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PSYC355

Unit1.3
Dr.DennisJennings
Professor,Psychology

t tests&hypothesistesting
Howdetermine
ifonegroupis
different?
Compareto
known
populationvalue
Onesampleor
singlesamplet
test

Compareto
themselvesor
matchedgroup
Pairedsamplest
test

Compareto
independent
group
Independent
samplest test

Whyneedpairedsamplest test?
Pros
Comparisonvalue
Unknown
Notrelevant
________________________________________

Con
Experimentaldesigncanbe
Difficult,or
sometimesImpractical

Twosourcesofcomparisonvalue
_________________________________
Personsharingcharacteristicsrelatedtodependent
variable
Twin
Sibling
_________or_______onIQ,age,income,
education,testscores,weight,heightorother
variablementionedinproblem
Logicforboth:Individualsineachpair_______
____________________________anydifferencein
scoresafterduetoIV

DoLibertyfemalesdifferin2typesof
aggression:Physical&Verbal?
A. No
B. Yes

Physical:sameitemsasbefore
Verbal#3of5:Whenpeopleannoyme,Imaytellthem
whatIthinkofthem.

Studydesign
Aggressionsurveyof62LibertyFemalesinPSYC312
Assess4typesofaggression,including
Physical 9itemsanalyzedearlier
Verbal#3of5:Whenpeopleannoyme,Imaytell
themwhatIthinkofthem.
Calculatecomposite(mean)answerforeachset
Key:Pairofscoresforeachperson.Eachperson
providesowncomparisonvalue
Analysisbasedondifferenceineachpair!
2tailedtest
Null:Difference=0,ResearchDifference 0

SPSS:VariableView

Definepair ofvariables
DataisUnit1.2SPSSfileforstudents.sav
inCoursecontentonblackboard

OPENIT!

SPSS:DataView

Pairsofscores.
Eachpairin
samerow!

SPSSGraph
Analysisbasedondifference ineachpair
SPSSdoesnotdirectlyproducerequiredchart
Requires2stepprocess
Calculatedifferenceforeachpair
Graph___________________________________

Calculatethedifference
1
2

Calculatethedifference
Typeinnewvariablename
Physical_m_Verbal_F

Calculatethedifference
Physical_Fmean

2
3

Calculatethedifference
Verbal_Fmean

5
4

Createboxplotforscores&difference
1. OpenGraphs
Boxplot,select
Summariesfor
separatevariables,
&clickDefine
2. Movebothscore
variables&the
computed
differencescoreto
right
3. SelectOK

BoxplotsshowsthatPhysicalis____
thanVerbalAgression
A. Higher
B. Lower
C. Same

Whichboxplotmostsymmetric?
A. Physicalaggression
B. Verbalaggression
C. Difference(PhysicalVerbal)

Pairedsamplet testwithSPSS
Textdescribesthatitisequivalenttoone
samplet testondifferences,with
Null:Difference=0,Research:Difference 0
CoulduseOneSamplet testSPSSprogram
analyzedifferencescorebut

Inpracticeeasiertointerpretresultsby
lookingatdifferencescoreANDmeansof2
scoresusedtocalculatedifference
SPSSprovidesthis:PairedSamplest test

Pairedsamplet testwithSPSS
1

2
3

Pairedsamplet testwithSPSS
7
5

8.TypeCI%

2
10
9
A. Movepairofscores notdifferencefromlefttoright
B. SelectCI%withoptions

Output
Summary
statsforpair
ofscores

Summarystatisticsfor Lower&Upper
t statistics
difference
ConfidenceInterval
Values

Pairedvs.OneSamplePrograms

Pairedvs.OneSamplePrograms

Cohensd

________

Largeeffectsize:Powerfultestbecausepaireddesign
resultsinextremelysmallSD ofdifference

Statisticalstatement 2tailed

61

5.778,

.001,

. ______
Priorslide

Correctstatisticalstatement
A.
B.
C.
D.

t(61)=5.778,p <.001
t(61)=5.778,p = .001,d =.73
t(61)=5.778,p <.001,d =.73
t(61)=5.778,p<.001,d=.73

Same2& 1taileddecisionrules
TwotailedRule

OnetailedRule
1.Predicted
Direction?

1.Sig?
Yes

Yes

No

p=Sig.or
p<.001

2.Sig/2 ?

ns

No
ns (onetailed)

Yes

No

p=Sig/2(onetailed)or
p<.001 (onetailed)

ns (onetailed)

Englishstatement

______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Describewhatscore(s)measure
Describethesample
Includesummarystatisticsfordifference!
Significant/notsignificant(+directionif1tail)
Describethecomparisongroup themselves

Englishstatementwordingifused
matchedpairsofstudentsandsisters
Englishstatementfrompriorslide

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Noticedifferenceinwordingwordingmustaccurately
reflectdesignofstudy

Verbal Hostility
3.5
1.6
2.3
2.8
1.0
1.0
TestifthereVerbalAggressionis
4.4
lowerthanHostilityinasampleof 3.6
2.3
2.4
13malestudentsinPSYC312
3.9
5.0
Addvariables(right)toSPSS
3.8
2.2
Calculatedifference
4.3
2.4
Boxplotofscores&difference
2.3
3.2
99% confidenceinterval
5.6
4.8
1.8
2.4
CalculateCohensd
4.4
3.2
Writestatisticalstatement
2.9
3.8
WriteEnglishstatement

Youdoit!

Dataformat

10

Boxplots

Figure9.Boxplotsofverbalaggression,hostility,and
thedifferencescoresforasampleofmaleLiberty
students

Whatareupper&lower99%
confidenceintervals
A. 2.954&3.240
B. .9577&.3846
C. 1.2274&.6543

WhatisCohensd?
A.
B.
C.
D.

.26
.93
.89
1.11

11

Didthepredicteddirectionhappen?
A. Yes
B. No

Whatisthestatisticalstatement?
A.
B.
C.
D.

t(12)=.930,p =.371,d =.26


t(12)=.930,ns,d =.26
t(12)=.930,ns (onetailed)d =.26
t(12)=.930,ns(onetailed)

Englishstatement
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Describewhatscore(s)measure
Describethesample
Includesummarystatisticsfordifference!
Significant/notsignificant(+directionif1tail)
Describethecomparisongroup themselves

12

Homework#7
10points
Youwillcarryoutapairedsamplesttestfor
thisassignment thatisonblackboard.

13

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