Tunnel Boring Machine

Tunnel Boring Machine
Overall introduction
The oceans to be crossd, the distant brought near, The lands to be welded together (Walt Whitman)
English for Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science 2 is essential for technical students in Hanoi University of Science and Technology, especially those who are currently enrolling their studies in English. This course gives students chances to find themselves in a world of knowledge. The reason for our choosing this topic: Tunnel Boring Machine was that Tunneling has already had a long lasting history. It was seen as a major breakthrough in tunneling technology during the last century as tunnel boring machine was born. However, as the demand of using this machine is growing in Vietnam as the transportation grows while people lack awareness about this. This report is our final result from what we have learned and achieved from the course. The goal of this report is to give other students an understanding of what is a TBM, what makes a TBM and how it works. The report explains in the first part some brief information, the history of TBM machines and various types of TBMs. The second part describes the main components of a typical TBM while the last one reveals its working mechanism. Introducing this topic, we hope to provide students in the school with fundamental knowledge about TBM.
Table of Content
Overall introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Week 1 TBM introduction .................................................................................................................... 4 I. II. III. 1. 2. Definition of Tunnel and Tunnel Boring Machine ...................................................................... 5 The History of TBM .................................................................................................................... 6 Classification ........................................................................................................................... 9 Hard Rock TBM ...................................................................................................................... 9 Soft Ground TBM ................................................................................................................. 12
Week 2 The Structure ........................................................................................................................ 16 I. II. 1. 2. 3. III. 1. 2. IV. 1. 2. 3. The Shield and Rotary Cutting Wheel ...................................................................................... 18 Hydraulic Jack ........................................................................................................................... 19 What Is Hydraulic Cylinder Jack?......................................................................................... 19 Hydraulic cylinders in TBM ................................................................................................. 19 What Is The Principle Of Hydraulic Cylinder Racks In TBM? ............................................ 21 Discharge Systems ................................................................................................................ 23 Screw Conveyor .................................................................................................................... 24 Slurry Line............................................................................................................................. 25 Tunnel Lining System ........................................................................................................... 26 Automatic Segment Conveying System ................................................................................ 26 Automatic Segment Erection Robot ...................................................................................... 28 Multi - Function Ancillary Robot .......................................................................................... 29
Week 3 Working Method .................................................................................................................. 30 I. 1. 2. II. III. 1. 2. 3. IV. 1. 2. 3. Assembly ................................................................................................................................... 31 Traditional Assembly Method ............................................................................................... 31 OFTA (Onsite First Time Assembly) .................................................................................... 32 The Working Method ................................................................................................................ 32 Backup System ...................................................................................................................... 37 Grouting ................................................................................................................................ 37 Complex Logistic Solution.................................................................................................... 38 Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 39 Notable Projects .................................................................................................................... 40 Longest and Largest Tunnels Using TBM ............................................................................ 40 Channel Tunneling Project .................................................................................................... 40 The Largest TBM In The World ........................................................................................... 42 2
Tunnel Boring Machine Reference .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 47 Glossary of terms .................................................................................................................................. 53 Self-reflection ........................................................................................................................................ 69
Week 1
TBM introduction
During this section, we would like to let the audience go through a very brief introduction over the machine and things around it.
CONTENT: I. II. III. BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS HISTORY OF THE MACHINE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MACHINE
I.
Definition of Tunnel and Tunnel Boring Machine
Tunnel is defined in many dictionaries, but in general it can be understood as an underground passageway, or road which is completely enclosed except for openings for entrance and exit. Human beings have built tunnels for over 2000 years ago. At first, tunnels were built like caves, to protect foods, or even human beings themselves from their enemies (H. Fukushima). Time passing by, Tunnels have been developed and many kinds of which were formed, such as pedestrian tunnels, railway tunnels, road tunnels fluid traffic tunnels. Tunnels are useful in many ways, they provide the fastest transportation through mountains instead of going around them; or they offer a good underground solution for traffic in urban areas where transportation has been a headache for policy makers.
Pedestrian tunnel cover walkways in Singapore (Laksi)

Then how were tunnels constructed? The answer is Tunnel Boring Machine There are many definitions for Tunnel Boring Machine, but according to The Free Dictionary, it is basically a machine, often known as the mole used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through various kinds of soil and rock layers. This machine is suitable for excavating any kinds of material from hard rock to sand Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to conventional excavating methods such as drilling and blasting methods in rock and conventional hard mining or using explosion in soil.
II.
The History of TBM
The first successful tunneling machine which is commonly regarded as the forerunner of the tunnel boring machine was developed by Marc Isambard Brunel to excavate the Rotherhithe tunnel under the Thames in 1825 (Humber River, 2005). However, this was only the invention of the shield concept and did not involve the construction of a complete tunnel boring machine, the digging still having to be accomplished by the then standard excavation methods using miners to dig under the shield and behind them bricklayers built the lining. Although the concept was successful eventually it was not at all an easy project. The tunnel suffered five floods in all. It is also noteworthy that Marc Brunels son who was the site engineer went on to become what is generally thought of as Britains greatest engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel. (Excavating rock by tunnel boring machine, 1985).
Diagram of tunneling shield used to construct the Thames tunnel (PE Personal Engineering Editors Pick, 2013)
Improvements on this concept were used to build all of the early deep railway tunnels under London in the early 20th century and lead to the name tube which is the nickname all Londoners call their metropolitan railway and gave tunnels made by this method their characteristic round shape.( Humber River, 1956).
6
In other countries tunnel boring machines were being designed to tunnel through rocks. The very first actual boring machine ever reported to have been built is thought to be HenriJoseph Maus' Mountain Slicers design in 1845 dig the Frjus Rail Tunnel between France and Italy through the Alps, Maus had it built in 1846 in an arm factory near Turin. It basically consisted of more than 100 percussion drills mounted in the front of a locomotivesized machine, mechanically power-driven from the entrance of the tunnel however it was not used, and the tunnel was finally built using conventional methods.
Tunneling Machine (H.-J. Maus, Mount Cenis tunnel, 1846)
According to BBC News, In the United States, the first boring machine was used in 1853 during the construction of the Hoosac Tunnel. Made of cast iron, it was known as Wilson's Patented Stone-Cutting Machine, after its inventor Charles Wilson. It drilled 10 feet into the rock before breaking down and the tunnel was completed many years later, using less ambitious methods.
Further Developed TBM (C. Winson U.S, 1875)
We need to move on nearly 100 years when James S. Robbins built a machine to dig through what was the most difficult shale to excavate at that time, the Pierre Shale.(Orrichela, 1972). Robbins built a machine that was able to cut 160 feet in 24 hours in the shale, which was ten times faster than any other digging speed at that time.
According to TARP (1967), the modern breakthrough that made tunnel boring machines efficient and reliable was the invention of the rotating head, conceptually based on the same principle as the percussion drill head of the Mountain Slicer of Henri-Joseph Maus, but improving its efficiency by reducing the number of grinding elements while making them to spin as a whole against the soil front. Initially, Robbins' tunnel boring machine used strong spikes rotating in a circular motion to dig out of the excavation front, but he quickly discovered that these spikes, no matter how strong they were, had to be changed frequently as they broke or tore off. By replacing these grinding spikes with longer lasting cutting wheels this problem was significantly reduced. Since then, all successful modern tunnel boring machines use rotating grinding heads with cutting wheels for boring through rock.
III.
Classification
Based on the working environment, TBMs can be classified into 3 main types: Hard rock TBM, Soft ground TBM and Dual mode TBM. While Hard rock and Soft ground TBMs are appropriate for respective working environment, Dual mode ones can work in both ground conditions. Hard rock TBMs excavate rock using disc cutters mounted in the cutter head. The spinning cutter head is pressed again the tunnel face to create high pressure on the rocks. The rocks under high pressure are broken into pieces and chipped away by the disc cutters. Depend on the diameter and the hardness of the rocks, Hard rock TBMs can be further divided into three types: Single shield TBMs, Double shield TBMs and Gripper TBMs. There are some differences in the structure of these machines.
1. Hard Rock TBM
a.
Single Shield TBM
Single shield TBMs protect the machine from broken rock until the tunnel lining can be safely installed. The body of the machine is enclosed in a shield that is smaller than the diameter of the tunnel. The front of the TBM is a rotating cutter head that matches the diameter of the tunnel. As the cutter head turns, a ring of hydraulic cylinders provides forward thrust through shoes that push against last segment ring installed. However, due to this process, the TBM have to stop to install new segment after digging a short distance. This process takes time and results in the slow boring speed. Another disadvantage of this type is that it cannot reach high performances in hard rock and is sensitive to squeezing ground and face instabilities (Grandori, 2006)
1. Cutter head 2. Shield 3. Belt conveyor 4. Excavated material removal trolley
Single Shield TBM (NFM Technologies)
b.
Double Shield TBM
A Double Shield TBM consists of a rotating cutter head mounted to the cutter head support, followed by three shields: a telescopic shield (a smaller diameter inner shield which slides within the larger outer shield), a gripper shield and a tail shield. The telescopic shield extends as the machine advances keeping everything in the machine under cover and protected from the ground surrounding it. The gripper shield remains stationary during boring. A segment erector is fixed to the gripper shield allowing pre-cast concrete tunnel lining segments to be positioned while the machine bores. The segments are positioned within the tail shield. The ability to erect the tunnel lining simultaneously with boring that allows it to achieve such high performance rates. The completely enclosed shielded design provides protection for the crews and the machine. Double shield TBM can achieve very good performance in good to fair rock. However, this type of TBM is sensitive to squeezing ground and to face instabilities (Grandori, 2006)
10
1. Cutter head 2. Shields 2a Gripper shield 2b Telescopic shield 2c Tail shield 3. Belt conveyor 4. Excavated material removal trolley Double shield TBM (NFM technologies)
c.
Gripper TBM
Gripper TBM uses shoes and presses radially against the walls of the excavated tunnel. Contrary to shielded hard rock TBM, this tunnel boring machine does not rest against the lining. The force exerted by the grippers must be very high to prevent the thrust applied to the head from causing shield recoil. However, gripper TBM is too sensitive to poor rock conditions especially in large diameter range (Grandori, 2006)
1. Cutter head 2. Front shield 3. Main beam 4. Gripper trolley 5. thrust cylinders 6. Belt conveyor 7. Ring beam erector structure 8. Shortcret Gripper TBM (NFL Technologies)
11
2.
Soft Ground TBMs
According to EFNARC (2005), the infrastructure project (subways, sewers, water supply,) often takes place in the soft ground under urban area, it poses the high risk of damage to the above structures. Whether the ground is soft-solid (earth pressure) or unstably soft (mud pressure), we can flexibly choose between earth pressure TBM or Slurry TBM. The Slurry Shield and the Earth Pressure Balanced shield (EPBS) have been developed in the recent decades for managing the instability of the excavation profile in unfavorable geotechnical and hydro-geological conditions, with challenge external constraints.
a.
Slurry TBM
Slurry machine (EFNARC 2005)
In the website of NFM technologies, Slurry TBM is used for tunnel-boring in highly permeable unstable terrain, or under civilian structures sensitive to ground disturbances. EFNARC (2005) defined the slurry and bentonite as below: Slurry (sometimes known as mud) includes bentonite in water with appropriate additives.
12
Bentonite is a form of clay mineral which extends its volume when dissolved in water.
Because the bentonite slurry is stored in the excavation chamber at the tunnel front, it required a conveyance via pipes system: the slurry feeding pipe (suction line) and in the slurry discharge pipe. EFNARC (2005) continued that the bentonite slurry together with one airfilled part help to maintain an even over-pressure in front of the TBM cutter head and also acts as an aid to soil transportation by pumping.
b.
EPBM - Earth Pressure Balance Machine
EPBM (EFNARC 2005)
Also according to EFNARC (2005), instead of a hydraulic/bentonite suspension as in Slurry TBMs, the excavated ground in EPBM is used as part of the supporting liquid and forms ground slurry. The support pressure has to balance the earth pressure and the water pressure. With the EPBM technique, soil conditioning products are generally injected from the cutting head and often into the working chamber and screw conveyor. NFM technologies said that the front shield of the EPB TBM is filled with debris extracted by means of a screw conveyor. EPB machine has the technical advantage comparing to the Slurry Machine that a separation plant is not required. ITA-WG14 (2000) demonstrated that excavated materials removed from the face with a screw conveyor and transported by train or conveyor.
13
From the finding above, the comparison of EPBM and Slurry machine can be summarized in the table below: EPB Machines Soil condition Example Similarity in structure Soft ground with low permeability Clay, silt, Slurry Machines Unstable ground with high permeability Sand, granular materials,
The "head" part of machine is "closed" and separated from the rear part of machine. The "head" has a working chamber filled with soil or slurry between the cutting face and bulkhead to stabilize the cutting face under soil pressure
Supporting liquid/ slurry
has excavation system to cut the soil uses the external pressurized slurry to stabilize the cutting face, using bentonite as an aid to soil transportation by pumping mixing system to mix the excavated soil into mud pressure has slurry feed and discharge pipes to circulate and pressurize slurry Has slurry processing equipment on the ground to adjust the slurry properties. Separation plant required
turns the excavated soil into mud pressure and holds it under soil pressure to stabilize the cutting face
Difference in structure
Soil discharge system to discharge the soil and control system to keep the soil pressure uniform.
Separation plant not required
c.
Dual-Mode TBM
14
A dual-mode tunnel-boring machine, in the website of NFM technologies, can dig through very different geologies, earth and rock for example. In this case, the tunnel-boring machine is developed to receive two types of removal equipment, each one corresponding to a given type of ground.
15
Week 2
The Structure
In this section, we went further into the structure of a specific boring machine: Earth Pressure Boring Machine, or EPBM. The reason why it was chosen was that this machine utilizes a Tunnel Boring Machine that allow for installations in unstable ground.
CONTENT: I. II. III. IV. SHIELD AND ROTARY CUTTING WHEEL HYDRAULIC CYLINDER RACKS DISCHARGE SYSTEM TUNNEL LINING SYSTEM
16
The machine is capable of operating under a wide range of ground from soft soils to weathered rock. This is useful when the projects is implemented in an urban environment and ground surface subsidence cannot be tolerated (The Robbins Company)
The Worlds Largest Tunnel-Boring Machine (Behrman, 2011)
The ground at the cutting face is supported by earth pressure by balancing the advancement of the tunnel with the discharge rate of the excavated soil EPBM is used widely in the construction of rail tunnels, metropolitan subway systems, highways tunnels, and other projects where the tunnel will be constructed either partly or completely in soft soil beneath a water surface (Poor Ground, Tough Machine , 2013)
17
I.
The Shield and Rotary Cutting Wheel
The Shield has the function of protecting and containing all the subcomponents in it. The most important part in the shield is rotary cutting wheel, or cutting head. This wheel is a complicated structure containing a number of parts such as cutting discs, tungsten carbide cutting bits, injection systems, sensors and hydraulic motors. The reason why cutting wheel is called the most important one is because this component is responsible for excavating the soil. The tool which directly contacts with the soil is cutting disc. (Herrenknecht tunneling systems)
EPBMs Cutting Wheel (Overruns and delays, 2009)
Attached to the rotary cutting head are several components which can be mentioned as cutting disc, cutting bits, injection system, sensors, The cutting knifes or discs are tools which provide the transmission of energy generated by the machine to the rock in order to cause fragmentation (M. Cigla, 2001) Sensors are attached at the tips of some tools on the surface of the cutting wheel and function as a kind of alarm when wear is reached, so that the mechanics can replace the cutting tools (EPB Shield) The injection system works on the cutting wheel as a support for the excavating especially when the machine goes through the hard layer of rock
18
II.
Hydraulic Jack
1. What Is Hydraulic Cylinder Jack?
A hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic motor) is a mechanical actuator used to give a unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. (The Free dictionary, 2013). It has many applications, notably in construction equipment (engineering vehicles), manufacturing machinery, and civil engineering. A hydraulic cylinder jack in TBM is a jack that uses a liquid to push against a piston and it is placed behind the chamber. (Richard C. Milton, 1999)
Components of TBM (2009)
2. Hydraulic cylinders in TBM
Cylinder barrel
The main function of cylinder barrel is to hold cylinder pressure. The cylinder barrel is mostly made from a seamless tube. The cylinder barrel is ground and/or honed internally with a typical surface finish of 4 to 16 micro-inched. Normally hoop stress is calculated to optimize the barrel size. (A.Lexis, 2010)
19
Cylinder base or cap
The main function of the cap is to enclose the pressure chamber at one end. The cap is connected to the body by means of welding, threading, bolts, or tie rod. Caps also perform as cylinder mounting components [cap flange, cap trunnion, cap clevis]. Cap size is determined based on the bending stress. A static seal / o-ring is used in between cap and barrel (except welded construction). Cylinder head
The main function of the head is to enclose the pressure chamber from the other end. The head contains an integrated rod sealing arrangement or the option to accept a seal gland. The head is connected to the body by means of threading, bolts, or tie rod. A static seal / o-ring is used in between head and barrel. (C.S Harris, 1997) Piston
The main function of the piston is to separate the pressure zones inside the barrel. The piston is machined with grooves to fit elastomeric or metal seals and bearing elements. These seals can be single acting or double acting. The difference in pressure between the two sides of the piston causes the cylinder to extend and retract. The piston is attached with the piston rod by means of threads, bolts, or nuts to transfer the linear motion. (Thomasnet, 2012) Piston rod
The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-rolled steel which attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder through the rod-end head. In double rod-end cylinders, the actuator has a rod extending from both sides of the piston and out both ends of the barrel. The piston rod connects the hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing the work. This connection can be in the form of a machine thread or a mounting attachment.... Seal gland
The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil from leaking past the interface between the rod and the head. This area is called the seal gland. The advantage of a seal gland is easy removal and seal replacement. The seal gland contains a primary seal, a secondary seal / buffer seal, bearing elements, wiper / scraper and static seal. In some cases, especially in small hydraulic cylinders, the rod gland and the bearing elements are made from a single integral machined part. Seals
20
The seals are considered / designed as per the cylinder working pressure, cylinder speed, operation temperature, working medium and application. Piston seals are dynamic ones, and they can be single acting or double acting. Generally speaking, Elastomer seals made from nitrile rubber, Polyurethane or other materials are the best in lower temperature environments, while seals made of Fluorocarbon Viton are better for higher temperatures. Metallic seals are also available and commonly use cast iron for the seal material. Rod seals are dynamic seals and generally are single acting.
3. What Is The Principle Of Hydraulic Cylinder Racks In TBM?
a.
Operation Of Hydraulic Cylinder Jack:
The hydraulic pressure in these cylinders is in the form of hydraulic fuels that are stored under pressure in these cylinders. The energy stored in these oils is converted into motion. In a complete hydraulic system, a hydraulic motor consists of one or more hydraulic cylinders. A pump regulates the oil-flow in the hydraulic system. The pump is a part of the generator of a hydraulic system. The hydraulic cylinders initiate the pressure of the oil, which cannot be more than that required by the load. (H. Boelter, 2010)
A hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylindrical barrel, piston, and a piston rod. The piston that is placed within the barrel is connected to the piston rod. The cylinder bottom, and the cylinder head, closes the bottom and the head of the barrel respectively. The cylinder head is the side from where the piston rod exits the cylinder.
A Cylinder
21
The cylinder bottom and the piston rod are mounted with mounting brackets or clevises. The piston in the hydraulic cylinder consists of sliding rings and seals. The piston rod chamber and the bottom chamber are the two chambers within the cylinder. The piston rod starts moving outwards, as the hydraulic fluid is pumped into the bottom side of the hydraulic cylinder. In the reverse process, the hydraulic fluid is pushed back into the reservoir by the piston. The pressure in the cylinder is the ratio of unit force per unit piston area. The pressure generated in the piston rod chamber is the ratio of the unit load per the difference in the unit piston area and unit piston rod area. This calculation is used when the hydraulic fluid is let into the piston rod chamber as well as the fluid flows smoothly (without pressure) from the piston area to the reservoir. In this way, the expansion and retraction (push and pull) action of the hydraulic cylinder is generated.
b.
The Effect Of TBM Hydraulic Piping System
The characteristics of the hydraulic piping system in Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) are large slenderness ratio, high fluid pressure and low flow velocity. With the work conditions of TBM, the beam model of long straight pipe was established. Under consideration of fluid structure interaction (FSI) and simple supported conditions, oscillation equation of piping system was solved by vibration formation decomposition. Having analyzed the effect of piping system parameters on the first order inherent frequency by the method of sensitivity analysis, pipe length was the most significant effective factor on inherent frequency of pipe system. Considering the relation between fluid pressure wave frequency and pipe inherent frequency, oscillation criteria based on the first order inherent frequency was put forward. Finally, optimized design was given for piping system design.
22
III.
Discharge Systems
There are some types of mud discharge systems for TBMs. For example, the open-type TBM uses conveyor belt, the Slurry has the pipe system or the shield TBM and the EBPM extract the excavated material by using screw conveyor. In this report, we will go thru some kinds of discharge systems, which are the most popular and significant ones.
1. Cutter head 2. Shield 3. Belt conveyor 4. Excavated material removal trolley
Conveyor belt in the open-type TBM (NFM technologies)
1. Cutter head 2. Shield 3. Bentonite injection 4. Air regulation 5. Air bubble 6. Extraction of slurry with soil The pipe system in Slurry machine (NFM technologies)
23
Tunnel Boring Machine 1. Cutter head 2. Shield 3. Screw conveyor (extraction worm) 4. Belt conveyor and excavated material removal trolley Screw conveyor system in EPBM (NFM technologies)
1. Screw Conveyor
In the single shield TBM or the EBPM, the excavated material is removed from the excavation chamber by a screw conveyor. The screw conveyor conveys the excavated material to one of the ends of an open conveyor belts (Federal Highway Administration 2011). It was also found that the excavated material is conveyed on this reversible conveyor from which the transportation structure in the backup areas is loaded. And then the excavated material is removed from the tunnel by mud car, train or conveyor system.
Screw conveyor in EPBM (Federal Highway Administration 2011)
The amount of material removed is controlled by the speed of the screw conveyor driver.
24
During the excavation process, the ground material or excavated soil move thru the cutter face to the working chamber. Inside the chamber, the mud is pressurized. The different pressure between the chamber and the screw conveyor forces the excavated material to the screw conveyor. A TBM operator can control the pressure in the chamber continuously (TheRobbinsCo 2010). The pressure in the excavation chamber is controlled by balancing the rate of advance of the machine and the rate of extraction of the excavated material by the screw conveyor. TheRobbinsCo (2010) showed that in order to raise pressure, the operator can either increase the machine raise of advance or decrease the rotation of the screw conveyor. To lower the pressure, the operator does the opposite. It decreases the machine raise of advance or increase the rotation of the screw conveyor.
2.
Slurry Line
This type of muck discharge system is used in the Slurry TBM. The treated slurry is fed into the working chamber thru slurry feed pipe and the excavated material is taken out thru the discharge pipe (EFNARC 2005). The excavated ground material and suspension liquid is mixed by hydraulic conveyance via tubes with separation of the two materials.
(1) Cutter head (2) excavation chamber (3) bulkhead (4) slurry feed line (5) air cushion (6) wall (7) Segmental Lining (8) segment erector
Slurry pipes system in Slurry machine (Federal Highway Administration, 2011)
25
Tunnel Boring Machine Toan (2006) displayed the fact that depending on the subsoil permeability, density and viscosity can be varied, pressure can be regulated by controlling the speed of the delivery and feed pumps. For slurry type tunneling machine, operation of pumps and valves for slurry transportation is computerized based on the data fed by pressure gauges, flow meters and other measuring devices for fluid transportation. Thus, steady pressure of slurry is maintained throughout the tunneling.
IV.
Tunnel Lining System
Tunnel lining is highly mechanized process. The purpose of this process is to support the exposed ground, providing and maintaining the required operational cross-section and provide a barrier against liquids. There are many types of lining system. However, as automatic processes is applied more and more in TBM, many TBMs now using fully automatic system such as The Fully Automated System for shield tunneling under Integrated Control (FASTIC). FASTIC (Ohno, Kazama, Higashide, & Tomioka, 1996) comprises an automatic lining system, which in turn, consist of three most important components: Automatic Segment Conveying System Automatic Segment Erection Robot Multi - Function Ancillary Robot
1.
Automatic Segment Conveying System
The system provides full automation of the segment conveying operation without manual labor.
26
Automatic Segment Conveying System (Ohno, Kazama, Higashide, & Tomioka, 1996)
a.
AGV System
AGV System (Ohno, Kazama, Higashide, & Tomioka, 1996) The segment is automatically conveyed by the AGV system from the site to the position of erector device in a segment wagon where it is unloaded by the segment handling equipment and delivered to the segment feeder.
b.
Segment handling equipment
The segment handling equipment uses a suction pad to hold the segments conveyed by the AGV system and deliver them to the segment feeder.
Segment Handling Equipment (Ohno, Kazama, Higashide, & Tomioka, 1996)
27
2. Automatic Segment Erection Robot
The robot comprises erector equipment, and a segment feeder
Automatic segment erection robot (Ohno, Kazama, Higashide, & Tomioka, 1996)
a.
Segment Feeder
Segment feeder transports the segments received from the handling equipment. The segments are slowly delivered on a conveyor to the segment erector system.
b.
Segment Erector
The segment erector is a rotating ring type erector. Attached to the rotating ring is a crane arm. The crane arm is equipped with vacuum pads to pick up the segments from the segment feeder and build up the ring using precise sensor.
28
3.
Multi - Function Ancillary Robot
The purpose of this robot, unlike the systems and robot described above that were developed for automation of the main shield tunneling tasks, is to perform shield construction incidental work such as retightening of segment bolts or the laying of sleepers and rails.
Multi - Function Ancillary Robot (Ohno, Kazama, Higashide, & Tomioka, 1996)
29
Week 3
Working Method
In this section, we mainly focused on the working method of Earth Pressure Boring Machine (EPBM). Some notable projects which have used Tunnel Boring Machine as an useful tool will be mentioned as well.
CONTENT: I. II. III. IV. MACHINE ASSEMBLY WORKING METHOD BACKUP SYSTEM NOTABLE PROJECTS
30
I.
Assembly
TBM assembly is a very sophisticate process which requires a great amount of time and human force. To assemble a TBMs components, a large assembly site has to be prepared as the size of the TBM and the assembly equipment are very large. Second, a crane system is required to lift the components up. The crane system must be strong enough to carry the heavy weight of the components. Assembly operations must be carried out under the supervision of skilled technicians including those from the supplier of the machines (Roby & Willis, 2010)
1.
Traditional Assembly Method
Traditionally, the delivery of Tunnel Boring Machines started by the full assembly and testing of the TBM at the manufacturers facility before dismantling and shipping to site. The tradition method of assembly consists of 6 steps: Factory assembly No-load testing Dismantle Deliver components to site Assemble Test run
Once the assembly and the cold testing are completed the TBM is ready for the hot testing, that is the checking of the TBM during the excavation of a tunnel length agreeing with the TBM supplier. The phase of assembly can last up to three months. (Roby & Willis, 2010)
31
2.
OFTA (Onsite First Time Assembly)
In order to shorten overall delivery time to supply these machines some suppliers have recently introduced the so called OFTA (Onsite First Time Assembly), consisting of only one direct assembly at site. This procedure, allowing the saving of several weeks, clearly increases the risks of possible problems arising during the testing (Roby & Willis, 2010)
II.
The Working Method
According to an instruction manual about TBM from Herrenknecht, a German manufacturer of tunnel boring machines of all sizes. The working method of a tunnel boring machine basically consists of 2 phases: Tunneling phase Ring building phase
In the tunneling phase, the cutting wheel rotates, and then it is pressed against the tunnel face by means of hydraulic cylinders. The cutting wheel is driven by 24 hydraulic motors via a gear ram. The high strength steel disc cutters and the cutting knifes loosen the material of the tunnel face quickly.
The Tunneling Phase (Herrenknecht Tunneling Systems)

32
The soil can be conditioned with water, bentonite, or foam through the injection system. After which, the soil is pressed into the excavation chamber and then transported from the bottom of the chamber to a belt conveyor by a screw conveyor.
Injection system of EPBM (Herrenknecht Tunneling Systems) Along with all these processes, a number of pressure sensors are used to measure the change of geological condition such as pressure sensors, cutting wheel torque sensors, screw conveyor torque sensors, monitoring of excavated material sensors and cutting wheel torque sensors.
EPBMs Inner Sensors (Herrenknecht Tunneling Systems) After the tunneling phase, cutting wheel and the conveyors will stop their operation, and the ring building phase begins. The ring building phase starts in the shield area under atmospheric pressure condition. Segments are transported from the outside to the building place by mine cars.
33
Segment Manufacture (Herrenknecht Tunneling Systems) A complete tunnel ring consists of several segments, or lining segments. These prefabricated reinforce concrete elements are produced with millimeter precision in a specialized factory In the front section of the backup, the lining segments are lifted individually by special transfer crane. It lifts them onto the segment feeder which transport the elements to the front of the tunnel Here the heavy ring segment are picked up and positioned by a hydraulic controlled crane arm called the erector, using vacuum plates. The erector is installed in 2 rails and can be moved rotated and telescoped
The Erector (Herrenknecht Tunneling Systems)

34
Each completed tunnel ring consists of several segments: 2 later elements and the key segment which is installed last. The position of the segments always follows the same routine. The erector lifts the stone from the segment feeder, the hydraulic cylinder are then retracted from the corresponding installation point The segment is then positioned precisely, holding side contact next to the previous installed ring using a remote control. Now the hydraulic cylinders are extended again to secure the segment and its position
The cylinders are being extended again (Herrenknecht Tunneling Systems) During this process, machine and tunneling personnel are protected by the shield skin against the earth pressure and any possible ground water. In this way, the lining segments are installed on each side alternately. The key segment is positioned last, and distributes the load of the ring, completing the ring building
The key segment is being installed (Herrenknecht Tunneling Systems)

35
Again, the next tunnel ring can start. The tunneling phase and the ring building phase alternate continuously. In this way, the tunnel grows ring by ring
36
III.
1.
Backup System Grouting
EFNARC (2005) stated that during the segment lining process, all parts of the machine and segment rings are protected inside the shield against pressure or ground heave. Backfill grouting is the grouting work to fill the annular (ring-shaped) void (a completely empty space) between segments and the ground.
Grouting (EFNARC 2005)
From the website of Colcrete Eurodrill, grout is the important link between the surroundings (soil or rock) and the structure (pre-cast segments). Its the composition of Cement, Water and some other Additives. The reasons for using grout can be summarized as follows (EFNARC 2005): To prevent flotation and heave To prevent surface subsidence To prevent misalignment of the segment rings To bond the soil and segments into a single component.
37
There are 2 types of grout inlets. The grout may be pumped into position either through the tail shield or through holes in the segments (EFNARC 2005). The type of grout inlet in each TBM will be chosen depended on the required shape and size of the grouted body as well as the type of grout. In the case of segmental TBMs, the lining and its backfill grouting are inseparable from the operation of the machine (Colcrete Eurodrill). Because of their interfaces with the machine, they must be designed in parallel and in interdependence with the TBM.
Grouting process (Colcrete Eurodrill) In this typical system, the Grout pump takes its supply from a rail car, and pumps it through a flow meter and pressure transmitter to the inline mixer (Colcrete Eurodrill). The grout then is measured by sensors, controlled and adjusted by a processor and continuously taken to the back of the ring segments. And then it will be fed into the void by grout injector.
2. Complex Logistic Solution
The backup system is required in the TBM, which accommodates all the facilities required such as hydraulic power unit, pump, controlling cabinet, ventilation, laser instrumentation, storage containers, (Central Subway 2011).
Backup system (Nguyen D. Toan 2006)
38
The whole system is set in a wheel house. With each advance movement of the machine, the backup is pull ahead. Also the logistic structures for excavated material discharge system and the delivery of the lining process are here (Central Subway, 2011). As in the previous part such as belt storage system, soil containers or mine car line.
Backup system (Central Subway 2011)
According to Central Subway (2011), controlling cabinet can be seen as the brain of the machine. All important, up-to-date information and diagrams are gathered in the central control cabin. There, they are visualized on monitor, make available for the machine operator. The operator can control the processes and interfere if necessary.
3.
Maintenance
In the Central Subway s video (2011), the cutting tool must be maintained or replaced in regular depended on the hardness and the abrasiveness of the geology. Sensor is attached to the tips of some tools which send the signal to the control cabin when a certain degree of wear happens. The tool must be replaced. The excavation chamber is partially emptied. At the same time the cavity of the chamber is supplied with compressed if necessary to stabilize the tunnel face. Then the excavation chamber can be mannerly accessed to maintenance work such as disc cutter tools or sensor replacement.
39
IV.
Notable Projects
1.
Longest and Largest Tunnels Using TBM
TBM is the most modern machine applied in digging tunnel. Reported in 2012, in a document of American technology center, researchers listed the list of top 5 longest and largest tunnel using TBM on the world. This is a great achieve in the development of technology and intelligence of human being: 1.1- Gotthard Tunnel 1.2- Channel Tunnel 1.3- Seikan Tunnel 1.4- Channel Tunnel 1.5- Guadarrama Tunnel
2.
Channel Tunneling Project
Channel Tunnel Project Construction (NFM Technologies)
This tunnel is a typical one with cross section, a service tunnel between twin rail tunnels. Shown linking the rail tunnels is a piston relief duct, necessary to manage pressure changes due to the movement of trains Tunneling between England and France was a major engineering challenge, with the only precedent being the undersea Seikan Tunnel in Japan. A serious risk with underwater tunnels is major water inflow due to the water pressure from the sea above under weak ground
40
conditions. The Channel Tunnel also had the challenge of timebeing privately funded, early financial return was paramount. According to Channel Project, JJennifer Rosenberg (2005) reported that: Precast segmental linings in the main TBM drives were used, but different solutions were used on the English and French sides. On the French side, neoprene and grout sealed bolted linings made of cast iron or high-strength reinforced concrete were used. On the English side, the main requirement was for speed and bolting of cast-iron lining segments was only carried out in areas of poor geology. In the UK rail tunnels, eight lining segments plus a key segment were used; on the French side, five segments plus a key segment. On the French side, a 55-metre (180 ft) diameter 75-metre (246 ft) deep grout-curtained shaft at Sangatte was used for access. On the English side, a marshalling area was 140 meters (459 ft) below the top of Shakespeare Cliff, and the New Austrian Tunneling method (NATM) was first applied in the chalk marl here. On the English side, the land tunnels were driven from Shakespeare Cliff, the same place as the marine tunnels, not from Folkston. (UK News, 2010). The platform at the base of the cliff was not large enough for all of the drives and, despite environmental objection, tunnel spoil was placed behind a reinforced concrete seawall, on condition of placing the chalk in an enclosed lagoon to avoid wide dispersal of chalk fines. Owing to limited space, the precast lining factory was on the Isle of Grain in the Thames estuary. On the French side, owing to the greater permeability to water, earth pressure balance TBMs with open and closed modes was used. (Jennifer Rosenberg, 2009). The TBMs were of a closed nature during the initial 5 kilometers (3 mi), but then operated as open, boring through the chalk marl stratum. This minimized the impact to the ground and allowed high water pressures to be withstood, and it also alleviated the need to grout ahead of the tunnel. The French effort required five TBMs: two main marine machines, one main land machine (the short land drives of 3 km allowed one TBM to complete the first drive then reverse direction and complete the other), and two service tunnel machines. On the English side, the simpler geology allowed faster open-faced TBMs. Six machines were used, all commenced digging from Shakespeare Cliff, three marine-bound and three for the land tunnels. Towards the completion of the undersea drives, the UK TBMs were driven steeply downwards and buried clear of the tunnel. These buried TBMs were then used to provide an electrical earth. The French TBMs then completed the tunnel and were dismantled. A 900 mm gauge railway was used on the English side during construction.
41
3.
The Largest TBM In The World
Bertha is shipped to Seattle (Foley, 2012)
According to the newest information from Amanda Foley, a famous American journalist, the largest TBM on the world- Bertha the world largest TBM is ready to be shipped to Seattle. Following testing at Hitachi Zosens manufacturing plant in Osaka, Japan; Bertha the worlds largest-diameter TBM to date is ready to be shipped to Elliot Bay, in Seattle, Washington. The 57ft (17.5m) EPB machine will begin excavation of Washington State Department of Transportations (WSDOT) US$1.35bn (State Route-99) Alaskan Way tunnel, beneath downtown Seattle, this summer. Crews in Japan began disassembling the five-story-tall, US$80 million machine last week. By mid-month, Bertha which is owned by Seattle Tunnel Partners (STP), the Washington State Department of Transportations contractor for the project will be loaded aboard the Jumbo Fairpartner in 41 pieces. The ship will leave Japan in mid-March and arrive in Seattle by the end of the month, if the weather cooperates. Were entering an exciting stage of this project, said Linea Laird, WSDOTs administrator for the Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Program. While we have a lot of work to do once Bertha arrives, we cant wait to introduce her to the people of Washington.
42
STP is responsible for ensuring the TBM functions properly at all times. Accordingly, shes been put through a succession of rigorous tests at the Sakai Works factory in Osaka, where manufacturer Hitachi Zosen Corporation built the machine. One of the tests revealed a problem with the machines main drive unit, and crews made appropriate repairs. Bertha has since passed all of her tests, and will officially become the property of STP once shes tunneled approximately 1,000ft (300m) without any issues. Construction is going well, both in Japan and in Seattle, said Chris Dixon, Seattle Tunnel Partners project manager. Were on track to open the tunnel in late 2015. Crews in Seattle are about 80% finished with the launch pit where Bertha will start her journey and are currently preparing the surrounding site for tunneling. That work includes strengthening the soil and building protected areas along the initial section of the tunnel route so crews can perform scheduled inspections of the machine before it begins tunneling beneath the city. Work is also under way near the north end of the Battery Street Tunnel to prepare the area where Bertha will emerge at the end of tunneling. Berthas 41 pieces the largest weighing up to 900 tons are being loaded on a single ship. Once she arrives in Seattle, crews will unload the pieces and transport them a few hundred yards to the 80ft (25m) deep launch pit, where she will be reassembled and launched this summer.
43
Reference
44
Xie Jinghua Tian Ke Key Laboratory of Modern Complex Equipment Design and Extreme manufacturing, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China Yang Dawei . (2010). The effect of TBM hydraulic piping system parameters on FSI vibration. Pages 363-371 . Xie Jinghua, Tian Ke Yang Dawei. (2010). The effect of TBM hydraulic piping system parameters on FSI vibration. Retrieved April 2, 2013, from Digital Library. Foley, A. (2013, March 7). Bertha the worlds largest TBM is ready to be shipped to Seattle. Retrieved 5 15, 2013, from tunneling journal. Grandori, R. (2006). Abdalajis East railway tunnel (Spain)- Double shield universal TBMs. Hard Rock Shield, Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2013, from Attiko Metro S.A. Jenkins, C. ( 2011, Apr 13). The 17 Longest Tunnels In The World. Retrieved April 8, 2013, from Business Insider . Kelly, L. (2013, April 04). 7 record-breaking tunnels from around the world. Retrieved 04 16, 2013, from FoxNews.com. Michael Spencer, Zurich London (Chairman) . (2009). Tunnel Boring Machines. Ohno, H., Kazama, K., Higashide, A., & Tomioka, A. (1996). Fully automated system for shield tunnelling under integrated control. OBAYASHI CORP. Roby, J., & Willis, D. (2010). Onsite, First Time Assembly of TBMs: Merging 3D Digital . Washington. Rosenberg, J. (May 6, 1994). The Channel Tunnel. Single Shield TBM. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2013, from The Robbins Company Website: http://www.therobbinscompany.com/our-products/tunnel-boring-machines/singleshield/ The British Tunnelling Society and The Institution of Civil Engineers. (2004). Tunnel lining design guide. London: Thomas Telford Publishing. To raise a tunnel boring machine. (2013 , Jaunuary 29). Retrieved April 2013, from OCH Magazine: http://www.ochmagazine.com/features/to-raise-a-tunnel-boring-machine/ Tunnelling & Pipelines. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2012, from Herrenknecht AG Website: http://www.herrenknecht.com/products/tunnel-boring-machines.html Tunnelling by EPB Tunnel Boring Machine in DMRC. (2012, June). Retrieved febrary 15, 2013, from NBM Media. Central Subway (2011) TBM/Tunneling Video. [video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qx_EjMlLgqY
45
Colcrete Eurodrill. Tunnel Grouting System. Retrieved from http://www.colcreteeurodrill.com/products/tunnel-grouting-system EFNARC (2005) Specification and Guidelines for the use of specialist products for Mechanized Tunnelling (TBM). Retrieved March 10, 2013 from
ITA-WG14 (2000) Recommendations and Guidelines for Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs). International Tunnelling Association, Working Group No. 14 - Mechanized Tunnelling. NFM technologies. Underground work. Retrieved March 10, 2013 from http://www.nfmtechnologies.com Nguyen D. Toan (2006) TBM and Lining Essential Interfaces. Retrieved March 10, 2013 from http://www.itaaites.org/fileadmin/filemounts/general/pdf/ItaAssociation/ProductAndPublication/Th esis/ThesisToan.pdf TheRobbinsCo (2010) Robbins EPB TBM Excavation with Screw Conveyor [video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4XGQ9H2YP4 Federal Highway Administration (2011) Technical Manual for Design and Construction of Road Tunnels - Civil Elements. Retrieved March 10, 2013 from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/pubs/nhi09010/appd.cfm
46
Appendix
47
Week 1 POST ACTIVITIES I. Choose the best answer: 1. What are the 2 main elements that make a subway system work? A. Tunnels and Trains B. Tunnels and Cars C. Passengers and Cars D. Passengers and Trains Answer: A 2. What is true about the purpose of tunnels? A. Tunnels can be used for foot, vehicular traffic B. Tunnels can be used for air traffic C. Tunnels can be used for rail traffic D. Both A and C are true Answer: D 3. According to our presentation, what methods could be used in building tunnels? A. B. C. D. Digging by hand Using explosives Using excavating machine All the above choices Answer: D
II. True or Fault: 1.Sir Marc Isambard Brunel developed the first successful tunneling shield. 2. The Wilson Patented Stone Cutting machine was built to dig the Hoosac Tunnel Answer: 1. T 2. T III. Classification Matching
a. Single shield TBM 1. sensitive to poor rock conditions especially in large diameter range 2. sensitive to squeezing ground and face instabilities 3. can achieve very good performance in good to fair rock
b. Double shield TBM c. Gripper TBM
Answer: c-1 b-3 a-2

48
WEEK 2 POST ACTIVITIES I, True or false: 1, Theres just only one kind of cutting disc in TBM 2, Rotary cutting head is driven by a series of hydraulic motors 3, The EPBM gets its name because it is capable of holding up soft ground by maintaining the unbalance between earth and pressure 4, In urban tunneling, maintaining the soil pressure during and after construction can avoid ground subsidence Answer: F,T,F,T II, Matching: 1. open-type TBM 2. the Slurry TBM 3. the shield TBM and the EBPM Answer: 1-b, 2-c, 3-a III, choose the correct answers: 1. Where is put hydraulics Cylinder Jacks in TBM? A. Behind the chamber of TBM. B. Before the chamber of TBM C. On the top of chamber of TBM Answer: A 2. Hydraulics cylinder jack in TBM using .. to push against a piston. A. Water B. Oil C. Both A and B Answer: B 3. How many main parts in Hydraulics cylinder rack of TBM? A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 Answer: 6 a. screw conveyor b. reversible conveyor belt c. pipe system
49
IV, Fill in the blanks: 1. Automatic Segment Erector System comprises of Segment feeder and Segment erector 2. Segment handling equipment provides full automation of the segment conveying operation -------- END ---------
50
WEEK 3 POST ACTIVITIES Part 1: Arrange in the right order 1. Traditional method process a. b. c. d. e. f. No-load testing Test run Deliver components to site Dismantle Factory assembly Assemble
Answer: _e_>_a_>_d_>_c_>_f_>_b_ 2. OFTA process a. Test run b. Assemble c. Deliver components to site Answer: _c_>_b_>_a_ Part 2: Fill the words into order to make a process of the tunneling phase of EPBM 1.Soil is transported to belt conveyor 2.Soil is pressed into excavation chamber 3.The cutting wheel rotates 4.Disc cutters and cutting knifes loosen the material Answer: 3421
51
Part 3: Choose the correct answers: 5. Grouting is the process that provides the seal between: a. cutting face and the outer ground b. the shield and the segments c. the segments and the outer ground Answer: C 6. Grout is made of: a. cement b. water c. additives d. all of above Answer: D 7. The backup system is: a. controlling cabinet b. logistic structure for excavated material discharging c. logistic structure for segment lining d. all of above Answer: D Part 4: True or Fail: 8. Channel Tunnel is the longest rail tunnel in the world. 9.On the French side, The Channel Tunnel began digging near Shakespeare Clift outside of Dover with using 5 TBMs. 10. The world largest TBM is Bertha made in Japan Answer: T,T,T
52
Glossary of terms
53
No.
Term
Explanation
Vietnamese equivalent Mi
1.
Abrader
To rub the surface of something, such as rock or skin, and damage it or make it rough
2.
Abreuvoir
The joint or interstice between stones, to be filled with mortar
Mch ni kn
3.
Accelerant
A substance added to concrete or shotcrete to accelerate setting.
Cht xc tc
4. 5.
Accurate Additive Adit
correct and true in every detail A chemical substance added in a small amount, usually to a fluid, for a special purposes
Tnh chnh xc Ph gia Li v o m
6.
A horizontal or nearly horizontal entrance to a tunnel or mine (as opposed to a vertical shaft).
7.
Adjustment
A small change made to something in order to correct or improve it
Bnh sai, trc a
8.
Adsorbent
( of a substance or material ) able to adsorb gases or liquids
Cht ht, bm
9. 10.
Advance Aelotropy
Forward progress in the construction of a tunnel. The property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, known as allotropes of these elements
S ti n l n Tnh d hng Cht l m d hng ph tr
11.
Ancillary
providing necessary support to the primary activities or operation of an organization
12. 13. 14. 15.
Annular Arch Backfill Backup system
ring-shape Underground ground support, typically steel. A material used to replace excavated material. a vast array of supporting mechanisms such as dirt
hnh tr n Khung t v V t li u lp H thng ph tr 54
Tunnel Boring Machine removal, control rooms, rails, transporting system, pipelines, etc 16. Band A thin flat strip or circle of any material that is put around things, for example to hold them together or to make them stronger 17. Bar A unit for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere, equal to a hundred thousand newtons per square metre 18. Barrel A large round container, usually made of wood or metal, with flat ends and, usually, curved sides 19. Bearing a part of a machine that allows one part to rotate or move in contact with another part with as little friction as possible 20. Bentonite A processed form of a particular naturally-occurring clay mineral. It has a high swelling capacity when dissolved in water. 21. Bits Replaceable cutting tools on the cutting head of a TBM 22. 23. Bolt Bolt hole/pocket a large metal pin A pre-formed recess or penetration within the tunnel segmental lining used for the installation of bolts to hold the segments together 24. Boring The dislodging or displacement of spoil by a rotating auger or drill string to produce a hole 25. Boulder Geological obstacles (mostly single large pieces of rock encountered in sandy or clayey soils). Th n cui Qu trnh khoan cht cht S t bentonit (loi t s t c gi tr d thm nc) M i khoan tr c Barrel Thanh Bng
26.
Bricklayer
a person whose job is to build walls, houses, and other structures with bricks
27.
Buckle
to bend under compression
Lm cong
55
Tunnel Boring Machine 28. Bulkhead A fixed structure within the head of a TBM used to divide two compartments: the working chamber or cutting head from the rest of the machine. 29. Buttress a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure 30. Bypass The bypass is a part of the feed and slurry circuit connected to the slurry line so that the flow in the slurry circuit can be maintained when the TBM is stopped without flushing the tunnel face. 31. Cable tunnel A tunnel constructed for the installation of power or communications cables. 32. Cantilever The part of a structure that extends beyond its support. 33. Carriage The mechanical part of a non-split boring machine that includes the engine or drive motor, the drive train, thrust block and hydraulic cylinders. 34. 35. 36. 37. Casing Cast Iron Cavern CCTV A pipe to support a bore a brittle alloy with high carbon content A cave Closed Circuit Television used to carry out internal inspections and surveys of pipelines 38. 39. Cement Chamber V khoan Gang Hang ng Truyn hnh mch kn gi chuy n ch Dm cha Hm cp ng ni v ng tr tng C ngn, vch ngn
a binding material, or glue, that helps concrete harden Xi mng A space in the body, in a plant or in a machine, which is separated from the rest B
40. 41.
Chip Compaction
cut or break (a small piece) from a hard material The densification of a soil by means of mechanical manipulation.
c m ln
42.
Concrete
a mixture of water, sand, small stones, and a gray powder called cement
B tng
56
Tunnel Boring Machine 43. Cone crusher Cone-shaped part of a tunnel boring machine behind the cutterhead. Due to its special form, it crushes the excavated material into conveyable grain sizes during rotation of the cutterhead 44. Construction the process or method of building or making sth, especially roads, buildings, bridges, etc 45. Conventional tunneling Methods of tunnel construction ranging from manual excavation to the use of self-propelled tunnel boring machines 46. Conveyor A continuously traveling belt used in tunneling to remove excavated material from the shaft. 47. Conveyor system A series of conveyors and associated equipment that is used to remove spoil (or muck) from the TBM heading to an outside location 48. Corrosion The destruction of a material or its properties because of a reaction with its (environment) surroundings. 49. Cracks Fracture lines visible in a tunnel lining around the circumference and its length. 50. 51. Crane arm Crown A mechanized lifting devise used to pick up segments The highest part of a circular- or horseshoe shaped tunnel. Also called the roof or back 52. Cutter Head The turning part at the front of the TBM which supports the cutting tools. 53. Cutting plane The surface received after going through a cutting process 54. Cylinder head the end cover of a cylinder in an internal combustion engine, against which the piston compresses the cylinders contents. 55. Data logger Device used to electronically record data, such as geotechnical, noise, survey or vibration data. my ghi d li u u xi lanh Mt phng ct u kho t Tay cu nh v m V t nt S xi mn H thng bng t i Thi t b t i truyn o hm kiu truyn thng Xy d ng my nghin kiu cn
57
Tunnel Boring Machine 56. DCRM Disc Cutter Rotation Monitoring System for the realtime measurement of the rotation and temperature of disc cutters during tunneling. 57. Debris scattered fragments, typically of something wrecked or destroyed 58. 59. 60. Deform Dereliction Disc Cutter to change shape The negligence of effective maintenance. A wheel-like cutting tool on the front of a tunneling machine which rotates and pushes onto the rock face as the cutter head turns, fracturing the rock. 61. Dismantle To take apart a machine or structure so that it is in separate pieces 62. 63. Diurnal To vary during the day. Mt ng y m My khoan hm hai khi n o Tho d Bi n dng S sao nhng a ct v n H thng gim st u kho t
Double shield TBM A TBM with a full-face cutter head and two sets of thrust rams that react against either the tunnel walls (radial gripper)
64.
Dowels
Steel or glass fibre rods used for ground reinforcement, or plastic or steel inserts used to connect tunnel or shaft lining segments.
Cht
65. 66.
Drift Drill
A small tunnel driven ahead of the main tunnel bore a tool or machine with a pointed end for making holes
Hm ph Khoan
67.
Drive
To excavate horizontally, or at an inclination as in a drift, tunnel, adit, or entry; distinguished from sinking or raising
Li hng
68.
Dual-mode TBM
a machine can dig through very different geologies
My khoan hm a nng
69.
Duct
A pipe or tube carrying liquid, gas, electric or telephone wires, etc
ng
58
Tunnel Boring Machine 70. 71. Dynamite Earth Pressure Balanced Machines (EPBM) 72. Embankment A bank of earth, rock or other material constructed above the natural ground surface 73. Erector A mechanical arm present in a tunnel boring machine that is used to put the tunnel lining segments into place 74. Excavation Boring process under thrust from longitudinal rams reacting against the tunnel lining 75. Excavation The activity of digging in the ground to look for old buildings or subjects that have been buried for a long time 76. Expander A tool which enlarges a bore during a Pull-Back operation by compression of the surrounding ground rather than by excavation. 77. Face Vertical wall at the farthest advance of the excavation in a tunnel 78. FASTIC The Fully Automated System for shield tunneling under Integrated Control H thng o hm t ng tch hp iu khin 79. 80. Fault Flexible A fracture in rocks. Readily bent or deformed without permanent damage. 81. 82. Flotation Flow meters the action of floating in a liquid or gas an instrument for measuring the rate of flow of water, gas, or fuel, especially through a pipe. 83. Foam Soil conditioning material made from a foaming solution and air. 59 B t xp Li Un c, linh hot S ni l n, li l n Lu lng k Mt hm B ph n gin o S o bi Tay lp rp b k a blasting explosive, based on nitroglycerin Closed shield TBM with active face support by the pressurized soil. Thuc n My khoan hm a p
Tunnel Boring Machine 84. 85. Foaming Solution Geotechnical Mixture of water and surfactant. Related to the branch of civil engineering concerned with the study and modification of soil and rocks. 86. 87. Granular Grinding the uniform size on grains of crystals in rock To break or crush sth into very small pieces between two hard surfaces or using a special machine 88. Grippers The shoes that press radically against the walls of the excavated tunnel. 89. Ground arch The ground located immediately above a tunnel which transfers the overburden load onto ground located on both sides of the tunnel 90. Grout A construction material, usually composed of water, sand and cement, and a large number of other materials, used to improve ground conditions or fill voids in the ground 91. Grouting The process that provides the seal between the segment rings and the ground 92. Guidance system A system help showing the correct Position of TBM in correspondence with the designed tunnel axis. 93. Hand excavation The technique used to remove the material (rock, dirt, sand, etc.) by hand held tools (pick, shovel, etc.) from the tunnel face or open ditch. 94. 95. Hoop Hydraulic jack A large ring of plastic, wood or iron a mechanical actuator that is used to give a unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke 96. Hydraulically actuated supports Roof and side supports powered by hydraulics that stabilize the cutter head during boring and keep it centered. H tr d n ng thy l c Dng ai ng c thy l c o b ng tay H thng d n ng Cht va Va V m hm B k p Dung dch b t Thuc a k thu t Dng ht Mi
60
Tunnel Boring Machine 97. Hydraulics That branch of science or engineering which treats water or other fluid in motions 98. Hydro-geological the branch of geology concerned with water occurring underground or on the surface of the earth. 99. Hydrophilic/Hydrot ite 100. Idlers A material which expands on contact with water to many times its previous size guide the belt through curves Bnh xe d n hng 101. Impact Stress in a structure caused by the force of a vibratory, dropping,, or moving loads. This is generally a percentage of the live load 102. Inclinometer An instrument for measuring angles or slope (or tilt), elevation or depression of an object with respect to gravity 103. Invert In a circular-shaped tunnel, this is the bottom portion of the arc. In a horseshoe-shaped tunnel, this is the flat bottom 104. Jacking The actual pushing of pipe or casing in an excavated hole. This is usually done with hydraulic cylinders 105. Jetting The process of applying water or air under pressure to remove debris or laitance from structural surfaces Khp ni Phun ra Kch y hm My o nghing L c xung Thuc a cht thy vn Ho nc Thy l c
106. Joint
a device connecting two or more adjacent parts of a structure
107. Key segment 108. Lagoon
the last segment to be inserted in a lining ring A lake of salt water that is separated from the sea by a reef or an area of rock or sand
on kha m
109. Laser instrumentation
A device emitting coherent radiation which produces a highly focused light source. Used in tunneling to visibly define the design excavation direction
Thi t b nh hng laze
61
Tunnel Boring Machine 110. Lining 111. Load 112. Lubricate protective covering that protects the inside of tunnel weight distribution throughout a structure apply a substance such as oil or grease to (an engine or component) so as to minimize friction and allow smooth movement 113. Main bearing The bearing on which the cutter head rotates, located between the cutter head and cutter head support C m kch chnh bi chnh V hm T i tr ng Bi trn
114. Main jacking station
A jacking system, installed in the launch shaft which is often called jacking frame (pipe jacking)
115. Man accessible
Description of a pipe or excavation which can be physically entered by an operative.
C th ti p c n
116. Mesh
Steel bars in a grid which when encased in concrete or shotcrete act to strengthen lining
Mt li
117. Metro
An underground public rail transportation system. It is also called a subway system
T u i n
118. Metropolitan
Connected with a large or capital city of a country or region.
th
119. Mole (TBM)
A tunnel boring machine which excavates a tunnel of circular cross-section
My o hm
120. Monitoring and control
Record of the TBM-drive history (graphic and numeric) and calculation, storing and analysis of all TBM and ring data
Theo d i v iu khin
121. Muck
Mixture of excavated ground or rocks with or without any conditioning agent (EPBM method)
t tp
122. Muck bucket
A scoop shaped part of the front and gage area of the cutterhead that picks up the freshly cut rock/soil or muck and drops it onto the muck extraction system, usually a conveyor belt on hard rock TBMs
X bn
62
Tunnel Boring Machine 123. Muck wagon One muck removal system used to remove spoil in tunneling operations involves a train of muck wagons running on a railway within the tunnel. 124. Mud Cake Fine membrane of dewatered slurry in or at the surface of the soil to stabilize the excavation 125. Natural constraint The stress pattern in the ground is very important in deep tunnels or in cases of high anisotropy 126. OFTA 127. Overcut On-site First Time Assembly Difference between the excavation diameter and the diameter of the shield skin or pipe string 128. Percussion The act of percussing, or striking one body against another; forcible collision, esp. such as gives a sound or report 129. Permeability The rate of flow of a liquid or gas through a porous material D ng c no thm B g Lp t ti ch Kho ng thong R ng buc mi trng V b n Xe gong
130. Pig
A hard foam rubber ball which is pushed or blown through a concrete or grout pipe to clean it.
131. Piston rod
a rod or crankshaft attached to a piston to drive a wheel or to impart motion.
Cn piston
132. Pit 133. Polyethylene
a mine or a quarry a tough, light, flexible synthetic resin made by polymerizing ethylene, chiefly used for in construction for plastic sheeting and pipes
Hm m Poli-etylen
134. Portal
Entrance or structure that forms the entrance to a tunnel.
Ca hm
135. pressure gauges
an instrument showing the pressure of fluid
p k 63
Tunnel Boring Machine 136. Pressurized To pump or force a liquid at a higher rate than that achievable under normal open channel or free surface conditions 137. Radial joint Joints in a pre-cast concrete segmental tunnel lining perpendicular to the circumference. 138. Radon gas A radioactive gas that can build up in tunnels and mines in certain types of ground. It requires monitoring to ensure that safe levels are maintained. 139. Ram A hydraulic operated thrusting cylinder on a piece of machinery, such as on a TBM that assists in moving it forward by shoving off the tunnel lining 140. Reinforced Concrete 141. Retract concrete with steel bars or mesh embedded in it for increased strength in tension The motion of the machine away from the face of the entrance pit. 142. Ring 143. Ring beam Pre-cast concrete segmental lining of finite length Circular steel beams that are erected to support the tunnel where the rock is not self-supporting 144. Rolling Having gentle slopes Done in regular stages or at regular intervals over a period of time 145. Screw conveyor Screw-shaped conveyor Bng t i gung xon, vt t i 146. Sea outfall General term for the construction of pipelines from the coastline into the open sea c, khng c mi h n (ng kim loi) 148. Segment Arc shaped preformed component that forms part of on hnh vi n Ca x bin Cn v ng rm hnh xuy n L i li B tng cn l c Ba my p thy l c Mi ni hng tm Kh Radon c tng p, n n
147. Seamless
With no spaces or pauses between one part and the next
64
Tunnel Boring Machine the tunnel or shaft lining 149. Segment erector A mechanized system used to install tunnel lining segments Bng t i v hm phn Tay lp v hm
150. Segment feeder
A mechanized system used to transport lining segments
151. Segmental lining
Tunnel lining method using individual precast concrete segments
Lt v hm dng tm ln, bi n dng
152. Settlement
Sinking of the ground surface due to loosening and disturbance of the natural layering around the void
153. Sewer
An underground pipe or conduit for transporting storm water and/or wastewater
Cng ngm
154. Shield
Shelter system, made by a metallic structure, to protect the working area
Khi n o
155. Shotcrete
Concrete that is sprayed onto a surface. The mixture is often reinforced with rebar, steel mesh, or fibers
B tng l ng
156. Shove 157. Sidewall 158. Silt
The act of advancing the shield with hydraulic jack The sides of a tunnel sediment particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in diameter
y l n Tng hm Ph sa
159. Site 160. Sleepers
Any location where work has been or will be done A steel or timber member used to fix and to maintain the spacing between two railway tracks
Cng trng T v t
161. Slurry
A clay-like semi-solid suspension of bentonite in water with appropriate additives.
B n qung
162. Slurry line
A series of hoses or pipes that transport the slurry spoil in and out
ng ng d n b n My khoan hm 65
163. Slurry Shield
Closed shield TBM with active face support by the
Tunnel Boring Machine Machine 164. Soft ground 165. Specifications pressurized slurry Normally consisting of sands/gravels or clays The portions of the contract documents consisting of written technical descriptions of materials, equipment, construction systems, standards and workmanship as applied to the work. 166. Spike to push a sharp piece of metal, wood, etc. into sb/sth; to injure sth on a sharp point 167. Spoil Earth, rock and other often waste materials displaced by a tunnel or casing, and removed as the tunnel or casing is installed. 168. Squeezing rock Difficult tunneling ground conditions characterized by the rock being strongly jointed and fractured, having low strength and moving towards the excavation 169. Steering Corrections of the TBM-drive resulting from real deviation 170. Stress 171. Subsidence The load applied per unit area of material (psi). The settlement of the ground, pipelines or other structures 172. Subsoil 173. Suction pad The layer of soil that under the surface layer A mechanical suction device, used to lift segments of a tunnel into position 174. Surveillance Activities including audit, monitoring/inspection, investigation, data capture/trend analysis, and document review. 175. Suspension Mixture of substances consisting of a liquid and the fine particles of solid substances suspended in it. H n ui Th keo S gim st Tng t gc Gic ht ng sut S ln nn iu hng n n t b n no v t ln Spike Nn t y u c im k thu t
176. Tail seal
A seals placed between the rear of the tail skin and the segmental lining to prevent the inrush of water
66
Tunnel Boring Machine and ground 177. Tail skin The rear section of a shield within which segmental rings are built, protecting the workforce from the ground 178. TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) Machines designed to create bored tunnels. They perform several functions, from the excavation only to the application of the final lining 179. TBM survey Measuring and calculation of the real TBM-position and direction in relation to the designed tunnel axis. 180. Telescopic having or consisting of concentric tubular sections designed to slide into one another 181. Theodolite A surveying instrument to measure both horizontal and vertical angles, as used in triangulation networks 182. Torque 183. Truss The rotary force available at the drive chuck a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a series of triangles or other stable shapes 184. Tunnel lining The system which responsible for the building of the tunnel body thi cng vch hm Khc hm M men xon b ng gi n, ko My kinh v iu tra trc thi cng kiu ng lng My khoan hm V sau
185. Tunnel section
Outline of tunnel as measured at right angles to centerline or any portion of the tunnel measured parallel to the direction of the tunnel
186. Uncased bore
Any bore without a lining or pipe inserted, i.e, selfsupporting, whether temporary or permanent.
Khoan khng v
187. Underground
A location beneath natural (or man-made) ground level
Di l ng t
188. Urban Tunneling
building an underground tunnel beneath a city
o hm trong khu th
67
Tunnel Boring Machine 189. Vent duct
Ducting through which air passes to the tunnel face or heading.
ng thot kh
190. ventilation
General term for the fresh air supply in the tunnel
H thng thong gi
191. Vibration 192. viscosity
A continuous shaking movement or feeling the state of being thick, sticky, and semi-fluid in consistency, due to internal friction
Rung nht
193. Voids
Holes on the outside of the tunnel lining that normally require grouting
Kho ng chng, l rng, khe h thanh ngang gi ng c c Giong
194. Waling
A horizontal steel or timber section providing support to a series of piles or faceboards
195. Water stop
A rubber elastomeric or rigid device placed and anchored across a joint cast in concrete to impede passage of water through the joint
196. Water table
The level of groundwater beneath which the ground is wholly saturated with water.
Gng nc, mt nc ngm Cn, mn
197. Wear
damage or deterioration sustained from continuous use
198. Weeper (Weep hole)
A pipe or drilled hole in rock or concrete designed to relieve groundwater pressure through the tunnel lining
L thot p sut
199. Wire brush seals
Seals installed in the tail shield where segments are erected to protect the work area from water inflows and to prevent grout or other back filling materials from migrating forward.
H n b ng b n ch i kim loi
200. Working Chamber
The pressurized area of the TBM immediately behind the cutting head and in front of the bulkhead
Bung l m vi c
68
Self-reflection
69
Nguyen Hoang Quan The Course And The Supervisor I think I have achieved a lot from this course. We have learned more about what to be called as English for Material and Engineering. It is quite effective giving lectures on students own. We had to decide everything from choosing the topic, forming the outlines, creating the working schedule, to deciding how to deliver the presentations effectively. All the works are supervised by the teacher, thanks to which we felt safe because everything wont be going the wrong way. About the field of material and engineering, I felt excited to learn about new things that we might not know before, or things we might be familiar with but still did not know about a deeper aspect of which. We have gained knowledge about Tunnel Boring Machine, which is a useful one for construction. I think this topic is a practical one especially when Vietnam is going to use this kind of machine in the future to build subways Team Work And Team Mates About the team work, I think I have learned many things from this. Organizing what must come first and what comes next is essential, otherwise everyone will get stressed with this one along with other courses. I have learned that the leader of the team is very important. The leader should try not to be a boss, whereas he must be the one who encourage all the members, organizes who should be doing this one, who should be doing that one. I know sometimes I was a noisy person, showing unexpected anger with others, which shouldnt be let out; but overall I did it for the good of the team. And I hope the other members could understand that. About my team mates, one thing that cannot be avoided doing teamwork is conflict. At first I thought that this team could not go to the end of the road as we had conflicts among team members even with the smallest thing like choosing a topic. But what is done has to be passed, we realized that what important was not the individual but the whole. About Hoang Thi Thu: Basically, she was a good student. But having herself off for several important lessons made her behind the schedule of the whole team. Sometimes, things couldnt be solves because of her absence. Eventually, her lacks of reading the guidance and instruction didnt keep her following the team works. But overall, she will be better if these small lacks are fixed. But we have come to the end together.
70
About Nguyen Trung Hieu: He is another good member of the team. He obeys the punctuality. Overall he was doing fine with the team work except I felt that he was a little bit passive during the meetings. It would be great if he spoke up his own voice instead of listening to others. But we have come to the end together. About Hoang Anh Thu: She was a creative student, always worrying about what the team is doing. She was the one who solve the conflict between members. Except sometimes she was passive with other members, which shouldnt be expressed, she was good. But finally we have come to the end together. Nguyen Trung Hieu About you I must say that you are a very caring and responsible teacher. You have helped us a lot when issues come up and we find your instructions very useful. We learnt a lot from you. About our group Our group consist of 4 people, despite that we havent work with each other before and I dont know much about Qun and Th, our group work surprising well. About Qun Qun is a responsible group leader. His teamwork ability is good, as the group leader, he did a good job in orienting and distributing the work for members. He also helped and encouraged other members a lot. About Th Th is a very hard working member of our group. She always get her part done splendidly and contributed some very useful ideas to the group. About Thu Thu is an energetic member, she has taken part in the activities of group enthusiastically and contributed a lot to ourt work. About the subject
71
Firstly, its a difficult but interesting subject. Due to the complication of our top ic, we faced a lot of difficulties in research. However, we acquired a great amount of knowledge not only from our research but from other groups research as well. Hoang Anh Thu Teamwork is a beautiful work; I would like to use team than group. That i s the most favorable time for one to find out the real personal characteristics of your teammate and yourself. It is also a nice time for one to get new friends. In this subject, Im lucky to have worked with new friends. However, due to this fact, I faced a lot of difficulties and I also gained a lot.
About me, I and myself: I am glad that I learned something after all. I learned to accept the group ideas eventhough Im not interested in. But the more important things which I learned is that you can do much better if you like what you are doing. At the beginning, it was very hard for me to totally focus on the topic. If I could start again, I will keep my opinion rather than accepted everything my teammate said. However, the more I studied this topic, th e more Im interested in it. One more thing that I realized is that new knowledge is never boring.
About my teammates: Qun: My team leader. He is an enthusiastic and dedicated person, always help me and other members. People say team leader is the one work most, and yes he is. Hi u: The vice team leader. He understand deeply, work hard and do well. It is pleasure to get to know and work with him. Thu: I am very worried about her health; however, she is always very dynamic when she appears, so I feel very comfortable. She always contribute her ideas.
Finally, I want to send my sincerely thanks to my teacher Nguyn Vn Khanh for being not only an enthusiastic and dedicated teacher but also a friend. Hoang Thi Thu
72
This course is an exciting and interesting experience, a long trip to get, to cultivate new and necessary knowledge, valuable information, essential experiments. After about 5 months of learning the subject, I have three opportunities to present our topic, 9 times to be listened presentation of other groups, I feel comfortable and happy, especially, I express deeply this subjects. To do the success of the course, there are three key elements of which are: dedicated teachers, the spirit of teamwork and efforts of each person. First, we are really lucky and excited when received the guidance of our teacher - Nguyen Thi Van Khanh. The first lesson is also the important lesson with us. In the first days of the course, we are very worried and stressed with many questions such as: what we have to do? What can we do? How to get high great results this subject? It is the teacher who helped us to answer all questions. But the most important thing is that we feel comfortable and interesting instead of worry or afraid gelatinous. Thanks for the stories about last experiment students and his/ her achievements, we feel confident and motivating. By the way of telling the stories, our teacher motivated sprit of our learning. In the first lesson, I especially express with my teacher because she is very friendly, active and enthusiasm. Many students said that she always has high requirements for her students. In fact, that is true. She always highly demands from us but this focus on English skills because we are foreign students. I am interested because it it is essential and important for us. We like the way of scientific working as well as the way to arrange timeline for students in the whole course. We love her comments and questions after our presentation. Her requires help us to become more professional. Of course, we need understand our topic or my problem deeply and widely so that we can present more perfect and efficient in next time. We proud of our teacher and thank for her help. We are attracted by her method training and her characteristic such as friendly, intelligent and psychological. The second element which makes the success of the course is members of each group. I am proud of working with members in my group. Working together in the long time, of course it is so difficult to avoid controversy or even intense discussion. But the discussion bases on responsibility of each member in the group and forward only one purpose: We understand each other and try our best to do success of the team work. The first member the most intelligent member - Mr Quan is leader of our group. He is considered as our older brother because he is smart, logical, creative, and very hard. He is also
73
a person who responsible for connecting all members in the group, summarizing all comments and dealing with any conflicts. Mr Hieu is a smart and creative person. I express by the patience and his way of approach problems when we study new topic or get new information. Of course, I admire his
mechanical knowledge base. Miss Hoang Anh is a studious girl. Anyone who works with her also attracted by her characteristic such as scientific working and very effective team work. She has ability of dealing with problem quickly and suitably, so she is always completes the task soon and perfectly. We are proud to be an close-knit group in daily life and an professional group in working. Thirdly, it is the experiences of myself. Like many other girls, I have to face to many disadvantages in the subject because my knowledge of technical is so poor. In the first days, I am so stress and disappointed. However, until now I proud of what we do and what I do. I feel comfortable, motivating and full of love with this course. with but what I do, and I love academic subjects this really. My motto is: practice makes perfect; diligence is the mother of success. Thanks for helping of our teacher, friends, other member in my group, I got many interesting experiences and improve so many skills. Firstly, I remember so many vocabularies about terms of TBM Tunnel Boring Machine- our topic and terms of mechanical topic from other groups. Secondly, I get a lot of knowledge related to my major. For example, I know furthermore a new topic TBM the most modern machine to digging tunnel which so may developed countries applied. It is a symbol of developing in science and technology and intelligence of human being. Besides, I can understand deeply to some topic as: Glass, Air, Motorbikes from other groups. It is so happy and really necessary. Thirdly, my presentation skills, my language skills are also improved markedly after the course. Finally, I feel more confident and comfortable when working in groups or study a problem related to mechanical topic in the future. The course is a pleasant experience and I will never forget the course. A sincere thank I would like to send a sincere thank to teachers, members of the group and my friends.
-- THE END -74

Tunnel Boring Machine - Brief Information

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Tunnel Boring Machine - Brief Information

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles