TUTORIAL #7

Using the Smith Chart

1. [2.19 P expanded] Use the Smith chart to find the following quantities for the transmission-line
circuit in the figure below.
in
Z
0.4 L =
0
50 Z = O
60 50
L
Z j = + O

(a) The SWR on the line.
(b) The reflection coefficient at the load.
(c) The load admittance.
(d) The input impedance of the line.
(e) The distance from the load to the first voltage minimum.
(f) The distance from the load to the first voltage maximum.
(a)
0
60 50
1.2 1.0
50
L
L
Z j
z j
Z
+
= = = + ; plot SWR circle on Smith chart read out SWR from
the resistance value on the right, SWR = 2.46.
(b) Read out || either from the nomograph or as the ratio /R.
| | 34/ 79 0.43 I = ~ .
Read out ZI using the degree scale on the outer rim of the chart. If a degree scale is not
available, you can use a protractor or the scale of distance-in-wavelengths (toward load,
counter-clockwise), which is always available on the outer rim of the Smith chart.

(0.325 0.25)
0.94 rad 54
0.25
t

ZI = ~ ~
(c) Find diametrically opposite point of z
L
on Smith chart and read out values.
0.49 0.41 9.8 8.2 mS
50
L
L L
y
y j Y j ~ = ~
(d) Follow SWR circle in direction toward generator (clockwise) moving a distance of 0.4.
As the load z
L
corresponds to relative-to-short position of 0.176, the relative-to-short
position of z
in
would be at
0.176 0.4 0.576 + = .
Since the chart goes only to 0.5, you will have to go beyond 0.0 and continue to 0.076.
This corresponds to input impedance of
0.49 0.41 50 24.5 20.3
in in in
z j Z z j = + = = + O.
(e) The location of a voltage minimum (which is also the location of a current maximum)
corresponds to a minimum resistance value. This location is found on the Smith chart as
the intersection point of the SWR circle and the abscissa on the left where the scale for the
resistance circles resides. Conveniently, this location coincides with the Charts zero-
reference location. Move in the direction toward load (counter-clockwise) until you
reach the location of the load; read out this location from the toward load scale:

min
0.325 l = .
(f) The location of a voltage maximum (which is also the location of a current minimum)
corresponds to a maximum resistance value. This location is found on the Smith chart as
the intersection point of the SWR circle and the abscissa on the right where the scale for
the resistance circles resides. It corresponds to a quarter-wavelength-reference location on
the Chart. Move from this location toward the load:

max
(0.325 0.25) 0.075 l = = .
0 . 1
0.1
0
.
1
0 . 2
0.2
0
.
2
0
. 3
0
.3
0
.
3
0
. 4
0
.4
0
.
4
0
. 5
0
.5
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
6
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
7
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
8
0
.
8
0
.
9
0
.
9
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
4
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
6
1
.
6
1
.
8
1
.
8
1
.
8
2
.0
2
. 0
2
.
0
3
.0
3
. 0
3
.
0
4
.0
4
. 0
4
.
0
5.0
5 . 0
5
.
0
10
1 0
1
0
20
2 0
2
0
50
5 0
5
0
0.2
0 . 2
0 . 2
0.2
0.4
0 . 4
0 . 4
0.4
0
.6
0
. 6
0
. 6
0
.6
0
.8
0
. 8
0
. 8
0
.8
1
.0
1
. 0
1
. 0
1
.0
2
0
-
2
0
3
0
-
3
0
4
0
-
4
0
5
0
-
5
0
6
0
- 6
0
70
- 7 0
80
- 8 0
90
- 9 0
100
- 1 0 0
110
- 1 1 0
1
2
0
- 1
2
0
1
3
0
-
1
3
0
1
4
0
-
1
4
0
1
5
0
-
1
5
0
1
6
0
-
1
6
0
1
7
0
-
1
7
0
1
8
0

9
0
-
9
0
8
5
-
8
5
8
0
-
8
0
7
5
-
7
5
7
0
-
7
0
6
5
-
6
5
6
0
-
6
0
5
5
-
5
5
5
0
-
5
0
4
5
-
4
5
4
0
-
4
0
3
5
- 3
5
3
0
- 3
0
2
5
- 2
5
20
- 2 0
15
- 1 5
10
- 1 0
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
5
0
. 0
6
0
.0
6
0
. 0
7
0
.0
7
0
. 0
8
0
.0
8
0
. 0
9
0
.0
9
0 . 1
0.1
0 . 1 1
0.11
0 . 1 2
0.12
0 . 1 3
0.13
0 . 1 4
0.14
0 . 1 5
0.15
0
. 1
6
0
.1
6
0
. 1
7
0
.1
7
0
. 1
8
0
.1
8
0
. 1
9
0
.1
9
0
.
2
0
.
2
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
9
0
.
3
0
.
3
0
.3
1
0
. 3
1
0
.3
2
0
. 3
2
0
.3
3
0
. 3
3
0
.3
4
0
. 3
4
0.35
0 . 3 5
0.36
0 . 3 6
0.37
0 . 3 7
0.38
0 . 3 8
0.39
0 . 3 9
0.4
0 . 4
0
.4
1
0
. 4
1
0
.4
2
0
. 4
2
0
.4
3
0
. 4
3
0
.4
4
0
. 4
4
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
9
0
.
4
9
0
.
0
0
.
0
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(
-
j
B
/
Y
o
)
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS
TOWARD LOAD > < TOWARD GENERATOR
1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.5 3 4 5 10 20 40 100
S
W
R
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 30 40
d
B
S
1
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 A
T
T
E
N
. [
d
B
]
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 4 5 10 20
S
.W
. L
O
S
S
C
O
E
F
F
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 20 30
R
T
N
. L
O
S
S
[
d
B
]

0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R
F
L
. C
O
E
F
F
, P
0
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 R
F
L
. L
O
S
S
[
d
B
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0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10
S
.W
. P
E
A
K
(
C
O
N
S
T
. P
)
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R
F
L
. C
O
E
F
F
, E
o
r
I
0 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T
R
A
N
S
M
. C
O
E
F
F
, P
1
CENTER
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 T
R
A
N
S
M
. C
O
E
F
F
, E
o
r
I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
ORIGIN






Black Magic Design
The Complete Smith Chart
z
L
= 1.2 + j1
y
L
y'
in
y'
stub
SWR = 2.46
z
in(0.4)
= 0.49+j0.41
0.576-0.5
= 0.076
open
short
* *
max min
R=79 mm
=34 mm
0.325
0.25
=0.49-j0.41
54 deg
2. [Impedance match with a shunt stub] A transmission line of characteristic
impedance
0
50 Z = is terminated with a load impedance of 60 50
L
Z j = + O as shown in the
figure.
(a) What is the admittance
0
Y of the transmission line?
(b) Find the length L' (in terms of ) of the piece of this transmission line such that at L L' =
the input admittance
in
Y' satisfies
1
0
0
Re
in
Y Y Z

' = = . What is Im
in
Y' at this position?
(c) Use a short-circuited or an open-circuited piece of a 50- transmission line (whichever is
shorter) to cancel Im
in
Y' by connecting it in parallel at the position L' as shown in the
figure. This piece of transmission line is called a shunt stub. What is the length of the stub
stub
L ?
(d) What is now the input impedance
in
Z at L L' = ?
(e) What is the input impedance at 2 L L' = ?

?
in
Z =
? L' =
0
50 Z = O
60 50
L
Z j = + O
stub
? L =
s
t
u
b
0
5
0

Z
=
O
?


SOLUTION:

(a)
0 0
1/ 1/ 50 0.02 Y Z = = = S

(b) 60 50
L
Z j = + O
0
1.2 1
L
L
Z
z j
Z
= = + (same as in Problem 1)

Find
L
y from impedance Smith chart. Same as in Problem 1: 0.49 0.41
L
y j =
( 9.836 8.197
L
Y j = mS)

We now start using the Smith chart as an admittance chart. Go toward the generator on the
Smith chart until intersecting the unity admittance circle.

0.074
(0.5 0.426) 0.16 0.234 0.234
L
L

'
' = + = =

1 0.93
in
y j ' = +
0
Im 0.93 0.93 0.02 0.0186
in
Y Y ' = = = S

(c) We now need to connect to
in
Y' a purely reactive load of susceptance
stub 0
Im Im 0.93 0.0186
in
Y Y Y ' ' = = = S (inductive susceptance)

A short-circuited stub would achieve the above susceptance with a shorter line than the open-
circuited stub.
stub
(0.3815 0.25) 0.1315 L = =

(d) At L L' = ,
stub
Re 1 0.02 0.02
in in in
Y Y Y Y ' ' ' = + = = = S
1/ 50
in in
Z Y = =

(e) At 2 L L' = , the input impedance is still 50 because the line is matched at the position
L L' = .


0 . 1
0.1
0
.
1
0 . 2
0.2
0
.
2
0
. 3
0
.3
0
.
3
0
. 4
0
.4
0
.
4
0
. 5
0
.5
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
6
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
7
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
8
0
.
8
0
.
9
0
.
9
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
4
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
6
1
.
6
1
.
8
1
.
8
1
.
8
2
.0
2
. 0
2
.
0
3
.0
3
. 0
3
.
0
4
.0
4
. 0
4
.
0
5.0
5 . 0
5
.
0
10
1 0
1
0
20
2 0
2
0
50
5 0
5
0
0.2
0 . 2
0 . 2
0.2
0.4
0 . 4
0 . 4
0.4
0
.6
0
. 6
0
. 6
0
.6
0
.8
0
. 8
0
. 8
0
.8
1
.0
1
. 0
1
. 0
1
.0
2
0
-
2
0
3
0
-
3
0
4
0
-
4
0
5
0
-
5
0
6
0
- 6
0
70
- 7 0
80
- 8 0
90
- 9 0
100
- 1 0 0
110
- 1 1 0
1
2
0
- 1
2
0
1
3
0
-
1
3
0
1
4
0
-
1
4
0
1
5
0
-
1
5
0
1
6
0
-
1
6
0
1
7
0
-
1
7
0
1
8
0

9
0
-
9
0
8
5
-
8
5
8
0
-
8
0
7
5
-
7
5
7
0
-
7
0
6
5
-
6
5
6
0
-
6
0
5
5
-
5
5
5
0
-
5
0
4
5
-
4
5
4
0
-
4
0
3
5
- 3
5
3
0
- 3
0
2
5
- 2
5
20
- 2 0
15
- 1 5
10
- 1 0
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
5
0
. 0
6
0
.0
6
0
. 0
7
0
.0
7
0
. 0
8
0
.0
8
0
. 0
9
0
.0
9
0 . 1
0.1
0 . 1 1
0.11
0 . 1 2
0.12
0 . 1 3
0.13
0 . 1 4
0.14
0 . 1 5
0.15
0
. 1
6
0
.1
6
0
. 1
7
0
.1
7
0
. 1
8
0
.1
8
0
. 1
9
0
.1
9
0
.
2
0
.
2
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
9
0
.
3
0
.
3
0
.3
1
0
. 3
1
0
.3
2
0
. 3
2
0
.3
3
0
. 3
3
0
.3
4
0
. 3
4
0.35
0 . 3 5
0.36
0 . 3 6
0.37
0 . 3 7
0.38
0 . 3 8
0.39
0 . 3 9
0.4
0 . 4
0
.4
1
0
. 4
1
0
.4
2
0
. 4
2
0
.4
3
0
. 4
3
0
.4
4
0
. 4
4
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
9
0
.
4
9
0
.
0
0
.
0
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(+
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C
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(
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S
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P
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A
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(
-
j
B
/
Y
o
)
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS
TOWARD LOAD > < TOWARD GENERATOR
1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.5 3 4 5 10 20 40 100
S
W
R
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 30 40
d
B
S
1
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 A
T
T
E
N
. [
d
B
]
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 4 5 10 20
S
.W
. L
O
S
S
C
O
E
F
F
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 20 30
R
T
N
. L
O
S
S
[
d
B
]

0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R
F
L
. C
O
E
F
F
, P
0
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 R
F
L
. L
O
S
S
[
d
B
]
0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10
S
.W
. P
E
A
K
(
C
O
N
S
T
. P
)
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R
F
L
. C
O
E
F
F
, E
o
r
I
0 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T
R
A
N
S
M
. C
O
E
F
F
, P
1
CENTER
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 T
R
A
N
S
M
. C
O
E
F
F
, E
o
r
I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
ORIGIN






Black Magic Design
The Complete Smith Chart
z
L
= 1.2 + j1
y
L
y'
in
short
open
y'
stub
the impedance Smith chart can be viewed as a
rotated (by 180 deg.) admittance Smith chart
0.176
open
short
0.426
0.16
=1+j0.93
=-j0.93
0.3815
0.25
3. [Impedance match with a series stub] A transmission line of characteristic
impedance
0
50 Z = is terminated with a load impedance of 60 50
L
Z j = + O as shown in the
figure.
?
in
Z =
? L' =
0
50 Z = O
60 50
L
Z j = + O
stub
? L =
stub
0
50 Z = O
?


(a) Find the length L' (in terms of ) of the piece of this transmission line such that at L L' =
the real part of the input impedance
in
Z' satisfies
0
Re
in
Z Z ' = . What is Im
in
Z' at this
position?
(b) Use a short-circuited or an open-circuited piece of a 50- transmission line (whichever is
shorter) to cancel Im
in
Z' by connecting it in series at the position L' as shown in the
figure. This piece of transmission line is called a series stub. What is the length of the stub
stub
L ?
(c) What is now the input impedance
in
Z at L L' = ?

SOLUTION:

(a)
0
1.2 1
L
L
Z
z j
Z
= = + (same as in Problems 1 and 2)
Trace the SWR circle toward generator (clockwise) until it crosses the unity-resistance circle.
The normalized impedance at this position is ( ) 1 0.93 z L j ' = . The length L' is
(0.34 0.176) 0.164 L ' = =
Im 0.93 50 46.5
in
Z' = = O

(b) The stub must have purely reactive impedance of value
stub stub
Im ( ) 0.93 ( 46.5 ) z j z L Z j ' = = = O - inductive reactance
A short-circuit stub would be shorter than an open-circuit one. The length of the short-circuit stub
must be
stub
0.12 L = .

(c)
0
50
in
Z Z = = O
0 . 1
0.1
0
.
1
0 . 2
0.2
0
.
2
0
. 3
0
.3
0
.
3
0
. 4
0
.4
0
.
4
0
. 5
0
.5
0
.
5
0
.
6
0
.
6
0
.
6
0
.
7
0
.
7
0
.
7
0
.
8
0
.
8
0
.
8
0
.
9
0
.
9
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
.
2
1
.
4
1
.
4
1
.
4
1
.
6
1
.
6
1
.
6
1
.
8
1
.
8
1
.
8
2
.0
2
. 0
2
.
0
3
.0
3
. 0
3
.
0
4
.0
4
. 0
4
.
0
5.0
5 . 0
5
.
0
10
1 0
1
0
20
2 0
2
0
50
5 0
5
0
0.2
0 . 2
0 . 2
0.2
0.4
0 . 4
0 . 4
0.4
0
.6
0
. 6
0
. 6
0
.6
0
.8
0
. 8
0
. 8
0
.8
1
.0
1
. 0
1
. 0
1
.0
2
0
-
2
0
3
0
-
3
0
4
0
-
4
0
5
0
-
5
0
6
0
- 6
0
70
- 7 0
80
- 8 0
90
- 9 0
100
- 1 0 0
110
- 1 1 0
1
2
0
- 1
2
0
1
3
0
-
1
3
0
1
4
0
-
1
4
0
1
5
0
-
1
5
0
1
6
0
-
1
6
0
1
7
0
-
1
7
0
1
8
0

9
0
-
9
0
8
5
-
8
5
8
0
-
8
0
7
5
-
7
5
7
0
-
7
0
6
5
-
6
5
6
0
-
6
0
5
5
-
5
5
5
0
-
5
0
4
5
-
4
5
4
0
-
4
0
3
5
- 3
5
3
0
- 3
0
2
5
- 2
5
20
- 2 0
15
- 1 5
10
- 1 0
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
5
0
. 0
6
0
.0
6
0
. 0
7
0
.0
7
0
. 0
8
0
.0
8
0
. 0
9
0
.0
9
0 . 1
0.1
0 . 1 1
0.11
0 . 1 2
0.12
0 . 1 3
0.13
0 . 1 4
0.14
0 . 1 5
0.15
0
. 1
6
0
.1
6
0
. 1
7
0
.1
7
0
. 1
8
0
.1
8
0
. 1
9
0
.1
9
0
.
2
0
.
2
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
1
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
3
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
7
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
8
0
.
2
9
0
.
2
9
0
.
3
0
.
3
0
.3
1
0
. 3
1
0
.3
2
0
. 3
2
0
.3
3
0
. 3
3
0
.3
4
0
. 3
4
0.35
0 . 3 5
0.36
0 . 3 6
0.37
0 . 3 7
0.38
0 . 3 8
0.39
0 . 3 9
0.4
0 . 4
0
.4
1
0
. 4
1
0
.4
2
0
. 4
2
0
.4
3
0
. 4
3
0
.4
4
0
. 4
4
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
7
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
8
0
.
4
9
0
.
4
9
0
.
0
0
.
0
A
N
G
L
E

O
F

T
R
A
N
S
M
I
S
S
I
O
N

C
O
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
T

I
N

D
E
G
R
E
E
S
A
N
G
L
E

O
F

R
E
F
L
E
C
T
I
O
N

C
O
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
T

I
N

D
E
G
R
E
E
S

>

W
A
V
E
L
E
N
G
T
H
S

T
O
W
A
R
D

G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R

>
<

W
A
V
E
L
E
N
G
T
H
S

T
O
W
A
R
D

L
O
A
D

<

I
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
E

R
E
A
C
T
A
N
C
E

C
O
M
P
O
N
E
N
T
(
+
jX
/
Z
o
)
, O
R
C
A
P
A
C
IT
IV
E
S
U
S
C
E
P
T
A
N
C
E
(+
jB
/
Y
o)
C
A
P
A
C
I T
I V
E
R
E
A
C
T
A
N
C
E
C
O
M
P
O
N
E
N
T
(
-
j X
/
Z
o
)
, O
R
I
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
E

S
U
S
C
E
P
T
A
N
C
E

(
-
j
B
/
Y
o
)
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS
TOWARD LOAD > < TOWARD GENERATOR
1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.5 3 4 5 10 20 40 100
S
W
R
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 30 40
d
B
S
1
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 A
T
T
E
N
. [
d
B
]
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 4 5 10 20
S
.W
. L
O
S
S
C
O
E
F
F
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 20 30
R
T
N
. L
O
S
S
[
d
B
]

0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R
F
L
. C
O
E
F
F
, P
0
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 R
F
L
. L
O
S
S
[
d
B
]
0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10
S
.W
. P
E
A
K
(
C
O
N
S
T
. P
)
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R
F
L
. C
O
E
F
F
, E
o
r
I
0 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T
R
A
N
S
M
. C
O
E
F
F
, P
1
CENTER
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 T
R
A
N
S
M
. C
O
E
F
F
, E
o
r
I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
ORIGIN






Black Magic Design
The Complete Smith Chart
z
L
= 1.2 + j1
0.176
open
short
0.25
z(L')=1-j0.93
0.34
z
stub
=j0.93
0.12