Unit1Review

SimpleMachines
Simplemachinescomprisemostmechanisms.
SimplemachinesredirectenergybymanipulatingFORCE,
DISTANCEand/orSPEED
R=Magnitudeofresistanceforce
E=Magnitudeofeffortforce
MA=R
E
ThisisActualMA
R E
Levers: LeverMA=LE
LR
Class1Levers:fulcrumisbetweentheloadandeffort
Class2Levers:loadisbetweentheeffortandfulcrum
Class3Levers:effortisbetweentheloadandfulcrum
E
E
R
R
mechanicaladvantage>1
mechanicaladvantage<1
LE=lengthtoeffort
LR =lengthtoresistance
Moment=Forcex Distance
MomentEquilibrium:
E*Le=R*Lr
Problem
WhatismyIMA andAMA?IfIapplyaforceof3lbs,
whatistheload?
E
R
6
2
Wheel&AxleIMA
E
R
D
IMA =
D
MA=R
E
Thisformulaisdifferentthanformulasheet
Problem
A.WhatismyMA?B.IfIapplyaforceof3#,
whatistheload?
E
R
6
2
A.MA=LE
LR
MA=8
2
MA=4
B.MA=R
E
4=R
3#
R=4*3#
R=12#
WheelandAxle
Ifthe6diameteraxleonacarturnsa
24diameterwheel,whatisthe
mechanicaladvantage?
Pulley
usedtochangethedirection andmagnitudeofa
force
MA= # strands
(only count last strand if it points up)
R
E
F
AMA =
F
Pulley
Thepulleysystemshownbelowisusedtolifta
loadof100lbs. Howmucheffortmustbe
applied?Iftheropetravels25,howhighdoes
theloadrise?
Pulley
Thepulleysystemshownbelowisusedtolifta
loadof100lbs. Howmucheffortmustbe
applied?Iftheropetravels25,howhighdoes
theloadrise?
MA=#strands=5
MA=R/E
5=100lbs/E
E=20lbs
MA=De/Dr
5=25/Dr
Dr=5feet
Pullingontherope.
Efforttravels25.
out out out in
in in out in
n d GR
1 n d
t e
= = = =
e t
GearRatios
GR =gearratio
n=#ofteeth
d=diameter
w=angularvelocity(speed)
T=torque
Changethespeedofrotation
Changethedirectionofrotation
Changetheamountoftorqueavailabletodo
work
Thisformulaisdifferentthanformulasheet
Gears
Whatisthegearratio
betweengearAandB?
Whatisthegearratio
betweengearCandD?
Ainput
Doutput
Gears
Whatisthegearratio
betweengearAandB?
Whatisthegearratio
betweengearCandD?
GR =No/Ni
GR =12T/20T
GR =0.6
GR =No/Ni
GR =20T/5T
GR =4
Ainitialinput
Dfinaloutput
Driver
Driven
25Teeth
40Teeth
Findgearratioandfindtheinputquantitiesgiventhe
followingknowns:
GR =
Tin=
din=
win=
GearRatios:Example
75ftlbtorque
6
30rpm
Driver
Driven
25Teeth
40Teeth
Findgearratioandfindtheinputquantitiesgiventhe
followingknowns:
GR =No/Ni=40T/25T=1.6
GR =To/Tin1.6=75ftlb/Tin
Ti=46.9ftlb
GR =do/din1.6=12in/din
Din=7.5in
GR =Win/Wo 1.6=Win/30rpm Win=48rpm
GearRatios:Example
75ftlbtorque
6
30rpm
CompoundGearTrain
RatioofAtoBtimesCtoD
Ared36teeth
B:blue20teeth
C:yellow28teeth
D:green14teeth
FindMA.
IftheoutputgearDisspinningat10revolutionsperminute,
howfastistheinputgearaturning?
CompoundGearTrain
MA=GR =No *No
Ni Ni
Notonformulasheet
Ared36teeth
B:blue20teeth
C:yellow28teeth
D:green14teeth
AtoB CtoD
GR =20/36*14/28
GR =0.28
GR =Wi/Wo
0.28=Wi /10rpm
Wi =2.8revperminute
E
R
D
IMA =
D
D
E
=Distancetraveledbytheeffort=L
D
R
=Distancetraveledbytheresistance=H
WhatistheIMAoftheinclinedplaneabove?
L
IMA =
H
4.0ft
InclinedPlaneIMA
E
R
D
IMA =
D
D
E
=Distancetraveledbytheeffort=L
D
R
=Distancetraveledbytheresistance=H
WhatistheIMAoftheinclinedplaneabove?
L
IMA =
H
4.0ft
IMA=15.0ft/4.0ft=3.75=3.8:1
InclinedPlaneIMA
WedgeIMA
E
R
D
IMA =
D
D
E
=Distancetraveledbytheeffort=L
D
R
=Distancetraveledbytheresistance=T
T3.0ft
L

1
0
.
0

f
t
L
IMA =
T
WhatistheIMAofthewedgeontheright?
Thisformulaisdifferentthanformulasheet
WedgeIMA
E
R
D
IMA =
D
D
E
=Distancetraveledbytheeffort=L
D
R
=Distancetraveledbytheresistance=T
T3.0ft
L

1
0
.
0

f
t
L
IMA =
T
WhatistheIMAofthewedgeontheright?
IMA=10.0ft/3.0ft=3.33 =3.3:1
Thisformulaisdifferentthanformulasheet
ScrewIMA
E
R
D
IMA =
D
D
E
=Onerotationoftheeffortarm=Circumference
D
R
=Lineardistancetraveledduringone
rotationoftheeffortarm=Pitch
E
2r
Circumference
IMA = =
Pitch P
1/420NC
WhatistheIMAofthescrewaboveifeffortisappliedby
an8.0in.longwrench?
Pitchis1/threadsperinch
ScrewIMA
E
R
D
IMA =
D
D
E
=Onerotationoftheeffortarm=Circumference
D
R
=Lineardistancetraveledduringone
rotationoftheeffortarm=Pitch
E
2r
Circumference
IMA = =
Pitch P
1/420NC
WhatistheIMAofthescrewaboveifeffortisappliedby
an8.0in.longwrench?
3
28.0in
IMA = =1005.31 =1.010
1in
20
Pitchis1/threadsperinch
EnergySources
EnergySources
Energy:Theabilitytodowork
EnergySourcesinclude
Nonrenewable
Fossilfuels
Uranium
Renewable
Animal
Food
biomass
Inexhaustible
Hydroelectric/tidal
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Work(W)
Theproductoftheforce(F)appliedtoanobject
overadistance(d)inwhichtheobjecttravelsasa
resultoftheforce
W F d =
Joule(j)isthebaseunitofwork
1 1 1 joule newton meter
J N m
=
=
(Forceanddistancemustbeparalleltoeachother)
Power
Rateatwhichworkisperformedor
energyisexpended
W
P=
t
WattisthebaseunitofPower
Onewattisequalto1jouleofworkper
second
work
time
MechanicalWinch
Poweroutput:Work/time
Powerinput:Voltage*current
Efficiency=Pout*100
Pin
Notonformulasheet
ProjectExample
Amotorliftsa20lbweightadistanceof3feetin
12seconds.Whilelifting,voltagewasrecorded
as12Vandcurrentwas1.5A.Whatisthe
motorsefficiency?
ProjectExample
Amotorliftsa20lbweightadistanceof3feetin12
seconds.Whilelifting,voltagewasrecordedas12Vand
currentwas1.5A.Whatisthemotorsefficiency?
Poweroutput:Work/time:Work=Force*distance
Powerout=(20lb*3feet)/12sec=5ftlb/sor5watts
Powerinput:Voltage*current
Powerin=12V*1.5A=18watts
Efficiency=Pout*100=5watts/18watts*100=27%
Pin
ConservationofEnergy
Energycannotbecreatedordestroyed,butitcan
changefromoneformtoanother.
EnergyEfficiency: Theratiooftheusefulenergy
deliveredbyadynamicsystemtotheenergy
suppliedtoit
Entropy: Thelossofenergyduringconversion
output
Efficiency % x100
input
| |
=
|
\ .
EnergyConversion
Changingoneformofenergytoanother
ElectricalCircuit
Asystemofconductorsandcomponents
formingacompletepathforcurrenttotravel
Propertiesofanelectricalcircuitinclude
Voltage(force(pressure) thatcausescurrentto
flow)measuredinVolts;symbolisV
Current(flow ofelectriccharge)measuredin
Amps;symbolisA
Resistance(oppositionofcurrentflow)
measuredinOhms;symbolis
OhmsLaw
Quantities Abbreviations Units Symbols
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohms
V
t
=I
t
R
t
V=IR
Foranycomponent
Forentirecircuit
CircuitConfiguration
SeriesCircuits
Componentsareconnected
endtoend.
Thereisonlyasinglepath
forcurrenttoflow.
ParallelCircuits
Bothendsofthecomponents
areconnectedtogether.
Therearemultiplepathsfor
currenttoflow.
Components
(i.e.,resistors,batteries,capacitors,etc.)
Circuits
Series
Currentsame
everywhere
Resistanceaddstototal
resistance
Voltageaddstototal
voltage
Parallel
Voltagesame
everywhere
Currentaddstototal
current
totalresistance(R
T
)is
equaltothereciprocalof
thesumofthe
reciprocal:
3 2 1
T
3 2 1 T
R
1

R
1

R
1
1
R
R
1

R
1

R
1

R
1
+ +
= + + =
Example:SeriesCircuit
Fortheseriescircuitshown,usethelawsofcircuittheorytocalculate
thefollowing:
Thetotalresistance(R
T
)
Thecurrent flowingthrough eachcomponent(I
T
,I
R1
,I
R2
,&I
R3
)
Thevoltage across eachcomponent(V
T
,V
R1
,V
R2
,&V
R3
)
UsetheresultstoverifyKirchhoffsVoltageLaw.
V
T
+

V
R2
+

V
R1
+
V
R3
+

R
T
I
T
I
R1
I
R3
I
R2
Whatisthecurrent?
Example:SeriesCircuit
Fortheseriescircuitshown,usethelawsofcircuittheorytocalculate
thefollowing:
Thetotalresistance(R
T
)
Thecurrent flowingthrough eachcomponent(I
T
,I
R1
,I
R2
,&I
R3
)
Thevoltage across eachcomponent(V
T
,V
R1
,V
R2
,&V
R3
)
UsetheresultstoverifyKirchhoffsVoltageLaw.
V
T
+

V
R2
+

V
R1
+
V
R3
+

R
T
I
T
I
R1
I
R3
I
R2
Vt =It*Rt
12V=It*1890ohms
It=0.006amps
Or,6mA
Rt =220ohms+470ohms+1200ohms
Rt =1890ohms
Energyapplications
Energyapplications
Lookatthesystem.Understandthesystem
energyrequirementstoselectaproperenergy
source.
Micro hydro

Storage
H
2
Oxygen
Oxygen
Water Water
Fuel
Cell Electrolyzer
Solar Cell
Wind
Hydrogen+Oxygen Electricity+Water
Water
HydrogenFuelCell:
Createselectricityandheatthrough
electrochemicalprocessthatconverts
hydrogenandoxygentowater
Thermodynamics
Thestudyoftheeffectsofwork,heatflow,
andenergyonasystem
Movementofthermalenergy
SYSTEM
SURROUNDINGS
BOUNDARY
Thermal Energy (heat)Transfer
Thetransferormovementofthermalenergy
Mostcommontypesoftransfer
Convection:movementofair
Conduction:movementthruanobject
throughtouching
Radiation:electromagneticwaves
100%efficiencyisunattainable
Q=Energytransfer
U=Uvalue
Temp=temperature
Q=U*A*changeinTemp
RememberUvalue=1/Rvalue
CalculatingEnergyTransfer
T=90F75F=15F
A=8ft*10ft=80ft
2
Q
Calculatetheenergytransferinawallsection
measuring8ftby10ftby0.25ftthick withanR
value=4ft
2
*
o
F *hr/BTUiftheopposingsidesof
thewallsectionhaveatemperatureof90F and
75Fafteronehour.
Calculating Energy Transfer
Areaofthermalconductivity=
Uvalue=1/Rvalue
Differenceintemperature=
U=1/Rvalue=
=0.25BTU/ft
2
*
o
F *hr
Q=U*A*changeinTemp
Q=0.25BTU/ft
2
*
o
F *hr*80ft
2
*15F
Q=300BTU/hr
DesignProblem
WhatisaDesignProcess?
Adesignprocess isasystematicproblem
solvingstrategy,withcriteriaandconstraints,
usedtodevelopmanypossiblesolutionsto
solveorsatisfyhumanneedsorwantsandto
narrowdownthepossiblesolutionstoone
finalchoice.
ITEAStandardsforTechnologicalLiteracy
DesignBrief
definestheproblem
concisedocument(nomore
thanonepage)
identifiestheclient
clearlystatesclients
problem
Listsspecifications
Listsconstraints
TheAdoptedDesignProcessforPLTW

Courses
1. Defineaproblem
2. Brainstorm
3. Researchandgenerateideas
4. Identifycriteriaandspecify
constraints
5. Explorepossibilities
6. Selectanapproach
7. Developadesignproposal
8. Makeamodelorprototype
9. Testandevaluatethedesign
usingspecifications
10. Refinethedesign
11. Createormakesolution
12. Communicateprocessesand
results
ITEAStandardsforTechnologicalLiteracy
DesignTeam
Ateam isacollectionofindividuals,eachwith
hisorherownexpertise,broughttogetherto
benefitacommongoal.
Conductresearchtodevelopknowledgebase
Stimulatecreativeideas
Makeinformeddecisions
1.DefineaProblem
Receiveaproblem to
solvefromtheclient.
Gatherinformation.
Beinspiredthrough
mediaexposureofa
currentproblem and
takeaction.
2.Brainstorm
Generateandrecord
ideas.
Keepthemindalert
throughrapidlypaced
sessions.
Developpreliminary
ideasbasedon
constraints.
3.GenerateandResearchIdeas
GenerateandCompile
theideas
Conductinterviewswiththoseaffectedby
theproblem.
Researchsolutionsthatmayalreadyexist;
identifyshortcomingsandreasonswhythey
arentappropriatetoagivensituation.
Compileideasandreportfindingstothe
team.
4.IdentifyCriteriaandSpecific
Constraints
Cost
Limitations
Time
Identifywhatthesolutionshoulddoandthe
degreetowhichthesolutionwillbepursued.
Identifyconstraints(i.e.,budget,time,etc.).
DrafttheDesignBrief.
5.ExplorePossibilities
Considerfurtherdevelopmentof
brainstormingideaswithconstraintsand
tradeoffs.
Explorealternativeideasbasedonfurther
knowledgeandtechnologies.
6.SelectanApproach
Reviewbrainstormedinformationandanswer
anylingeringquestions.
Narrowideasdownthroughavotingprocess,
orbyuseofadecisionmatrix.
Decideonfinalidea,usuallythroughgroup
consensus.
7.DevelopaDesignProposal
Createworkingdrawings
GenerateDesign
Exploretheideaingreaterdetailwith
annotatedsketches.
Makecriticaldecisionssuchasmaterialtypes
andmanufacturingmethods.
Generatethroughcomputermodelsdetailed
sketchestofurtherrefinetheidea.
Produceworkingdrawingssotheideacanbe
built.
8.MakeaModelorPrototype
PrototypeCreation
Makemodelstohelpcommunicatetheidea
andtostudyaspectssuchasshape,form,fit,
ortexture.
Constructaprototypefromtheworking
drawingssothatthesolutioncanbetested.
BUILD!
9.TestandEvaluatetheDesignUsing
Specifications
PrototypeTesting
TrialRuns
Designexperimentsandtesttheprototypein
controlledandworkingenvironments.
Gatherperformancedata;analyzeandcheck
resultsagainstestablishedcriteria.
Conductaformalcritiquetofleshoutareas
ofconcerns,identifyshortcomings,and
establishanyneedforredesignwork.
10.RefinetheDesign
Modifydesign
Rebuildprototype
Makedesignchanges;modifyorrebuildthe
prototype.
Makerefinementsuntilaccuracyand
repeatabilityoftheprototypesperformance
resultsareconsistent.
Updatedocumentationtoreflectchanges.
Receiveuserscritiquetoprovideoutside
perspectiveinordertodeterminewhether
establishedcriteriahavebeenmet.
11.CreateSolution
12.CommunicateProcessesand
Results
Communicatethedesignersfinalsolution
throughmediasuchasPowerPoint,poster
session,technicalreport.
MarkettheProduct.
Distribute.