New York, 1987.
[14] INCROPERA, F.P., DEWITT, D.P., Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, John
Wiley & Son, New York, 1996.
[15] BAEHR, H.D, STEPHAN, K., Heat and mass transfer, Springer, Berlin, 1998.
[16] HENSSGE, C., MADEA, B., Methoden zur Bestimmung der Todeszeit an Leichen,
Schmidt-Rmhild, Lbeck, pp 133-201, 1988.
THESEUS-FE 4.2 Validations Manual
156
[17] ECKL, M. ,Temperaturgesttzte Todeszeitschtzung bei nur partiell bekannten
Umgebungsbedingungen, PhD thesis, LMU Munich, 2004.
[18] SIEGEL R., HOWELL J.R. 2002, Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, 4th Edition,
Taylor & Francis
[19] HAUSE G., STIEGEL H. Wrmebrcken Atlas fr den Mauerwerksbau,
Baueverlag.
[20] REDDY, J.N., GARTLING, D.K. The Finite Element Method in Heat Transfer and
Fluid Dynamics, 2nd Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi