Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd HCMV 16 Dec 2008

1
Stphan Astier, 11/2008

Fuel Cells
Energy Model li ng
Bond Graph
Fuel cells
SOFC Stack
Stack PEMFC
(1)
Works at 80C
SOFC Stack
at high
temprature
> 700 C
1 cell delivers very low voltage (0.7V)
serie connexion of mise en srie de Ns cells (Nss100) STACK
membrane
Bipolar plate
2
AFC
PEMFC
PAFC
MCFC
SOFC
70-100C
70-100C
150-210C
600-800C
850-1100C
basses T
> 550C
OH
-
CO
3
2-
O
2
2-
H
+
alcalin
polymre
acide
phosphorique
carbonate fondu
oxyde solide
< 200C
hautes
T
H
2
H
2
H
2
H
2
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
CO
2
O
2
O
2
O
2
O
2
H
2
O
CO
2
H
2
, H
2
O, CO
2
Fuel : H
2
, (+C0
2
si MCFC)
O
2
, N
2
, H
2
O,
CO
2
OXYDANT: O
2
, (+N
2
si air) (+C0
2
si MCFC)
e
-
FC name
Electrolyte
Charges nature
Different types
of fuel cells
Temprature
+ Cogeneration
PEM Fuel CELL
Electricity
heat
H
2
+ 1/2 0
2
H
2
0
inverse electrolysis
water
Efficiency > 50 %
Show video
+
3
Diffusion losses
Activation losses
Conduction losses
Electric
energy
Electrochemical conversion
Chemical
energy
Electric
generator
or receptor
External environment = chemical and thermal energy stored
External
storings
Air,
oxygen
Thermal
use
Internal
storings
Flux of matter
(oxider, reductor, electrolyte)
Entropy fluxes
Thermal flux
2 internal storage
Electric double layer
flux electric charges
Electrochemical
component
Internal thermal storage
Energy modelli ng of electrochemical device
Energy approach Energy approach
Bond Graph principles Bond Graph principles
Energy exchanges within a system are described by bonds which re Energy exchanges within a system are described by bonds which represent power exchanges. present power exchanges.
e e
energy object
1 1
energy object
2 2
f f
e e
energy object
1 1
energy object
2 2
f f
Effort Effort e e and flow and flow f f have different interpretations in the different fields of physi have different interpretations in the different fields of physics. cs.
ds/dt: Entropy flow (J .K
-1
.s
-1
) T: Temperature (K) Thermal
dq/dt: Volume flow (m
3
.s
-1
) P: Pressure (Pa) Hydraulic
dn/dt: Molar flow (mol.s
-1
) : Chemical potential (J .mol
-1
) Chemical
V: Velocity (m.s
-1
) F: Force (N) Mechanical
i: Current (A) v: Voltage(V) Electrical
f: flow (unit) e: Effort (unit) System
The causal bar indicates the effort direction. The causal bar indicates the effort direction.
p = e . f power
4
Bond Graph elements Bond Graph elements
Only a limited number of elements are necessary to describe the Only a limited number of elements are necessary to describe the majority of systems: majority of systems:
An element An element RS RS (entropy production) can be used for coupling to a thermal part of the model. can be used for coupling to a thermal part of the model.
Environment
Flow source
S S
ff
Environment
Effort source
S S
ee
Potential storage
Capacitance
C C: c
Inertial storage
Inductance
I I: i
Dissipation
Friction
Resistance
R R: r
Equation without causality Represents Element
0 = rf e
0 =
dt
df
i e
0 =
dt
de
c f
cst e =
cst f =
Bond Graph junctions Bond Graph junctions
The exchanges between several elements or different fields of ph The exchanges between several elements or different fields of physics ysics
are implemented through junctions: are implemented through junctions:
Gyrator GY
Transformer TF
Equality of efforts 0
Equality of flows 1
Equation Represents Junction
=
i
i
e 0
=
i
i
f 0
1 2 2 1
, rf f re e = =
1 2 2 1
, rf e rf e = =
Causal rules: Causal rules:
only one element can fix the flow through a 1 only one element can fix the flow through a 1- -junction ; junction ;
only one element can fix the effort through a 0 only one element can fix the effort through a 0- -junction. junction.
5
E E: battery open : battery open- -circuit voltage circuit voltage
Electrochemical conversion and energy storage Electrochemical conversion and energy storage
Electrochemical conversion Electrochemical conversion
- - G (J .mol G (J .mol
- -1 1
) )
J (mol.s J (mol.s
- -1 1
) )
E (V) E (V)
I (A) I (A)
TF TF
Chemical field Chemical field Electrical field Electrical field
G G: free enthalpy variation : free enthalpy variation
I I: current in the battery : current in the battery
J J : molar flow of lithium ions : molar flow of lithium ions
n n: number of lithium ions moles exchanged for one mole of electro : number of lithium ions moles exchanged for one mole of electrons (n=1) ns (n=1)
F F: Faraday constant : Faraday constant
nF
G
E =
J nF I =
nF
El ectricity
Fuel Cell
Electrolyser
H2
H2
H2
O2
O2
O2
H2O Electicale
Power
Heat
Fuel Cell
Electrolyser
H2
H2
H2
O2
O2
O2
H2O Electicale
Power
Heat
H
2
O
2
H
2
O
HEAT
Principle of a H2/O2 Regenerative Fuel Cell RFC or URFC (Unitized )
Reversible eco-fuel / electricit y storage systems
System equivalent to a battery but decoupling ENERGY and POWER
H
2
/ O
2
but also many other redox couples
(redox flow batteries, metal air fuel cell s)
6
Lithium Lithium- -ion battery operation principle ion battery operation principle
Electrochemical process Electrochemical process
ions Li
+
e e
- -
Load Load
I I
j j
+
+ + ze zLi H' LiH' j j LiH ze zLi H + +
+
j H'
material
Insertion
j H
material
Insertion
material
conductor
Li
+
ions Li
+
e e
- -
Load Load
I II I
j j
+
+ + ze zLi H' LiH' j j LiH ze zLi H + +
+
j H'
material
Insertion
j H
material
Insertion
material
conductor
Li
+
Lithium Lithium- -ion battery model ion battery model
Electrochemical conversion and energy storage Electrochemical conversion and energy storage
Energy storage Energy storage
G G: free enthalpy variation : free enthalpy variation
G G
00
: reference free enthalpy variation : reference free enthalpy variation
G G
storage storage
: available amount of chemical stored energy : available amount of chemical stored energy
- - G (J .mol G (J .mol
- -1 1
) )
J (mol.s J (mol.s
- -1 1
) )
E (V) E (V)
I (A) I (A)
TF TF 1 1
- - G G
0 0
(J .mol (J .mol
- -1 1
) )
J (mol.s J (mol.s
- -1 1
) )
J

(
m
o
l
.
s
J

(
m
o
l
.
s
- -
1 1
) )
- -

G G
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
(
J
.
m
o
l
(
J
.
m
o
l
- -
1 1
) )
C C
storage storage
- - G G
0 0
nF
storage
0
G G G + =
7
Lithium Lithium- -ion battery model ion battery model
Activation and double Activation and double- -layer phenomena layer phenomena
Activation phenomenon Activation phenomenon
f
act
act
I
R
q
=
R R
act act
: linear activation resistance : linear activation resistance

act act
: voltage drop due to activation phenomenon : voltage drop due to activation phenomenon
I I
ff
: faradic current : faradic current
+
Li
+
Li
+
Li
+
Li
e
I
f
I
dl
I
Electrochemical
double-layer
Reactive process
Double layer capacitor
Electrolyte Electrode
Double Double- -layer phenomenon layer phenomenon
C C
dl dl
Proprits compares des moyens de stockage
8
Proprits compares des moyens de stockage
Electricity - hydrogen reversible transformation,
two energy carriers with complementary properties
Electricity
(Solare, )
Flux carrier
Hydrogen
energy
Stock carrier
Electrolyser
I (A)
V (volt)
2 1 0,5 1,5
I (A)
Fuel cell
HYDROGEN + OXYGEN
Electrolyser
Fuel Cell
WATER + ELECTRICITY + HEAT HYDROGEN + OXYGEN
Electrolyser
Fuel Cell
WATER + ELECTRICITY + HEAT HYDROGEN + OXYGEN
Electrolyser
Fuel Cell
WATER + ELECTRICITY + HEAT
9
Thierry ALLEAU
10
Thierry ALLEAU
Thierry ALLEAU
11
Centrale 250 kW PEM
Ballard Power Systems
Centrale domestique
7 kW PEM Plug Power
Stationary
Electricity
and
Heat
Cogeneration
12
THE HYDROGENE FUEL
What sources of hydrogen ?
What storage devices and tanks ?
What specifical energies ?
A stock energy carrier
stored in a tank as gazoline
Energies spcifiques des combustibles
Meilleurs accumulateurs
actuels ( Li-ion)
150 Wh/kg
Essence
10 000 Wh/kg
Hydrogne
30 000 Wh/kg
Uranium
116 10
6
Wh/kg
H
2

g
a
z

3
0
0
b
a
r
s
H
2

g
a
z

7
0
0
b
a
r
s
H
2

l
i
q
u
i
d
e
G
a
z

n
a
t

2
0
0
b
a
r
s
G
a
z

n
a
t

l
i
q
u
M
t
h
a
n
o
l
E
s
s
e
n
c
e
S 1
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
Specific energies of hydrogen storage devices
Energby volume
Energy by mass
13
Thierry ALLEAU
Thierry ALLEAU
14
A training device for a future power chain
Solar energy, Hydrogen, Electricity
Photographi e NASA Aerovironment 2002

Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd HCMV 16 Dec 2008

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Energy Model Pemfc Ntedd HCMV 16 Dec 2008

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1

Stphan Astier, 11/2008

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