Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 41 59 www.elsevier.

com/locate/oregeorev

Paleozoic orogenic gold deposits in the eastern Central Andes and its foreland, South America
s Fontbote Yves Haeberlin *, Robert Moritz, Llu
de Gene ` ve, Rue des Mara Section des Sciences de la Terre, Universite chers 13, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland Received 14 January 2002; accepted 22 August 2002

Abstract In the eastern Central Andes and its foreland (6j 34jS), abundant quartz veins emplaced along brittle ductile deformation zones in Ordovician to Carboniferous granites and gneisses and in saddle-reefs in lower Paleozoic turbidites represent a coherent group of middle to late Paleozoic structurally hosted gold deposits that are part of three major Au ( F Sb F W) metallogenic belts. These belts, extending from northern Peru to central Argentina along the Eastern Andean Cordillera and further south in the Sierras Pampeanas, include historical districts and mines such as Pataz Parcoy, Ananea, Santo Domingo, rdoba. On the basis of the available isotopic ages, two Yani Aucapata, Amayapampa, Sierra de la Rinconada and Sierras de Co broad mineralization epochs have been identified, with Devonian ages in the Sierras Pampeanas Au belt (26j to 33j30V S), and n Valley Au-belt in northern Peru (6j50V to 8j50V o Carboniferous ages for the Pataz Maran S). The absolute timing of the southeastern Peruvian, Bolivian and northwestern Argentinian turbidite-hosted lodes, which form the Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera (12j to 26jS), is poorly constrained. Field relationships suggest overlap of gold veining with Carboniferous deformation events. The northernmost belt, which includes the Pataz province, is over 160-km-long and consists of sulfide-rich quartz veins hosted by brittle ductile shear zones that have affected Carboniferous granitic intrusions. Gold mineralization, at least in the Pataz province, occurred a few million years after the emplacement of the 329 Ma host pluton and an episode of molassic basin formation, during a period of rapid uplift of the host units. The two southern belts are associated with syn- to post-collisional settings, resulting from the accretion of terranes on the proto-Andean margin of South America. The Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera presumably formed in the final stages of the collision of the Arequipa Antofalla terrane and the Sierras Pampeanas Au belt is considered concurrent with the late transpressional tectonics associated with the accretion of the Chilenia terrane. The three Devono Carboniferous Andean belts are the South American segments of the trans-global orogenic gold provinces that were formed from Late Ordovician to Middle Permian in accretionary or collisional belts that circumscribed the Gondwana craton and the paleo-Tethys continental masses. A paleogeographic map of the Gondwana supercontinent in its Middle Cambrian configuration appears as a powerful tool for predicting the location of the majority of the Paleozoic orogenic gold provinces in the world, as they develop within mobile belts along its border. The three South American belts are sited in the metallogenic continuation of the Paleozoic terranes that host the giant eastern Australian goldfields, such as Bendigo Ballarat and Charters Towers, with which they share many features. When compared to deposits in the French Massif Central, direct counterparts of the Andean deposits such as Pataz and Ananea Yani are respectively the Saint Yrieix district and the Salsigne deposit. Considering the ubiquity of the Au ( F Sb F W) vein-type deposits in the Eastern Cordillera and Sierras Pampeanas,

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: yves.haeberlin@bluewin.ch (Y. Haeberlin). 0169-1368/02/$ - see front matter D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 6 9 - 1 3 6 8 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 0 8 - 7

42

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

and the relatively little attention devoted to them, the Devonian and Carboniferous orogenic gold deposits in the eastern section of the Central Andes constitute an attractive target for mineral exploration. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Orogenic gold deposits; Paleozoic; Eastern Central Andes; Peru; Bolivia; Argentina

1. Introduction In the earths history, giant orogenic gold deposits formed predominantly during four periods, Late Archean, Early Proterozoic, middle to late Paleozoic, and Mesozoic Cenozoic, when plate tectonics resulted in the accretionary assembly of supercontinents (Kerrich and Cassidy, 1994; Goldfarb et al., 2000, 2001). The formation of lode-gold deposits in Paleozoic times corresponds to a major epoch of continental growth that started during the Late Ordovician and continued until the Middle Permian, culminating with the formation of Pangea (Bierlein and Crowe, 2000). During this period, the tectonic and thermal evolution of the convergent plate boundaries in accretionary and collisional orogen resulted along the margins of Gondwana and of the peri-Tethys in the concentration of one billion or more of gold ounces, deposited in particular in the giant deposits, such as Bendigo Ballarat in eastern Australia, and Muruntau and Kumtor in the Tien Shan (Bierlein and Crowe, 2000). Elsewhere and around-the-world, middle to late Paleozoic orogenic phases were responsible for the formation of abundant gold deposits, in the Southern Appalachians, the Meguma terrane in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, the British Caledonides, the European Variscides, the Inner Mongolia in China, the Buller Terrane in New Zealand and southern South America (Bierlein and Crowe, 2000; Goldfarb et al., 2000, 2001). The Paleozoic Andean belts, despite the common metallogenic heritage of the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana from eastern Australia via New Zealand and Antarctica to South America (Sillitoe, 1992), are commonly overlooked. Even in recent syntheses (Kerrich and Cassidy, 1994; McCuaig and Kerrich, 1998; Goldfarb et al., 1998, 2001; Groves et al., 1998; Bierlein and Crowe, 2000), only little attention has been devoted to the orogenic gold class in the Andes. Only Sillitoe (1992), in his notes on the gold and copper metallogeny of the Central Andes, and Noble

and Vidal (1994), in their reinterpretation of the historical auriferous deposits of Santo Domingo and Ananea in Peru, draw attention to the existence of large orogenic gold provinces in the Paleozoic rocks of the Andes. More recently, the comprehensive re-evaluation of several deposits, such as the numerous Bolivian Sb (Au) sediment-hosted mineralizations (Dill et al., 1997; Dill, 1998), the Peruvian batholith-hosted Pataz gold lodes (Haeberlin et al., 1999, 2000; Macfarlane et al., 1999; Haeberlin, 2002), and the Au Ag W veins in the Argentinian Sierras Pampeanas (Skirrow et al., 2000), highlights that the exposures of early to middle Paleozoic mobile belts, presumably from northern Peru to central Argentina, are in fact host of a continent-scale series of belts of orogenic gold deposits with subsidiary antimony and tungsten. The scope of this article is to provide an overall frame to the poorly known gold deposits related with the middle to late Paleozoic evolution of the protoAndean margin. Several Mesozoic and Cenozoic orogenic gold belts occur elsewhere along the Andean Cordillera, e.g. in the Antioquia region in Colombia (Utter, 1984; Shaw, 2000) and close to Nazca in Peru (Noble and Vidal, 1994), but they are not considered here. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the n Valley Au belt, that is currently the o Pataz Maran focus of extensive fieldwork, dating and geochemical studies (Haeberlin et al., 1999, 2000; Macfarlane et al., 1999; Haeberlin, 2002). In a second part, two other geographically and tectonically disconnected metallogenic belts are documented, the Peruvian Bolivian Argentinian Au Sb belt of the Eastern Andean Cordillera (12j to 26jS), where only little information is available relative to the large number of occurrences, and the Argentinian Sierras Pampeanas Au belt (26j to 33j30V S), in which combined regional and metallogenic investigations were carried out (Skirrow et al., 2000). For these two belts, we present a geological and structural overview of the different mines and districts as well as syntheses of

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

43

the mineralization styles, ore and alteration parageneses, and, if available, the fluid inclusion and isotopic data. What is known about the timing and the tectonic setting of the three auriferous belts is reviewed, followed by a critique of the existing genetic models. As synthesis, comparisons and contrasts are highlighted between the Andean belts and the aforementioned peri-Gondwanian orogenic gold provinces, and some perspectives are exposed for future exploration and research. For sake of simplicity, we adopt in this paper as well as in the author citations the term orogenic gold de-

posits as defined by Bohlke (1982) and Groves et al. (1998), instead of the mesothermal, shear zone-hosted, structurally hosted, or lode-gold terms.

n Valley Au belt o 2. The Pataz Maran n Valley Au belt is situated in the o The Pataz Maran Eastern Cordillera of the northern Peruvian Andes (Fig. 1). This mineralized belt, mostly hosted in granitic rock covers at least a 160-km-long region (7j20V 8j50V S), extending first along the eastern side of the

Fig. 1. Situation of the Pataz province in the frame of the orogenic gold belts of the Eastern Andean Cordillera and Sierras Pampeanas.

44

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

n Valley from the Bol var to the Pataz district o Maran (Schreiber, 1989; Schreiber et al., 1990; Haeberlin et al., 1999, 2000; Haeberlin, 2002), then striking to the southeast to the Parcoy (Vidal et al., 1995; Macfarlane et al., 1999) and Buldibuyo districts. The later three districts are part of the Pataz province (Fig. 2). A northern extension of this belt is likely into the Balsas district (6j50V S), where similar gold deposit occurren nchez, 1995). The poorly ces are documented (Sa n area (8j10V known deposits in the Ongo S) southeast n area (10j40V of Pataz and in the Huacho S) east of Cerro de Pasco (Noble and Vidal, 1994) could

also belong to this belt, although they are preferentially hosted in metasedimentary rocks. The Pataz province (Fig. 2) includes numerous quartz sulfide veins, located to the east of a major NNW-striking lineament within a 1- to 5-km-wide corridor, formed by the western margin and, in the Parcoy district, also the eastern margin of the Mississippian calc-alkaline Pataz Batholith at the contact with Upper Proterozoic to Ordovician volcano-sedimentary rocks. Over the past 100 years, more than 16 underground mines, distributed over the entire province produced a total of 6 million ounces of gold (Moz

Fig. 2. Schematic geological map of the Pataz gold province with the location of the main deposits.

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

45

Au), mainly from 1925 to 1960 and from 1980 onward. In 2000, the production of the province amounted to 380,000 oz, which represents about 9% of the gold produced in Peru. Grades in the mined ore shoots vary between 7 and 15 g/t Au, and locally reach about 120 g/t Au. Further resources are estimated at >40 Moz Au for the 160-km-long mineralized belt. The auriferous veins of the Pataz province share several typical field characteristics (Table 1), including: (1) Strong lithological and in particular rheological control; they occur as continuous up to 5-km-long quartz veins within or along the margin of the Pataz Batholith, or as smaller, branching ore shoots within folded Ordovician slates/hornfels. (2) Constant vein strikes, in particular within the batholith, where the quartz veins are emplaced along N- to NW-striking brittle ductile deformation zones, dipping 30j to 60j to the east to northeast, and within reverse fractures. Three subordinate vein sets include (i) E W-striking, shallow-dipping extensional veins, (ii) veinlets concordant to bedding in the limbs of fold hinges in the Ordovician slates/hornfels, and (iii) weakly mineralized lenses within roughly E W-striking vertical faults with sinistral displacements. (3) Consistent Au, Ag, As, Fe, Pb, Zn, F Cu, F Sb, F (Bi Te W) metal association, and a two-stage ore sequence, with a first paragenesis composed of milky quartz, pyrite, arsenopyrite and ankerite, and a second assemblage synchronous with a brittle fracturing event composed of blue-grey microgranular quartz, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, Sb sulfosalts, electrum and native gold. A final post-sulfide paragenesis with calcite, dolomite and white quartz in veinlets crosscuts the earlier parageneses. (4) Hydrothermal alteration of the wallrock, with intense bleaching of plutonic wallrocks, due to pervasive sericitization with minor chloritization, carbonitization, and pyritization, and almost invisible to weak sericitization and chloritization in sedimentary host rocks. The overall uniformity in H, O, C, S, and Pb isotope composition of the ore, gangue and alteration minerals

within the entire province (Table 2) is consistent with a large-scale fluid migration over several tens to hundreds of kilometers (Haeberlin, 2002). Lead isotopes suggest that the hydrothermal fluids acquired most of their metal contents through interaction with the conduits and host rocks, in particular the Pataz Batholith, and a non-negligible part from lower crustal rocks. Similarly, Sr isotopes point to the involvement of a radiogenic Sr source external to the pluton, either leached from the Precambrian basement or from deep-seated gneissic rocks. Fluid inclusion studies (Table 1) indicate that the ore fluids related to the early pyrite arsenopyrite stage are CO2-free brines, and they post-date low-salinity aqueous carbonic fluids (1 8 wt.% NaCl equivalent) associated with quartz formation. The decrease of the fluid salinities (from 15 to 5 wt.% NaCl equivalent) with a concomitant drop of the homogenization temperatures (from 270 to 140 jC) during the gold stage reveals the ingress of a third and dilute fluid in the hydrothermal system, most likely downward migrating surface waters. This dilution and the associated drop in sulfur activity are interpreted as the main mechanisms responsible for gold precipitation. Gold deposition occurred at 330 F 50 jC according to oxygen and sulfur isotope geothermometry (Haeberlin, 2002). 2.1. Age, geotectonic setting and genetic hypotheses In the Pataz province, three mineral separates from the sericite alteration intimately associated with the gold-bearing lodes yield overlapping 40 Ar/39Ar plateau ages between 314 and 312 Ma that are interpreted as the closest approximation, although they are minima, of the mineralization age (Haeberlin et al., 1999; Haeberlin, 2002). The 325 322 Ma 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates obtained for muscovite and biotite separates from an aplite dyke, i.e. the youngest magmatic pulse of the Pataz Batholith, represent the upper age limit of the mineralization (Haeberlin, 2002). The main host rock and major component of the Pataz Batholith, the granodiorite, has a U/Pb zircon age of 329 F 1 Ma near Parcoy (Vidal et al., 1995), and two consistent 40Ar/39Ar biotite plateau ages of 329.2 F 1.4 and 328.1 F 1.2 Ma near Pataz (Haeberlin, 2002). To the north, the prolongation of the Pataz Batholith, the Callangate var and the Balsas pluton near Balsas pluton near Bol

46 Table 1 Geological setting, structural characteristics, ore, gangue and alteration parageneses, and fluid inclusion data of the main Paleozoic orogenic gold deposits in the eastern Central Andes and its foreland Belts n Valley o Pataz Maran Northern Peru Major district(s) var, Balsas, Bol Pataz, Parcoy, Buldibuyo Southern Eastern Andean Cordillera Southeastern Peru (Cordillera de Carabaya) La Rinconada, Santo Domingo North Bolivia (Cordillera Real) Yani Aucapata Central and South Bolivia Antofagasta, Amayapampa, Santa Rosa de Capasirca, Cebadillas, Candelaria, Sucre Northwestern Argentina Incahuasi (Catamarca), Sierra de la Rinconada Sto. n Domingo Farillo (Jujuy) Sierras Pampeanas West-central Argentina Sierra de la Culampaja (Catamarca), Sierra de las Minas Ulapes (La Rioja), o Candelaria R San Ignacio rdoba) (Co Cambrian paragneiss and migmatites, Ordovician granites, Devonian mylonites Sierra de las Minas: 393 382 Ma, rdoba: Sierras de Co 378 351 Ma (40Ar/39Ar sericite) close to first-order structures, locally in mylonite zone brittle ductile quartz veins, shear zones, stockworks, en echelon gash veins Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

Host rock(s)

Age of veining

Carboniferous granitoids, Ordovician slates, Upper Proterozoic phyllites z 314 312 Ma (40Ar/39Ar sericite)

placers: Madre de Dios basin lower Paleozoic turbiditic sequences

placers: Beni basin Ordovician shales and sandstones lower Paleozoic turbiditicsequences Ordovician shales and quartzites

V Carboniferous folding >238 Ma old (Lancelot et al., 1978) Coasa Batholith

Tectonic setting

close to NNW-striking first-order structures brittle ductile quartz veins, bedding-concordant vein(let)s brittle quartz veins, stockworks, bedded massive sulfide layers, stockworks

V Carboniferous folding >226 Ma old (Farrar et al., 1990) Zongo intrusion close to a NW-striking first-order structure ductile quartz vein(let)s, saddle reefs, bedded massive sulfide layers

V Carboniferous folding

V Carboniferous folding

related to anticlines saddle reefs, brittle ductile quartz vein(let)s

related to anticlines brittle ductile quartz veins, saddle reefs

Structural style

Ore mineralsa

I: py as F wf II: gn sl py as Au F cp po el fh

I: py po as sch II: cp sl gn ant Au F fh mo

I: py as sch Au II: gn sl cp po Au F el

Economic metal(s) Au grades Gold production Gangueb

Au F Ag 5 30 g/t 380,000 oz/year milky qz I, grey-blue qz II, ser, chl, fuch, ank, dol, ca, sp sericitization, chloritization, pyritization, silicification early: H2O NaCl CO2 (1 8 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and syn: H2O NaCl (5 15 wt.% NaCl equivalent) Schreiber (1989); Schreiber et al. (1990); Vidal et al. (1995); Macfarlane et al. (1999); Haeberlin et al. (1999, 2000); Haeberlin (2002)

Wallrock alteration

Au Sb 10 25 g/t, up to 2 kg/t 500,000 oz/year (including placers) white qz I, blue-grey qz II, chl, ser, ep, sp, ank chloritization, silicification, sericitization, pyritization

Au W up to 300 g/t 100,000 oz/year (placers) milky qz I, grey-blue qz II, chl, alb, sid F bar silicification, chloritization

I: py as IIa: ant sl jm cp Au F wf gn IIb: ant jm py Au F sfs Sb Au 2 15 g/t, often as by-product ? milky qz, sid, ank, ca F bar sericitization, chloritization

I: as py po el II: gn sl py cp po sfs Au III: ant sfs Au 0.5 40 g/t f 100 oz/year qz I, qz II, chl, ser, ank, gr chloritization, sericitization

Au el py F cp gn sl as po

Au F Ag F Cu 0.2 25 g/t, up to 180 g/t ? milky qz, grey qz, ca Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159 sericitization, chloritization, pyritization H2O NaCl CO2 (6 18 wt.% NaCl equivalent)

Fluid inclusions

H2O NaCl (18 30 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and H2O CO2 F NaCl

H2O NaCl F CO2 (5 15 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and H2O CO2

References

Fornari et al. (1988); Clark et al. (1990); rail Fornari and He (1991)

Tistl (1985); rail Fornari and He (1991)

Lehrberger (1992); Richings (2000); for Sb-deposits: Ahlfeld and Schneider-Scherbina (1964); Dill et al. (1997); Dill (1998)

Sureda et al. (1986); Zappettini and Segal (1998)

Lazarte (1992); os Go mez R et al. (1992); Lyons et al. (1997); Pieters et al. (1997); Sims et al. (1997); Skirrow et al. (2000)

a Ore mineral abbreviations: as = arsenopyrite, ant = antimonite, Au = native gold, cp = chalcopyrite, el = electrum, fh = fahlore, gn = galena, jm = jamesonite, mo = molybdenite, po = pyrrhotite, py = pyrite, sch = scheelite, sfs = sulfosalts, sl = sphalerite, wf = wolframite. b Gangue mineral abbreviations: alb = albite, ank = ankerite, bar = barite, ca = calcite, chl = chlorite, dol = dolomite, ep = epidote, fuch = fuchsite, gr = graphite, kf = k-feldspar, qz = quartz (I: early, II: syn-gold), ser = sericite (hydrothermal muscovite), sid = siderite, sp = sphene.

47

48

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

Table 2 Stable and radiogenic isotope compositions of the ore, gangue and alteration minerals for the main Paleozoic orogenic gold deposits in the eastern Central Andes and its foreland Belts Studied district(s) n Valley o Pataz Maran Northern Peru Pataz, Parcoy Southern Eastern Andean Cordillera Sierras Pampeanas Central and South Bolivia West-central Argentina Antofagasta, Cebadillas, Santa Rosa de Capasirca, Candelaria, Sucre Sierra de las Minas Ulapes (La o Candelaria San Rioja), R rdoba) Ignacio (Co sericite 125 to 86 (n = 5) quartz 12.0 to 17.6 (n = 14) sericite 8.4 to 13.4 (n = 5)

dD (SMOW, x ) d18O (SMOW, x )

60 to 39 (n = 12) 10.9 to 14.2 (n = 10) 7.3 to 9.9 (n = 8) 8.9 to 9.8 (n = 5) ankerite 12.8 to siderite 14.5 to d13C (PDB, x ) ankerite 5.6 to 5.2 (n = 5) ankerite 16.5 to siderite 14.8 to d34S (CDT, x ) sulfide mineralsa 1.7 to 3.7 (n = 44) Pb isotopes 206Pb/204Pb galena 18.35 18.46 (n = 21) 207 Pb/204Pb 15.62 15.69 208 Pb/204Pb 38.26 38.50 Sr isotopes 87Sr/86Sr ankerite 0.7096 0.7146 (n = 5) References Vidal et al. (1995); Haeberlin (2002) Lehrberger (1992) sericite quartz sericite ankerite
a

17.9 (n = 11) 19.2 (n = 6) 7.9 (n = 11) 6.6 (n = 6) sulfide mineralsb 1.5 to 10.0 (n = 8)

Skirrow et al. (2000)

Sulfide minerals: arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite. b Sulfide minerals: galena, pyrite, sphalerite, sulfosalt.

yielded K/Ar biotite ages for granodiorites and granites ranging between 347 F 7 and 329 F 10 Ma nchez, 1995). The combination of these isotopic (Sa ages (Fig. 3) suggests that the short-lived Au mineralization event post-dates the studied main magmatic differentiation products of the Pataz Batholith (Haeberlin, 2002). This assumption, if confirmed regionally by supplementary U/Pb zircon ages, would imply that there is no genetic link between goldbearing veining and the Pataz Batholith. This view is consistent with the field and geochemical data summarized above, and questions the magmatic models proposed by Schreiber et al. (1990), Vidal et al. (1995), Sillitoe and Thompson (1998), and Macfarlane et al. (1999). Similarly, neither volcanic record, nor any regional metamorphism coincides in space and time with the hydrothermal gold mineralization event (Fig. 3).

At Pataz, and presumably in the Eastern Cordillera north of 12jS, the regional setting prevailing during the Mississippian immediately before gold ore formation is characterized by widespread calc-alkaline plutonism and molasse-type sedimentation in transtensional basins with sporadic basaltic and gabbroic magmatic episodes. The gold mineralization event occurred after the igneous activity, during a period of rapid uplift of the host basement. Indirect observations supporting the uplift tectonics are the early deposition of eroded granitic clasts in the Mississippian basins, following the denudation of the calc-alkaline intrusions, and an emersion gap in the lower Pennsylvanian sedimentary sequences of the northern Peruvian Eastern Cordillera (Haeberlin, 2002). This interpretation is confirmed by the fluid inclusion history and in particular the isochore calculations, that indicate a sudden decompression during vein

Fig. 3. Timing of Paleozoic orogenic gold deposits in the eastern Central Andes and its foreland relative to the main orogenies and intrusions in the three defined belts. Mineralization ages are derived from 40Ar/39Ar dates of the sericite alteration associated to the gold lodes for the Pataz n Valley Au belt and the Sierras Pampeanas Au belt, and are on account of field relationships for the Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern o Maran Andean Cordillera.

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

49

50

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

formation that can be related to a rapid uplift of the host units (Haeberlin, 2002).

3. The Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera The Au Sb belt situated along the Eastern Andean Cordillera from the north of Cuzco in Peru to the south of Salta in northwestern Argentina (12j to 26jS, Table 1 and Fig. 1) includes lode-gold and antimony deposits, generally hosted by lower Paleozoic turbiditic sequences. The intrusion-related Sn W Au vein-type deposits in southeastern Peru (Clark et al., 1990) and epithermal Sb mineralization in Bolivia (Dill et al., 1995, 1997) are not considered, since they belong to Triassic Early Jurassic and Tertiary metallogenic epochs, respectively. Reported and documented gold deposits and mines in the Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera include Ananea and Santo Domingo in southeastern Peru (Soler et al., 1986; Fornari et al., 1988; Clark et rail, 1991), Yani Aucapata al., 1990; Fornari and He in the Bolivian Cordillera Real (Tistl, 1985; Fornari rail, 1991), Amayapampa (Richings, 2000), and He Antofagasta, Cebadillas, Santa Rosa de Capasirca, Candelaria and Sucre (Lehrberger, 1992) in central and southern Bolivia, Sierra de la Rinconada in northwestern Argentina (Sureda et al., 1986; Zappetini and Segal, 1998), and Bolivian antimony vein-type deposs, Virgina, Churits, such as San Bernardino, San Lu quini, Huarojla, Chichena, San Carlos (Ahlfeld and Schneider-Scherbina, 1964; Lehrberger, 1992; Dill et al., 1997; Dill, 1998). Most of these deposits were initially mined on a very small scale by the indigenous population prior to the Spaniard conquest, and smallscale mining continued through the Spanish colonial period and then until modern times. The historic Santo Domingo mine was one of the richest deposits, with reported free gold wires and grades up to 2 kg/t Au (Fornari et al., 1988). To our knowledge, corporate mining is presently restricted to the Ananea region, where both vein-type ores and fluvioglacial placers are exploited ( f 100,000 oz/year, of which oneeighth comes from the bedrock), and to the Amayapampa area, where feasibility studies are in progress (Richings, 2000). Furthermore, these primary deposits are likely the dominant gold sources for the large

placer deposits of the Subandean Madre de Dios and the Beni basins (Fornari et al., 1988; Sillitoe, 1992). Yearly production from these placer deposits amounts to f 400,000 oz in Peru and f 100,000 oz in Bolivia, respectively. At a regional scale, the turbidite-hosted deposits generally occupy the flanks of regional anticlines or subsidiary thrust faults close to major tectonic boundaries. The mineralized bodies show very different geometries relative to folds, including straight crosscutting brittle ductile veins and veinlets, saddle-reefs, bedding-concordant veins, locally known as mantos, and disseminated ores. In many places, the Au Sb mineralization appears to be in close spatial relationship with dark layered rocks interpreted either as black carbonaceous shales or chlorite-rich mylon rail, 1991; ites (Fornari et al., 1988; Fornari and He Lehrberger, 1992; Dill et al., 1997; Dill, 1998). Contrasting with the multiple shapes of the deposits, their mineralogy is rather uniform with two to three successive events in the ore paragenesis, consisting of early pyrite arsenopyrite and minor W-bearing minerals with milky quartz, and gold occurring as crack fillings in the second stage with Pb Zn Cu-bearing sulfide minerals, Sb-bearing minerals and blue-grey microgranular quartz (Table 1). In most Bolivian occurrences, antimony is the dominant metal and stibnite, falhore, berthierite, and jamesonite, were formed either towards the end of the second stage and/or during a low-temperature third stage (Lehrberger, 1992; Dill et al., 1997; Dill, 1998). This Sb Au association, typical of shallow-level deposits (McCuaig and Kerrich, 1998), has been widely documented in other Paleozoic orogenic gold belts, such as in the French Massif Central (Bouchot et al., 1997), in the Meguma terrane of Nova Scotia (Kontak et al., 1996) and in the New England fold belt of eastern Australia (Ashley and Craw, 2000). The presence of scheelite-only deposits in the Yani district (Tistl, 1985) suggests that, in southeastern Peru and northern Bolivia, deeper and higher-temperature parts of the mineralized systems are also preserved. Nonetheless, as shown by the homogeneous alteration styles and assemblages, that consist of almost invisible to moderate sericitization and chloritization (Clark et al., rail, 1991), most of the Au 1990; Fornari and He deposits are emplaced under lower greenschist conditions. Interestingly, and similarly to Pataz, the pres-

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

51

ence of abundant blue-grey fine-grained quartz is the best guide for high-grade gold ores (Tistl, 1985; Fornari et al., 1988; Clark et al., 1990; de Montreuil, 1995). Fluid inclusions have been studied in the Au Sb Bolivian deposits by Tistl (1985), Lehrberger (1992), Dill et al. (1997) and Dill (1998). They have described H2O NaCl CO2, CO2-rich, and H2O NaCl fluids (Table 1). However, it is unclear from these contributions which inclusion type represents the hydrothermal fluid responsible for the gold mineralization. Finally, carbon and oxygen isotope data on late ferroan carbonates (Table 2) from five central and southern Au Sb Bolivian deposits suggest contributions to the hydrothermal fluids of isotopically light biogenic CO2 according to Lehrberger (1992), possibly derived from organic matter trapped in the neighboring sedimentary rocks. 3.1. Age, geotectonic setting and genetic hypotheses There is no radiometric dating available yet on the Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera, except an ambiguous 227 Ma K/Ar age from the rail (1991). Yani district mentioned in Fornari and He This age, measured on muscovite coming from a mine in the contact aureole of the Zongo intrusion, coincides with two essentially identical U/Pb zircon ages for the intrusion of 226 and 222 Ma (Farrar et al., 1990). Therefore, it remains unclear whether it represents the age of the thermal metamorphism or that of the hydrothermal event. The subsequent age discussion is henceforth exclusively on account of indirect arguments (Fig. 3). Clark et al. (1990) noted that the slate-hosted Au Sb deposits in the Ananea region are locally overprinted by Sn W Au intrusion-related mineralizations. The latter are dated at 143 F 10 Ma by K/Ar n de Oro deposit. Therefore, Clark et al. in the Gavila (1990) also favor a cogenetic interpretation, that is, a Jurassic age for the Au Sb lodes. As stated by Tistl (1985) in the neighboring Yani district, the restriction of these Au Sb deposits to the Siluro Ordovician turbidites, and their total absence in nearby PermoTriassic and Jurassic (Lancelot et al., 1978; McBride et al., 1983, 1987; Farrar et al., 1990) intrusive bodies, makes a Jurassic age unlikely. We share this interpretation and consider the Au Sb deposits, from southeastern Peru to northwestern Argentina, to be

synchronous with, or to post-date the regional folding and metamorphism affecting the Siluro Ordovician units (Fig. 3). In Peru and North Bolivia, these deformations have been attributed on account of stratigraphic constraints to the Late Devonian early Mississippian Eohercynian orogeny (Laubacher, 1978; Martinez, 1980; Dalmayrac et al., 1980). A 40Ar/39Ar whole rock age of 347 Ma for a slate (McBride et al., 1987) is in agreement with this interpretation. In southern Bolivia, recent K/Ar determinations from phyllosilicates of the Ordovician slates have provided younger ages within the 320 290 Ma interval, indicating a late Hercynian orogeny (Jacobshagen et al., 2002). Since the emplacement of the Au Sb ores overlaps in many deposits the waning stages of the regional deformation and metamorphism (Lehrberger, 1992; Dill et al., 1997), the mineralizing event may be mostly Carboniferous in age (Fig. 3). This orogenic phase is related to the final collision of the Arequipa Antofalla terrane on the Amazonian craton (Martinez, 1980; Dalmayrac et al., 1980; Forsythe et al., 1993). Accurate timing of the mineralizing event(s) requires testing by isotopic dating. Because of the age ambiguity, the formation of the Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera is the subject of an ongoing controversy, analogous to the conflicting ideas about sediment-hosted gold provinces elsewhere. On account of their geographic but in our view possible fortuitous spatial association, Petersen (1960) initially proposed a genetic relationship between the distal Au Sb veins of Ananea and the proximal Sn W Au granite-related veins of Cona in an intrusion centered-system. Corrobodoriquen rating this idea, Clark et al. (1990) estimated that the gold-bearing fluids of the SE Peruvian deposits were derived from granitoid magmas or from extensive metamorphic aureoles surrounding batholiths. In contrast, French authors, influenced by the prevailing genetic interpretations about the Salsigne deposit in the early 1980s (Bonnemaison et al., 1986), postulated that the Ananea deposits were syngenetic and exhalative-sedimentary deposits (Fornari and Bonnemaison, rail, 1991). According to the later 1984; Fornari and He authors, the so-called auriferous massive sulfides or mantos were related to submarine hydrothermal sources in an aborted rift environment. Tistl (1985), although noting similarities with orogenic gold deposits in greenstone belts, suggested that the formation of

52

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

the neighboring Yani lodes were due to remobilization of sulfide mineral layers during contact metamorphism. For the central and southern Bolivian Sb Au deposits, Lehrberger (1992) adopted a comparable metallogenic model, to account for the apparent association with black shales, invoking the mobilization of metals by hydrothermal convective systems from metal-enriched horizons, and their later precipitation in structural traps. Dill et al. (1997) proposed for the Bolivian sediment-hosted Sb deposits their generation through metamorphogenic processes remobilizing preconcentrated Sb in the host environment, and further classified them as a subgroup of the orogenic gold class. Finally, accepting the genetic model proposed in Fornari and Bonnemaison (1984), Zappettini and Segal (1998) interpreted the Au saddle-reefs of the Sierra de la Rinconada as resulting from exhalative processes. The aforementioned genetic hypotheses are not entirely satisfactory. The discordant geometries of the mineralizations and the alteration overprints are not compatible with the sedimentary-exhalative models. Age constraints are not well established, but if our interpretation about the middle to late Paleozoic age for the mineralization is correct, it has the consequence that the plutonic and contact metamorphic models are questionable, since the intrusions are Triassic to Jurassic in age (Lancelot et al., 1978; McBride et al., 1983, 1987; Farrar et al., 1990; Fig. 3).

4. The Sierras Pampeanas Au belt The Sierras Pampeanas in west-central Argentina (26j to 33j30VS) have been a historical producer of Au and W, yet the subject of few published studies on their ore deposits. In the first major synthesis, Skirrow et al. (2000) present a comprehensive metallogenic framework based on a multidisciplinary approach, including detailed mapping, and focus on the nature of the abundant lode-gold deposits and occurrences. In this Au belt, the main documented districts (Table 1 and Fig. 1) are from north to south, Sierra de la in Catamarca Province (Lazarte, 1992), Culampaja o Candelaria and San Ignacio (Sierras de Co rdoba) R rdoba Province (Lyons et al., 1997; Gonza lez in Co and Mas, 1998; Skirrow et al., 2000), Sierra de las os Gomez et al., 1992; Minas in La Rioja Province (R Cangialosi and Baldis, 1995; Pieters et al., 1997;

s Skirrow et al., 2000), and Santo Domingo in San Lu Province (Sims et al., 1997; Skirrow et al., 2000). Resources from the Candelaria and San Ignacio districts are estimated at 60,000 and 40,000 oz of gold, respectively (Skirrow et al., 2000). In summary, and following essentially the field observations presented in Skirrow et al. (2000), most of the gold occurrences are situated in shear or mylonitic zones within Cambrian to Devonian gneissic and granitic rocks, generally in the vicinity of transpressional structures. The deposits display a diversity of structural styles, with mainly quartz veins in brittle ductile deformation zones, and subsidiary chelon gash veins and siliceous stockworks, en-e zones. The mineralized structures show uniformly low- to moderate-temperature alterations, with a proximal intense sericitization and distal propylitization and chloritization. The mineral assemblages consist systematically of abundant milky and blue-grey quartz, pyrite, gold/electrum, minor carbonate minerals, and in places minor chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite and rare pyrrhotite. In the southern Sierras Pampeanas, fluid inclusion studies indicate that H2O CO2 NaCl and H2O NaCl fluids are lez and involved in the gold ore precipitation (Gonza Mas, 1998; Skirrow et al., 2000). Deuterium and oxygen isotope compositions (Table 2) reveal the contribution to the hydrothermal fluids of either Deuterium-depleted meteoric waters that have reacted extensively with metasedimentary rocks, or fluids derived from degassed magmas, or a mixture of both, and oxygen isotope geothermometry indicate ore formation temperatures around 300 jC (Skirrow et al., 2000). In addition to the lode-gold-bearing deposits, three main styles of middle to late Paleozoic tungsten-bearing mineralizations, locally with significant gold content, have been recognized in the southern Sierras Pampeanas: (1) quartz muscovite tourmaline veins containing wolframite, scheelite and sulfide minerals, (2) scheelite associated with calcsilicate rocks, and (3) disseminated scheelite with quartz veins in metasedimentary sequences (de Brodtkorb and Brodtkorb, 1977; Skirrow et al., 2000). Finally, Ag Pb Zn veins belonging to the same metallogenic epoch are described in the El rdoba Province (Sureda, 1978; Guaico district in Co Skirrow et al., 2000).

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

53

4.1. Age, geotectonic setting and genetic hypotheses The 40Ar/39Ar step-heating ages of the sericite alteration associated with the gold-bearing deposits o Candelaria/San in the Sierra de las Minas and R Ignacio districts are in the range 393 382 and 378 351 Ma, respectively (Skirrow et al., 2000; Fig. 3). The younger gold metallogenic epoch overlaps the f 365 Ma muscovite ages of W F Cu-bearing vein- and replacement-type mineralizations in the n district in Co rdoba Province, and Aguas de Ramo s Province. At a the El Morro district in San Lu regional scale, the later Au and W deposits post-date by 20 to 30 m.y. (see Goldfard et al., 2001) the 404 to 382 Ma (Stuart-Smith et al., 1999) peraluminous to metaluminous granites, whereas the gold lodes in the Sierras de las Minas are apparently a disconnected event, broadly synchronous with this felsic magmatism (Fig. 3). The younger mineralizing event occurs during the final stages of the Devonian Achalian orogeny, an inferred collisional event resulting from the accretion of the Chilenia terrane on the protoAndean margin (Sims et al., 1998; Stuart-Smith et al., 1999). The second Au- and W-bearing veining overlaps the 40Ar/39Ar age determinations from phyllosilicates of shear zones presented in Sims et al. (1998), which yielded ages within the 376 351 Ma interval for the thrust and sinistral, strike-slip shearing tectonics (Fig. 3). Based on the event chronology, the collisional context, and the structural styles, most of the gold could be attributed to the orogenic deposit class. Exceptions are the Cu-rich Au deposits in the Sierra de las Minas district, which, given their slightly older ages overlapping with the intrusion ages, the presence of significant Cu, and higher fluid salinity, may represent a hybrid style with characteristics of both the orogenic gold style and intrusion-driven systems (Skirrow et al., 2000).

5. Discussion 5.1. Summary of the unifying features The middle to late Paleozoic lode-gold deposits with subsidiary Sb and W in the eastern Central Andes and its foreland represent a coherent group of orogenic gold deposits with common regional, structural

and temporal features irrespective of the host terranes. The documented deposits in the Pataz province, the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera and the Sierras Pampeanas formed late in the orogenic history, and are hosted by subsidiary thrust faults in the hanging wall of lithospheric-scale structures or within regional anticlines. Small changes in the nature and style of the individual deposits may reflect the local influence of the host rocks, and in particular their rheological properties and geochemical compositions. Thus, competent granitic plutons host regular brittle ductile quartz veins, while anisotropic low-metamorphic turbiditic sequences present a variety of deposit geometries, such as saddle-reefs, bedding-concordant veins, stockworks and disseminated ores. Similarly, the metal associations of the mineralized lodes are also controlled by the host lithology, with preferentially an Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Cu, As (Pataz) and W (Sierras Pampeanas) assemblage in granites, and an Au, Sb, W assemblage in turbidites. In most of the Andean deposits, as in the majority of Phanerozoic deposits worldwide (Bierlein and Crowe, 2000), arsenopyrite and minor scheelite and wolframite appear early in the quartz carbonate pyrite veins, gold and silver precipitate with the second-stage galena sphalerite chalcopyrite paragenesis, and a late stage stibnite and Sb sulfosalt paragenesis typically in the shallower parts of the mineralizing systems. Alteration patterns with variable degrees of sericitization, carbonitization and chloritization developed within narrow aureoles surrounding the goldbearing structures, indicating that these deposits formed under lower- to mid-greenschist conditions. The documented Andean deposits display many characteristics, in particular their structural style, paragenesis, metal association and alteration, similar to other major Paleozoic orogenic gold provinces, such as the Australian Lachlan and Thomson fold belts (Solomon and Groves, 1994; Foster et al., 1998; Ramsay et al., 1998; Bierlein et al., 2000), the French Massif Central (Bouchot et al., 1997), and the Canadian Meguma terrane (Ryan and Smith, 1998). In our view, analogues of the Pataz deposits may be the Saint Yrieix district in the French Massif Central (Bouchot et al., 1989) and the Charters Towers Etheridge orefield in eastern Australia (Peters and Golding, 1989; Bain et al., 1998). Similarly the Ananea district and the neighboring southern Yani district can be com-

54

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

pared to the Salsigne deposit in France (Lescuyer et al., 1993). 5.2. Timing of mineralization According to relative ages of the collisional events, and isotopic ages of intrusions and ore-related alterations, two broad episodes of gold veining are recognized during Paleozoic times in the eastern Central Andes, and are consistent with the separate tectonic evolution of the main cordilleran domains, whereby the ages become younger to the north: Devonian in the southern Sierras Pampeanas Au belt and Carbon n Valley Au o iferous for the northern Pataz Maran belt (Fig. 3). A third episode, mostly Carboniferous, was inferred on account of field relationships for the Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera (Fig. 3). The northernmost deposits at Pataz were formed in an uplifting region characterized by calcalkaline plutonism and molasse-type sedimentation in transtensional basins. The two southern belts formed within collisional settings related to terrane accretions onto Precambrian to early Paleozoic cratons to the east. Despite the broad spatial relationship between felsic intrusions and a large number of the Central Andean orogenic gold deposits, there is no evidence in most documented deposits for a genetic link between both events. With the possible exception of the small Au Cu deposits in the Sierra de las Minas, the available data indicate that the plutons either preor post-date the lode-gold mineralizations, and generally only served as a favorable rheological host for extensive vein opening. In fact, all three Andean gold belts, despite their separate histories, were formed during or shortly after the late stages of the evolution of orogens (Fig. 3), coevally with either regional uplift or transpressional strike slip tectonics (Skirrow et al., 2000; Haeberlin, 2002). This late-kinematic timing and the convergent plate boundary location are fully consistent with the orogenic gold class concept as defined in Groves et al. (1998). 5.3. The circum-Gondwana orogenic gold belt On the basis of recent advances in isotopic dating of the deposits, Bierlein and Crowe (2000) and Goldfarb et al. (2001) pointed out that the circum-Gondwana margin and the continental masses around the

closing paleo-Tethys Ocean account for the location of most of the middle to late Paleozoic gold orogenic provinces in the world. These include gold districts in the Lachlan, New England, Hodgkinson and Thomson fold belts in eastern Australia, Westland in New Zealand, the Southern Appalachians, the Meguma province in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, the British Caledonides, the European Variscides with the Iberian, French Central and Bohemian Massifs, the Tien Shan in Central Asia and the Inner Mongolia in Northeast China. The tectono-thermal processes generating gold deposits in these provinces took place from the Late Ordovician to the Middle Permian, a long period characterized by global continental growth on the Gondwana supercontinent and on the paleo-Tethys continental masses (Goldfarb et al., 2001). In this perspective, the auriferous belts of the n Valley, the southern Eastern Andean o Pataz Maran Cordillera and the Sierras Pampeanas are the South American pieces of this trans-global belt of orogenic gold deposits (Fig. 4). A paleogeographic reconstruction of the Gondwana supercontinent in its Cambrian configuration (Fig. 4) reveals, at a very large scale, the regions that are the most prospective hosts of middle to late Paleozoic orogenic gold provinces, since these will develop subsequently within terranes along its margin. Most of the major known middle to late Paleozoic orogenic gold provinces in the world, with the notable exception of the Uralides, which resulted from the collision of Kazakstania and Euamerica, and other East Russian provinces (Goldfarb et al., 2001), can be placed on the reconstruction of Fig. 4. The paleogeographical reconstruction of the Gondwana supercontinent during Cambrian times may be used as a predictive tool for locating previously unrecognized orogenic gold provinces and districts that may have form during Paleozoic times. Based on this reconstruction, the Ross Orogen in the Antarctic continent, the Mauritanides in Northwest Africa, Indochina and Burma appear potentially among the most prospective regions for the discovery of new Paleozoic orogenic gold resources (Fig. 4). 5.4. Exploration and research perspectives Unlike epithermal systems, relatively little attention has been devoted in the Andes to the attractive

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

55

et al. (1992), with the circumFig. 4. Paleogeographic sketch of the Gondwana supercontinent at Middle Cambrian times after Courjault-Rade Gondwana and peri-Tethys location of the mobile belts that will host major middle to late Paleozoic orogenic gold provinces. The ages of the gold belts are after Goldfarb et al. (1998, 2001) and Groves et al. (1998). Other prospective areas are highlighted with question marks.

potential of the Devonian and Carboniferous orogenic gold belts. Considering the ubiquity of the Au ( F Sb F W) lodes, some of them known since the Inca epoch (15th 16th centuries) or even earlier, it should be emphasized that the eastern section of the Central Andes offer stimulating perspectives for the discovery of new deposits and for the re-evaluation of old mining areas, either in Peru, Bolivia or western Argentina. For mineral exploration, the brittle ductile quartz veins in Ordovician to Carboniferous batholiths and the saddle-reefs in the lower Paleozoic anticlines represent the most prom-

ising targets for high-grade orogenic gold deposits with subsidiary antimony and tungsten. From an economic point of view, the relatively high-grade intrusion-hosted deposits are suited to selective mining (e.g. Pataz), and perhaps the large-tonnage turbidite-hosted deposits, even in disseminated form, could represent targets for bulk mining (e.g. Amayapampa). In view of the paucity of the regional and metallogenic studies in the Paleozoic Bolivian and Peruvian Andes, we are aware that the aforementioned models, in particular for the Au Sb belt of

56

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159

the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera, are inevitably fragmentary and poorly constrained, and should be considered merely as preliminary working hypotheses. A better understanding of the origin and of the geodynamic environment of the Andean orogenic gold deposits requires far more detailed and multidisciplinary approaches with geological and structural mapping, geophysical surveys, metallogenic studies as well as efficient dating of the metamorphic, igneous and hydrothermal events. Additional support for unraveling the histories of the Andean deposits may be provided by the features common to many Paleozoic orogenic gold belts worldwide.

Acknowledgements The research on the Pataz gold deposits was launched in 1996 under the proposal of W. Sologuren, and benefited from the assistance of the Peruvian a Minera Poderosa S.A., Lima. mining company C This work was also supported by grants Nos. 2047260.96 and 20-54150.98 of the Swiss National Science Foundation. We are especially grateful to V. Bouchot and R. Goldfarb for their valuable comments on an early version of the manuscript. We also thank V. Maksaev and R. Skirrow for their helpful and constructive reviews, which led to a substantial improvement of our manuscript.

6. Conclusions Significant lode-gold resources with subsidiary antimony and tungsten occur in the eastern Central Andes and its foreland (6 34jS) either along brittle ductile deformation zones in Ordovician to Carboniferous granites and gneisses, or as saddlereefs in lower Paleozoic turbiditic sequences. These auriferous mineralizations represent a coherent series of belts of middle to late Paleozoic orogenic gold deposits, among which Pataz, Ananea, Yani and Amayapampa are the best known examples, which extend from northern Peru to central Argentina along the Eastern Andean Cordillera and further south in the Sierras Pampeanas. Two broad mineralization epochs have been identified, with Devonian ages in the Sierras Pampeanas Au belt (26j to 33j30VS), and Carboniferous ages for the n Valley Au belt in northern Peru o Pataz Maran (6j50V to 8j50VS). The absolute timing of the southeastern Peruvian, Bolivian and northwestern Argentinian turbidite-hosted lodes, which form the Au Sb belt of the southern Eastern Andean Cordillera (12j to 26jS), is poorly constrained. Field relationships suggest some overlap of gold veining with Carboniferous deformation events. These Andean belts are the South American segments of trans-global orogenic gold provinces that were formed from the Late Ordovician to the Middle Permian in accretionary or collisional belts that circumscribed the Gondwana craton and the paleoTethys continental masses.

References
Ahlfeld, F.F., Schneider-Scherbina, A., 1964. Los yacimientos minerales y de hidrocarburos de Bolivia. Dep. Nac. Geol., Bol. 5, 1 388. Ashley, P.M., Craw, D., 2000. Invisible gold in ore and mineral concentrates from the Hillgrove gold-antimony deposits. Miner. Depos. 35, 285 301. Bain, J.H.C., Withnall, I.W., Black, L.P., Etminan, H., Golding, S.D., Sun, S.S., 1998. Towards an understanding of the age and origin of mesothermal gold mineralisation in the Etheridge Goldfield, Georgetown region North Queensland. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 45, 247 263. Bierlein, F.P., Crowe, D.E., 2000. Phanerozoic orogenic lode gold deposits. In: Hagemann, S.G., Brown, P.E. (Eds.), Gold in 2000. Reviews in Economic Geology, vol. 13, pp. 103 140. Littleton, CO, USA. Bierlein, F.P., Arne, D.C., McKnight, S., Lu, J., Reeves, S., Besanko, J., Marek, J., Cooke, D., 2000. Wall-rock petrology and geochemistry in alteration halos associated with mesothermal gold mineralization, central Victoria, Australia. Econ. Geol. 95, 283 311. Bohlke, J.K., 1982. Orogenic (metamorphic-hosted) gold deposits. U. S. Geol. Surv., Open-File Rep. 795, 70 76. Bonnemaison, M., Crouzet, J., Thiercelin, F., Tollon, F., 1986. Controls on exhalative gold deposits hosted by volcaniclastic sediments in the Schistes X, Salsigne gold district, Montagne Noire, southern France. In: Macdonald, A.J. (Ed.), Proceedings of Gold 86, Toronto, pp. 457 469. Bouchot, V., Gros, Y., Bonnemaison, M., 1989. Structural controls on the auriferous shear zones of the Saint Yrieix District, Massif ras Central, France; evidence from the Le Bourneix and Laurie gold deposits. Econ. Geol. 84, 1315 1327. Bouchot, V., Milesi, J.-P., Lescuyer, J.-L., Ledru, P., 1997. Les ralisations aurife ` res de la France dans leur cadre ge ologimine que autour de 300 Ma. Chron. Rech. Min. 65, 13 62. n de oro de las Cangialosi, A., Baldis, B.A., 1995. La mineralizacio blica Sierras de las Minas, provincias La Rioja y San Luis (Repu

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159 n de deformacio n pampeano. AcArgentina) referidas al cinturo a, Venezuela, tas del 9j Congreso Latinoamericano de Geolog 27 38. Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., Kontak, D.J., Langridge, R.J., Arenas, F., France, L.J., McBride, S.L., Woodman, P.L., Wasteneys, H.A., Sandeman, H.A., Archibald, D.A., 1990. Geologic and geochronologic constraints on the metallogenic evolution of the Andes of southeastern Peru. Econ. Geol. 85, 1520 1583. , P., Debrenne, F., Gandin, A., 1992. PaleogeoCourjault-Rade graphic and geodynamic evolution of the Gondwana continental margin during the Cambrian. Terra Nova 4, 657 667. ologie des Dalmayrac, B., Laubacher, G., Marocco, R., 1980. Ge ruviennes. Characte ` res ge ne raux de le volution ge oAndes pe ruviennes. Trav. Doc. ORSTOM 122, logique des Andes pe 1 501. de Brodtkorb, M.K., Brodtkorb, A., 1977. Stratabound scheelite deposits in the Precambrian basement of San Luis (Argentina). In: Klemm, D.D., Schneider, H.J. (Eds.), Time and Stratabound Ore Deposits. Springer, Berlin, pp. 141 149. as mineralo gicas en yacimientos aur de Montreuil, L.A., 1995. Gu gica del Peru , Lima. Volumen feros peruanos. Sociedad Geolo jubilar A. Benavides, pp. 69 86. Dill, H.G., 1998. Evolution of Sb mineralisation in modern fold belts: a comparison of the Sb mineralisation in the Central Andes (Bolivia) and the Western Carpathians (Slovakia). Miner. Depos. 33, 359 378. Dill, H.G., Weiser, T., Bernhardt, I.R., Kilibarda, C.R., 1995. The composite gold-antimony vein deposit at Kharma (Bolivia). Econ. Geol. 90, 51 66. Dill, H.G., Pertold, Z., Kilibarda, C.R., 1997. Sediment-hosted and volcanic-hosted Sb vein mineralization in the Potosi region, central Bolivia. Econ. Geol. 92, 623 632. Farrar, E., Clark, A.H., Heinrich, S.M., 1990. The age of the Zongo pluton and the tectono-thermal evolution of the Zongo San Gaban zone in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia. In: Laubacher, G., odynamique andine et al., (Eds.), Symposium international ge (ISAG 90), Grenoble. ORSTOM, Paris, France, pp. 171 174. nie Fornari, M., Bonnemaison, M., 1984. Mantos et amas sulfo-arse ` or; La Rinconada, premier indice de mine ralisation de type a dimentaire dans la Cordille ` re orientale du Pe rou. exhalatif-se Chron. Rech. Min. 51, 33 40. rail, G., 1991. Lower Paleozoic gold occurrences in Fornari, M., He the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru and northern Bolivia; a genetic model. In: Ladeira, E.A. (Ed.), Brazil Gold 91. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 135 142. rail, G., Laubacher, G., Delaune, M., 1988. Les Fornari, M., He rou. Ge odynamigisements dor des Andes sud-orientales du Pe que 3, 139 161. Forsythe, R.D., Davidson, J., Mpodozis, C., Jesinkey, C., 1993. Lower Paleozoic relative motion of the Arequipa Block and Gondwana; paleomagnetic evidence from Sierra de Almeida of northern Chile. Tectonics 12, 219 236. Foster, D.A., Gray, D.R., Kwak, T.A.P., Bucher, M., 1998. Chronology and tectonic framework of turbidite-hosted gold deposits in the Western Lachlan fold belt, Victoria; Ar40/Ar39 results. Ore Geol. Rev. 13, 229 250. Goldfarb, R.J., Phillips, G.N., Nokleberg, W.J., 1998. Tectonic set-

57

ting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim. Ore Geol. Rev. 13, 185 218. Goldfarb, R.J., Groves, D.I., Gaerdoll, S., 2000. Tectonic setting and temporal evolution of orogenic gold deposits. 31st Int. Geol. Congr., Rio de Janeiro Presentation volume, CD-ROM, doc. SG304e. Goldfarb, R.J., Groves, D.I., Gaerdoll, S., 2001. Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis. Ore Geol. Rev. 18, 1 75. lez, M.M., Mas, G.R., 1998. Fluid inclusions and quartz Gonza textures in the auriferous veins of La Higuerita mine, La Laguna rdoba, Argentina. In: Vanko, D.A., et al., (Eds.), Proarea, Co ceedings of Pacrofi VII (Las Vegas). Program and Abstracts. Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Gebre, M.M., Hagemann, S.G., Robert, F., 1998. Orogenic gold deposits; a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geol. Rev. 13, 7 27. Haeberlin, Y., 2002. Geological and structural setting, age, and geochemistry of the orogenic gold deposits at the Pataz province, Eastern Andean Cordillera, Peru. University of Geneva. Terre Environ. 36, 1 182. , L., Cosca, M., 1999. The Pataz Haeberlin, Y., Moritz, R., Fontbote gold province (Peru) within the frame of a mesothermal gold and antimony belt of the Eastern Andean Cordillera. In: Stanley, C.J., et al., (Eds.), Mineral Deposits: Processes to Processing. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 1323 1326. , L., 2000. Late Paleozoic oroHaeberlin, Y., Moritz, R., Fontbote genic gold deposits in the Central Andes. In: Bouchot, V., Moritz, R. (Eds.), A GEODE-GEOFRANCE 3D Workshop on Orogenic Gold Deposits in Europe with Emphasis on the Variscides. Documents du BRGM, vol. 297, pp. 40 45. Jacobshagen, V., Mu ller, J., Wemmer, K., Ahrendt, H., Manutsoglu, E., 2002. Hercynian deformation and metamorphism in the Cordillera Oriental of southern Bolivia, Central Andes. Tectonophysics 345, 119 130. Kerrich, R., Cassidy, K.F., 1994. Temporal relationships of lode gold mineralization to accretion, magmatism, metamorphism and deformation; Archean to present; a review. Ore Geol. Rev. 9, 263 310. Kontak, D.J., Horne, R.J., Smith, P.K., 1996. Hydrothermal characterization of the West Gore Sb Au deposit, Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada. Econ. Geol. 91, 1239 1262. Lancelot, J.R., Laubacher, G., Marocco, R., Renaud, U., 1978. U/Pb radiochronology of two granitic plutons from the Eastern Cordillera (Peru). Extent of Permian magmatic activity and consequences. Geol. Rundsch. 67, 236 244. ologie des Andes pe ruviennes; ge ologie de la Laubacher, G., 1978. Ge ` re orientale et de lAltiplano au nord et nord-ouest du lac Cordille Titicaca. Trav. Doc. ORSTOM 95. sis preliminar de la alteracio n de la roca de Lazarte, J.E., 1992. Anal feras de Culampaja , Catamarca. Actas del caja de las vetas aur decimo primer congreso geologico argentino, San Juan, Argentina, 332 335. Lehrberger, G., 1992. Metallogenese von Antimonit Gold Lagersta tten in marinen Sedimenten der Ostkordillere Boliviens. Mu nch. Geol. Hefte 6. Lescuyer, J.-L., Bouchot, V., Cassard, D., Feybesse, J.-L., Marcoux, E., Moine, B., Piantone, P., Tegyey, M., Tollon, F., 1993. Le

58

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159 var (hojas 12-g, 12-h, 13-g, 13-h, 13-i, 14-h, 15-h). Lima, Bol gico Minero y Metalu n Serie A, rgico, Bolet Instituto Geolo gica Nacional 56. Carta Geolo Schreiber, D.W., 1989. Zur Genese von Goldquarzga ngen der PatazRegion im Rahmen der geologischen Entwicklung der Ostkordillere Nordperus (unter besonderer Beru cksichtigung der Distrikte Parcoy La Lima und Buldibuyo). Heidelb. Geowiss. Abh., 29. , L., Lochmann, D., 1990. Geologic setSchreiber, D.W., Fontbote ting, paragenesis, and physicochemistry of gold quartz veins hosted by plutonic rocks in the Pataz region. Econ. Geol. 85, 1328 1347. Shaw, R.P., 2000. Gold mineralisation in Colombia. Cuarto Simposio International del Oro (Lima). Volumen de presentaciones, CD-ROM, doc. 35e. Sillitoe, R.H., 1992. Gold and copper metallogeny of the Central Andes; past, present, and future exploration objectives. Econ. Geol. 87, 2205 2216. Sillitoe, R.H., Thompson, J.F.H., 1998. Intrusion-related vein gold deposits: types, tectono-magmatic settings and difficulties of distinction from orogenic gold deposits. Resour. Geol. 48, 237 250. Sims, J.P., Skirrow, R.G., Stuart-Smith, P.G., Lyons, P., 1997. Geols and Comechinogy and Metallogeny of the Sierras de San Lu gico Minero gones 1:250.000. Anales, vol. 28. Servicio Geolo Argentino, Buenos Aires. Sims, J.P., Ireland, T.R., Camacho, A., Lyons, P., Pieters, P.E., Skirrow, R.G., 1998. U Pb, Th Pb and Ar Ar geochronology from the southern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: implications for the Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the western Gondwana margin. In: Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W. (Eds.), The ProtoAndean Margin of Gondwana. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., vol. 142, pp. 259 281. London. Skirrow, R.G., Camacho, A., Lyons, P., Pieters, P.E., Sims, J.P., Stuart-Smith, P.G., Miro, R., 2000. Metallogeny of the southern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: geological, 40Ar 39Ar dating and stable isotope evidence for Devonian Au, Ag Pb Zn and W ore formation. Ore Geol. Rev. 17, 39 81. ` se sur la Soler, P., Grandin, G., Fornari, M., 1986. Essai de synthe tallogenie du Pe rou. Ge odynamique 1, 33 68. me Solomon, M., Groves, D.I., 1994. The geology and origin of Australias mineral deposits. Oxford Monogr. Geol. Geoph., vol. 24. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 951 pp. , R., Sims, J.P., Pieters, P.E., Lyons, P., Stuart-Smith, P.G., Miro Camacho, A., Ireland, T., Skirrow, R.G., Black, L.P., 1999. Uranium lead dating of felsic magmatic cycles in the southern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: implications for the tectonic development of the proto-Andean Gondwana margin. Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 336, 87 114. Sureda, R.J., 1978. Las vetas de plomo, plata y zinc del districto rdoba Repu blica de minero El Guaico en la provincia de Co Argentina. Rev. Assoc. Geol. Argent. 33, 299 324. Sureda, R.J., Galliski, M.A., Arganaraz, P., Daroca, J., 1986. Aspectos metalogenicos del noroeste Argentino (Provincias de Salta y Jujuy). Capricornio 1, 39 85. Tistl, M., 1985. Die Goldlagersta tten der no rdlichen Cordillera Real/ Bolivien und ihr geologischer Rahmen. Berl. Geowiss. Abh. 65 (102 pp.).

` re de Salsigne (Aude, France); une concentration gisement aurife diments de tritiques et syntectonique tardivarisque dans les se carbonates de la Montagne Noire. Chron. Rech. Min. 512, 3 73. Lyons, P., Skirrow, R.G., Stuart-Smith, P.G., 1997. Geology and Met rdoba 1:250.000. allogeny of the Sierras Septentrionales de Co gico Minero Argentino, Buenos Anales, vol. 27. Servicio Geolo Aires. Macfarlane, A.W., Tosdal, R.M., Vidal, C.E., Paredes, J., 1999. Geologic and isotopic constraints on the age and the origin of auriferous quartz veins in the Parcoy mining district, Pataz, Peru. In: Skinner, B.J. (Ed.), Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central Andes. Econ. Geol. Spec. Pub., vol. 7, pp. 267 279. ne hercynienne Martinez, C., 1980. Structure et evolution de la cha ` re des Andes de ne andine dans le nord de la Cordille et de la cha Bolivie. Trav. Doc. ORSTOM 119. McBride, S.L., Robertson, R.C.R., Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., 1983. Magmatic and metallogenic episodes in the northern tin belt, Cordillera Real, Bolivia. Geol. Rundsch. 72, 685 713. McBride, S.L., Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., Archibald, D.A., 1987. Delimitation of a cryptic Eocene tectono-thermal domain in the Eastern Cordillera of the Bolivian Andes through K Ar dating and 40Ar 39Ar step-heating. J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 144, 243 255. McCuaig, T.C., Kerrich, R., 1998. P T t-deformation-fluid characteristics of lode gold deposits: evidence from alteration systematics. Ore Geol. Rev. 12, 381 453. Noble, D.C., Vidal, C.E., 1994. Gold in Peru. Econ. Geol. Newsl. 17, 1 13. Peters, S.G., Golding, S.D., 1989. Geologic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies of granitoid-hosted gold-bearing quartz veins, Charters Towers, northeastern Australia. In: Keays, R.R., Ramsay, W.R.H., Groves, D.I. (Eds.), The Geology of Gold Deposits; the Perspective in 1988. Econ. Geol. Monogr., vol. 6, pp. 260 273. quina y otros depo sitos de estano Petersen, G., 1960. Sobre Condor a y Petro leo. . Lima, Sociedad Nacional de Miner en el Peru n 72 (Serie 2), 36 44. Bolet Pieters, P., Skirrow, R.G., Lyons, P., 1997. Geology and Metallogeny of the Sierras de las Minas, Chepes and los Llanos gico Minero Argen1:250.000. Anales, vol. 26. Servicio Geolo tino, Buenos Aires. Ramsay, W.R.H., Bierlein, F.P., Arne, D.C., VandenBerg, A.H.M., 1998. Turbidite-hosted gold deposits of central Victoria, Australia; their regional setting, mineralising styles, and some genetic constraints. Ore Geol. Rev. 13, 131 151. Richings, B.M., 2000. Vista Gold Corporation 1999 Annual Report. Vista Gold, Denver. os Gomez, J., Loredo Perez, J., Garcia Iglesias, J., 1992. CaracR sticas mineralo gicas de depositos aur feros ligados a zonas ter de cizalla (La Rioja, Argentina). Actas del 8j Congreso Latina. Tomo, vol. 4, pp. 242 246. oamericano de Geolog Ryan, R.J., Smith, P.K., 1998. A review of the mesothermal gold deposits of the Meguma Group Nova Scotia, Canada. Ore Geol. Rev. 13, 153 183. nchez, A., 1995. Geolog a de los cuadra ngulos de Bagua Grande, Sa Jumbilla, Lonya Grande, Chachapoyas, Rioja, Leimebamba y

Y. Haeberlin et al. / Ore Geology Reviews 22 (2002) 4159 Utter, T., 1984. Geological setting of primary gold deposits in the Andes of Colombia (South America). In: Foster, R.P. (Ed.), Gold 82; The Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Gold Deposits. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 731 743. Vidal, C.E., Paredes, J., Macfarlane, A.W., Tosdal, R.M., 1995. a y metalogen a del distrito minero Parcoy, provincia Geolog fera de Pataz, La Libertad. Sociedad Geolo gica del Peru aur Lima. Volumen jubilar A. Benavides, pp. 351 377.

59

Zappettini, E.O., Segal, S.J., 1998. In: Hagni, R.D. (Ed.), Metallogeny of Gold in the Sierra de la Rinconada, Province of Jujuy, Argentina. Proceedings of the Ninth Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium, vol. 9. E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 319 330.