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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoding
Precoding
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-stream (or multi-layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In conventional single-stream beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting (phase and gain) such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver output. When the receiver has multiple antennas, single-stream beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas.[1] In order to maximize the throughput in multiple receive antenna systems, multi-stream transmission is generally required. In point-to-point systems, precoding means that multiple data streams are emitted from the transmit antennas with independent and appropriate weightings such that the link throughput is maximized at the receiver output. In multi-user MIMO, the data streams are intended for different users (known as SDMA) and some measure of the total throughput (e.g., the sum performance or max-min fairness) is maximized. In point-to-point systems, some of the benefits of precoding can be realized without requiring channel state information at the transmitter, while such information is essential to handle the inter-user interference in multi-user systems.[2] Precoding in the downlink of cellular networks, known as network MIMO or coordinated multipoint (CoMP), is a generalized form of multi-user MIMO that can be analyzed by the same mathematical techniques.[3]
Contents
1 Precoding for Point-to-Point MIMO Systems 1.1 Statistical channel state information 1.2 Full channel state information 2 Precoding for Multi-user MIMO Systems 2.1 Linear precoding with full channel state information 2.2 Linear precoding with limited channel state information 2.3 DPC or DPC-like nonlinear precoding 3 Mathematical Description 3.1 Description of Point-to-Point MIMO 3.2 Description of Multi-user MIMO 3.2.1 Uplink-downlink duality 3.2.2 Limited feedback precoding 4 See also 5 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoding
precoding results assume narrowband, slowly fading channels, meaning that the channel for a certain period of time can be described by a single channel matrix which does not change faster. In practice, such channels can be achieved, for example, through OFDM. The precoding strategy that maximizes the throughput, called channel capacity, depends on the channel state information available in the system.
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rates. Random beamforming[9] (or opportunistic beamforming[17]) was proposed as a simple way of achieving good performance that scales like the sum capacity when the number of receivers is large. In this suboptimal strategy, a set of beamforming directions are selected randomly and users feed back a few bits to tell the transmitter which beam gives the best performance and what rate they can support using it. When the number of users is large, it is likely that each random beamforming weight will provide good performance for some user. In spatially correlated environments, the long-term channel statistics can be combined with low-rate feedback to perform multi-user precoding.[18] As spatially correlated statistics contain much directional information, it is only necessary for users to feed back their current channel gain to achieve reasonable channel knowledge. As the beamforming weights are selected from the statistics, and not randomly, this approach outperforms random beamforming under strong spatial correlation.[19]
Mathematical Description
Description of Point-to-Point MIMO
Main article: MIMO The standard narrowband, slowly-fading channel model for point-to-point (single-user) MIMO communication is described in the page on MIMO communication.
is the
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where is the (normalized) data symbol and is the linear precoding vector. The signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) at user becomes
and the corresponding achievable information rate is bits per channel use. The transmission is limited by power constraints. This can, for example, be a total power constraint where is the power limit.
for some positive weights that represent the user priority. The weighted sum rate is maximized by weighted MMSE precoding that selects
The suboptimal MRT approach removes the channel inversion and only selects
while the suboptimal ZF precoding makes sure that interference can be removed in the SINR expression:
Uplink-downlink duality For comparison purposes, it is instructive to compare the downlink results with the corresponding uplink MIMO channel where the same single-antenna users transmit to the same base station, having receive antennas. The input-output relationship can be described as
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where is the transmitted symbol for user , is the transmit power for this symbol, and vector of received signals and noise respectively, is the vector of are the channel coefficients. If the base station uses linear receive filters to combine the received signals on the antennas, the SINR for the data stream from user becomes
where is the unit-norm receive filter for this user. Compared with the downlink case, the only difference in the SINR expressions is that the indices are switched in the interference term. Remarkably, the optimal receive filters are the same as the weighted MMSE precoding vectors, up to a scaling factor:
Observe that the coefficients that was used in the weighted MMSE precoding are exactly the optimal power coefficients in the uplink (that maximize the weighted sum rate). This important relationship between downlink precoding and uplink receive filtering is known as the uplink-downlink duality.[24][25] As the downlink precoding problem usually is more difficult to solve, it often useful to first solve the corresponding uplink problem. Limited feedback precoding The precoding strategies described above was based on having perfect channel state information at the transmitter. However, in real systems, receivers can only feed back quantized information that is described by a limited number of bits. If the same precoding strategies are applied, but now based on inaccurate channel information, additional interference appears. This is an example on limited feedback precoding. The received signal in multi-user MIMO with limited feedback precoding is mathematically described as
In this case, the beamforming vectors are distorted as , where is the optimal vector and is the error vector caused by inaccurate channel state information. The received signal can be rewritten as
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where
precoding. To reduce this interference, higher accuracy in the channel information feedback is required, which in turn reduces the throughput in the uplink.
See also
802.11n Channel state information Cooperative diversity Spacetime code Spacetime trellis code Spatial multiplexing Zero-forcing precoding
References
1. ^ G.J. Foschini and M.J. Gans, On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas (http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008889222784), Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 311335, 1998. 2. ^ D. Gesbert, M. Kountouris, R.W. Heath Jr., C.-B. Chae, and T. Slzer, Shifting the MIMO Paradigm (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2007.904815), IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 36-46, 2007. 3. ^ a b c E. Bjrnson and E. Jorswieck, Optimal Resource Allocation in Coordinated Multi-Cell Systems (http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:608533/FULLTEXT01), Foundations and Trends in Communications and Information Theory, vol. 9, no. 2-3, pp. 113-381, 2013. 4. ^ D. Love, R. Heath, V. Lau, D. Gesbert, B. Rao and M. Andrews, An overview of limited feedback in wireless communication systems (http://www.eurecom.fr/~gesbert/papers /JSAC_limitedfeedback_tutorial.pdf), IEEE Journal on Selected Areas Communications, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1341-1365, 2008. 5. ^ E. Telatar, Capacity of multiantenna Gaussian channels (http://mars.bell-labs.com/papers/proof /proof.pdf), European Transactions on Telecommunications, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 585-595, 1999. 6. ^ a b c H. Weingarten, Y. Steinberg, and S. Shamai, The capacity region of the Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output broadcast channel (http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee360/suppRead/read1 /WeingartenSteinbergShamai2006.pdf), IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 39363964, 2006. 7. ^ a b T. Lo, Maximum ratio transmission (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.795811), IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 14581461, 1999. 8. ^ a b c d M. Joham, W. Utschick, and J. Nossek, Linear transmit processing in MIMO communications systems (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2005.850331), IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 27002712, 2005. 9. ^ a b M. Sharif and B. Hassibi, On the Capacity of MIMO Broadcast Channels With Partial Side Information (http://iss.bu.edu/sharif/mimobc-final.pdf), IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 506-522, 2005. 10. ^ a b E. Bjrnson, R. Zakhour, D. Gesbert, B. Ottersten, Cooperative Multicell Precoding: Rate Region Characterization and Distributed Strategies with Instantaneous and Statistical CSI (http://kth.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:373150/FULLTEXT01), IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 4298-4310, 2010. 11. ^ a b N. Jindal, MIMO Broadcast Channels with Finite Rate Feedback (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109
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