characteristics imply that the stabilizer must be tuned for the case of the strong ac system, and that

the performance will decrease as the

ac

stronger. For stabilizers utilizing speed and power as inputs, these

frequency-input stabilizer is less sensitive to modes of oscillation associated with individual units, and more sensitive to power swings between areas than either the speed or power-input stabilizers. Stabilizers utilizing power as an input can be designed utilizing lag networks rather than the lead networks associated with speed or frequency input. This allows tuning for damping performance equivalent to a speed input stabilizer but with lower gain at high frequencies. In particular, the interaction with torsional modes of shaft vibration exhibits a declining gain versus frequency char acteristic as opposed to the increasing gain with frequency as sociated with speed or frequency input stabilizers. While this characteristic is less sensitive to high frequency noise and torsional interaction, it is sensitive to lower frequency phenomena such as changes in mechanical power, and power-input stabilizers must therefore be provided with compensation for these variations. If this is done with washout stages, phase lead is introduced at low frequencies which is detrimental to stability of interarea swings.

system becomes weaker. Utilizing ac bus frequency as an input, Part III: Practical Considerations however, results in characteristics which diminish the effect of ac E. V. Larsen and D. A. Swann transmission strength on the stabilizer performance, and thereby allow tuning for the weak ac system condition. In addition, a General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York
Part III: Practical Considerations The major practical considerations associated with applying power system stabilizers are discussed. Basic guidelines for tuning stabilizer equipment in the field are described, based upon field experience and the understanding gained from analyzing stabilizer performance over a wide range of system conditions. In particular, the relationship established in Part II between system performance and the phase compensation characteristics have been utilized. The procedure consists of two basic steps: 1. Setting the stabilizer time constants to yield a phase com pensation characteristic specified for best performance, (a) Maximize frequency at which the compensated phase lag passes through 90. (3 to 3.5 Hz for speed or power input, 2 Hz for frequency input.) (b) Compensated phase lag at local mode frequency between 0 and 45, preferably near 20. 2. Setting the gain based upon a measurement of the gain which causes an instability in the stabilizer loop. Several testing techniques are discussed, although a particular stabilizer application may require only a few of them. Utilization of digital computer-based instrumentation currently being introduced holds the potential for making stabilizer commissioning a relatively straightforward process in the future, with minimal need for system studies for each

Applying Power System Stabilizers

June 1981, p. 3034

Applying

System Objectives Tuning Concepts

application. The major practical considerations associated with equipment design for successful stabilizer application are discussed, viz., minimization of torsional interaction, the effects of power system June 1981, p. 3025 noise, and, for power input stabilizers, mechanical power variations. Torsional filtering schemes have been developed by the author's Power Stabilizers Company which ensure a sufficient margin of safety for torsional and Part II: Performance interaction, while at the same time having minimum phase shift at low frequencies so that good stabilizer performance may be achieved. Although the power-input stabilizer requires less torsional filtering than a stabilizer utilizing speed or frequency as an input, such stabilizers require additional circuitry and input signals to E. V. Larsen and D. A. Swann compensate for the effects of mechanical power variations. It is General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York difficult to compensate perfectly for mechanical power variations, and imperfect compensation introduces the potential for other Part II: Performance Objectives and Tuning Concepts system interactions. These must be resolved to ensure successful The objective of power system stabilizers is to extend stability application of a power-input stabilizer, and may require custom limits on power transfer by enhancing damping of system os designs tailored to specific installations. Noise on the power system can have an adverse effect on cillations via generator excitation control. Lightly damped oscil lations can limit power transfer under weak system conditions, stabilizer performance. Some stabilizer types are more susceptible associated with either remote generation transmitting power over to noise problems than others. Historically the frequency input long distances or relatively weak interties connecting large areas. stabilizer using zero crossing detection to measure frequency has Stabilizer performance must therefore be measured in terms of performed poorly in the presence of noise caused by large in termittent loads such as arc furnaces. However, a new frequency enhancing damping under these weak system conditions. This transducer has been developed which promises to significantly measure must include not only the small-signal damping con tributions to all modes of system oscillations but the impact upon reduce the inpact of this noise on the measured frequency signal. system performance following large disturbances, when all modes Further, the filtering required to minimize torsional interaction also of the system are excited simultaneously. Based upon this measure, significantly reduces the effect of power system noise. it is shown that the most appropriate stabilizer tuning criteria is to provide an adequate amount of damping to local modes of os June 1981, p. 3047 cillation with a reasonably high contribution to interarea modes of in oscillation. Excess local mode damping is unnecessary and is often obtained at the expense of system performance following a large Gas Insulated Substation distribution. Stabilizers utilizing inputs of speed, power, and frequency have been analyzed with respect to both tuning concepts and per Susumu Matsumura formance capabilities. Frequency has some inherent qualities which Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc., Osaka, Japan contribute to the desired performance criteria. However, any of these signals can be used to prevent oscillatory instabilities from Tohei Nitta, Senior Member limiting power transfer capability, at least to the point where other system considerations become limiting. Thus, the choice of input Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Amagasaki, Japan signal depends upon factors other than system performance alone. The tuning concepts and performance criteria developed in this Surge propagation performance in a 550 kV gas insulated paper, including the relationship to phase compensation char substation is studied experimentally and by computer simulation acteristics, provide the groundwork for a fairly straightforward field using the Electro-Magnetic Transients Program. Extra capacitance added to the system bv the components of GIS such as potential tuning procedure which is described in Part III.

Surge Propagation

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