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Cisco Confidential
Core Layer
Distribution Layer
Access Layer
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Catalyst 6500
Catalyst 4500/E
Catalyst 6500
Catalyst 4900 Blade Switches
Catalyst 6500 Catalyst 4500/E Catalyst 3750 Catalyst 3560 Catalyst 2900 Catalyst Express 500
Small
Medium-sized
Large
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Signaling type
Voltage levels, pulse width, pulse intervals etc.
Physical
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Host
Hub
10BaseTTwisted Pair
Hosts
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Physical
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Arbitration
Addressing
802.2
Error detection
Physical 802.3
EIA/TIA-232 v.35
MAC Addresses
Ethernet layer-2 address is referred to as MAC address MAC address is 6 bytes long: first 3 bytes identifies the Organization (OUI) last 3 bytes identifies a particular device on the network. Basic MAC address types:
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Data Link
OR
Each segment has its own collision domain All segments are in the same broadcast domain
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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Switches
Switch
Memory
Each segment has its own collision domain Broadcasts are forwarded to all segments
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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Address learning
Forward/filter decision
Loop avoidance
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0260.8c01.1111
E0 E2
E1 E3
0260.8c01.3333
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
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0260.8c01.1111
E0
E1
0260.8c01.3333
E2
E3
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Station A sends a frame to Station C Switch caches station A MAC address to port E0 by learning the source address of data frames
The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all ports except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded)
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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0260.8c01.1111
E0
E1
0260.8c01.3333
E2
E3
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Station D sends a frame to station C Switch caches station D MAC address to port E3 by learning the source Address of data frames The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all ports except port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded)
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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0260.8c01.1111
E0
E2
X X
E1
0260.8c01.3333
E3
0260.8c01.4444
0260.8c01.2222
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0260.8c01.1111
E0
E1
0260.8c01.3333
E2
E3
0260.8c01.2222
0260.8c01.4444
Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports other than the originating port
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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Redundant Topology
Server/host X
Router Y Segment 1
Segment 2
Redundant topology eliminates single points of failure Redundant topology causes broadcast storms, multiple frame copies, and MAC address table instability problems
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Broadcast Storms
Server/host X Router Y
Segment 1 Broadcast
Switch A
Switch B
Segment 2
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Switch A
Switch B
Segment 2
20
Switch A
Broadcast
Switch B
Segment 2
21
Segment 2
Host X sends an unicast frame to router Y Router Y MAC address has not been learned by either switch yet
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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Switch A
Segment 2
Host X sends an unicast frame to Router Y Router Y MAC Address has not been learned by either Switch yet Router Y will receive two copies of the same frame
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
23
Router Y
Segment 1 Unicast Port 0 Switch B Port 1
Port 1
Segment 2
Host X sends an unicast frame to Router Y Router Y MAC Address has not been learned by either Switch yet Switch A and B learn Host X MAC address on port 0
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
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Host X sends an unicast frame to Router Y Router Y MAC Address has not been learned by either Switch yet Switch A and B learn Host X MAC address on port 0 Frame to Router Y is flooded Switch A and B incorrectly learn Host X MAC address on port 1
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
25
Loop Loop
Loop
Workstations
Complex topology can cause multiple loops to occur Layer 2 has no mechanism to stop the loop
26
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Block
Allows switches to communicate with each other for discovering physical loops in the network Places certain ports in blocking state to arrive at a redundant loop-free network topology
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Spanning-Tree Operations
One root bridge per network One root port per non-root bridge One designated port per segment 100baseT
Designated port (F) Root port (F)
Root bridge
Non-root bridge
10baseT
2009 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
28
BPDU
Bridge ID = Bridge priority + Bridge MAC address Root Bridge = Bridge with the lowest bridge ID
29
Who is the Root Bridge ? How far away is the Root Bridge ?
What is the BID of the bridge that sent this BPDU ? What port on the sending bridge did this BPDU come from ?
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10 Gbps
1 Gbps
100 Mbps
19
10
10 Mbps
100
100
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Port 0
Port 0
Port 1
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Lowest Root BID Lowest Path cost to the Root Bridge Lowest Sender BID Lowest Port ID
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Blocking
Listening
Disabled
Learning
Forwarding
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Function
Sends and receives user data Builds bridging table Builds active topology Only receives BPDUs Non-operational state
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35
Spanning-Tree Recalculation
100baseT
Designated port Root port (F)
Switch Y MAC = 0c0022222222 Default priority = 32768
Port 0
Port 0
Designated port
Port 1
10baseT
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Port 0
Port 0
BPDU
Designated port
Port 1
10baseT
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Convergence occurs when all the switches and bridge ports have transitioned to either the forwarding or blocking state When network topology changes, switches and bridges must re-compute the SpanningTree Protocol, which disrupts user traffic
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LAN Switching
Primarily hardware based (ASIC) Many spanning-tree instances per switch More ports on a switch
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Frame
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Frame Frame
Frame Frame
42
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Frame
Frame
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Duplex Overview
Half duplex (CSMA/CD) Unidirectional data flow Higher potential for collison Hubs connectivity Switch Hub
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44
Duplex Overview
Half duplex (CSMA/CD) Unidirectional data flow Higher potential for collison Hubs connectivity Switch Hub
Full duplex Point-to-point only Attached to dedicated switched port Requires full-duplex support on both ends Collision free Collision detect circuit disabled
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