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BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS BASIC ELECTRICAL All the forces we encounter in everyday life boil down to two basic types: gravitational forces and electrical forces. A force such as friction or a sticky force arises from electrical forces between individual atoms. Atoms are made of three types of particles: Name charge mass in units of the protons mass location in atom

proton Neutron Electron

positive uncharged negative

1 1.001 1/1836

In nucleus In nucleus Orbiting nucleus

Electricity is the flow of electrons from one place to another. Electrons can flow through any material, but does so more easily in some than in others. How easily it flows is called resistance. The resistance of a material is measured in Ohms. Matter can be broken down into: Conductors: electrons flow easily. Low resistance. Insulator: electrons flow with great difficulty. High resistance. Electrical parameters in a nut shell Current . . . . . the rate at which charge crosses a certain boundary in ampere Voltage . . . . electrical potential energy per unit charge that will be possessed by a charged particle at a certain point in space in volt Power . . . .the work done due to flow of electrons in watts Circuit An electrical device in which charge can come back to its starting point and than getting stuck in a dead end Open circuit . . . a circuit that does not function because it has a gap in it It has full volage across the gap but no current recycled rather

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Short circuit . . . a circuit that does not function because charge is given a lowresistance shortcut path that it can follow, instead of the path that makes it do something useful. It has heavy current but no voltage drop across the wire. Power supplies The power necessary to move electrons out of their orbit around the nucleus of an atom can be produced by chemical, magnetic, photovoltaic, and other means. The two categories of power sources are direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac). Direct Current The polarity and the output voltage from a direct-current power source never change direction. Alternating Current Alternating-current power sources produce a voltage that changes polarity and magnitude. Ohms Law The equation for an ideal resistor is given in (1.5) in which v is in volts, i is in amps, and the constant of proportionality is resistance R measured in ohms (_). This simple formula is known as Ohms law in honor of the German physicist, Georg Ohm, whose original experiments led to this incredibly useful and important relationship. v = Ri Power formula (PIE Law): P = Power (watts) I = Intensity of Current (amps) E OR V = Electro-motive Force (volts) P = IE Meters A meter is a measuring instrument. Ammeter: measures current.connect in series Voltmeter: measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points. connect in parallel Ohmmeter measures resistance. Multimeter: combines these functions and others into a single instrument. Where:

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Series and parallel circuits When circuit elements are combined in parallel and in series, we have two basic rules to guide us in understanding how the parts function as a whole:

the junction rule: In any circuit that is not storing or releasing charge, conservation of charge implies that the total current flowing out of any junction must be the same as the total flowing in. the loop rule: Assuming the standard convention for plus and minus signs, the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero.

Resistances in series add to produce a larger equivalent resistance, Rseries = R1 + R2,because the current has to fight its way through both resistances. Parallel resistors combine to produce an equivalent resistance that is smaller than either individual resistance, 1/Rparallel =1/R1+1/R2 because the current has two different paths open to it. In more complex circuits where more than one load is connected, they may be either in series or in parallel. In a series circuit, current must pass through one to get to the next. Voltage is divided between them. If one goes out, they all go out. Circuit conditions requiring protection devices The two types of circuit protection devices are fuses and circuit breakers. A fuse consists of a metal strip or wire fuse element, of small cross-section compared to the circuit conductors, mounted between a pair of electrical terminals, and (usually) enclosed by a non-conducting and non-combustible housing. The fuse is arranged in series to carry all the current passing through the protected circuit A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. General Safety Rules 1. Do not work when you are tired or taking medicine that makes you drowsy. 2. Do not work in poor light.

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3. Do not work in damp areas or with wet or damp clothing and shoes. 4. Use approved tools, equipment, & protective devices. 5. Remove all metal items when working around exposed circuits. 6. Never assume that a circuit is off. Double-check it with an instrument that you are sure is operational. 7. Buddy system is used at circuit breaker supplying power if working on circuit. 8. Never override safety interlocks. 9. Keep all tools and test equipment in good working condition. 10. Discharge capacitors 11. Do not remove grounds and do not use adapters that defeat the equipment ground. 12. Use CO2 or halogenated-type fire extinguisher to put out electrical fires. Water conducts electricity! (i.e. galley fire in oven).

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS TRANSFORMERS A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive

coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding. ELECTRIC GENERATORS AND MOTORS In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. ELECTRIC MOTORS: Electric motors convert Electrical energy to mechanical energy

BASIC ELECTRONICS Materials with conductivity between that of conductors and insulators are called semi conductors which make the base for all electronics ; E.g. germanium Ge, silicon Si The Semiconductor Junction (Diode):

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Diode only conducts when positive voltage applied to p-side and negative voltage to nside Diodes used in rectifiers, to convert AC voltage to DC. 1. PN- Junction Diodes Rectifiers, Clippers, Clampers etc... 2. Zener diodes - Used as a precision voltage reference 3. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) IR LEDs used in sensors, Indications etc. Transistors:

A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that can perform two functions that are fundamental to the design of electronic circuits: amplification and switching.

Linear Regulated Power Supply:

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