WiMAX in Depth

WiMAX In Depth
IEEE 802.16
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
V2
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Copyright 2005 LEVER Technology Group PLC - http://www.lever.co.uk
Page 1 WIMAX in Depth IEEE 802.16 Copyright LEVER Technology Group PLC - http://www.lever.co.uk - All Rights Reserved
Course Instructor
Don Cochrane
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Introduction & Objectives
Overview This three-day course is about the IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Standard Key benefits: Understand what has been standardised Learn the basic concepts underpinning Fixed Wireless Access Appreciate what the 802.16 standard means and how the technology operates It assumes: A technical background, some telecoms would be useful
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Introduction & Objectives As a general strategy, the course does not reproduce pages of data figures. This is because: 1. The figures may change with subsequent releases of the standard - anyone needing them must refer to the latest issue of the standard 2. Relatively few people need the actual numbers and overloading everyone with non-essential data is counter-productive 3. Trying to remember them is unnecessary and hard work 4. Lists of parameters are very boring to both present and to listen to.
Housekeeping
Start/Finish Time Lunch Coffee Breaks Emergencies Toilets Mobile Phones Questions
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Course Agenda
Overview of IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX 802.16 Family of Standards
WiMAX Security Planning a WiMAX Network Network Design and Implementation Interference Delivering Voice over IP Services (VoIP) Current trends with WiMAX
RF Design and Characteristics 802.16 Air Interface - Physical Layer 802.16 - MAC layer Quality of Service
Over Three Days

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CHAPTER ONE Overview of WiMAX and 802.16
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Something to Remember
People focus on throughput in bits per second. We see claims about 11 Mbps, 100 Mbps, etc. Two things: This rate is shared between uplink and downlink so, for example, WiFi (802.11b) claims 11 Mbps but the one way rate is around 5.5 Mbps Its SHARED between all the users in the area Think of the radio capacity of a cell/Access Point as a cake: The cake is the available capacity of the cell. If users get a big slice then we have few users If users each get a crumb then everybody gets a bit But it could be a VERY small bit
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Something to Remember An excellent example is 3G (UMTS) a range of different data rates are available up to 384 kbps per user. However with 384 kbps to a user there may be at most 3 such users taking most of the cell capacity and planning constraints may drop that to just 1 such user. Alternatively there could be 250+ users each with just a few kbps.
System Architecture
G
or
Core Network
Base Station
~ ~
~
RS
SS SS
TE TE
~ ~
SS SS
TE TE
Intercell Link RS
TE
~
~
TE
SS
TE
Directional Antenna
Omnidirectional Antenna
SS Subscriber Station TE Terminal Equipment (The customers stuff) RS - Repeater Station

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System Architecture A real system may have all or only some of these, e.g. there may not be Repeaters if there is no mesh. Repeaters are used when the Base Station has no line of sight (LOS) to the SS and also to increase the effective range of the Base Station Traffic may pass through one or more Repeaters to reach an SS.
Fixed Wireless Access

Replace the local loop between a customer and a local exchange Traditionally copper pair used Straight telephone service using radio is Wireless Local Loop We are looking to provide a better service than that Just like ADSL and Cable Modems do for copper pairs Looking for data rates well above 2 Mbps Hence Broadband Wireless Access Large coverage distances of up to 50 kilometres under LOS conditions and typical cell radii of up to 5 miles/8 km under NLOS conditions. LOS = Line of Sight NLOS = Non-Line of Sight
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Fixed Wireless Access LOS doesnt mean just a really narrow path between buildings from transmitter to receiver but a reasonably wide free space path. Technically, this is defined as 60% of the first Fresnel zone.
The Idea The First Mile

Cheaper than cable Easy to deploy and withdraw High bit rates (several Mbit/s per customer) Frequencies used: 2.4 to 40 GHz, and lower (from LOS to nLOS solution) Associated services : VoIP, broadband internet, multimedia
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Source: ATDI
NLOS is GOOD!!
Means the transmit mast neednt be the highest thing around This makes planning a lot easier Also installation at customer site neednt be on the roof
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NLOS is GOOD!! In a NLOS link, a signal reaches the receiver through reflections, scattering, and diffractions. The signals arriving at the receiver consists of components from the direct path, multiple reflected paths, scattered energy, and diffracted propagation paths. These signals have different delay spreads, attenuation, polarizations, and stability relative to the direct path. The multi path phenomena can also cause the polarization of the signal to be changed. Thus using polarization as a means of frequency re-use, as is normally done in LOS deployments can be problematic in NLOS applications. How a radio system uses these multi path signals to an advantage is the key to providing service in NLOS conditions. A product that merely increases power to penetrate obstructions (sometimes called near line of sight) is not NLOS technology because this approach still relies on a strong direct path without using energy present in the indirect signals. Both LOS and NLOS coverage conditions are governed by the propagation characteristics of their environment, path loss, and radio link budget. There are several advantages that make NLOS deployments desirable. For instance, strict planning requirements and antenna height restrictions often do not allow the antenna to be positioned for LOS. For large-scale contiguous cellular deployments, where frequency re-use is critical, lowering the antenna is advantageous to reduce the co channel interference between adjacent cell sites. This often forces the base stations to operate in NLOS conditions. LOS systems cannot reduce antenna heights because doing so would impact the required direct view path from the CPE to the Base Station. NLOS technology also reduces installation expenses by making under-the-eaves CPE installation a reality and easing the difficulty of locating adequate CPE mounting locations. The NLOS technology and the enhanced features in WiMAX make it possible to use indoor customer premise equipment (CPE). This has two main challenges; firstly overcoming the building penetration losses and secondly, covering reasonable distances with the lower transmit powers and antenna gains that are usually associated with indoor CPEs. WiMAX makes this possible, and the NLOS coverage can be further improved by leveraging some of WiMAXs optional capabilities.
The Market Place
Point to Multi-Point is normal Needs Line of Sight to Base Station at higher frequencies Lower Frequencies can support Non-line of sight
One Base Station Not mobile Not nomadic Fixed users
Several thousand customers in a 4 - 5 km range

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The Market Place
Mesh?
Each user acts as a relay to other users Solves the line of sight problem Users may have two antennas WIBNI antennas were steerable remotely to add new users
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Mesh? The provider can use the facilities of Network Management to reconfigure the configuration. This may be necessary when a new building blocks an existing line.
The First Global Standard
There are local standards and proprietary standards ETSI have been working on HiperAccess LMDS/MMDS, etc. exist but are analogue and mostly in the US. The IEEE Standard first appeared in 1999/2000 Extra sections followed before they updated the whole thing in 2004 Now we have a mobile version
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The First Global Standard
Technologies
Many technologies for the same goal: Microwave links WLL (LMDS) W-MAN (WiFi, WiMAX, WiBRO, Flash-OFDM) WiFi is very distance limited and vulnerable to Bluetooth Mobile (3G), UMTS already launched commercially. Bit rate lower than initial expectations. HSDPA being rolled out Broadcast (DVB-H, T-DAB,Wi-TV). Studies and tests for DVBHMW links require expensive deployment costs Mesh networking
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WiBRO (Wireless Broadband) is a Korean-developed portable Internet system in the 2.3 GHz band. It offers 30 50 50 MBPS over a range of 1.5 km. It has now allegedly been folded into 802.16
Deployment: WiMAX for Backhaul
This, like hotspot backhaul is really a niche market Insufficient to make a serious business or warrant huge investment Similar to rural access. Some pundits predict that the main markets are in urban areas and the mobile (802.16e) market (IDC)
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This in April 2005. Dishnet Wireless plans to spend US$57 million to rollout national Wi-Fi hotspot network in India via WiMax: The firm wants to jumpstart service ahead of rivals which are committed to wireline operations. Dishnet will use WiMax (or pre-WiMax, more likely until certification) to handle backhaul among a potential 6,000 Wi-Fi hotspots. By next March, they will link up 38 cities, starting with Bangalore. The owner of Dishnet Wireless sold a wireline DSL business (Dishnet DSL) to a former government-owned Internet provider. He also has an interest in the Barista coffee chain which will offer Dishnet Wireless service.
Deployment: WIMAX Hotspot Solution

This from Aradial
WiMAX
Opportunity: A carrier is deploying two new cell towers and a Wi-Fi hotspot in a rural community within the next two months. They want to be able to connect their cell towers to their core network and the hotspot to the Internet. Solution:WiMAX provides the best solution for this challenge because it provides a cost-effective, rapidly deployable point-to-point backhaul solution.
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Radius Server (AAA) and Radius Billing Solutions. The diagram shows how Aradial Radius server is connected to the network.Hardware (Access clients) : ISP routers, PPPOE, VOIP Gateways and PBX, Hotspots Access points, Hotspots Access gateways, and Mobile AAA (WAP,GPRS,MMS and 3G). Radius server communicates with the radius billing server for authentication and accounting
Deployment: Last Mile
A WISP wants to expand its service coverage to underserved markets. QoS is a significant factor for this deployment because some of the new customers are local government and small and medium businesses requiring a guaranteed level of service for certain applications. Deployment cost and vendor interoperability is key because many users within the target-market segment may end up owning their own WiMAX CPE.
WiMAX provides the best and the most cost-effective broadband
solution to this challenge because the cost of deploying and providing traditional broadband services is prohibitively expensive. WiMAX is designed from the ground up to provide a fast, cost-effective and easy-to-deploy solution with built-in QoS. WiMAX is based on IEEE standards and WiMAX-certified products are vendor interoperable.
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Source: Intel WISP Wireless Access Service Provider
Operators
Building and proving a business case should rely on deployment hypothesis Established operators: Complement areas where DSL is not already available (rural areas) Wireless alternative to DSL to face the increasing Bit Rate demand for Residential and SoHo areas Alternative operators: Offering a wireless solution to the standard access to the subscriber (optical fibre, cable, dedicated line, non-modifiable installation) Segmentation of the Market according to customersprecise expectation According to the target market one technology or a combination of solutions will best fit the needs Whatever the solutions, the technologies will co-exist
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Business Plans must cope with Customers

Different types of customers want different things Different degrees of price sensitivity Premium companies SMEs SoHos Residential Different revenues Target marketing Also branding
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Operator Needs
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Source: Redline Communications
ETSI BRAN
Broadband Radio Access Network initiative Addressing more than one area Inside buildings -
HiperLAN LANs to Servers - HiperLink Access to public networks - HiperAccess
Source: ETSI 22
ETSI BRAN The work of the ETSI Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) project and its HIPERACCESS family is looking toward a greater symmetry with broadband delivery possible in both uplink and downlink directions supporting ATM and/or IP transport. To this end, the BRAN project has strong links to the ATM-Forum and their wireless ATM group. Additionally, the HIPERACCESS group expects to draw on the expertise of the HIPERLAN standardisation groups, also within the BRAN project, which have drafted standards for Radio LAN short range, licence exempt, equipments also employing ATM transport in the 5GHz spectrum area. HIPERACCESS systems will use fixed bi-directional radio connections to convey broadband services between users premises and a broadband core network. HIPERACCESS is aimed particularly at residential customers and small businesses, where the economic benefits of using the shared radio medium are greatest. Radio access will be particularly useful to allow networks to be built economically by the competing telecommunications service providers of the future.
All the Hipers.

HIPERLAN/2 Short range, high speed access (25 Mbit/s typical data rate) to a variety of networks including the UMTS core networks, ATM networks and IP based networks. Range 30 to 150 Metres. Connection oriented. HIPERACCESS Long range, point-to-multipoint, high speed access (25 Mbit/s typical data rate) by residential and small business users HIPERLINK Short range, very high speed interconnection of HIPERLANs and HIPERACCESS, e.g. up to 155 Mbit/s over distances up to 150 m.
W.I.B.N.I. HiperAccess and IEEE 802.16 were, at least, compatible? ETSI seem to have been working on this for years and years!
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All the HIPERS HIPERACCESS target range is 5 km. Products seem very quiet or non-existent
W.I.B.N.I.
Wouldnt it be nice if
HIPERAccess
First HIPERAccess specification approved in 2002 The first deliverables for the HIPERACCESS broadband radio access system are out: The HIPERACCESS Physical Layer specification (TS 101 999) HIPERACCESS System Overview (TR 102 003)
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Aimed at Europe
The ETSI work has a much narrower frequency range than the IEEE work That is where we have radio spectrum available in Europe Licences already allocated in the 28 GHz band in some countries Mainly targeted at 40.5 to 43.5 GHz band
Are the IEEE and BRAN efforts aligned? Yes, but only just! As late as October 26th, 2001, BRAN wrote to IEEE with a liaison statement and assigning the job to someone
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Aimed at Europe The Liaison statement is document 80216-01_20. The scope of the letter only covered the frequencies, 2 - 11 GHz.
The Industry Group:
Important Word!
Today every solution is custom and not interoperable. Every piece of WiMAX Forum Certified equipment will be interoperable with other WiMAX Forum Certified equipment. WiMAX Forum Certified means a service provider can buy equipment from more than one company and be confident everything works together. WiMAX Forum Certified means a more competitive industry. WiMAX Forum Certified means lower costs. WiMAX Forum Certified means faster growth for broadband wireless everywhere around the globe. July 2005, in Spain, the WiMAX Forum Certification test lab at Cetecom has opened
Source: WiMAX Forum
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The WiMAX Forum is working to facilitate the deployment of broadband wireless networks based on the IEEE 802.16 standard by helping to ensure the compatibility and inter-operability of broadband wireless access equipment. The organization is a nonprofit association formed in June of 2001 by equipment and component suppliers to promote the adoption of IEEE 802.16 compliant equipment by operators of broadband wireless access systems. WiMAX Forum is comprised of industry leaders who are committed to the open interoperability of all products used for broadband wireless access. Support IEEE 802.16 standard Propose and promote access profiles for their IEEE 802.16 standard Certify interoperability levels both in network and the cell Achieve global acceptance Promote use of broadband wireless access overall
WiMAX Players
Main Members the Board: Airspan Networks, Alvarion, Aperto Networks, AT&T, BT, Fujitsu, Intel, OFDM Forum, Proxim, WiLAN Principal Members (Cheaper!) include Ericsson and Nokia, Cisco, Nortel, etc. Mainly targeted at the 2 11 GHz band
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A Makers Problem
802.16 is a very large specification designed to cover the fixed broadband wireless access needs of a variety of different situations. There are allowances for different physical layers for different frequency bands The system can be IP or ATM centric. An implementer faces a tough decision: build an IEEE 802.16 compliant system implementing every possible feature, even those features you know will never be used in systems for your target customers? Or, do you build a system with only the subset of features you need for your market, risking accusations of non-compliance and lack of interoperability?
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it is clear that the IEEE 802.16 Air Interface Specification is a very large specification. It was designed to cover the fixed broadband wireless access needs of a variety of different situations. There are allowances for different physical layers for different frequency bands and country-by-country frequency use restrictions. There are features that allow one to build an IP centric system or an ATM centric system depending upon the needs of customers. The specification is designed to cover application to diverse markets from very high bandwidth businesses to SOHO and residential users. Because of the wealth of options available, an implementer currently faces a tough decision. Do you build an IEEE 802.16 compliant system implementing every possible feature, even those features you know will never be used in systems for your target customers? Or, do you build a system with only the subset of features you need for your market, risking accusations of non-compliance and lack of interoperability?
Conformance
The IEEE standards process stops short of providing fully comprehensive conformance statements and test specifications. In order to ensure interoperability between vendors competing in the same market, the WiMAX technical working groups were created. The working groups address these issues by developing system profiles and by producing PICS proforma, Test Suite Structure and Test Purposes specifications and Abstract Test Suite specifications The methods for doing this follow ETSI and the ISO/IEC 9464 series (equivalent to the ITU-T x.290 series) of conformance testing standards.
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Test Specifications
Test specifications are necessary to: Ensure that equipment and systems claiming compliance to the standard or a profile have been sufficiently tested to demonstrate that compliance. Guarantee that equipment from multiple vendors has been tested the same way, to the same interpretation of the standard, increasing the interoperability of the equipment. Enable independent conformance testing, giving further credibility to the previous two items. ETSI is good at this area and has an official process which is typically more complete than the IEEE process.
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Test specifications are necessary to: Ensure that equipment and systems claiming compliance to the standard or a profile have been sufficiently tested to demonstrate that compliance. Guarantee that equipment from multiple vendors has been tested the same way, to the same interpretation of the standard, increasing the interoperability of the equipment. Enable independent conformance testing, giving further credibility to the previous two items. This test specification initiative is an area where ETSI has an official process and is typically more complete than the IEEE process. ETSI follows the guidelines of the ISO/IEC 9646 series (ITU-T X.29x series). The Test Suite Structure and Test Purposes (TSS & TP) document and the Abstract Test Suite (ATS) specification, both described in ISO/IEC 9646-2 (ITU-T X.291), suit the purpose particularly well.
WiMAX Profiles 10 66 GHz
WiMAX has defined two MAC system profiles that were rolled back into IEEE 802.16c: Basic ATM system MAC profile Basic IP system MAC profile Two primary PHY system profiles were also defined: 25 MHz wide channel for (typically for U.S. deployments) use in the 10-66 GHz range. 28 MHz wide channel for (typically European deployments) use in the 10-66 GHz range. The PHY profiles are the same except for their channel width and their symbol rate, which is proportional to their channel width. Each primary PHY profile has two sub-profiles - FDD and TDD.
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Because of the testing missing in the IEEE process, WiMAX created the 10-66 GHz technical working group. The profiles and test specifications are created by the technical working group, but actual testing is done by an authorized, independent laboratory. For each system profile, functions are separated between mandatory and optional feature classes by the PICS proforma document. There can be differences from one equipment manufacturer to another in implementing optional features, but mandatory features will be same in every vendor's product. Implementation of an optional feature is noted when the vendor fills out the PICS proforma. The technical working has produced the following technical documents and have rolled them back into 802.16. All have been approved and published: PICS proforma, per ISO/IEC 9646-7, describing mandatory and optional features for each 1066 GHz system profile, enabling developers to state support for features. TSS & TP document, per ISO/IEC 9646-2, for the 10-66 GHz system profiles. RCT specification, specifying radio conformance testing, for the 10-66 GHz system profiles. In addition, the working group may develop an ATS specification, per ISO/IEC 9646-2 for 10-66 GHz.
WiMAX Profiles 2 11 GHz
MAC and PHY System Profiles for IEEE 802.16a and HiperMAN standards. The MAC profiles that are being developed include IP based versions for both WirelessMAN (Licensed) and WirelessHUMAN (License-exempt). While the IEEE 802.16a amendment has several physical layer profiles, the WiMAX forum through its 2-11 GHz TWG is focusing on the 256 point FFT OFDM PHY mode as its initial and primary interoperability mode. Various channel rasters covering typical spectrum allocations in both licenced and licence exempt bands around the globe have been chosen, all supporting the 256-point FFT OFDM PHY mode of operation. In addition to System Profiles other testing and conformance documents will be produced as part of the task of enabling certification and interoperability. These include the Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma, Test Suite Structure & Test Plan (TSS&TP), and Abstract Test Suite (ATS).
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In early 2003, the IEEE 802.16 standard was expanded with the adoption of the 802.16a amendment, focused on Broadband Wireless Access in the frequencies from 2 to 11GHz. Given the charter of the WiMAX forum, to promote certification and interoperability for Microwave Access around the globe, WiMAX agreed to expand and include the 802.16a standard in terms of addressing testing and conformance issues. The WiMAX 2-11 GHz Technical Working Group (TWG) has the mandate of creating testing and conformance documents as contributions to IEEE and ETSI standards bodies in support of the IEEE 802.16a and ETSI HiperMAN standards. Although WiMAX is actively working on and will produce the actual test documents, an authorized and independent laboratory that has been certified by WiMAX will conduct actual testing. The WiMAX 2-11GHz TWG is currently defining MAC and PHY System Profiles for IEEE 802.16a and HiperMAN standards. The MAC profiles that are being developed include IP based versions for both WirelessMAN (Licensed) and WirelessHUMAN (License-exempt). While the IEEE 802.16a amendment has several physical layer profiles, the WiMAX forum through its 2-11 GHz TWG is focusing on the 256 point FFT OFDM PHY mode as its initial and primary interoperability mode. Various channel rasters covering typical spectrum allocations in both licensed and license exempt bands around the globe have been chosen, all supporting the 256-point FFT OFDM PHY mode of operation. In addition to System Profiles other testing and conformance documents will be produced as part of the task of enabling certification and interoperability. These include the Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma, Test Suite Structure & Test Plan (TSS&TP), and Abstract Test Suite (ATS). The WiMAX 2-11GHz TWG is currently defining MAC and PHY System Profiles for IEEE 802.16a and HiperMAN standards. The MAC profiles that are being developed include IP based versions for both WirelessMAN (Licensed) and WirelessHUMAN (License-exempt). While the IEEE 802.16a amendment has several physical layer profiles, the WiMAX forum through its 2-11 GHz TWG is focusing on the 256 point FFT OFDM PHY mode as its initial and primary interoperability mode. Various channel rasters covering typical spectrum allocations in both licensed and license exempt bands around the globe have been chosen, all supporting the 256-point FFT OFDM PHY mode of operation. In addition to System Profiles other testing and conformance documents will be produced as part of the task of enabling certification and interoperability. These include the Protocol Page 32 WIMAX in Depth IEEE 802.16 Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma, Test Suite Structure & Test Plan Copyright LEVER Technology Group PLC - http://www.lever.co.uk - All Rights Reserved (TSS&TP), and Abstract Test Suite (ATS).
The OFDM Forum
Just in passing: Members of the WiMAX Forum A nested forum Dedicated to promoting the concept of Orthogonal Wavelength Division Multiplexing In several wireless areas. Seen as a good bandwagon to be on They may be right
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The OFDM Forum is a voluntary association of hardware manufacturers, software firms and other users of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology in wireless applications. The OFDM Forum was created to foster a single, compatible OFDM standard, needed to implement cost-effective, high-speed wireless networks on a variety of devices. OFDM is a cornerstone technology for the next generation of high-speed wireless data products and services for both corporate and consumer use. With the introduction of the IEEE 802.11a, ETSI BRAN, and multimedia applications, the wireless world is ready for products based on OFDM technology.
Relationship between 802.11 (WLANs) and 802.16 (Wireless Access)

Scope Speed Range 802.11 WLAN 11-53 Mbps Picocell, office, Starbucks, etc. 10-20 m Unlicenced 2.4/5.8 GHz 802.16 Wireless Access 802.15 WPANs 1 20 Mbps Raw rates >120 Mbps 10 Metres or so Local Area: 4 - 6 km
Radio Freq
Licenced 10 - 60 GHz Licenced 2 - 11 GHz Unlicenced 5-6 GHz
Unlicenced 2.4 GHz
Note that WiMEDIA is looking to go to 400 Mbps
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Relationship between 802.11 (WLANs) and 802.16 (Wireless Access) The distinction between WLANs and wireless access is important. The WLAN business is growing very quickly at the moment. Wireless access is for non-moving users, a replacement for a physical connection whilst the WLAN is for nomadic users, i.e. they arent mobile when using the system but move between uses. The Starbucks initiative was that you go into a Starbucks, get a cup of coffee and sit and receive email, etc. whilst you drink it. Then you finish the coffee but havent finished emailing so you drink more coffee. The really smart deal that Starbucks did (on their side) however, finished off the (dumb) carrier concerned.
A Makers View of WiMAX Performance
Environment Urban Indoor (NLOS) Suburban Indoor (NLOS) Suburban Outdoor (LOS) Rural Indoor (NLOS) Rural Outdoor (LOS)
Typical Cell Size 1 km 2.5 km 7 km 5.1 km 15 km
Sector Throughput 21 Mbit/s 22 Mbit/s 22 Mbit/s 4.5 Mbit/s 4.5 Mbit/s
Channel 10 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz 3.5 MHz 3.5 MHz
Source: Alcatel
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Source: Relationship between channel bandwidth, cell size, LOS/NLOS, and throughput. (Source: Laine, Boettle, Boscher, Feijt: Alcatel Strategy White Paper WiMAX, making ubiquitous high-speed data services a reality, 28 June 2004)
Reported 802.16 Performance
Two main bands/flavours: 10 66 GHz and less than 10 GHz For the lower band, vendors report: Hawaii, through dense palm trees and rolling hills (complete non-LOS), 3 km (1.86 miles), 26 Mbps Ireland, through ancient cathedrals and other landscape ruins (complete non-LOS), 12 km (7.45 miles), 24 Mbps Quebec City, Canada, partial visibility (optical line of sight (OLOS)), 53 km (33 miles), 18 Mbps Idaho, USA, 116 km (72 miles) with a local mountain partially blocking the fresnel zone, 24 Mbps Boston, through dense trees (complete non-LOS), 3 km (1.86 miles), 26 Mbps Markham, ON, Canada, through a business park (complete non-LOS), 3 km (1.86 miles), 56 Mbps
Source: Redline 36
Performance The 68 members of the WiMax Forum define and test systems that can deliver up to 74 Mbits/s over distances up to 30 miles using spectrum bands that can range from 6 to 11 GHz -- largely in the 5.8 GHz (unlicensed) and 2.5-2.7 GHz (licensed) bands.
So what is WiBRO?
WiBRO is the South Korean version of mobile WiMAX (The e standard) South Korea has a higher density of broadband than anywhere else on earth WiBRO doesnt have the frequency agility of WIMAX as it uses the 2.3 GHz band not generally available or only available with limited channels (US) WiBRO grew out of the Korean HPi (High-speed Portable Internet) project which originally ignored the IEEE work. HPi was also considered to be a portable solution versus a truly mobile solution. HPi was being designed for sub-60km/h with sub-150ms intra-cell handover versus the more stringent Mobile WiMAX requirements of 120km/h and sub-50ms, respectively. In April 2004, the Koreans moved towards compatibility.
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So what is WiBRO? In February 2002 the South Korean government assigned 100MHz in the 2.3GHz spectrum for a portable Internet service.
WiBRO
WiBro has two phases: WiBro Phase I, completed in March 2005 which still has many of the proprietary elements of the original HPi standard with the network deployments taking place today in South Korea based on this earlier phase. WiBro Phase II, largely complete by late 2005, more closely aligns WiBro with the Physical and MAC layer requirements defined in IEEE 802.16 WiBro Phase II products may be available for commercial deployments in Q2 2008
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WiBRO
Specific Differences
WiBRO has SOFDMA but with the channel bandwidths and the number of associated subchannels different to the WiMAX Forum version WiBro and Mobile WiMAX both use 5ms frames, but the number of symbols in each frame differs. WiBRO Mobile WiMAX MIMO from the start Supports Chase combining HARQ TDD, FDD and half-duplex FDD Hard Handoff (HHO) Architecture still evolving: Base Stations connect to an Access Services Network Gateway
No MIMO in Phase I Supports incremental redundancy HARQ TDD switching gap is different So cant have both in same region Handover by Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS) Architecture well developed: Radio Access Stations connect to an Access Control Router
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Specific Differences Outside of South Korea WiBro will eventually support 7MHz (1,024 tones) and 14MHz (2,048 tones).
Several Aspects to the Standard
The overall scope of the ratified 802.16 covers the frequency range 10 - 66 GHz Line of sight pretty essential Little or no multipath problems Radio channels are wide - 25 to 28 MHz The 2 - 11 GHz bands were dealt with by 802.16a The Unlicenced bands are being looked at by 802.16b Concentrated on the 5 - 6 GHz range The goal is to keep the higher layers the same and just change the physical layer Now all combined in the 2004 Version of 802.16
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Several Aspects to the Standard
Different Flavours
Designation WirelessMAN-SC WirelessMAN-SCa WirelessMAN-OFDM WirelessMAN-OFDMA WirelessHUMAN
Frequency Applicability 10 66 GHz Below 11 GHz licenced bands Below 11 GHz licenced bands Below 11 GHz licenced bands Below 11 GHz licence exempt bands
SC Single Carrier OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
WirelessMAN means Wireless Metropolitan Area Network WirelessHUMAN is Wireless High-speed Unlicenced Metropolitan Area Network
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Different Flavours The standard says that all implementations between 10 and 66 GHz must have the physical implementation of WirelessMAN-SC. The terms WirelessMAN, WirelessHUMAN and the flavours above are all registered trademarks of the IEEE,
Why so many?
10-66 GHz
Line of Sight (LOS) is needed Little or no multipath interference Channels of 25 or 28 MHz Point to Multipoint, 120 MBps raw data rates
Frequencies below 11 GHZ

LOS not required More multipath problems Needs power management and interference strategy
Licence exempt (probably 5 to 6 GHz)

As above but more interference Regulations limit power output Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) to avoid interferers
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Why so Many? Wireless performance varies with frequency.
Profiles
This is a BIG standard (895 pages) with lots of options Easy to implement systems that comply but are incompatible To fix this, we have profiles for each flavour of 802.16 Included in the standard These reference PICS proformas so the implementations can be tested Protocol Implementation Conformance Statements
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Profiles
Connection Oriented
Like the telephone, Connection-Oriented communications needs a call or connection Three stages: 1) Call Setup Enter the destination address 2) Communication 3) Call Clearing Generate the billing record Information always arrives in the right order. Delays are constant 802.16 and ATM are connection-oriented
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Connection Oriented The telephone is perhaps the best known form of connection-oriented communication. The traditional telecommunications market is based on it. There are three distinct stages: The Call set-up stage where the destination address is entered. It is used just once so that the routing mechanism can find a way through the network(s) to the destination. The necessary resources are allocated to the call This route is remembered and is the one used throughout the communication. If there is a break in the route then the call is broken down and has to be remade. This stage includes ringing the bell and getting the destination to answer. This is the point at which charging starts. The second stage follows answering the call and is a communications session for as long as required. There is no routing required as the path for the call is already set up. As all communications follows the same route, nothing can get overtaken so the information never gets out of order. The end to end delays tend to be very constant. Finally there is call clearing when we hang up the phone. This breaks down the route so that the resources used can be reallocated to another call. In public networks, it also ends charging and causes a call, record to be sent to the billing system.
Connectionless Communications
Like a letter No pre-setup route All communications must carry the destination address Data can get out of order, lost and duplicated - hence its called unreliable communications The Internet Protocol IP is connectionless
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Connectionless Communications When using letters for communication, I have to put the recipients address on every letter or else they wont get there; there is no memory or preset route. Because successive letters can take different routes, they can arrive in a different order to the original one. IP is connectionless and has these characteristics: Packets can arrive in the wrong order Delays between packets can vary Packets can get lost (lost in the post!) All packets have to carry the full destination address.
Layered Systems
Communications is a complex subject. Breaking it down into brain-sized pieces makes things easier. This is a standard human approach to big problems Layers are a way of doing this
Is everyone happy with the OSI Layers? At least up to Layer 4? If so, well miss this bit
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Layered Systems If we try to gather all the different aspects of a communications together in our brains at one instant then it is very difficult to avoid missing something or doing something wrong. Far easier is to consider parts of the problem one at a time. Layers split the task up. Each layer sits on top of the layer below and assumes that it has done its job. Each layer will do its part of the whole problem and pass the result up to the layer above. As each layer has a fixed interface to the layers above and below, it is possible to remove a layer and replace it by a different one which, provided it follows the interface standards, will not be noticed by the layers above or below it.
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Layer 1 - The PHYSICAL Layer
Start at the lowest level - the cable, wire, fibre, etc. Provides the transparent transmission of bit streams between directly connected systems - point-to-point
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Layer 1 The Physical Layer The physical medium used to carry data can be any of a large range of possibilities. Many are based on copper conductors but the layer also includes fibre optics (glass), radio waves, infra-red and even wet string. The layer is point to point; between directly connected systems, not across a network. Therefore, between two end users, there may be a number of physical layers in use. A physical layer deals with moving bits as a stream of data; it is not concerned with bytes or data, just moving the bits from one point to another directly connected one. The layer, specified in ISO 8802.3, 4, 5, 7 and X.211, has over 50 different individual specifications including the V series of modems, IEEE 802.1 Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc.
Layer 2 - The LINK Layer
Between directly connected systems (like the Physical Layer) Recognises bytes and blocks of data Some Link Layers do error recovery using retransmission Adds error detection.
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Layer 2 - The LINK Layer The Link Layer, Layer 2, starts to consider bytes and is about data, not just bit streams. It is still point to point but can allow for the detection of errors in the transmission. Each link layer sits on to one Physical connection and It is still point-to-point with no knowledge at this level, of anything beyond the end points of the link. Some link layers have error correction mechanisms as well as error detection. These may use a retransmission technique whereby when the receiver detects that there is a problem with a block of data, it requests that that block be sent again. Retransmission takes time and decreases throughput but is essential for some types of data. Payroll is a good example of one type of data that must get from the sender to receiver without errors and without any parts missing or duplicated. Other types of data cannot be retransmitted if there is an error because there is not time.. An example of this is voice traffic; there is simply not enough time to get a message back to the sender asking that a block be sent again; this would result in worse distortion of the resulting sound than if the errored block was used. Video signals are also in this category. The service is defined in OSI 8886.
Layer 3 - The NETWORK Layer

For this course we dont worry about anything above 3
Finds a path across a network - Routing Routing is done once for Connection-oriented communications - call setup and clearing Routing for every datagram for Connectionless.
X.25, IP are Layer 3s
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Layer 3 - The NETWORK Layer At the Network Layer, we construct a path across a network which consists of many individual link layers. There are a series of problems which it is the job of the Network Layer to solve: Finding the destination. Before any data can be delivered, the destination must be located. The address may be on a different network that is reached through a Gateway in which case the correct gateway must be found. The address may need conversion from one format to another, e.g. from a user-friendly text name to a string of numbers. Finding a route to the destination. Just knowing where a destination is, is not enough, there may be several routes available to get to that destination, each with different capacities, levels of congestion and cost. Picking a suitable route is not always an easy task. A connection-oriented Network layer will do this once at call Setup time and use that route for the duration of the connection. A connectionless network will plot a route for every individual message or datagram that has to cross the network A non-ISO Network Layer protocol is IP, the Internet Protocol which is connectionless. The service is defined in ISO 8348 and X.213. These are both connection-oriented and connection-less network services.
IEEE 802.1 Structure
OSI Layers
3 Network Layer 2 Link Layer
IP (Internet Protocol) 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)
The IEEE standardises up to the top of Level 2.
1 Physical
802.5 802.3 CSMA/CD Token 802.11 802.16 802.x MAC PassingWireless BWA etc MAC LANs) Bus Ring
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IEEE 802.1 Structure The OSI Stack is not the only one that has been developed. The IEEE stack has not come from the OSI standards body but has followed a different development route. It nevertheless does have a layered structure. This architecture introduces a layer, the Media Access Control or MAC, which effectively sits between the OSI layers 1 and 2. It defines how the data is formatted and how the users gain access to the common cable. It also defines error handling. Although it is not an IEEE standard, the IP layer is shown in its appropriate position to indicate where it fits into the scheme.
All the Acronyms OOB Out of Band or Out of Block ARP Address Resolution Protocol PBR Piggy-Back Request ARQ Automatic Retransmit Request PCI Protocol Control Information ATDD Adaptive Time Division Duplexing PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode PDU Protocol Data Unit BNI Base Station Network Interface PHS Payload Header Suppression BR Bandwidth Request PHSF Payload Header Suppression Field BS Base Station PHSI Payload Header Suppression Index CCS Common Channel Signaling PHSM Payload Header Suppression Mask CG Continuous Grant PHSR Payload Header Suppression Rule CID Connection Identifier PHSS Payload Header Suppression Size CLP Cell Loss Priority PHSV Payload Header Suppression Valid CPS Common Part Sublayer PHY Physical Layer CPT CS Pass Through PI PHY Information element CS Convergence Sublayer PKM Privacy Key Management CSI Convergence Subprocess Indicator PM Poll Me Bit ChID Channel ID PMD Physical Media Dependant DAMA Demand Assign Multiple Access PPP Point-to-Point Protocol DCD Downlink Channel Descriptor PS Physical Slot DES Data Encryption Standard PSH Packing Sub-Header DIUC Downlink Interval Usage Code PSP Packing Sub-Header Present DL Down Link PTI Payload Type Indicator DSA Dynamic Service Addition PVC Permanent Virtual Connection DSC Dynamic Service Change QoS Quality of Service DSD Dynamic Service Deletion RS Reed-Solomon EC Encryption Control RTG Rx/Tx Transmission Gap EKS Encryption Key Sequence SA Security Association EUI Extended Unique Identifier SAID Security Association IDentifier FBWA Fixed Broadband Wireless Access SAP Service Access Point FC Fragment Control SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy FDD Frequency Division Duplex SDU Service Data Unit FSN Fragment Sequence Number SF Service Flow GM Grant Management SI Slip Indicator GPC Grant Per Connection SNI Subscriber Station Network Interface GPT Grant Per Terminal SS Subscriber Station HCS Header Check Sequence STG SS Transition Gap HEC Header Error Check SVC Switched Virtual Connection HL-MAA High Level Medium Access Arbitration TC Transmission Convergence HMAC Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication TDD Time Division Duplex HT Header Type TDM Time Division Multiplex IE Information Element TDMA Time Division Multiple Access IP Internet Protocol TDU TC Data Unit IUC Interval Usage Code TEK Traffic Encryption Key IWF InterWorking Function TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol LL-MAA Low Level Medium Access Arbitration TLV Type-Length-Value LLC Logical Link Control TTG Tx/Rx Transmission Gap LOS Line of Sight UCD Uplink Channel Descriptor MAA Medium Access Arbitration UGS Unsolicited Grant Service MAC Medium Access Control UGS-AD Unsolicited Grant Service with Activity Detection MIB Management Information Base UIUC Uplink Interval Usage Code MIC Message Integrity Check UL Uplink MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group UNI User to Network Interface MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching UTC Coordinated Universal Time MSDU MAC Service Data Unit VC Virtual Channel MTG Modulation Transition Gap VCI Virtual Channel Identifier NNI Network to Network Interface (or Network Node Interface) VP Virtual Path VPI Virtual Path Identifier

WiMAX in Depth - Module 1

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WiMAX in Depth - Module 1

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Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Introduction & Objectives

Overview of IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX 802.16 Family of Standards

Over Three Days

CHAPTER ONE Overview of WiMAX and 802.16

SS Subscriber Station TE Terminal Equipment (The customers stuff) RS - Repeater Station

Fixed Wireless Access

The Idea The First Mile

The Market Place

One Base Station Not mobile Not nomadic Fixed users

Several thousand customers in a 4 - 5 km range

Copyright 2005 LEVER Technology Group PLC - http://www.lever.co.uk

The Market Place

The First Global Standard

The First Global Standard

Deployment: WiMAX for Backhaul

Deployment: WIMAX Hotspot Solution

Deployment: Last Mile

WiMAX provides the best and the most cost-effective broadband

Source: Intel WISP Wireless Access Service Provider

Business Plans must cope with Customers

Source: Redline Communications

HiperLAN LANs to Servers - HiperLink Access to public networks - HiperAccess

All the Hipers.

The Industry Group:

WiMAX Profiles 10 66 GHz

WiMAX Profiles 2 11 GHz

The OFDM Forum

Relationship between 802.11 (WLANs) and 802.16 (Wireless Access)

Licenced 10 - 60 GHz Licenced 2 - 11 GHz Unlicenced 5-6 GHz

Unlicenced 2.4 GHz

Note that WiMEDIA is looking to go to 400 Mbps

A Makers View of WiMAX Performance

Typical Cell Size 1 km 2.5 km 7 km 5.1 km 15 km

Sector Throughput 21 Mbit/s 22 Mbit/s 22 Mbit/s 4.5 Mbit/s 4.5 Mbit/s

Channel 10 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz 3.5 MHz 3.5 MHz

Reported 802.16 Performance

Copyright 2005 LEVER Technology Group PLC - http://www.lever.co.uk

Several Aspects to the Standard

Several Aspects to the Standard

Designation WirelessMAN-SC WirelessMAN-SCa WirelessMAN-OFDM WirelessMAN-OFDMA WirelessHUMAN

Frequencies below 11 GHZ

Licence exempt (probably 5 to 6 GHz)

Why so Many? Wireless performance varies with frequency.

Layer 1 - The PHYSICAL Layer

Layer 2 - The LINK Layer

Layer 3 - The NETWORK Layer

X.25, IP are Layer 3s

IEEE 802.1 Structure

IP (Internet Protocol) 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC)

The IEEE standardises up to the top of Level 2.

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