White paper

2020: Beyond 4G Radio Evolution for the Gigabit Experience

Executive summary
Contents 3 4 5 6 9 13 14 14 15 Mobile networks face a decade of change Continued global effort will be vital State of the art LTE-Advanced Significant potential for further Radio Evolution Beyond 4G: The technical cornerstones Techno-Economical aspects Worldwide collaboration on standardization Nokia Siemens Networks research leads the way Conclusion: Delivering the gigabit experience Maintaining the pace of radio access evolution This White Paper describes how the underlying radio access technologies will develop further by another factor of 100 over the next 10 years, ensuring that there is no slowdown in the evolution of radio capabilities. Nokia Siemens Networks is actively engaged in collecting requirements and viewpoints as well as shaping this development. We are researching advanced radio network solutions to support up to 1000 times higher traffic volumes compared to 2010 traffic levels. Welcome to the next evolutionary stage of the mobile experience Beyond 4G.

Beyond 4G

Mobile Networks face a decade of change

Every year, the demand in mobile broadband communications increases dramatically as more and more users subscribe to mobile broadband packages. In addition, smartphones, super-phones and tablets with powerful multimedia capabilities and applications are becoming increasingly popular and are creating new demands on mobile broadband. Finally, new data services and applications, for example pervasive 3D multimedia, are emerging, making the experience of using mobile broadband better and more exciting. All these factors are adding up to create an exponential increase in traffic volumes and transactions. Meeting the demand calls for liquid network capacity that can adapt easily to fluctuating user demands over time and location. These trends, shown in Figure 1, are expected to maintain their momentum over the next decade and will be complemented by the arrival of billions of machine devices and related machine-to-machine (M2M) applications. Extrapolations of current growth trends predict that networks need to be prepared to support up to a thousandfold increase in total mobile broadband traffic by 2020. This figure assumes a ten-fold increase in broadband mobile subscribers and up to 100 times higher traffic per user (beyond 1 GByte/sub/day), with smartphones and super-phones experiencing the fastest growth. In 2020, most important design targets are expected to be the cost per delivered bit and system scalability. In addition, future heterogeneous network deployments will offer ubiquitous connectivity with rock-solid quality where necessary. Other important targets are latency minimization, consistent area performance and energy efficiency for boosting consumer experience.
Explosion of number of devices

Explosion of transactions Explosion of traffc volume

Machine-to-machine

Smartphones Super-phones

Laptops

Figure 1. Multi-dimensional traffic growth in mobile networks

Peak data rate 6 Backwards compatibility 4 Spectral efficiency

2 Energy 0 Latency

Scalability Cost per Bit Figure 2. Design criteria for Beyond 4G systems

Consistency

6: No compromise 5: Strong requirement 4: Compromise possible 0: Not relevant

Beyond 4G

The wireless networks environmental impact is becoming an increasingly important consideration. Improving the energy efficiency of network components, such as base stations and access points, not only cuts CO2 emissions but, also reduces operational expenses, lowering the cost per bit. This is important, considering the expected traffic and throughput growth up to 2020. A decade from now, mobile broadband systems must meet these requirements. Fulfilling these will strongly influence the economic success of the wireless sector, from device and component manufacturers, to network and service providers. Todays wireless systems fall short of 2020 demands and significant research and development effort will be needed over the next decade. Figure 3 shows the key enablers to be investigated, as well as the different Key Performance Indicators that will be used to verify system performance.

Enablers Multi-RAT Heterogeneous Networks

Spectrum Cognition, Pooling

Coordination CoMP, ICIC

Smaller Cells Micro, Pico, Relay, Femto

En Sp Ar Ro ea er ec bu gy tra Ef stn fic Ef lE es ien fic ffic s i e c ien nc y cy y

KPIs

Figure 3. Beyond 4G technology enablers, KPIs and optimization timelines

Continued global effort will be vital

Beyond 4G radio will require spectrum to support higher data rates and higher capacity. The industry, for example vendors and CSPs, expects to obtain new spectrum at the world radio conference (WRC2016). However, even today it can be seen that if new spectrum is allocated to mobile radio applications, this will be far from sufficient to meet the predicted traffic demands for 2020. Thus, technologies with increased spectral efficiency, and new heterogeneous dense network deployments with distributed cooperating nodes will need to be deployed. The introduction of a new Beyond 4G access system could be considered if justified by significant gains (>50-100%) measured against the KPIs outlined in Figure 3. To create a globally-harmonized approach to specifying and developing broadband wireless networks, ITU-R has established a widely accepted framework by setting minimum requirements for next generation systems. This global effort started with the definition of IMT-2000 systems for 3G standardization. The requirements for 4G systems were defined under the title IMT-Advanced. ITU-R is expected to analyze the demands and requirements for the next generation of broadband wireless systems to guide and harmonize future developments towards Beyond 4G.

Beyond 4G

State of the art LTE-Advanced

Many CSPs have deployed LTE Release 8 in commercial networks to offer peak data rates up to 100 Mbps. The first phase of the LTE-Advanced specification was completed by the 3GPP Release 10 in June 2011. LTE-Advanced offers peak rates of 1 Gbps by using carrier aggregation and multi-antenna transmission. LTE-Advanced will raise spectral efficiency through coordinated multipoint transmission, which refers to multi-antenna transmission simultaneously from multiple base stations. As we have seen, traffic volumes are likely to increase faster than the amount of spectrum being made available and the rise in spectral efficiency. More base stations will therefore be needed to offer the necessary capacity. LTE-Advanced supports heterogeneous networks with co-existing large macro cells, small micro and pico cells, and WiFi access points. Low cost deployment will be achieved by self-organizing features. Many features of LTE-Advanced have been studied by the research community for years and will now provide practical benefits for customers. Figure 4 summarizes the main LTE-Advanced features that can be deployed flexibly on top of LTE Release 8 networks. The commercial availability of LTE-Advanced features is expected to be during 2013-2015.
LTE-Advanced Toolbox Self optimization Automatic optimization

Heterogeneous networks

Macro, Micro, Pico coordination Multi-system co-operation

Relaying Out-band & in-band relay

Coordinated Multipoint Coordination between base stations

MIMO 8x 4x Downlink 8x8 MIMO Uplink 4x4 MIMO

Carrier Aggregation

+
Carrier 1 Carrier 2

Up to 100 MHz

Figure 4. LTE-Advanced and Self-Optimization toolbox of features

Beyond 4G

Significant potential for further Radio Evolution

Radio Evolution will not stop with LTE-Advanced - on the contrary the underlying technologies will keep improving.  Digital processing power improves   The so-called Moores law describes the long term trend in hardware and computing. The number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every 18 to 24 months. That trend has been valid for more than 50 years and there are no signs that the law will break down before 2020. Higher processing power enables higher data rate signal processing in the digital baseband.  Radio implementation bandwidth increases  The development of RF technologies will enable radio implementation with wider bandwidth. Larger RF bandwidth is another key factor in enabling higher data rate transmission.  Optical fiber availability and cost improves   Fiber enables faster connections to base stations, either as backhaul or front-haul up to the antenna. These technology advancements will enable the deployment of higher data rates and higher capacity, as well as driving down the cost per bit. Yet, radio evolution also requires spectrum. The amount of spectrum available for mobile broadband may increase by up to 10 times, but a lot of global coordination work will be required to achieve that target. Mobile broadband data in many countries is carried today by the UMTS 2100 MHz band with a total of 2 x 60 MHz of spectrum. Refarming all 900 and 1800 MHz bands for mobile broadband would give a total of 340 MHz of spectrum. With 800 MHz and 2600 MHz allocations, the total spectrum will be 600 MHz. These spectrum blocks are already available in a few countries and will be widely available by 2015. The entire spectrum identified for IMT amounts to more than 1,100 MHz, in addition to a large amount (about 500 MHz) of unlicensed spectrum at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The total spectrum will be 3 10 times the current allocation for mobile broadband. Spectrum evolution is shown in Figure 5.

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 MHz 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Unlic 5 GHz Unlic 2.4 GHz 3700 3400 2600 2300 2100 TDD 2100 1800 900 800 700 450 2010 2012 2015 2020

Figure 5. Expected additional spectrum assets for mobile broadband

Beyond 4G

The link level capacity is bound by the Shannon limit, but that does not apply at the system level where several cells interact with each other. System efficiency can be enhanced by clever designs in which inter-cell interference can be optimized. Todays spectral efficiency is typically between 0.5 and 1.0 bps/Hz/cell (for example HSPA), taking into account legacy terminal and backhaul limitations. Efficiency could be pushed to 5 - 10 bps/Hz/cell by using multi-antenna and multi-cell transmission and cooperation as shown in Figure 6. Meanwhile, radio latency has no fundamental limits, except those imposed by the speed of light, and could be pushed into the millisecond range or even less by advanced protocol design. One millisecond corresponds to a round trip time of 100 kilometers in optical fiber, therefore lower latency would be beneficial for large amounts of local content.

10.0

8.0

(bps/Hz/cell)

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

HSPA today

LTE 2x2

LTEAdvanced 4x4

+ COMP

+ UE interference cancellation

+ Further innovations

Figure 6. Spectral Efficiency Evolution

Latency (ms) 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 HSPA LTE Beyond 4G 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0

Latency (ms) Transport + core BTS Air interface UE LTE

Figure 7. Latency Improvements (round trip time)

Beyond 4G

10x

We also expect that base station density will increase by a factor of 10 in areas with a large density of active users. Large numbers of femto cells will be deployed to improve home and small office coverage and offload traffic from macro cells. Additionally, a large installed base of WiFi Access Points (>500 million) will carry traffic, mainly indoors. The impact of the three enhancement topics, improvements in spectral efficiency, additional spectrum and large number of small base stations, will be to enable up to 1,000 times more capacity than today, as illustrated in Figure 9.

50 Mio

5 Mio 2010 2020

Figure 8. Increase in the number of base stations due to network densification

Spectrum (MHz) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2010 2020 10 8 6 4 2 0

Spectrum efficiency (bps/Hz/cell) 120 100 80 60 40 20 2010 2020 0

BTS density (/km2)

2010

2020

10x

10x

10x

1000x

Figure 9. Technology capabilities allow 1000 times more data in 10 years time

34% CAPEX Savings 85,9m EUR (Over 6 years) 120 100 80 8 Beyond60 4G 40

200,0 150,0 100,0 50,0

46% OPEX Savings 186,7 Mio EUR (Over 6 years)

e e

al

& t

a e

0,0

Beyond 4G: The technical cornerstones

Ubiquitous heterogeneous networks
Future networks will be deployed more densely than todays networks. Due to economic constraints and site availability, networks will become significantly more heterogeneous in terms of transmit power, antenna configurations (number, height and pattern of antennas), supported frequency bands, transmission bandwidths and duplex arrangements. Radio network nodes will vary from stand-alone base stations to systems with different degrees of centralized processing, depending on the availability of front-haul and backhaul. Diverse radio access technologies will need to be integrated, with any combination of LTE, HSPA+, Wi-Fi and Beyond 4G radio access technologies. Last but not least, the allocated spectrum will be more fragmented and may even be shared among CSPs according to new license models. In a future wireless network, connectivity will also be designed to take energy efficiency into account. Networks will intelligently distribute radio resources to achieve the lowest energy consumption possible. Hence, instead of offering a uniform radio access with varying delivery capabilities, services could be delivered intelligently to take advantage of the operational environment. Context sensitive variables could be the existence of other access networks, the availability of radio bandwidth, the radio propagation environment and user mobility patterns. Furthermore, the quality of connections could be set according to available network and air interface resources.

Macro cell - Macro cell

Macro cell Femtocelli Macro cell Micro cell

Macro cell Femtocelli

Indoors

Macro cell Femtocelli

WiFi

Macro cell Pico cell

Indoors

Femto cell

Figure 10. Heterogeneous Networks with a myriad of multi-radio cell layers

Coverage area of Macro cell Coverage area of Micro cell Coverage area of Pico cell

Beyond 4G

Extreme automation by selforganization and cognition

The management of heterogeneous networks needs to be fundamentally redesigned for simplicity and efficiency. This calls for coordinated dimensioning of quantitative parameters, the ratio between large and small cells, form factors, multivendor domains and backhaul options. The exploitation of cloud technologies, virtualization, resource pooling and increased degrees of coordination are key technologies to reduce the cost of transmission sites for antenna clusters. The dilemma in radio network management is the balance between centralized and distributed control. In future, the increasing number of small cells with fiber backhaul will drive the need for locally centralized small cell clusters capable of global optimization. Future networks will be populated with various kinds of devices with wireless access. Some devices will need high bandwidth (HDTV or 3D video streaming/download), some will have stringent latency requirements (VoIP or gaming), while others will need a maximized robustness and reliability (e-Health, Car2x Communication). Moreover, a much greater variety of devices, M2M, notebooks and smartphones will demand network flexibility. A vital future technology is Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) the next evolution of Self-Organizing Networks (SON). CRN will enable flexible spectrum management, device-to-device networking and wideband software-defined radio.

The air interface

The air interface is the foundation of all wireless communication infrastructures. The properties and interoperability of different airinterfaces, physical layer, protocol layer, retransmission, critically affect the QoS, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, robustness and flexibility of the entire radio system. The evolution of the air interface will be driven by small cell dominated architectures. Consequently, relevant aspects, such as propagation and interference conditions need to be developed carefully. The LTE air interface is optimized for the wide area environment where the transmit power difference between the device and base station is relatively large (up to 25 dB). Consequently, both the modulation scheme (SCFDMA vs. OFDMA) and the physical channel structure differ significantly between the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL). The UL has been designed to maximize the link budget for control and data channels. For example, given the similar uplink and downlink transmit powers and limited coverage area required for indoor access points, maximizing the similarities between UL and DL is sensible. Similar multiple access schemes could be used in both directions, simplifying system design and hardware implementation and providing better support for D2D communications. Thus, a similar air interface in UL and DL would enable new use cases and gain mechanisms, especially in the TDD mode, which is

one of the focus areas for the Beyond 4G air interface studies. SC-FDMA used in the LTE uplink maximizes coverage by maintaining a low peak to average power ratio to support efficient power amplifiers in devices. However, there is room for further coverage and/or power efficiency enhancements, for example high UL bandwidths (100 MHz) and carrier aggregation. User plane latency is the measure of the end-to-end performance of many applications. The minimum round trip time (RTT) of LTE is around 10 ms (Figure 7). It is generally accepted that latency must decrease in line with the increase in data rates. Hence, an RTT of the order of 0.1 1 ms needs to be considered as the initial target for a Beyond 4G system. It is obvious that if the radio can provide very small latency (such as 0.1 ms), that is only beneficial for content that is very close to the point of use. It is difficult to make major improvements in latency without impacting the air interface. The components of latency, such as frame structure, control signal timing, and HARQ, form the key building blocks of the air interface. Therefore, major improvements in U-plane latency imply considerable changes in the air interface. For example, an RTT requirement of 0.1 ms interprets to TTI lengths down to 10-25 s. This cannot be achieved with the current LTEAdvanced OFDMA numerology, but requires a more versatile approach.

10

Beyond 4G

The link performance in todays mobile broadband systems is often limited by interference from other elements of the system. Relatively primitive means to suppress such interference at the receiver side have already been introduced in state-of-the-art wirelesscommunication systems (e.g. HSPA+ 3i receiver). However, the increasing level of computationally-intensive signal processing, even in hand-held terminals, opens up the possibility of more advanced methods of interference suppression/elimination. An even more disruptive, but very challenging, technology step would be to extend current multi-antenna schemes, typically comprising just a few antenna ports at each node, to massive multi-antenna configurations. In an extreme case, this could consist of a myriad of cooperating antenna ports (for example in a much more distributed manner also known as immersed radio). Intercell interference cancellation and coordination can increase average data rates, but even better, these solutions can improve cell edge data rates.

The next generation wireless device will support a vast number of services with a powerful and complex communications engine. Radios in devices already support cellular, WiFi, GPS and Bluetooth. Additionally, international roaming requires devices to support a variety of radios/bands because globally available frequency bands are not consistent. As a result, the RF complexity in the device will increase drastically, requiring radios to support multiple bands and duplexing methods (FDD & TDD). In future, the radios in the device will perform local radio resource management and assist with network resource management. Device support for carrier aggregation and heterogeneous networks could enable simultaneous communication over multiple radio access technologies. The wireless device may also be a gateway for a multitude of sensors and machine type devices. It will perform spectrum sensing for capturing and analyzing the radio environment. The optimization of device power consumption is important in current devices and will remain a key factor in the future. Battery capacity improves very slowly compared to the evolution of other technologies.

Requirements for devices

In the smartphones and super-phones of today, radio is only a small part of device capability. Enhanced user experience is central and CSPs advertise innovative plans for the services and applications that a phone can support. In essence, the major selling point in the new wireless device is no longer radio, but undeniably, ubiquitous radio access remains the essential backbone for supporting new applications and services.

Beyond 4G

11

Product component technologies

For cost and practical reasons, base stations will become significantly smaller. To date, this goal has been pursued by improving existing technologies, but at some point the frontiers will be reached and a technology leap will be necessary here as well. Outsourcing tedious computations to the network cloud is already a new and promising shift, but power amplifiers and other components will also have to be revisited with respect to their cost and wideband capabilities. Further integration with antenna equipment, already starting today with the first Active Antenna Systems, is a good example.

The future of mobile communications will include a vast variety of communication nodes with various sets of requirements and priorities. Some will need to be designed primarily for quality of experience, some will bring the highest energy efficiency, while others may focus on robustness and security. This variety calls for major improvements in flexibility, both for the network and the architectural design of the nodes. The main cornerstones for the radio evolution are listed in Figure 11. This section has illustrated the technical enablers that will boost the practical user experience from a few Mbps to several Gbps. The ultimate target is to offer consistently higher useable data rates within a

limited bandwidth to a large number of customers.  The technologies need to enable higher average data rates in the Uplink and Downlink with more bandwidth and more antennas.  We also need higher efficiency to deliver more Gbps in a limited amount of spectrum.  In dense areas, more capacity per square kilometer will need to be provided by increasing the density of small base stations and inherent offloading.

Past (2010) Large macro cells

Future (2020) Wide scale small cell (heterogeneous) deployments

Limited backhaul capacity

Fiber availability and new wireless backhaul solutions applied

Inter-cell interference limits capacity

Fast interference coordination and cancellation

Small cell configuration and optimization is complex

Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN)

Stationary network configuration and spectrum

Self Organizing Networks (SON)

Two branch antennas

Multi-branch and multi-site antenna transmission

Figure 11. Main cornerstones for the long term radio evolution

Today Large macro cells <10 BTS / km2

Future (2020) Wide scale small cell dense deployments >100 BTS / km2

Limited backhaul capacity

<50 Mbps / BTS

Abdundant Fiber and new wireless backhaul solutions

>5 Gbps / BTS

Inter-cell interference limits capacity

Capacity 25% x peak rate

Fast interference coordination and cancellation

Capacity >50% x peak rate

Network configuration and optimization complex

>1000 EUR/BTS / year

Self Organizing Networks

<100 EUR/BTS/year

12

Beyond 4GStationary network configuration

and spectrum

Fixed BTS parameters

Flexible cognitive networks

Dynamic BTS parameters

Techno-Economical aspects
In future, CSPs are likely to increase infrastructure sharing. Virtualization will be a key technology in achieving this and already the concepts and basic building blocks have been tested. By the end of the decade, new business relationships, enabled by network resource virtualization and sharing, will introduce new opportunities and possibly new players into the value chain.
200 MHz 100 MHz 20 MHz

RF bandwidth increases

Macro

Micro

Total Cost of Ownership

Mobile CSP revenue is expected to grow only moderately during the next 10 years. If CSPs need to be able to support 1,000 times more traffic with current cost structures, the cost per bit must be pushed down by a factor of 1,000. One way to achieve lower cost is to provide more capacity with small base stations and cells. To provide high capacity, RF equipment must support large bandwidth and great frequency agility. The lower cost will be enabled by new base station power and form factors that allow much smaller base station products. These key factors are illustrated in Figure 12.

Pico/ Femto

Fingertip

Base station form factor gets smaller

Figure 12. Evolution trends for base stations

The Techno-Economic balance between traffic growth and flat revenue is achieved by higher radio efficiency with smaller base stations. However, it is not enough to have lower base station cost, we also need to push down operational costs with low cost transport, low cost configuration and low cost optimization.

Up to 1000x Traffic growth

1000x capacity gain: 10x more BTS 10x spectral efficiency 10x spectrum

Flat TCO

1000x cost reduction: 10x BTS bandwidth 10x spectral efficiency 10x smaller BTS

Flattish Revenue Growth

Figure 13. Techno-Economic balance

Beyond 4G

13

Worldwide collaboration on standardization

It is likely that ITU-R will look into possible requirements for Beyond 4G systems, as well as preparing for WRC2016 to identify new spectrum for wireless communication. Collaborative research projects, for example within the Framework Programs (e.g. FP7 and 8) of the European Union, will play an important role to share the Beyond 4G research workload among the main players in industry, academia and CSPs and lay the groundwork for subsequent standardization. The 3GPP success stories of HSPA and LTE show that worldwide collaborative specification work among partners is the only way to achieve large economies of scale, therefore we expect that this community will play its role when the real specification work for Beyond 4G begins. We should not forget that existing 4G technologies will further evolve by adding new capabilities from ongoing research and specification work.

Nokia Siemens Networks research leads the way

Consolidated efforts are necessary from all players in academia and industry to develop innovative technologies and deployment options that meet the demands of mobile broadband wireless in 2020. As well as the focus on evolutionary enhancements, the mid-term and long-term research must also identify possible technology leaps. Nokia Siemens Networks conducts leading research activities in radio, with thousands of contributions to the 3GPP LTE standard, numerous publications and books, collaboration in international research projects (WINNER+, SOCRATES, MEVICO and ARTIST4G), strategic cooperation with key universities, joint research work with leading CSPs, Smartlab activities with all leading smartphone vendors, and research teams in multiple continents. Nokia Siemens Networks emphasizes the importance of open standards and sharing research results in white papers, publications and books.

14

Beyond 4G

Conclusion
Delivering the Gigabit Experience
Radio access technologies need significant advancements to meet the capacity and cost requirements predicted for 2020. We need to prepare to support a thousand-fold traffic increase from today with constant cost structure.
1000x growth Traffic Growth Up to 1000x

1000x capacity gain: - 10x more BTS The technology mix to address this - 10x spectral efficiency challenge will be a combination of a - 10x spectrum

Revenues & TCO Flattish

Antennas All active beamforming massive MIMO

TCO

large number of small base stations, extensive use of advanced antenna 1000x cost reduction: technologies, self-organizing networks - 10x BTS bandwidth enhanced with cognitive radio network, - 10x spectral efficiency wideband radios - 10x smaller BTS and wide use of available fiber optics networks for the backhaul and front-haul.
Flattish Revenue Growth

2020
Unified Network Extreme Automation Scattered Spectrum Smart Offloading Myriad of Cells Cooperation & Coordination Interference Spectrum Antenna clusters

Nokia Siemens Networks is at the forefront in developing and driving the most economical and powerful technologies and solutions together with the industry and research partners.

Access Architecture Distributed and Centralized

Figure 14. 2020 Challenges and Enablers

Abbreviations
3GPP  Third Generation Partnership Project BTS  Base Transceiver Station CoMP  Co-ordinated Multipoint Processing CP Cyclic Prefix DL Downlink FDD  Frequency Division Duplex GPS  Global Positioning System HARQ  Hybrid Automatic Repeat ReQuest HSDPA  High Speed Downlink Packet Access HSPA  High Speed Packet Access ITU-R  International Telecommunication Union Radio communication sector IMT- Advanced  International Mobile Telecommunications - Advanced KPI  Key Performance Indicator LTE Long Term Evolution M2M Machine-to-machine MIMO  Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output OFDMA  Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access QoS Quality of Service RF Radio Frequency RTT Round Trip Time SC-FDMA  Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access SON  Self-Organizing Networks TDD Time Division Duplex UE User Equipment UL Uplink UMTS  Universal Mobile Telecommunications System WRC  World radio Conference

Beyond 4G

15

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