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.1. Let f : S W R and F : S W R3 be two functions, the rst a scalar function and the second a vector eld. We dene g g f dS = f (g (s, t)) ds dt s t S W S W g g ds dt. F dS = F (g (s, t)) s t S W S W The second integral is called the ux of F across S in the direction of g g s t n = g g . s t Note that F dS =
S W
(F n ) dS.
S W
Note also that one can dene the line integral of f and F over the whole of S using partitions of unity. Example 31.2. Find the ux of the vector eld given by F (x, y, z ) = y + z + xk, through the triangle S with vertices P0 = (1, 2, 1) in the direction of P1 = (2, 1, 1) and P2 = (3, 1, 2),
P0 P1 P0 P2 n = . P0 P1 P0 P2 g : U S W,
First we parametrise S , where g (s, t) = OP0 + sP0 P1 + tP0 P2 = (1 + s + 2t, 2 s 3t, 1 + 2s + 3t), and U = { (s, t) R2 | 0 < s < 1, 0 < t < 1 s },
1
and W is the whole of R3 minus the three lines P0 P1 , P1 P2 and P2 P0 . Now g = P0 P1 = (1, 1, 2) s and so g g = 1 1 s t 2 3 k 2 3 = 3 + k. and g = P0 P2 = (2, 3, 3), t
Clearly, n and F dS =
S
g s
g t
F dS
S W
=
U 1
F (g (s, t))
1s
g g s t
ds dt
=
0 1 0
=
0 1 0
(6 3s 9t 1 + 2s + 3t 1 s 2t) dt ds
1s
=
0 1 0
= =
0 1
ds
= s2 1 = . 3
2s3 3
1 0
Example 31.3. Let S be the disk of radius 2 centred around the point P = (1, 1, 2) and orthogonal to the vector 1 2 2 n = ( , , ). 3 3 3
2
Find the ux of the vector eld given by F (x, y, z ) = y + z + xk, through S in the direction of n . First we need to parametrise S . We want a right handed triple of unit vectors ( a, b, n ) which are pairwise orthogonal, so that they are an orthonormal basis. Lets take 2 2 1 a = ( , , ). 3 3 3 With this choice, it is clear that a n = 0, so that a is orthogonal to n , b=n a = 1/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 1/3 = 2/3 + 1/3 + 2/3k. This gives us a parametrisation, g : U S W, given by g (r, ) = OP + r cos a + r sin b = (1, 1, 2) + (2r/3 cos , 2r/3 cos , r/3 cos ) + (2r/3 sin , r/3 sin , 2r/3 sin ) = (1 + 2r/3 cos 2r/3 sin , 1 + 2r/3 cos + r/3 sin , 2 + r/3 cos + 2r/3 sin ), where U = (0, 2) (0, 2 ), and W is the whole of R minus the boundary of the disk. Now g g = cos a + sin b and = r sin a + r cos b, r and so g g = (cos a + sin b) (r sin a + r cos b) r = r(cos2 + sin2 ) n = rn .
3
F dS F (g (r, ))
U 2 2
= =
0
g g r
dr d
1 + 2r/3 cos 2r/3 sin , ) (r/3, 2r/3, 2r/3) dr d. Now when we expand the integrand, we will clearly get + cos + sin , where , and are ane linear functions of r (that is, of the form mr + b). The integral of cos and sin over the range [0, 2 ] is zero. Computing, we get = r(1/3 + 4/3 + 2/3) = 7r/3, so that is a linear function of r. Therefore the integral reduces to
2 0 0 2
7r dr d = 3 =
2 0 2 0
7r2 6 14 d 3
d
0
28 = . 3