1

New Theory of Gravitation

Mitsuru Watanabe
Fujinomiya-shi Shizuoka-ken 418-0114 Japan

§1. Introduction.
In the General relativity, a metric is used as mathematical expression
of the gravity. However, the metric does not resemble gravity. It will
be a local inertia coordinate to be good for expression of the gravity.
We define ’point-coordinate-systems’ as a mathematical expression of
the local inertia coordinate. The way of a new gravity theory opened
out hereby. On the other hand, we define ’light-cone’. A new mathe-
matical model of space-time is made by this ’point-coordinate-systems’
and ’light-cone’. An interesting vector Ai appears when we define a
light-ray on this model. This Ai will behave like a vector potential of
electromagnetism.

§2. Description of Necessary Mathematics.

In this chapter, because we generally deal with a N -space , the sub-
scripts i, j, k, l, m, n, ... are assumed to take the values 1, 2, 3, ..., N . We
easily write (xi ) the coordinates (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) . A symbol δji and a
symbol δij are the Kronecker0 s delta .

2.1 Tensors.
In this paper, the definition of the tensor followed the reference[1].
We easily introduce it here.
The definition of a tensor of type (m, n) is the following. We describe
ij
it by using the example. Let us consider a set of real functions Tklm
ij
in the N -space consisted of N 5 elements. It is said that the set Tklm
is a tensor of type (2,3), if they transform on change of coordinates
(xi ) → (x̄i ) , according to the equations

op ∂ x̄o ∂ x̄p ∂xk ∂xl ∂xm ij

T̄qrs = T . (2.1.1)
∂xi ∂xj ∂ x̄q ∂ x̄r ∂ x̄s klm
2

op
Here, T̄qrs is defined on coordinates (x̄i ) .
A covariant vector Ai is a tensor of type (0,1) because it transform
as follows.
∂xj
Āi = Aj . (2.1.2)
∂ x̄i
A contravariant vector Ai is a tensor of type (1,0) because it transform
as follows.
∂ x̄i j
Āi = A . (2.1.3)
∂xj

2.2 Point-coordinate-systems and coefficients of connection.

Let us consider a point P in the N -space and a neighborhood UP of
P . In UP , we give a coordinate (z i ) whose origin is P . The (z i ) is called
a point-coordinate of P in this paper. If the point-coordinate (z i ) is
given to each point in the N -space, they are called a point-coordinate-
system in this paper. By using the point-coordinate-system (z i ) , we
define the expression z Γijk as follows.

z ∂xi ∂ 2 z l
Γijk (P ) = . (2.2.1)
∂z l ∂xj ∂xk
Here, this partial derivatives are evaluated at the origin of (z i ) of P . In
this paper, z Γijk are called the coefficients of connection defined by the
point-coordinate-system (z i ) .

2.3 Covariant derivatives.

In this section , we define the covariant derivative of tensor by us-
ing the point-coordinate-system (z i ) . These methods are extremely
effective for our purpose.
Let us consider a covariant vector Ei and Ēi defined by the equations

∂xj
Ēi = Ej . (2.3.1)
∂z i
It is eazy to prove the following.

∂z k ∂z l ∂ Ēk ∂Ei z
i j l
= − Γlij El . (2.3.2)
∂x ∂x ∂z ∂xj
Here, ∂ Ēk /∂z l are evaluated at the origin of (z i ) . The expression
z
∇j Ei is defined by the left-hand side or the right-hand side of (2.3.2).
 3

We can prove that z ∇j Ei is a tensor of type (0,2). z ∇j Ei is called the

covariant derivative of Ei concerning z Γijk in this paper.
Let us consider a contravariant vector F i and F̄ i defined by the
equations
∂z i j
F̄ i = F . (2.3.3)
∂xj
It is eazy to prove the following.

∂z k ∂xi ∂ F̄ l ∂F i z
= + Γijl F l . (2.3.4)
∂xj ∂z l ∂z k ∂xj

Here, ∂ F̄ l /∂z k are evaluated at the origin of (z i ) . The expression z ∇j F i

is defined by the left-hand side or the right-hand side of (2.3.4). We can
prove that z ∇j F i is a tensor of type (1,1). z ∇j F i is called the covariant
derivative of F i concerning z Γijk in this paper.
Similarly in case of other tensors, we can define its covariant deriva-
tives. Let f be a scalar. Let gij be a tensor of type (0,2). Then, we
have the definitions as follows.

z
∇i f = ∂i f. (2.3.5)

z
∇k gij = ∂k gij − z
Γpki gpj − z
Γpkj gip . (2.3.6)
z z
We can prove that ∇i f is a tensor of type (0,1) and ∇k gij is a tensor
of type (0,3).
Let Ai and Bi be two tensor of type (0,1). Let Eij be a tensor of
type (0,2). Let g ij be a tensor of type (2,0). Then, we can prove the
following.
z z z
∇k (Ai + Bi ) = ∇k Ai + ∇k Bi .

z
∇k (gij v j v j ) = (z ∇k gij )v i v j + gij (z ∇k v i )v j + gij v i (z ∇k v j ).

z
∇k (f Eij ) = (z ∇k f )Eij + f (z ∇k Eij ).

z
∇k (g ij Aj ) = (z ∇k g ij )Aj + g ij (z ∇k Aj ).

These equations can be extended to general laws.

2.4 The equation z [xi /t] = 0 .

4

Let us suppose that the coefficients of connection z Γijk and a curve

xi (t) are given in the N -space. We define the expression z [xi /t] as
follows.

z dv i dxi
[xi /t] = + z
Γijk v j v k , v i = . (2.4.1)
dt dt
The z [xi /t] are vectors on the curve xi (t).
Let xi (t) be the solution of z [xi /t] = 0 . If we change the parameter
from t to s , then xi (s) generally is not the solution of z [xi /s] = 0 .
Therefore, t is the special parameter of this curve. The t is called a
orthonormal parameter of this curve in this paper.
Let t be the orthonormal parameter. Let c be an arbitrary constant.
Then ct is also the orthonormal parameter. In addition, if s is an arbi-
trary orthonormal parameter, then we have s = c̄t as follows. Here, c̄ is
a certain constant. By using (3) of section 2.5,
³ dt ´2 d2 t i dxi
z
[xi /s] = z
[xi /t] + 2
v = 0 , vi = . (2.4.2)
ds ds dt
By (2.4.2), we obtain d2 t/ds2 = 0 ,i.e., s = c̄t .
In (2,4,1), the vector v i is defined only on the curve, however we
virtually can extend v i to neighborhood of the curve. Then we can
write z [xi /t] as follows.
³ ∂v i ´
z
[xi /t] = + z
Γijk v j v k = (z ∇k v i )v k . (2.4.3)
∂xk

Lemma 2.4.1
Suppose that the coefficient of connection z Γijk and the metric tensor
gij are given in the N -space. Let the curve xi (t) be a solution of z [xi /t] =
0 . Let a parameter s be the arc-length measured with gij along this
curve . Then, we obtain the following.

d2 s 1 z ³ ´2 dxi
i j k ds i
− ( ∇ k gij )V V V = 0 , V = . (1)
dt2 2 dt ds
d2 t 1 dt
+ (z ∇k gij )V i V j V k = 0. (2)
ds2 2 ds
（proof） By (3) of section 2.5,
³ ds ´2 d2 s i
z
[xi /t] = z
[xi /s] + V = 0.
dt dt2
 5

Multiplication by gij V j gives

³ ds ´2 d2 s
gij z [xi /s]V j + = 0. (3)
dt dt2
By gij V i V j = 1 , we have

z
0= ∇k (gij V i V j )V k = (z ∇k gij )V i V j V k + 2gij (z ∇k V i )V k V j .

Because (z ∇k V i )V k = z
[xi /s] , we have

(z ∇k gij )V i V j V k = −2gij z [xi /s]V j . (4)

By setting (4) to (3), we obtain the equation (1). Lastly, by using (1)
of section 2.5 to (1), we obtain the equation (2). 2

2.5 Formulae.
In this section, we give the formulae using in this paper. We can
prove these formulae by the simple calculation.
Suppose that t is some function of s , then we have

d2 s ³ ds ´3 d2 t
2
=− . (1)
dt dt ds2
Suppose that (xi ), (y i ) are two coordinates in the N -space and xi (t) is
a curve in the N -space , then we have

d2 y i ∂y i ³ d2 xn ∂xn ∂ 2 y l dxj dxk ´

= + . (2)
dt2 ∂xn dt2 ∂y l ∂xj ∂xk dt dt

Suppose that a coefficient of connection a Γijk and a curve xi (t) are

given in the N -space. Let s be an arbitrary parameter of this curve.
Then we have
³ ds ´2 d2 s dxi
a
[xi /t] = a
[xi /s] + . (3)
dt dt2 ds
§3. Mathematical Model of Space-Time.
In the first, let us suppose that our space-time consist of four dimen-
sions. Suppose that the subscripts i, j, k, l, m, n, ..., z take the values
1, 2, 3, 4 and the subscripts α, β, ..., ω take the values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 .
6

3.1 Point-coordinate-systems expressing inertia and equations

of free-fall.
Let us construct the space-time in the 4-space. First, we consider
a free-fall of the material-point. Here, suppose that the curve of free-
fall is irrelevant to its mass. At each point of the space-time, we can
image the inertial frame of reference. Then, let us suppose that a certain
point-coordinate-system (y i ) expresses the inertial frame of reference.
Let a curve xi (τ ) be the free-fall of the material-point. Here, τ is the
proper-time. Let P be some point on this curve. If we see this curve in
the point-coordinate (y i ) of P , then we will have

d2 y i
= 0.
dτ 2
By using (2) of section 2.5, we have

d2 y i ∂y i ³ d2 xn ∂xn ∂ 2 y l dxj dxk ´

2
= n 2
+ = 0. (3.1.1)
dτ ∂x dτ ∂y l ∂xj ∂xk dτ dτ
The equation (3.1.1) is identical to
y
[xi /τ ] = 0. (3.1.2)

The (3.1.2) is the equation of the free-fall and the proper-time τ is the
orthonormal parameter of this curve.

3.2 Light-cones and equations of light-ray.

We define the matrix Bij as follows.

B11 = B22 = B33 = −1 , B44 = 1 , Bij = 0 if i 6= j. (3.2.1)

Let P be an arbitrary point in the 4-space. Suppose that the light-cone

Gij (P ) of P has some following features.

Gij (P ) = Gji (P ). (3.2.2)

If a vector v i grown from P is the direction of the light-ray starting from

P , then
Gij (P )v i v j = 0. (3.2.3)

The light-cone Gij is the tensor of type (0,2). Let λ be an arbitrary

scalar. If Gij is the light-cone , then λGij is also the light-cone of
 7

the same light-wave. Additionally, a non-singular matrix Sji exists as

follows.
Sik Sjl Gkl = Bij . (3.2.4)

Already, we gave the equation of free-fall of the material-point. Sim-

ilarly, the equation of the light-ray xi (τ ) is also given by (3.1.2). On the
other hand, the light-ray has to meet the equation (3.2.3) at all points.
Therefore, we have
d
0= (Gij v i v j ) = y
∇k (Gij v i v j )v k
dτ
dxi
= (y ∇k Gij )v i v j v k + 2Gij (y ∇k v i )v k v j , v i = . (3.2.5)
dτ
By setting
(y ∇k v i )v k = y
[xi /τ ] = 0,

we obtain
(y ∇k Gij )v i v j v k = 0. (3.2.6)

The equation (3.2.6) has to apply to all the light-rays starting from
P . Therefore, the polynomial (y ∇k Gij )X i X j X k can just be divided by
the polynomial Gij X i X j , because Gij X i X j is irreducible by Lemma
3.2.1 (→ reference[2]) . Therefore 2Ai exists as follows.
y
∇k Gij X i X j X k = (2Ai X i )(Gjk X j X k ). (3.2.7)

Now, we pay attention to the Ai . Let us change the light-cone from

Gij to Ḡij = λGij . By the equation
y
∇k Ḡij = (∂k λ)Gij + λ y ∇k Gij , (3.2.8)

we have
y
∇k Ḡij X i X j X k = (∂k λ)Gij X i X j X k + λ y ∇k Gij X i X j X k . (3.2.9)

By setting (3.2.7) to (3.2.9), we have

y
∇k Ḡij X i X j X k = {(∂k λ)Gij + 2λAk Gij }X i X j X k
³ 1 ´
∂k λ + Ak Ḡij X i X j X k .
=2 (3.2.10)
2λ
By the (3.2.10), we obtain
√
Āk = Ak + ∂k log λ. (3.2.11)
8

Here, Āi is corresponding to Ḡij . By the equation (3.2.11), it seems

that Ai is the vector potential of electromagnetism.

Lemma 3.2.1
If Gij is a light-cone, the polynomial Gij X i X j is irreducible.
(proof) We will lead a contradiction from the supposition which
Gij X i X j is reducible. By a certain non-singular matrix Sij , we have

Bij = Sik Sjl Gkl . (1)

If Gij X i X j is reducible, ai and bi exist as follows.

Gij X i X j = ai X i bj X j . (2)

Therefore we have
1
Gij = (ai bj + aj bi ). (3)
2
By using (1) and (3), we have

1 k l 1
Bij = Si Sj (ak bl + al bk ) = (āi b̄j + āj b̄i ). (4)
2 2
Here,
āi = Sip ap , b̄i = Sip bp . (5)

In the special case of (4), we have

−1 = B11 = ā1 b̄1 , −1 = B22 = ā2 b̄2 . (6)

Therefore we have
1 1
b̄1 = − , b̄2 = − . (7)
ā1 ā2

Similarly by using (4), we have

1
0 = B12 = (ā1 b̄2 + ā2 b̄1 ). (8)
2
By setting (7) to (8), we have

1 ³ ā1 ā2 ´
0=− + . (9)
2 ā2 ā1
 9

Multiplication by ā1 ā2 to (9), we have

0 = ā1 ā1 + ā2 ā2 . (10)

We obtain ā1 = ā2 = 0 by (10), however these results contradict (6). 2

3.3 Space-time-potential and guage transformations.

Suppose that the light-cone Gij and the point-coordinate-system (y i )
expressing the inertial frame of reference are given in the 4-space. Let
xi (τ ) be the curve of free-fall of the material-point. Let s be the arc-
length measured with the metric Gij along this curve, i.e.,

ds2 = Gij dxi dxj . (3.3.1)

According to Lemma 2.4.1

d2 τ 1 y i j k dτ i dxi
+ ( ∇ k Gij )V V V = 0 , V = . (3.3.2)
ds2 2 ds ds
On the other hand, according to the section 3.2 ,

(y ∇k Gij )V i V j V k = 2(Ak V k )(Gij V i V j ). (3.3.3)

Because Gij V i V j = 1 , we obtain

d2 τ dτ
2
+ (Ak V k ) = 0. (3.3.4)
ds ds
Let P, Q be two point on the xi (τ ) . We consider
Z P
ζ(P ) = − Ai dxi + C. (3.3.5)
Q

Here, C is a constant. If τ is defined as

dτ = exp(ζ)ds, (3.3.6)

then
d2 τ dζ dxi
2
= exp(ζ) = − exp(ζ)Ai . (3.3.7)
ds ds ds
The equation (3.3.7) shows that τ is the solution of the equation (3.3.4).
In this paper, ζ is called a space-time-potential.
By (3.3.6),
dτ 2 = exp(2ζ)Gij dxi dxj . (3.3.8)
10

We hope to deal with exp(2ζ)Gij as the metric , however ζ is not a

function in the 4-space (xi ) . Then, let us extend the space-time to a
5-space (xλ ) , and let us consider x0 = ζ . We define a new metric gλµ
in the 5-space (xλ ) as follows.

gij = exp(2x0 )Gij (x1 , ..., x4 ) , gλ0 = g0λ = 0. (3.3.9)

According to the definitions, the curve xi (τ ) is written xλ (τ ) in the

5-space (xλ ). Let dxλ be a line element on this curve. Then,

dx0 = dζ = −Ai dxi , (3.3.10)

i.e.,
dx0 + Ai dxi = 0. (3.3.11)

If we define A0 = 1 as a fifth element of Ai , then we can write (3.3.11)

as follows.
Aλ dxλ = 0. (3.3.12)

In this paper, transformations appeared by Gij → λGij are called a

gauge transformation. As an example, we have
√
Ai → Ai + ∂i η , η = log λ. (3.3.13)

How does the space-time-potential of the curve transform by the gauge

transformation ? Let ζ̄ be a space-time-potential of the new gauge.
According to the definitions,
Z P
dζ̄ = −(Ai + ∂i η)dxi , ζ̄(P ) = − dζ̄ + C. (3.3.14)
Q

Here, Q and C are not fixed. Then, let us suppose that the proper-time
does not vary by the gauge transformation. That is,

dτ 2 = exp(2ζ)Gij dxi dxj = exp(2ζ̄)λGij dxi dxj

= exp(2ζ̄ + 2η)Gij dxi dxj . (3.3.15)

Therefore
ζ(P ) = ζ̄(P ) + η(P ). (3.3.16)

Now, we consider the transformation of coordinates as follows.

x̄0 = x0 − η(x1 , ..., x4 ) , x̄i = xi . (3.3.17)

 11

By (3.3.17), Aλ transform as follows.

∂x0 ∂xj
Ā0 = 0
A0 + 0 Aj = 1 + δ0j Aj = 1, (3.3.18)
∂ x̄ ∂ x̄

∂x0 ∂xj
Āi = A 0 + Aj = ∂i η + δij Aj = Ai + ∂i η. (3.3.19)
∂ x̄i ∂ x̄i
Generally by using (3.3.17), a symmetric tensor cλµ of type (0,2)
transform as follows.

c̄ij = cij + ∂i ηc0j + ∂j ηc0i + ∂i η∂j ηc00 ,

c̄0j = c0j + ∂j ηc00 , c̄00 = c00 . (3.3.20)

In the case of gλµ , we have

ḡij = gij , ḡλ0 = ḡ0λ = 0. (3.3.21)

3.4 Metrics of 5-space.

The metric gλν defined in section 3.3 has not a inverse matrix. If gλν
has a inverse matrix g λν then g λν gνµ = δµλ . In the case of λ = µ = 0 ,

0 = g 0ν gν0 = δ00 = 1.

This is a contradiction. Therefore, gλν is abnormal as the metric of the

5-space. Let us define a normal metric hλµ extended gλµ .
If a vector V λ grown from a point P is Aλ (P )V λ = 0 then we wish

hλµ (P )V λ V µ = gλµ (P )V λ V µ . (3.4.1)

Therefore, the polynomial

(hλµ − gλµ )X λ X µ (3.4.2)

can just be divided by the polynomial Aµ X µ . We can find out aλ as

follows.
(hλµ − gλµ )X λ X µ = (aλ X λ )(Aµ X µ ). (3.4.3)

As a result, we obtain
1
hλµ = gλµ + (aλ Aµ + aµ Aλ ). (3.4.4)
2
12

By (3.3.20), the metric hλµ transforms as follows.

h̄ij = hij + ∂i ηh0j + ∂j ηh0i + ∂i η∂j ηh00 , (3.4.5)

h̄0j = h0j + ∂j ηh00 , h̄00 = h00 . (3.4.6)

In (3.4.6), we know that h0j /h00 has the same transformation as Ai .

Therefore, let us define the following.

h0j = h00 Aj . (3.4.7)

By using (3.4.4),
h00 = a0 . (3.4.8)

By using (3.4.7) and (3.4.8),

h0j = a0 Aj . (3.4.9)

On the other hand, by using (3.4.4)

1
h0j = (a0 Aj + aj ). (3.4.10)
2
By using (3.4.10) and (3.4.9)

aj = a0 Aj .

On the other hand a0 = a0 A0 , therefore aλ = a0 Aλ . As a result, we

obtain
hλµ = gλµ + a0 Aλ Aµ . (3.4.11)

Lastly, we have to decide a0 . Let us consider dxλ = (dx0 , 0, 0, 0, 0). The

length of dxλ is

dl2 = hλµ dxλ dxµ = h00 dx0 dx0 = a0 dx0 dx0 . (3.4.12)

We will expect dl2 = dx0 dx0 , i.e., a0 = 1. We obtain

hλµ = exp(2x0 )Gλµ + Aλ Aµ . (3.4.13)

If we disregard exp(2x0 ) , hλµ is same as the Kaluza0 s metric .

The hλµ has a inverse matrix hλµ as follows.

hij = g ij , hi0 = h0i = −g ij Aj ,

h00 = g ij Ai Aj + 1 , g ij = exp(−2x0 )Gij .

 13

References

［１］ S.Isihara,Kikagaku-gairon(Kyouritu-suugaku-kouza,9),Kyouritu-
syuppan,Tokyo,1995.

［２］ T.Takagi,Daisuugaku-kougi,Kyouritu-syuppan,Tokyo,1995.