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Lecture #3
Learning Outcomes
Students should be able to: z Kinematic analysis determine movements, changes in shape or strain. z Rigid and non rigid body of deformation. z Homogeneous and heterogeneous strain. z Material lines and strain ellipsoid with relation to simple and true shear. z Measurement of strain by using fossils and fragments.
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Ki Kinematic ti A Analysis l i
Assoc. Prof. Askury Abd Kadir Geoscience & Petroleum Engineering Department
Definitions
Deformation response of rock body to applied stress. z Rigid body deformation z Non-rigid body deformation (strain)
Volumetric Strain
z Strain may involve change in volume, as well as distortion. z Volume loss is mainly due to dissolution (chemical process) or compaction (mechanical).
Homogeneous Strain
All points within deforming body undergo same change in shape and volume.
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Material Lines
Lines that contain recognizable features, e.g. grains, fossil, crystals, mineral alignment
Strain Ellipse
Material lines that do not rotate define the axes of the strained ellipse. z An ellipse defining a principle directions of strain (stretch) z Lengths of strained axes define the magnitude of strain.
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Strain Ellipsoid
z In 3D, we have three perpendicular material lines. z Axes indicate degree of stress relative to three principle stress directions, S1, S2 and S3
Fossil: Oncolite
Original spherical oncolites become ellipsoidal when subjected to homogenous strain. z What can learn by measuring S1 and S2?
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Strain Ellipses
z Instantaneous strain ellipse shows single increment of deformation within strain continuum z A snapshot of strain condition at given instant. z Finite strain ellipse shows final or total strain.
Heterogeneous Strain
Changes in size and shape varies across deformed body. z Parallel line dont remain parallel z Straight line dont remain straight
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Heterogeneous strain
Heterogeneous strain
Most deformation in nature is heterogeneous, e.g. folding no line remain parallel or straight.
Ptygmatic fold
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Analysis of Strain
Analysis of heterogeneous strain is a problematic one. z Difficult to deal with mathematically z Subdivided into regions which can treated as locally homogeneous
1. Simple Shear
Shearing of fault blocks past one another z Lines within body undergo uniform rotation z Lines parallel to shear direction remains parallel
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Simple Shear
Sinistral (left-handed) shear in ductile shear zone.
2. Pure Shear
Uniform stretching of the Earth crust at rift zone (divergent) z Uniform extension and contraction z Lines parallel to & perpendicular to principle direction of stress dont rotate.
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Measurement of Strain
Measure in line length and orientation
z Linear features that have been deformed, e.g. stretched fossil z Axes of elliptical markers that were circular prior to deformation
Strain Marker
Stretched pebble conglomerate: Originally spheroidal pebbles stretched into elongate ellipsoids
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Strain Marker
Crinoid Ossicles Cylindrical ossicles becomes elliptical with applied stress
Strain Marker
Oncolites carbonate concretions which is deposited by algae, with concentric spherical nature become ellipsoid; quite similar to ooliths
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Strain Marker
Bivalve shells have natural right angle symmetry z Measure angle between hinge and axis of symmetry
CONCLUSION
z Rigid and non rigid deformations are solely controlled by material behaviour. z Heterogeneous strains are the most prominent compared to homogenous in geology. z Simple p and true shear can be recognised g from the strained materials. z Strain markers are generally marked by distorted fossils and fragments. z Kinematic analysis is an important key on recognising stress-strain relationship.
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