FORS 3036 EL

Cladistics

(Forensic anatomy of Human skeleton)

Relationships between populations Sexual dimorphism Sexes have different forms of bones to identify male or female. Pelvis is the most important difference. Palaeopathology Types of disease of past population Palaeonutrition Nutrition of past population Biological distance How close different populations are genetically. Disease thats killed the most people Malaria Manner of death (Cause of death, location of death, time of death, who died) Homicide, suicide, natural, accidental or unknown Encountering skeletal remains Human/animal, recently died?, age, sex, ancestry?, stature?, pathology? (trauma), nutritional pathology, appearance characteristics Trauma Antemortem (Before), Perimortem (right around the time of death), Postmortem (after) Scurvi Its a Vitamin C deficiency. Animals generate their own. Standing with your thumbs out Good for analysis because ulna and radius isnt crossed

Anatomical planes
Frontal passes through bregma: point ontop of the middle of the skull. Divides anterior and posterior halves (not exact). Sagittal parasagittal planes can be parallele like cutting cheese. Midsagittal plane divides the body in L and R halves. Transverse (or axial). Horizontally cuts the body in half at any level. Perpendicular to frontal and sagittal.

Anatomical Directions
Anterior (or ventral for animals) The front of the body. One structure is said to be anterior to another. Posterior (or dorsal for animals) The back of the body. One structure is said to be posterior to another. Superior (Cranial or cephalic for animals) Towards the head end of the body. Not limbs just skeleton. Axial: any bone not attached to something. Anything that is not arms and legs) Inferior (Caudal) Towards the end of the body. Not limbs just skeleton Medial Toward midline or sagittal plane. Axial and appendicular skeleton. One structure is said to be medial to another. Lateral Opposite to medial. Away from the middle/sagittal plane. Axial and appendicular skeleton. One is lateral to another. Proximal Applies to appendicular skeleton. Towards the axial or attached end of the limb. Distal Applies to appendicular skeleton. Away from the axial or attached end of the limb.

Palmar (hand) Refers to the palm side of the hand. Used only for hands. Flexor side of the hand. Dorsal Refers to the back of hand. Used for hands and feet. Extensor side of the hand or foot. Plantar (foot) Refers to the sole of the foot. Used only for feet. Flexor side of the foot.

Specialized Terms
Body projections (things that stick out) Process Raised area or projection. Ex. Mastoid process Eminence Projection that is lower than a process. Ex. Intercondylar eminence Protuberance Bone projection that protrudes from an area (doesnt stick out that much). Ex. External Occipital protuberance Tubercle Small rounded bump. Ex. Adductor tubercle of femur Condyle Rounded, convex, projection usually fits into a fossa (depression) on the opposing bone. Ex. Occipital condyle Epicondyle Raised bump near or on a condyle for muscle attachment. Ex. Medial Epicondyle Head Round extension of the epiphysis separated from the shaft of a narrow neck. Ex. Head of a rib. Ramus Curved branch of bone extending from the body like a rams horn. Ex. Ascending ramus of ma ndibule. Crest Raised ridge for muscle attachment. Ex. Intertrochanteric crest

Line Small raised ridge for muscle attachment Ex. Intertrochanteric line Tuberosity Large rounded bump usually for muscle attachment. Ex. Radial tuberosity Trochanter Large irregular bump for muscle attachment. Ex. The greater trochanter of the femur. Spine Sharp pointed projection for muscle attachment Ex. Anterior nasal spine.

Depressions (Grooves, holes, indents) Fossa Shallow depression in the bone. Often articulates with another bone to make a joint. Ex. Mandibular Fossa Fovea Latin: Small Pit. Ex. Fovea capitis on head of the femur. Foramen Latin: hole. Round opening for passage of blood vessels/nerves. Ex. Foramen Magnum Sinus Irregular shaped hole in a bone filled with air and lined with mucous tissue. Ex. Frontal sinus Sulcus or groove Long narrow trench. Ex. Intertubercular sulcus Meatus A tunnel like opening for passage of blood vessels/nerves. Ex. Auditory Meatus

Articulations (Bones connect) Articular Facet A small smooth area on a bone for connection of a bone to another bone. Ex. Facet on transverse process of a vertebrae

Demifacet Half a facet usually found on thoracic vertebral bodies. Ex. Superior/inferior demifacets on thoracic vertebrae Articular Process Small flat projection on the surface of an arch of a vertebrae. Ex. Inferior articular process.

Shape categories of bones

Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones

Adult skeleton inventory

Axial skeleton = 74 Appendicular bones = 126 Auditory ossicles = 3 Total = 206