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‘Return to work’ revisited critical of its own role. King and Lloyd
(2007, p.149) noted that ‘there is now
a substantial amount of evidence that
William J. Fear argues that people on incapacity benefit need a psychosocial rehabilitation practitioners do not focus
intervention rooted in self-efficacy clearly on working with clients to achieve
vocational outcomes’.
The current emerging paradigm for
RtW, especially in relation to common
health problems, including mental health
problems, is a psychosocial one. (For an
eing out of work can have harmful new claimants initially expect to return to excellent practical resource see King et
Audy, J.R. (1970). Man-made maladies Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward Booth, D. & James, R. (2008). A literature existing customers (Matched case
references
and medicine. California Medicine, 113, a unifying theory of behavioural review of self-efficacy and effective study). London: Department for Work
48–53. change. Psychological Review, 84, jobsearch. Journal of Occupational and Pensions.
Baily, R., Hales, J., Hayllar, O. & Wood, M. 191–215. Psychology Employment and Disability, Gatchel, R.J. (2004). Psychosocial factors
(2007). Pathways to work: Customer Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The 10(1), 27–42. that can influence the self-
experiences and outcomes – 2007 exercise of control. New York: W.H. Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) assessment of function. Journal of
survey. London: Department for Work Freeman. (2002). Pathways to work: Helping Occupational Rehabilitation, 14,
and Pensions. Bartley, M., Sacker, A., Schoon, I. et al. people into employment. London: The 197–206.
Ballard, J. (2006). The health and work (2005). Work, non-work, job satisfaction Stationery Office. Green, H., Smith, A., Lilly, R. et al. (2000).
debate. Occupational Health at Work, and psychological health. London: Dixon, J., Mitchell, M. & Dickens, S. First effects of ONE. Department of
3(3), 10–12. Health Development Agency. (2007). Pathways to work: Extension to Social Security Research Report No.
labelled as ‘conditions’ that require that while there was an objective set of circumstances will greatly impact on
treatment. This can result in ‘iatrogenic of long-standing variables that predict their perceived (by self and others) ability
epidemics’ of medical/clinical conditions whether and when an IB claimant will to function.
that previously would not have been return to work, the two strongest With regard to RtW in its own right,
debilitating. predictors were the person’s perception of Roger James and David Booth have
As a simple way of thinking about their own health and their ‘distance from demonstrated that self-efficacy is one of
this, many people, probably around 30 work’ or time out of competitive the most important facilitators/barriers to
per cent of the normal population, employment. In addition, perception of successful job outcomes. There are strong
experience ‘common health problems’ – health, not actual health, was found to be indications that self-efficacy is important
combinations of stiffness, soreness, one of the biggest barriers to sustained in terms of maintaining good mental
widespread and enduring pain, lower employment (see Baily et al., 2007, and health at work (see Bartley et al., 2005;
back pain, fatigue, headaches, an inability Dixon et al., 2007). Booth & James, 2008; James, 2007).
to concentrate, stomach upsets, mobility There is a bigger argument here
difficulties, sleeplessness, the triad of about the persons’ beliefs in relation to
126. London: The Stationery Office. King, R., Lloyd, C. & Meehan, T. (Eds.) absence and incapacity for work: Draft incapacity benefits. London: The
James, R. (2007). Job–capability match, (2007). Handbook of psychosocial guidance. London: NICE. Stationery Office.
adviser skills and the five self-efficacy rehabilitation. Oxford: Blackwell. Pietrie, K., & Weinman, J. (2006). Why Waddell G. & Burton K. (2006). Is work
barriers to employment. Journal of Kouyanou, K., Pither, C. & Wessely, S. illness perceptions matter. Clinical good for your health and well-being?
Occupational Psychology, Employment (1997). Iatrogenic factors and Medicine, 6, 536–539. London: The Stationery Office.
and Disability, 9(1), 3–12. chronic pain. Psychosomatics, 59, Spillane, R. (2008). Medicalising work Waddell, G., Burton, K. & Kendall, N.
King, R. & Lloyd, C. (2007). Vocational 597–604. behaviour: The case of repetition (2008). Vocational rehabilitation:
rehabilitation. In R. King, C. Lloyd & T. Lucire Y. (1986): Neurosis in the strain injury. Asia Pacific Journal of What works, for whom, and when?
Meehan (Eds.) Handbook of workplace. Medical Journal of Human Resources, 46, 1, 85–98. Vocational Rehabilitation Task Group,
psychosocial rehabilitation. Oxford: Australia, 145, 323–326. Waddell G., & Aylward M., (2005). The Industrial Injuries Advisory Council.
Blackwell. NICE (2008). Managing long-term sickness scientific and conceptual basis of London: The Stationery Office.