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Form : 5 Perdagangan
I/C No : 921112-01-5714
Johor Bahru
1
-Content-
No. Contents Page
1 Introduction 3 - 4
2 Part 1 5 - 8
3 Part 2a 9 - 10
4 Part 2b 11 - 12
5 Part 3 13 - 16
-Introduction-
1
A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane which
are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance of the points of
a circle from its center is called its radius. A diameter is a line segment whose endpoints lie on
the circle and which passes through the centre of the circle. The length of a diameter is twice the
length of the radius. A circle is never a polygon because it has no sides or vertices.
Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and an
exterior. In everyday use the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to either the
boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its interior, but
in strict technical usage "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the circle is called a
disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its
length).
A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic sections
attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
cone.
The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is the basis for
the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern civilization
possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the development of geometry
and calculus.
Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and astronomy, was connected to the divine
for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically "divine" or
• 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular field. The
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• 300 BC – Book 3 of Euclid's Elements deals with the properties of circles.
Part 1
1
There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circles. We need to play with
circles in order to complete some of the problems involving circles. In this project I will use the
1
Before I continue the task, first, we do have to know what do pi(π) related to a circle.
Definition
diameter:
The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a circle has twice the
diameter d of another circle it will also have twice the circumference C, preserving the ratio C/d.
Alternatively π can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the area of a square whose
as the fact that all circles are similar. This can be considered a
not involve geometry. For this reason, mathematicians often prefer to define π without reference
to geometry, instead selecting one of its analytic properties as a definition. A common choice is
to define π as twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0.[6] The formulas below illustrate
History
1
The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the square of its
radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 1900–1680 BC) indicates a
In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is evidence that the Egyptians calculated the
area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605 for pi.
The ancient cultures mentioned above found their approximations by measurement. The first
calculation of pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC), one of the greatest
mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes approximated the area of a circle by using the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular polygons: the polygon inscribed within the
circle and the polygon within which the circle was circumscribed. Since the actual area of the
circle lies between the areas of the inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the areas of the
polygons gave upper and lower bounds for the area of the circle. Archimedes knew that he had
not found the value of pi but only an approximation within those limits. In this way, Archimedes
A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a brilliant Chinese mathematician and
astronomer. Zu Chongzhi would not have been familiar with Archimedes’ method—but because
his book has been lost, little is known of his work. He calculated the value of the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter to be 355/113. To compute this accuracy for pi, he must
have started with an inscribed regular 24,576-gon and performed lengthy calculations involving
1
Mathematicians began using the Greek letter π in the 1700s. Introduced by William Jones in
1706, use of the symbol was popularized by Euler, who adopted it in 1737.
An 18th century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised a way to calculate pi
based on probability.
1
Part 2 (a) Q
P R
B
d1 d2
10 cm
Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of diameter d1
and d2 respectively are inscribed in PQR such that the sum of d1 and d2 is equal to 10cm. By
using various values of d1 and corresponding values of d2, I determine the relation between
From the Table 1 we know that the length of arc PQR is not affected by the different in d1 and d2
in PAB and BCR respectively. The relation between the length of arcs PQR , PAB and BCR is that
1
the length of arc PQR is equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB and BCR, which is we can get
the equation:
5π = ½ π(3) + ½ π(7)
5π = 3/2 π + 7/2 π
5π = 10/2 π
5π = 5 π
E
C
A
P R
(b) d1
B
d2
D
d3
10
1
d1 d2 d3 SPQR SPAB SBCD SDER
1 2 7 5π 1/2 π π 7/2 π
2 2 6 5π π π 3π
2 3 5 5π π 3/2 π 5/2 π
2 4 4 5π π 2π 2π
2 5 3 5π π 5/2 π 3/2 π
5 π = π + 5/2 π + 3/2 π
5π = 5π
bii) The length of arc of outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arc of inner
Souter = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S5
c) Assume the diameter of outer semicircle is 30cm and 4 semicircles are inscribed in the outer
semicircle such that the sum of d1(APQ), d2(QRS), d3(STU), d4(UVC) is equal to 30cm.
1
12 3 5 10 15 π 6π 3/2 π 5/2 π 5π
14 8 4 4 15 π 7π 4π 2π 2π
15 5 3 7 15 π 15/2 π 5/2 π 3/2 π 7/2 π
let d1=10, d2=8, d3=6, d4=6, SABC = SAPQ + SQRS + SSTU + SUVC
15 π = 5 π + 4 π + 3 π + 3 π
15 π = 15 π
Part 3
1
= (25/2) π - (( x2 – 10x + 50)/4)
y= ((10x – x2)/4) π
b. y = 16.5 m2
66(7/22) = 10x – x2
0 = x2 - 10x + 21
0 = (x-7)(x – 3)
x=7 , x=3
8.0
Y/x
7.0
c. y= ((10x – x2)/4) π
6.0
y/x = (10/4 - x/4) π
5.0
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3.0
2.0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X
When x = 4.5 , y/x = 4.3
= 4.3 * 4.5
= 19.35m2
d. Differentiation method
dy/dx = ((10x-x2)/4) π
= ( 10/4 – 2x/4) π
0 = 5/2 π – x/2 π
5/2 π = x/2 π
x = 5
1
y= ((10x – x2)/4) π
= 5/2 π - x2/4 π
y+ 52 = -1/4 π (x – 5)2
y = -1/4 π (x - 5)2 - 25
x–5=0
x=5
CONCLUSION
Part 1
Not all objects surrounding us are related to circles. If all the objects are circle, there would be no
balance and stability. In our daily life, we could related circles in objects. For example: a fan, a
ball or a wheel. In Pi(π), we accept 3.142 or 22/7 as the best value of pi. The circumference of
the circle is proportional as pi(π) x diameter. If the circle has twice the diameter, d of another
circle, thus the circunference, C will also have twice of its value, where preserving the ratio =Cid
Part 2
The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR where the semicircles PQR is the
outer semicircle while inner semicircle PAB and BCR is Length of arc=PQR = Length of PAB +
1
Length of arc BCR.The length of arc for each semicircles can be obtained as in length of arc =
1/2(2πr). As in conclusion, outer semicircle is also equal to the inner semicircles where Sin=Sout
Part 3
In semicircle ABC(the shaded region), and the two semicircles which is AEB and BFC, the area
of the shaded region semicircle ADC is written as in Area of shaded region ADC =Area of ADC
– (Area of AEB + Area of BFC). When we plot a straight link graph based on linear law, we may
still obtained a linear graph because Sin=Sout where the diameter has a constant value for a
semicircle.