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The paragroup L1 includes the MRCA of human mtDNA, which is at least 150,000170,000 years old (Horai et al. Horai et al., 1995; Ingman et al. Ingman et al., 2000). Haplogroup L1a (Figure 4a) is common (~ 20%25%) in East, Central, and southeastern Africa , and is almost absent in North, West, and southern Africa . The main subclade, L1a1, is ~ 33,350 (SE 16,600) years old and is quite starlike, with a predominantly East/southeastern African distribution and a root type that is common in East Africa . There has been considerable drift on several derived types in southeastern Africa . The second principal subclade, L1a2, is ~ 8,300 (SE 3,650) years old and is predominantly Central African, occurring in both Biaka and Mbuti, and, again, several types (in particular, the root type) appear at elevated frequency in southeastern Africa. An East African origin of L1a seems likely , given that Central African types tend to be more derived in the tree With regards to the subtype L1c, the authors say this: Representatives in West Africa are restricted to two derived subclades, suggesting an expansion westwards relatively late in the evolution of the haplogroup. It is notable, however, that the southeastern representatives tend to be most closely related to Central African types and include types in clusters not present in West Africa . by Salas et al. The subtype L1b is something of an interesting case, which as put forth by the said authors,
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L1b (Figure 4b) has a completely different geographical distribution within Africa. It is concentrated in West Africa, with some overflow into Central and North Africa (particularly geographically adjacent areas, connected by the West African coastal pathway) but little in East, southeastern, or southern Africa. It is also common in African American s (~27% of all
L1b-types in the database), in agreement with the known importance of the West African coast to the Atlantic slave trade. A simple interpretation would therefore attribute a West African origin to L1b, with significant diffusion into North and Central Africa. However, because the coalescence time of L1b is estimated at only ~30,000 yearswhereas its sister clade, L1c, is estimated at ~60,000 years olda recent bottleneck and re-expansion in West Africa may have shaped the evolution of L1b. Given the likely origin of its sister clade L1c in Central Africa, a Central African origin seems plausible for L1b as well. It is an interesting case, because it offers two possible explanations for its high concentration in west Africa, and hence in African American candidates as well, which is that: 1)it could well have originated in west Africa, and then spread to north and central Africa, that is regions nearby west Africa, as well as the Americas via the slave trade. 2)or it could well have originated in central Africa, which seems to be the springboard point from where L1 subtypes made their way into west Africa; after all, central Africa seems to have the distinction of having considerable frequencies of all the sub-haplogroups thus far mentioned, namely L1a, L1b, and L1c. If sway were given to the second scenario, given the said *distinctive* element of central Africa, along with the reasons given by the authors, with regards to coalescence ages of L1c and L1b with respect to one another, along with their common considerable presence in central Africa, then a case can be made that it could lend some credence put forth here earlier, about the east-towestward migratory pathway contextualization of the origins of contemporary west African groups predominantly bearing E3a Y-chromosome markers, which was touched on in the following links: P2 Clades: The Arrival of E3a and E3b Haplogroups NRY Haplogroup E3a: Proposing its Origins through a Multidisciplinary lens In making this Ychromosome-mtDNA correlation, it may well be worth taking note of the distribution patterns of the L1 subtypes: 1)L1a is common in east Africa, but rarer, if not almost absent in west, north or south Africa. and scarce in African American candidates, in comparison with other African types, though it is also worth noting that the African American representatives of this subtype largely match southeast African examples, suggesting that region to be the source of the American candidates carrying that clade. and has some notable presence in central Africa and southeast Africa. 2)L1b is common in west Africa, but rarer in east Africa, southeast and south Africa. and has notable presence in African American candidates. and has notable presence in central Africa and north Africa. 3)L1c is common in central Africa, but rarer in west and southeast Africa, with virtually none in east or south Africa. and has considerable presence in African American candidates. Thus, it is quite likely that the elevated presence in African American candidates is due to drift, particularly when taking into account that west Africa is generally considered to be an important region where a major section of African American populations trace their ancestry, not to mention that:
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A West African origin for the African American L1c types is unlikely , because American types do not match with West African ones, this region being the best represented in the
database. Salas et al. With regards to this subtype, lets recall that Representatives in West Africa are restricted to two derived subclades, suggesting an
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expansion westwards relatively late in the evolution of the haplogroup. It is notable, however, that the southeastern representatives tend to be most closely related to Central African types and include types in clusters not present in West Africa . by Salas et al. which would appear to lend further credence to the aforementioned east-to-westward migratory pathway contextualization of the origins of contemporary west African groups predominantly bearing E3a Y-chromosome markers, wherein ancestors [originating from *general* geography straddling central-Africa and Sudan] would seek refuge in the Shum Laka region, before heading westward into west Africa. Now add to that earlier excerpt, this: The geographic distribution of L1c is especially interesting. More than one-third of L1c haplotypes in our database belong to African Americans, and few of them show matches with continental Africans. The great majority of the remainder of L1c comes from Central Africans, with a few in the west and the southeast. There are virtually none in the east or south; of the Pygmy groups sampled, only the western group (the Biaka) have L1c. Noteworthy, is that most Y marker studies tend show that Pygmy groups generally carry markers relatively closer to the root of the tree, but mtDNA analysis on the other hand, paint a more complex picture, perhaps indicating influences from neighboring groups or recent arrivals to the scene. As for the subtype L1c itself, we are told that: This suggests that the origin of L1c can be placed somewhere in Central Africa towards the
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Atlantic west coast, in the uncharacterized areas of Angola and the Congo delta, to the south of the putative Bantu homeland, on the route of the western stream of the Bantu
expansion. 4) Haplogroup L1d: Haplogroup L1d (Figure 5b) is nonstarlike and characterizes Khoisan groups (Bandelt and Forster Bandelt and Forster, 1997), where it represents about half of the total haplogroup composition for the southern African samples (!Kung and Khwe). L1d is additionally found at ~ 5% in the southeastern African samples (see also Pereira et al. Pereira et al., 2001), and there is a single East African L1d type from Lake Turkana. This distribution strongly implies an origin for L1d amongst the ancestors of the Khoisan, long before the arrival of Bantu speakers in the region. [Salas et al.] 5) Haplogroup L1e: L1e is restricted almost solely to East Africa [Salas et al.] With regards to haplogroup L2, we are told: 1)it appears that the founder ages for L2a are significantly older than for L1a, consistent with the phylogeographical picture, with an earlier West African origin for the L2a lineages of southeastern Africa and a more recent East African origin for the L1a lineages . Indeed, the age of the L2a founders in southeastern Africa is consistent with an origin in the earliest Bantu dispersal from the Cameroon plateau, 3,500 years ago (Phillipson Phillipson, 1993). Something about this haplogroup that seems to also lend some credence to the east-to-westward migratory pathway contextualization of the origins of contemporary west African groups some time in the Ogolian period, which coincides with the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum elsewhere), is this:
Whether it's Paternal or Maternalgenealogy ultimately takes you back to one source: Africa! (Click on the pic to enlarge)
It is difficult to trace the origin of L2a with any confidence. The deepest part of L2a, represented by clusters 1-3, is most common in East Africa . However, the diversity and TMRCA are similar in East (61,250 [SE 13,500] years) and West (54,100 [SE 17,087] years) Africa. The diversity accumulated separately in East and West Africa , estimated from
the main shared founder types (and disregarding the possibility of subsequent gene flow), is again similar in the two regions, at ~14,000 years (14,100 years [SE 5,100], and 13,800 years [SE 4,700], respectively), suggesting a separation shortly after the Last Glacial
Maximum.
give or take in the margin of error, the above is displaying slightly older dates for east African bound examples with respect to the west African bound ones, but otherwise, the dates respective to either geography could well be placed within the same general time frame ranges, just as noted above. But going back to the aforementioned hypothesis, lets recall that it was stated here that
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PN2 clade (E3) bearers in the vicinity of the general expanse straddling Sudanese-Central African Republic -Ugandan-Kenyan region [get a map aid, if necessary] give rise to E3a ~
between 21 and 18 ky ago [see Semino et al. 2004 for TMRCA dates, pending additional or new info]; E3b-M35* would have likely arose relatively earlier than E3a* [as evidenced by its near absence in some the populations that carry this], sometime prior to the Ogolian and the LGM period Bearing "rare" lineages predominantly found in east Africa - i.e. the likely point of origin, along with sequential archaeological evidence for [east-to-west and thereafter, in situ west African south-to-north] repopulation events in west Africa, much of which was abandoned in the Ogolian desertification, show that the earliest E3a bearers - which finds expression in Senegalese samples - could not have arose in situ west Africa, but originated in an eastward oriented geography and migrated to west Africa, as the Ogolian aridity relaxed, bringing along with them new microlithic traditions picked up from the Shum Laka region, settled therein and thereafter underwent demic expansion, resulting in the "high diversity and frequency" of the E3a distribution in west Africa. In one of the other link, it was stated... The E3a bearing group would proceed westward, perhaps meeting groups of earlier lineages at the Shum Laka region of Cameroon, whereby quartz micro-lithic culture had already been in place by around 30 ky ago, hence preceding the rise of E3a common recent ancestor. But this group wouldnt stay put here, at least not every section of it; theyd proceed to the savanna, grassland or vegetation holdouts in West Africa beyond the then boundaries of the Sahara. This probably occurred some time between 15ky and 13ky ago. During this period, as the **Saharan aridity began to gradually slacken**, some E-M78 bearing proto-Afrasan speaking nomads likely made their way into the Levant via the Sinai corridor.
Others taking refuge in the Cameroonian savanna-tropical forest general region probably
followed suit, that isafter the aforementioned initial batch of migrants [bearing E3a descendants]; or else, the same group of people [from the initial migrants] shifted locations along the west African vegetation belts, once it became apparent that the far western reaches didnt have much to offer, but the water system [as part of the Niger River] however relatively shallow or what notoffered something additional. Finally, when the conditions in the Sahara were turning around for the better, starting between ~ 12ky and 11ky ago, these migrants would proceed northward, leaving the sort of trails that find expression at OunjougouMali. Links in question: P2 Clades: The Arrival of E3a and E3b Haplogroups NRY Haplogroup E3a: Proposing its Origins through a Multidisciplinary lens Keeping this in mind, the authors add that: An easterly origin for L2a also faces the following difficulties: that the other subclades of L2 (L2b, L2c, and L2d) have a clear western distribution, and that L2d diverges earlier in the mtDNA phylogeny than L2a (Torroni et al. Torroni et al., 2001). A possible solution would be an origin for L2a somewhere **between east and west**, ..and
Haplogroups L2b, L2c, and L2d appear to be largely confined to West and western Central Africa (and African Americans), with only minor occurrences of a few derived types in the
southeast. L2b also shows isolated occurrences in the east and as far north as Iberia. Therefore, an origin for all three in West and western Central Africa seems likely. What does all this observations of L1 and L2 subtypes ultimately mean at this point? Well, one
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ought to come out of it with an overall image wherein central Africa had played an important role in the corridor for the "east-to-westward" migration of the ancestors of contemporary E3a-bearing groups of west Africa as a refuge center and thus, radiation point for lineages which have become important in west Africa, central Africa, southeast Africa, southern Africa, and in some cases east Africa as well. This especially becomes apparent, when one takes into account the above mentioned point about central Africa attaining the distinction of harboring these lineages in noticeable frequencies, while the case is shown to be otherwise in either west Africa and/or east Africa, or southern Africa. With respect to haplogroup L3, were informed: The lineages remaining within L3* represent ~20% of all L3A types in Africa. Although they are distributed throughout the continent, they reach the highest frequencies in East Africa, where they account for about half of all types from this region. This frequency profile suggests an origin for L3 in East Africa (Watson et al. Watson et al., 1997). This is supported by the evidence that the out-of-Africa migration, which took place from a source in East Africa 60,00080,000 years ago, gave rise only to L3 lineages outside
Africa.
1)sub-haplogroups L3f and L3g: Both L3f (Figure 8a) and L3g (Figure 8b) are rare and also appear to have an East African origin. L3f* and L3g are virtually restricted to East Africa (with some dispersal into Central
expansion from Central into West Africa (~9,000 years ago). Other instances of such
expansions (for example, in haplogroup L2) may be undetectable, at present, because of poor phylogenetic resolution.
Few L3e2b types are found in southeastern Africa, but a great many are present in African
Americans.
L3e3 is primarily West African, but with its root type present at elevated frequency in the
rainforests were reduced to a small fraction of their present size, leaving open woodland and savanna in much of the Congo basin. This may have formed a refuge area from which modern humans later dispersed: some with haplogroup L2a east and west, with L1b west; perhaps even some with L1a east and L1d southward. The origins of these expansions may lie earlier, at the beginnings of the Later Stone Age, ~40,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence has demonstrated substantial human activity in the equatorial forest areafor example, in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, 35,000 years ago (Mart et al. Mart and
Mercader-Florn, 2001).
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It is worth noting that the mtDNA data do not support the clustering of sub-Saharan Africans into (pre-Holocene) geographical races, as assumed by many authors (Hiernaux Hiernaux, 1975; Newman Newman, 1995), if only because the so-called Pygmies clearly do not form a coherent group. The westerly Biaka sample includes only L1a and L1c, and the more easterly Mbuti include only L1a (shared with the Biaka), L1e and L2. Therefore, the Biaka tend to resemble other Central African populations, whereas the Mbuti more closely resemble those from East Africa, although both groups are much reduced in diversity in comparison with neighboring populations. It is also notable that the Tanzania Khoisanspeaking Hadza resemble other East Africans rather than southern African Khoisan speakers. Both results appear to be consistent with the results from classical markers (Cavalli-Sforza et al. Cavalli-Sforza et al., 1994). The authors proceed to then make their own correlations between mtDNA distribution and Y marker distribution, although not as detailed as that in the posting here, as it particularly pertains to contemporary west African groups who are generally known for high frequencies of PN2-derived Y marker "E3a". ___________________________________________________________ *References: Salas et al. 2002, The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape
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