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Chapter 6
Probability
Distributions
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
6-2 Outline
6-1 Introduction
6-2 Probability Distributions
6-3 Mean, Variance, and
Expectation
6-4 The Binomial Distribution
H
T
Second Toss
T H
First Toss T
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
6-2 Probability Distributions -
6-9 Tossing Two Coins
From the tree diagram, the sample
space will be represented by HH,
HT, TH, TT.
If X is the random variable for the
TT 0
TH
1
HT
HH 2
OUTCOME PROBABILITY
X P(X)
0 1/4
1 2/4
2 1/4
1
PROBABILITY
0.5
.25
0 1 2 3
NUMBER OF HEADS
= ∑ X ⋅ P( X )
where X , X ,..., X are the outcomes and
1 2 n
probabilities .
X
X 11 22 33 44 55 66
P(X)
P(X) 1/6
1/6 1/6
1/6 1/6
1/6 1/6
1/6 1/6
1/6 1/6
1/6
6-16 Example
µ = ∑ X ⋅ P( X )
= 1 ⋅ (1 / 6) + 2 ⋅ (1 / 6) + 3 ⋅ (1 / 6) + 4 ⋅ (1 / 6)
+ 5 ⋅ (1 / 6) + 6 ⋅ (1 / 6)
= 21 / 6 = 35 .
6-17 Example
In a family with two children, find the
mean number of children who will be
girls. The probability distribution is
given below.
X
X 00 11 22
P(X)
P(X) 1/4
1/4 1/2
1/2 1/4
1/4
6-18 Example
µ = ∑ X ⋅ P( X )
= 0 ⋅ (1 / 4) + 1⋅ (1 / 2) + 2 ⋅ (1 / 4)
= 1.
X 0 1 2 3 4
A binomial experiment is a probability
experiment that satisfies the following
four requirements:
Each trial can have only two outcomes
or outcomes that can be reduced to two
outcomes. Each outcome can be
considered as either a success or
a failure.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
6-29 6-4 The Binomial Distribution
There must be a fixed number of trials.
The outcomes of each trial must be
independent of each other.
The probability of success must remain
the same for each trial.
Notation for the Binomial
Distribution:
P(S) = p, probability of a success
P(F) = 1 – p = q, probability of a
failure
n = number of trials
X = number of successes.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
6-32 6-4 Binomial Probability Formula
n!
P( X ) = p Xq n − X
(n − X )! X !
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
6-33 6-4 Binomial Probability - Example
Solution: n = 5, X = 3, 4, and 5, and
p = 0.3.
Then, P(X ≥ 3) = P(3) + P(4) + P(5) =
0.1323 + 0.0284 + 0.0024 = 0.1631.
NOTE: You can use Table B in the
textbook to find the Binomial
probabilities as well.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
6-36 6-4 Binomial Probability - Example
A report from the Secretary of Health and
Human Services stated that 70% of single-
vehicle traffic fatalities that occur on
weekend nights involve an intoxicated
driver. If a sample of 15 single-vehicle
traffic fatalities that occurred on a
weekend night is selected, find the
probability that exactly 12 involve a driver
who is intoxicated.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
6-37 6-4 Binomial Probability - Example
Solution: n = 15, X = 12, and
p = 0.7. From Table B,
P(X =12) = 0.170