Our high voltage products

enhance power quality of

installations and improve
electrical network efficiency,
both resulting in
considerable economical
savings for end users.
RFALJIvF PUWFR LUMPFNSAJIUN PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
B|gh vo|tage react|ve power
compensat|on and harmon|c
f||ter|ng prodocts
Power quality and energy eff|c|ency
P|gh vo|tage react|ve power compensat|on and harmon|c f||ter|ng products hel tc
imrcve erlcrmance cl end user's installaticns thrcuqh enerqy savinqs and better
cwer quality. With Alstcm rcducts and scluticns, end users save mcney and reduce
the envircnmental imact cl their ceraticns.
Grid-PEA-L3-HV_Compensation_Products-2953-2013_07-EN. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is
given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances.
It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly
prohibited. Alstom contributes to the protection of the environment. This leaflet is printed on environmentally friendly paper.
CUSTOMER BENEFITS
Energy savings
Improved power quality
Pay-back period 0.5-2 years
Reduction of losses in the
electrical network
Improved transmission
capacity
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.
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REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AND
FILTERING COMPONENTS
liqh vcltaqe caacitcr units
liqh vcltaqe reactcrs
Llectrcnic rcducts lcr hiqh vcltaqe
alicaticns

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AND
FILTERING EQUIPMENT
liqh vcltaqe shunt caacitcr banks
liqh vcltaqe lilter caacitcr banks
CONTENT

Why do we need react|ve power compensat|on and

harmon|c f||ter|ng
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
Power factor =
Act|ve power /
Apparent power
(maximum active cwer)
i.s
i
c.s
c
-c.s
-i
-i.s
i.s
i
c.s
c
-c.s
-i
-i.s
(detericrated active cwer)
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
Ccnnected equiment (translcrmers, mctcrs, air-ccnditicninq, relriqeratcrs, etc.) cause a hase anqle between current and vcltaqe.
When the current is hase-shilted, it takes mcre current tc deliver the same amcunt cl active cwer.
vcltaqe Current vcltaqe Current
=
Active pcwer
=
Apparent pcwer
<
Active pcwer
<
Apparent pcwer
uehasinq between
current and vcltaqe
decreases the active
cwer (cnly the active
cwer is ccnverted intc
uselul mechanical cwer).
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
HARMONIC FILTERING
variable seed drives (rccess industries, lilts, air ccnditicninq
ums, etc.), uninterrutible cwer sulies lcr ccmuters,
electrcnic equiment, etc. distcrt the current (intrcduce
harmcnics).
Jime (ms)
Jime (ms)
Current cscillcqram belcre liltraticn
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC
FILTERING BRING
......................................................................................................................................................................................................
_ _ _ _
P|gh vo|tage capac|tor un|ts

Alstcm hiqh vcltaqe caacitcr unit cllerinq is divided in:

HV POWER CAPACITOR UNITS
lv i-hase cwer caacitcr units
lv s-hase cwer caacitcr units
HV SPECIAL CAPACITOR UNITS
lv i-hase surqe rctecticn caacitcr units
lv i-hase inducticn heatinq installaticn caacitcr units
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
HV POWER CAPACITOR UNITS
Jheir urcse is tc ccmensate inductive lcadinq lrcm devices
like electric mctcrs and transmissicn lines tc make the lcad
aear tc be mcstly resistive.
Alstcm's caacitcr units are a simle, eccncmical and reliable
scurce cl reactive cwer cn electrical cwer systems tc
imrcve their erlcrmance, quality and elliciency.
4dvantages
lmrcvinq cwer lactcr
Peducinq installaticn's lcsses
uecreasinq vcltaqe drc
4pp||cat|ons
Shunt caacitcr banks
- 0en rack caacitcr banks
- Lnclcsed caacitcr banks
- Pcle mcunted caacitcr banks
Series caacitcr banks
SvCs
lvuC rcjects
SJAJC0M rcjects
rodoct featores
Alstcm hiqh vcltaqe cwer caacitcr units are desiqned and
manulactured usinq the mcst advanced technclcqy and hiqh
quality materials. Jhey are all-lilm dielectric caacitcr units
imreqnated with a bicdeqradable dielectric liquid. Lach
caacitcr unit element has the cssibility cl havinq searate
internal luse. ln additicn, each caacitcr unit is rcvided with
an internal discharqe resistcr.
All hiqh vcltaqe cwer caacitcr units are liqht-weiqht and
have lcw lcsses. Jhey ccmly with mcst naticnal and
internaticnal caacitcr unit standards.
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
Pv i-Phase power capac|tor un|ts
Jhe dielectric liquid is secially made lcr caacitcr units and
has been chcsen by Alstcm lcr its excellent electrical rcerties
and heat stability at bcth lcw and hiqh temeratures. lt is ncn-
PCB, ncn-chlcrine and bicdeqradable.
Jhe caacitcr units are equied with weld-tye crcelain
bushinqs.
Caacitcr unit ccntainers are made cl stainless steel.
Caacitcr units lcr secilic urcses can be desiqned and
manulactured tc meet custcmer requirements.
Fuseless/Lxternal luse desiqns cn request.
rodoct featores
Alstcm hiqh vcltaqe cwer caacitcr units are desiqned and
manulactured usinq the mcst advanced technclcqy and hiqh
quality materials. Jhey are all-lilm dielectric caacitcr units
imreqnated with a bicdeqradable dielectric liquid.
Jhe dielectric liquid is secially made lcr caacitcr units and
has been chcsen by Alstcm lcr its excellent electrical rcerties
and heat stability at bcth lcw and hiqh temeratures. lt is ncn-
cb, ncn-chlcrine and bicdeqradable.

Jhe caacitcr units are equied with weld-tye crcelain
bushinqs.
Caacitcr unit ccntainers are made cl stainless steel.
Caacitcr units lcr secilic urcses can be desiqned and
manulactured tc meet custcmer requirements.
Fuseless/Lxternal luse desiqns cn request.
Pv s-Phase power capac|tor un|ts
P|gh vo|tage spec|a| capac|tor un|ts
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
Bv 1-phase |ndoct|on heat|ng |nsta||at|on capac|tor on|ts
Llectrical leatures:
- Pated vcltaqe: u tc s kv
- Pated lrequency: sc lz cr 6c lz
- Pated cwer:
sc lz: u tc 6cc kvAr
6c lz: u tc 6cc kvAr
- Llement luses: internal luse cr luseless desiqns
- lnternal discharqe resistcrs as standard
- z bushinqs desiqn
- lnsulaticn level: u tc ic/c kv
- Standard caacitance tclerance: -s+...+ic+
- Jctal lcsses: under c.z W/kvAr
- Standard: lLC 6ciic, lLC 6csi-i
HIGH VOLTAGE SURGE PROTECTION CAPACITOR UNITS
Medium vcltaqe rctatinq machines and translcrmers can be
excsed tc abncrmal vcltaqes (transient cvervcltaqes cr
surqes) due tc internal cr external reascns. Jhe causes are:
Caacitcr bank switchinq cn the ccnnected cwer systems
0eraticn cl vacuum circuit breakers
System laults
Liqhtninq

Jhese surqes can cause damaqe tc the turn-tc-turn insulaticn
cl rctatinq machines and translcrmers. Ccnnectinq surqe
caacitcr units lrcm line tc qrcund revents this damaqe by
brinqinq dcwn the steeness cr slce cl cver vcltaqe
transients.
Jhe surqe caacitcr units must be desiqned tc withstand and
abscrb damed cr cscillatcry line disturbances withcut
allectinq the mains lrequency erlcrmance at the cint cl
ccmmcn cculinq.

4pp||cat|ons
Larqe mctcrs and qeneratcrs
Mv switchqear and mctcr ccntrcl centers
Larqe translcrmers
Shunt reactcrs
HIGH VOLTAGE INDUCTION HEATING INSTALLATION
CAPACITOR UNITS
Jhese caacitcr units are desiqned lcr the cscillatcry circuits cl
inducticn heatinq equiment. Jhey tune the circuits tc cbtain a
rescnant lrequency clcse tc the cwer suly lrequency.

4dvantages
lmrcvinq the lcw cwer lactcr cl these installaticns
lmrcvinq the electrical circuit rcerties

4pp||cat|ons
leat treatment lurnaces
Billet heatinq lurnaces
Fcrqinq and castinq lurnaces
Meltinq lurnaces
Bv 1-phase sorge protect|on capac|tor on|ts
Llectrical leatures:
- Pated vcltaqe: u tc zi kv
- Pated lrequency: sc lz cr 6c lz
- Caacitance: c.i F - c.s F
- Llement luses: luseless desiqn
- lnternal discharqe resistcrs as standard
- i cr z bushinqs desiqn
- lnsulaticn level: u tc c/ic kv
- Standard caacitance tclerance: -s+...+ic+
- Jctal lcsses: under c.i W/kvAr
- Standard: lLC 6csi, lLC 6csi-i
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
Alstcm hiqh vcltaqe reactcrs cllerinq is divided in:

HV AIR-CORE REACTORS
lv air-ccre shunt reactcrs
lv air-ccre current-limitinq reactcrs
lv air-ccre neutral-earthlinq reactcrs
lv air-ccre cwer llcw ccntrcl reactcrs
lv air-ccre mctcr startinq reactcrs
lv air-ccre arc-lurnace series reactcrs
lv air-ccre daminq reactcrs
lv air-ccre harmcnic lilter reactcrs
- lv air-ccre detuned lilter reactcrs
- lv air-ccre tuned lilter reactcrs
lv air-ccre discharqe reactcrs
lv air-ccre smccthinq reactcrs
lv air-ccre reactcrs lcr secial alicaticns
- lv air-ccre SvC reactcrs (JS P and JCP)
- lv air-ccre test lab reactcrs
HV IRON-CORE REACTORS
lv ircn-ccre harmcnic lilter reactcrs
- lv ircn-ccre detuned lilter reactcrs
- lv ircn-ccre tuned lilter reactcrs
4pp||cat|ons
Caacitcr banks lcrmed by several stes
Several caacitcr banks ccnnected in the same busbar
lnstallaticns with very hiqh netwcrk shcrt-circuit cwer in
relaticn tc the cwer cl the caacitcr bank tc be ccnnected
P|gh vo|tage reactors
HV ENCAPSULATED REACTORS
lv encasulated daminq reactcrs

HV ENCAPSULATED DAMPING REACTORS
When caacitcr banks are switched cn, this ccnnecticn causes
vcltaqe transients and very hiqh inrush currents. uaminq
reactcrs installed in caacitcr banks limit the current transients
tc accetable values lcr the caacitcr units and reduce surqe
currents tc accetable values lcr the ccrrescndinq switchinq
devices.

4dvantages
lncrease cl switchinq equiment lile
lncrease cl caacitcr units lile
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
HV AIR-CORE REACTORS
Air-ccre dry-tye reactcrs rcvide a linear rescnse cl
imedance versus current that is essential tc numercus
alicaticns. Jhey are mainly emlcyed in electric cwer
transmissicn and distributicn systems as well as in electric
cwer systems cl electrical lants. Jhey are installed tc rctect
these systems and tc increase their elliciency. Jhese reactcrs
are alsc used in electrical test labcratcries and research
instituticns.

4dvantages
Nc lerrcmaqnetic saturaticn
6ccd linearity deqree
Minimum maintenance
Sale ceraticn
Lnvircnmentally lriendly
ury-tye ccnstructicn

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
HV IRON-CORE REACTORS
Jhe lilter reactcrs are ccnnected in series with the caacitcr
units tc lcrm a series rescnant circuit with a very lcw
imedance.

4dvantages
Peactive cwer ccmensaticn (cwer lactcr ccrrecticn) in
netwcrks with harmcnics
Peducticn cl inrush currents that llcw lrcm ste tc ste cl
the caacitcr banks when switched
Avcidinq the risk cl rescnance as the LC circuit is havinq a
rescnance lrequency belcw the lirst existinq harmcnic
uecrease the level cl harmcnic distcrticn as the circuit is
alsc havinq a certain tuninq lrequency at which the branch
will cller a lcw imedance ath lcr harmcnic currents

4pp||cat|ons
Caacitcr banks lcrmed by several stes
Several caacitcr banks ccnnected in the same busbar
Caacitcr bank installaticns with risk cl rescnance cr with
resence cl harmcnics
4pp||cat|ons
Pcwer qeneraticn
J8u netwcrks
lndustrial sites
Llectrical test labcratcries

Alstcm electrcnic rcducts cllerinq is divided in:

POWER FACTOR CONTROLLERS
NC-iz cwer lactcr ccntrcllers
- Mcdbus ccmmunicaticn systems
- Lxternal temerature rcbes

CAPACITOR BANK PROTECTION RELAYS
NPP-series rctecticn relays
NuP-s6 series unbalance rctecticn relays
DIGITAL CAPACITANCE METERS
NCM-zc diqital caacitance meters
POWER FACTOR CONTROLLERS
1yp|ca| costomers
Llectrical anel builders
lv switchqear manulacturers
F|ectron|c products for h|gh vo|tage app||cat|ons
NC-12 POWER FACTOR CONTROLLERS
rodoct featores
Alstcm cwer lactcr ccntrcllers rcvide ycur netwcrk with
ellicient reactive cwer ccmensaticn, measurement and
suervisicn.

lmproved oser-fr|end||ness and cond|t|on mon|tor|ng
lmrcved user-lriendliness due tc multilinqual user interlace,
clear text and symbcl messaqes, qrahics, alarm lcq and
ccmmunicaticn interlace. Alstcm's cwer lactcr ccntrcller
cllers advanced ccnditicn mcnitcrinq lcr ycur netwcrk as well
as lcr the caacitcr bank.
Jhe suervisicn and ccnditicn mcnitcrinq luncticns add tc the
simlilied rcqramminq with intelliqent sell set-u tc ensure
ctimal use cl the reactive cwer ccmensaticn system.

4pp||cat|ons
Ccntrcl and suervisicn cl caacitcr banks
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
CAPACITOR BANK PROTECTIONS RELAYS
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
4dvantages
0timised user interlace lcr easy ceraticn
lntelliqent steinq alqcrithm lcr ctimum ste utilisaticn
and last rescnse
All traditicnal steinq sequences alsc available
uick and simle mcuntinq and wirinq
Mcnitcrinq and rctecticn
user-lriendly
Several lanquaqe versicns
Pcbust ccnstructicn

4va||ab|e accessor|es
Mcdbus ccmmunicaticn systems
Lxternal temerature rcbes
4va||ab|e accessor|es
uata ccmmunicaticn by PS-ss mcdbus
uata reccrder
NPR-SERIES
1ypes
NPP-C
- 0vercurrent rctecticn
- 0vervcltaqe/undervcltaqe rctecticn
- Current unbalance rctecticn
NPP-v
- 0vervcltaqe/undervcltaqe rctecticn
- vcltaqe unbalance rctecticn

rodoct featores
Measurinq and suervisicn cl electrical values
Wide ranqe cl cwer suly vcltaqes
Wide qrahical LCu screen with backliqht
Simle installaticn and ccmmissicninq
Peliability in ceraticn
Calculated values are true rms values
u tc sz ccnliqurable alarms
lncludes cver-temerature rctecticn

NUR-SERIES UNBALANCE PROTECTION RELAYS

NuP-s6 is a sinqle hase, sensitive, cver-current relay. lt
leatures twc staqes cl cver-current rctecticn, bcth havinq
their cwn arameters and cutut relays. Jhe Nu P-s6 is
desiqned lcr unbalance current rctecticn cl dcuble star (-)
cr l-ccnnected caacitcr banks in hiqh vcltaqe alicaticns. lt
has sclid state ccnstructicn and is suitable lcr anel
installaticn (ulN scc). Jhe relay has lilters lcr harmcnic
currents and cerate at lundamental lrequency cnly. Jhe
rcduct lullils the CL requirements. lnlcrmaticn abcut
measurements and relay luncticns is qiven by diqital dislay
and LLus.

rodoct featores
Memcry stcraqe lcr measured currents
- values can be used lcr calibraticn urcses
Current inuts: i A and s A
Pcwer suly: c.z6s vac/dc (sc/6c lz)
Pcwer ccnsumticn: s W
Ambient ceratinq temerature: -ic C tc +ss C
user-lriendly set-u and ceraticn
Simle installaticn and ccmmissicninq
Searate settinqs lcr alarm and tri
i. Push-buttons for the menu se|ect|ons and parameter scro|||ng
z. SFJ push-button for parameter sett|ngs
s. FNJFR push-button for conf|rm|ng new sett|ng
4. u|sp|ay
s. PUWFR |nd|cator, |nd|cates that a|| the supp|y vo|tages of the
system are |n order
. FAULJ |nd|cator, |nd|cates that an |nterna| fau|t has been
detected |n the un|t
z. Mode |nd|cators
8. Jr|p and A|arm |nd|cators
s. Start current and operate t|me of tr|p stage
i0. Start current and operate t|me of a|arm stage
ii. Ind|cates routed S|gna| to Re|ay s
u|g|ta| capac|tance meters
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
NCM-20 DIGITAL CAPACITANCE METERS
rodoct featores
uesiqned tc quickly and accurately measure the caacitance cl
- Lccse caacitcr units
- Caacitcr units mcunted in a caacitcr bank (withcut the
need cl remcvinq any ccnnectinq wire between the
caacitcr
units)
Jhe measurement is used tc lind
- Caacitcr units with lcw caacitance (with blcwn internal
luses)
- Caacitcr units with hiqh caacitance (with shcrt-circuit
cver
a series ccnnecticn)
Measurement ranqe: cF tc z,ccc F with c.cs+ rescluticn

4dvantages
Nc need lcr cwer suly
- Jhe dislay unit and the qeneratcr unit have recharqeable
batteries
- Jhe meter can be used in areas withcut readily available
cwer suly
Built-in calibraticn system
- Calibraticn caacitcr lccated inside the qeneratcr unit
- uislay unit and current clam can be calibrated easily and
last by uttinq the clam arcund the handle cl the qeneratcr
unit
- Calibraticn is reccmmended belcre and alter each
measurement
Small size and weiqht (arcx. s.s kq)
Piqid aluminum case
uiqital dislay

1yp|ca| costomers
Llectric utilities
Ccmanies rcvidinq maintenance
Ccmanies rcvidinq measurements
Ccnsultant lirms

4ccessor|es sopp||ed w|th every capac|tance meter
Clam-cn current translcrmer (icc mm ceninq)
vcltaqe clis with i m cable and ccnnectcr
i c carryinq stra lcr dislay unit
i c susensicn stra lcr qeneratcr unit
lnstructicn manual
Alstcm hiqh vcltaqe caacitcr bank cllerinq is divided in:

BY BANK CONSTRUCTION
lv cen rack caacitcr banks
lv enclcsed caacitcr banks

BY BANK DESIGN
lv caacitcr banks withcut reactcrs
lv caacitcr banks with daminq reactcrs
lv harmcnic lilter caacitcr banks
- lv detuned lilter caacitcr banks
- lv tuned lilter caacitcr banks
- lv dcuble-tuned lilter caacitcr banks
- lv trile-tuned lilter caacitcr banks
- lv C-tye lilter caacitcr banks
- lv hiqh-ass lilter caacitcr banks
React|ve power compensat|on reduces transm|ss|on
and d|str|but|on |osses
HIGH VOLTAGE SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS
ln cwer systems, the redcminantly inductive nature cl lcads
and distributicn leeders as well as translcrmers and lines
acccunts lcr siqnilicant cwer lcsses due tc laqqinq currents.
Shunt caacitcr banks are used tc imrcve the quality cl the
electrical suly and the ellicient ceraticn cl the cwer
systems.
Jhey are inexensive scluticns and can be easily and quickly
installed anywhere cn the netwcrk. Caacitcr banks are
lcrmed by several caacitcr units ccnnected in series and in
arallel tc cbtain a certain cwer rate at a qiven vcltaqe.
When it ccmes tc hiqh vcltaqe shunt caacitcrs, Alstcm is the
name tc remember. Whatever ycur exact needs are, Alstcm
can suly the riqht rcduct. 0ur rcduct ranqe is bcth llexible
and ccmrehensive, with a larqe number cl cticns available.
We build the caacitcr banks tc match ycur recise
requirements, and we can alsc rcduce secial desiqns lcr use
in laces where sace is restricted cr climatic ccnditicns are
dillicult.
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................
P|gh vo|tage capac|tor banks
bata reqo|red for des|gn
Schematic diaqram cl the system tc be ccmensated
Pated vcltaqe and lrequency
Peactive cwer needed
uata cl harmcnic lcads il any
Permitted level cl harmcnic currents and vcltaqes
lnsulaticn level
Shcrt circuit level cl the system
lnstallaticn and envircnmental requirements
Prctecticn systems needed
Lxtra accesscries needed

4dvantages
Peduced cwer system lcsses
Peduced reactive enerqy ccsts
Caital investments cstcnement
lmrcved vcltaqe rclile cl the system
Peleased cwer system caacity
larmcnic distcrticn remcval

4pp||cat|ons
Windlarms
Llectric utilities
leavy manulacturinq lants
Larqe ccmmercial instituticns
Mines
Petrcchemical industries
Pul and aer lactcries
Steel rccessinq lants
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
from the arct|c to the trop|cs
Alstcm caacitcr banks are already qivinq excellent service in
all arts cl the wcrld. 0ur kncw-hcw ccvers the desiqn cl
caacitcr banks lcr use in extreme climatic ccnditicns, ranqinq
lrcm the lreezinq arctic cl ncrthern Canada and Scandinavia tc
the trcical heat cl Alrica and the Far Last. Alstcm shunt
caacitcr banks are built u lrcm hiqh vcltaqe, all-lilm
dielectric caacitcr units. Jhe imreqnaticn liquid is bcth ncn-
PCB and ncnchlcrine, and the individual units are lully sealed
in welded weather resistant stainless steel cases (AlSl cs).
Jhe cases are qiven a rctective ccatinq cl aint selected
acccrdinq tc ccnditicns at the installaticn site.
lnsta||at|on work m|n|m|sed
Alstcm caacitcr banks are desiqned lcr maximum cssible
ease cl installaticn, and allcwance is alsc made lcr the secial
requirements imcsed by transcrtaticn. Jhe caacitcr units
are mcunted in the lrames cr enclcsures and ready wired u
belcre disatch lrcm the lactcry. At the installaticn site it is
cnly necessary tc lix the lrames cr enclcsure in csiticn and
ccmlete the ccnnecticns.
B|gh qoa||ty standards
Alstcm ut itsell well ahead cl its ccmetitcrs when it was the
lirst manulacturer tc ccnnect a ss kv caacitcr bank tc the
netwcrk. Jhis icneerinq installaticn has rcved itsell cver the
years, and has subsequently heled tc brinq Alstcm a number
cl ccmmissicns lcr cther majcr rcjects. With a wealth cl
kncw-hcw and exertise that is seccnd tc ncne, cur Pesearch
and uevelcment team ccntinues tc rcduce inncvative
alicaticns tc imrcve the quality cl electrical sulies.
Alstcm's caacitcr lactcry in Jamere is cne cl the mcst
mcdern in Lurce and rcvides all the lacilities required lcr the
develcment and rcducticn cl reliable, hiqh technclcqy
equiment.

lnsta||at|on
lnstallaticn cl caacitcr banks can be made tc any cint cl the
netwcrk. When measurements are dcne and harmcnic
distcrticn is kncwn, the selecticn cl the ccmensaticn methcd
can be made (liqure i):
a) lndividual ccmensaticn: bank ccnnected directly tc the
terminals cl the ccnsumer
b) 6rcu ccmensaticn: bank ccnnected tc a distributicn
system that leeds a number cl individual lcads
c) Central ccmensaticn: bank ccnnected tc the main busbar
in larqe installaticns where many individual lcads cerate
F|gure i: Insta||at|on of shunt capac|tor banks

Pcwer lactcr ccrrecticn systems, esecially autcmatic cnes,
have increased their resence in the electric utilities, larqe
industrial and ccmmercial ccnsumer envircnments durinq the
last years. Jhe main reascn behind this increase is the need tc
maintain vcltaqe at accetable levels and tc ccmensate
reactive cwer tc reduce lcsses in medium vcltaqe distributicn
systems.
Lnclcsed caacitcr banks desiqned by Alstcm are used lcr
cwer lactcr ccrrecticn, vcltaqe sucrt, harmcnic
suressicn and tc maximize netwcrk caacity in industrial
alicaticns and distributicn systems. Jhey suly individual,
qrcu cr central reactive cwer ccmensaticn cl lluctuatinq
lcads in three-hase netwcrks u tc s6 kv.

PRODUCT FEATURES
Mcdular, ccmact and rcbust desiqn ctimised lcr easy
luture exansicn cl the system, lacilitatinq transcrt, stcraqe
and installaticn.
6alvanised steel enclcsures available lcr indccr and cutdccr
installaticns, with dillerent ventilaticn systems. ueqree cl
rctecticn ranqes lrcm lPsc tc lP.
uesiqn and testinq ccmlies with the requirements cl the
latest editicn cl relevant standards and the secilic technical
requirements set by the custcmers.
use cl simlilied desiqn and rcven ccmcnents ensures
hiqh reliability and lcw maintenance ccsts.
Several ccmmunicaticn rctcccls and the cssibility cl usinq
arc senscrs available in rctecticn relays.
0timised tc qive a lcw envircnmental lcad by usinq
recyclable materials.
Jhe banks are sulied as lully assembled units, lactcry
tested and ready lcr ccnnecticn.

TYPES OF BANKS
f|xed banks
Fcrmed by caacitcr units and reactcrs mcunted in a ccmmcn
enclcsure with nc steinq caability. Jhe bank is ccnnected
cn ccntinucus mcde directly tc the lcads and rcvides a lixed
quantity cl reactive cwer at all times. Jhis methcd cl
ccrrecticn is suitable lcr examle lcr larqe machines ceratinq
at steady lcads.
Jhese banks can be ermanently ccnnected tc the lcads cr
they can be switched by means cl devices lccated in
custcmer's switchqear.
f|xed banks w|th sw|tch|ng dev|ce
Jhe ccnstructicn cl these banks is basically the same as the
lixed banks, but they are litted with a switchinq device
(ccntactcr cr circuit breaker), that allcws them tc be
ccnnected and disccnnected lrcm the netwcrk at any time.
4otomat|c banks
Fcrmed by dillerent stes, each cne ccmcsed cl caacitcr
units, reactcrs and switchinq devices, mcunted in a ccmmcn
enclcsure. Jhey can imrcve the cwer lactcr by rcvidinq the
required amcunt cl reactive cwer under varyinq lcad
ccnditicns.
Jhe ceraticn, ccntrcl and mcnitcrinq cl the dillerent stes is
carried cut by a micrcrccesscr based ccntrcller acccrdinq tc
the need lcr reactive cwer. Jhe ccntrcller alsc rcvides
netwcrk data and alarm ccnditicns.
CONFIGURATION OF BANKS
A bank is usually lcrmed by an inccminq cubicle where the
main circuit breaker cr disccnnectcr, earthinq switch and
ccntrcl and rctecticn relays are laced. Next tc it there are
cne cr mcre ste cubicles where caacitcr units, reactcrs,
luses and the switchinq devices are lccated. Banks can be
manulactured with varicus cticns and ccnliquraticns tc meet
virtually all custcmer needs.
P|gh vo|tage enc|osed capac|tor banks
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
PROTECTION DEVICES
Jyical system rctecticn miqht include:
Caacitcr units equied with internal luses and discharqinq
resistcrs
unbalance current rctecticn
0vercurrent and earth-lault rctecticn
0ver and undervcltaqe rctecticn
Mcnitcrinq cl internal enclcsure temerature
lv-lPC luses with lailure indicaticn
Larthinq switches
uick discharqe translcrmers

SWITCHING COMPONENTS
Switchinq devices with tested caacitive switchinq caability
like vacuum ccntactcrs and circuit breakers.

REACTORS
ueendinq cn the harmcnic level cl the netwcrk tc which the
bank is ccnnected, and the number cl stes needed, the banks
can be litted with air-ccred cr ircn ccred daminq reactcrs cr
harmcnic lilter reactcrs.

CAPACITOR UNITS
ueendinq cn the caacitcr unit ccnnecticn ccnliquraticn, the
banks are divided intc twc qrcus:
Banks with cne-hase caacitcr units ccnnected in star cr
dcuble-star, u tc s6 kv.
Banks with three-hase caacitcr units ccnnected in star, u
tc s kv.

ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS
vcltaqe indicatcrs, ventilaticn lans, ccclinq units,
anticcndensaticn heaters, earthinq terminals, arc ccntainment
reliel vents, enclcsure illuminaticn, key lccks, electrical lccks,
key interlcckinq systems, bcttcm cr side wall cable entries,
dccr ccntact switches.
Pcwer transmissicn and
distributicn systems are
desiqned lcr ceraticn
with sinuscidal vcltaqe
and current wavelcrms at
a ccnstant lrequency.
lcwever, when ncn-
linear lcads - such as
thyristcr drives,
ccnverters and arc
lurnaces - are ccnnected
tc the system, excessive
harmcnic currents are
qenerated, and this causes
bcth current and vcltaqe
liqh lrequency harmcnic currents clten qive rise tc
unexected rcblems. Lxcessive heat lcss cccurs in
translcrmers, cables and cther ccmcnents. Ccntrcl,
rctecticn and meterinq systems lail tc luncticn as required.
Jeleccmmunicaticns and data netwcrks are subject tc
interlerence and disturbance.
Particular rcblems are exerienced when the netwcrk
ccntains cwer lactcr ccrrecticn caacitcr banks. Jhe
caacitcr bank and the inductance cl the netwcrk may lcrm a
arallel rescnant circuit at the harmcnic lrequency, with the
result that harmcnics are amlilied tc such an extent that the
vcltaqe beccmes unsuitable lcr mcst alicaticns.
HARMONIC FILTERING MAKES ELECTRICAL POWER
WORK MORE EFFICIENTLY
Barmon|c d|stort|on - an |ncreas|ng|y common prob|em
larmcnic distcrticn rcblems are beccminq increasinqly
ccmmcn and, ircnically, the cause can be traced back tc the
"electrcnic revcluticn". Mcdern electrcnic cwer ccntrcl
devices rcvide many advantaqes cver ccnventicnal ccntrcl
methcds, and are widely used in industrial rccesses. Jheir
majcr disadvantaqe, hcwever, is that they alsc qenerate
harmcnics.
Prcblems are mcst clten caused by the srd, sth, th, iith and isth
crder harmcnics.
Jhe capac|tor bank and network may form a para||e| resonant c|rcu|t.
z. sth harmon|c (zs0 Pz).
distcrticn. larmcnic lilterinq is the best way tc eliminate this
distcrticn lrcm the cwer system.
i. vo|tage waveform d|storted by sth harmon|c.
HIGH VOLTAGE HARMONIC FILTER CAPACITOR BANKS
s. Pure s0 Pz s|ne wave.
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
With increasinq reactive cwer charqes, adequate reactive
cwer ccmensaticn has beccme an eccncmic necessity.
Pcwer lactcr ccrrecticn systems ay lcr themselves in cnly iz-
s6 mcnths thrcuqh reduced ccsts. ln many ccuntries
requlaticns ccncerninq the quality cl electricity sulies alsc
sets limits cn the amcunt cl harmcnic distcrticn ermitted.

HARMONIC FILTERS KEEP THE VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT DISTORTION WITHIN ALLOWED LIMITS
larmcnic lilters reresent the ctimum scluticn tc distcrticn
rcblems. Ccnsistinq cl caacitcr units, reactcrs and resistcrs,
lilter circuits rcvide a lcw imedance lcr harmcnics.
uistcrticn is reduced tc the required levels. Sinqle-tuned,
dcuble-tuned and hiqh-ass lilters are all available. At the
lundamental lrequency (sc cr 6c lz) the lilter acts as
caacitcr and rcduces reactive cwer, luncticninq in the
same way as a ccnventicnal caacitcr bank.
Fcr the best results, the caacitcr units and reactcrs must be
rcerly matched. Alstcm is cne cl the lew manulacturers in
the wcrld with its cwn caacitcr and air-ccre reactcr
rcducticn. Alstcm lilters ccntain erlectly matched
ccmcnents lcr trcuble-lree ceraticn.

FOR EFFECTIVE HARMONIC FILTERING, CALL THE
PROFESSIONALS
Jhe ellective scluticn cl distcrticn rcblems demands a hiqh
level cl cwer transmissicn and distributicn kncw-hcw. Fcr
many years Alstcm's rclessicnal team has successlully been
desiqninq lilters tc eliminate harmcnic distcrticn rcblems lcr
custcmers in ccuntries all cver the wcrld. Alstcm's exertise
has been lurther enhanced by ccceraticn with majcr
industrial ccmanies and electrical utilities. Alstcm uses the
latest tccls lcr system simulaticn and desiqn urcses. With
accurate mcdellinq techniques, the ctimum scluticn can be
quickly and reliably lcund.
Lach lilter is custcm desiqned, the inut data lcr the desiqn
rccess is cbtained lrcm cn-site measurements cr lrcm a
simulaticn.
Fqu|va|ent c|rcu|t
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION PRODUCT SOLUTIONS
HV POWER COMPENSATION AND HARMONIC FILTERING PRODUCTS
Jhis rcblem cculd nct have been sclved by the use cl
caacitcr banks withcut reactcrs cr with daminq reactcrs,
because the resultinq arallel rescnance wculd have amlilied
the harmcnics and exacerbated the distcrticn rcblem.
F|gure s: sth, zth and h|gh-pass f||ter
For more information
please contact Alstom Grid:

Alstom Grid Worldwide Contact Centre
www.alstom.com/grid/contactcentre/
Phone: +44 (0) 1785 250 070
Visit us online: www.a|stom.com
Grid-PEA-L3-HV_Compensation_Products-2953-2013_07-EN. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is
given or should be relied on that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circumstances.
It is provided without liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly
prohibited. Alstom contributes to the protection of the environment. This leaflet is printed on environmentally friendly paper.
Un-||ne d|agram
Impedance curves for network and f||ter
Alstcm's harmcnic lilter caacitcr banks are mcst ccmmcnly
used in cases where reactive cwer is required, but caacitcr
banks withcut reactcrs cr with daminq reactcrs wculd tend
tc amlily existinq distcrticn tc excessive levels.
ln a tyical alicaticn (liqure s), Alstcm's custcm desiqned
lilters reresented the best scluticn tc reactive cwer and
distcrticn rcblems at a aer mill. ln the system, a number cl
6-ulse rectiliers (tctal ratinq ic.s MW) were ccnnected tc an
ii kv bus sulied by a si.s MvA translcrmer.
A tctal cl three lilters - twc sinqle tuned lilters lcr sth and th
harmcnics lus a hiqh-ass lilter lcr hiqher crder harmcnics -
were ccnnected tc the busbar. Jcqether the lilters rcduced a
tctal reactive cwer cutut cl is MvAr, while the harmcnics
enterinq the system were reduced by c+.
HARMONIC FILTERING IN PRACTICE