1

Vietnam Inequality Forum

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Pham Kim Hung

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Pham Kim Hung

Nhom: Admin

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3 Article Written by Pham Kim Hung Stanford University Since this following theorems are useful to solve recent problem, I decide to share them for every Mathlinkers from my book. Detailed feature and more applications will be shown in this book published in Gil 2007 (IMO). Notice that this is not in Vietnamese version of 2006. Theorem 1. Suppose that F is a homogeneous symmetric polynomial of n variables x1 , x2, ..., xn such that deg f 3. Prove that the inequality F (x1, x2, ..., xn) 0 holds if and only if F (1, 0, 0, ..., 0) 0 ; F (1, 1, 0, 0, ..., 0) 0 ; F (1, 1, 1, ..., 1, 0) 0 ; F (1, 1, 1, ..., 1) 0 ; Proof. We denote t = F =a
i=1 x1 +x2 ,x 2 n

= x1, y = x2 and
n

x3 i +b
i<j

xi xj ( xi + xj ) + c
i<j<k

xi xj xk ;

Denote A=

xj ; B =
i=3 i=3

x2 j ;C =
2<i<j

xi xj ;

We have F (x1, x2, ..., xn) F (2t, 0, x3, ..., xn)

= a x3 + y3 (x + y)3 + bxy(x + y) + b x2 + y2 (x + y)2 A + xyA

= xy (3a(x + y) + b(x + y) 2bA + A) ; and, alternatively, we have F (x1, x2, ..., xn) F (t, t, x3, ..., xn) (x + y )3 4 (x + y )2 2 (x + y )2 4

= a x3 + y 3

+ b(x + y) xy

+b x2 + y2

A + A xy

(x + y )2 4

(x y )2 (3a(x + y) + b(x + y) + 2bA A) ; 4

4 According to two above relationships, we may conclude that at least one the two following inequalities hold F (x1, x2, ..., xn) F (2t, 0, x3, ..., xn) or F (x1, x2, ..., xn) F (t, t, x3, ..., xn) ;
1 Let t = n (x1 + x2 + ... + xn). According to UMV theorem (AC theorem), we conclude that the inequalityF (x1, x2, ..., xn) 0 holds if and only if

F (t, 0, 0, ..., 0) 0 ; F (t, t, 0, 0, ..., 0) 0 ; F (t, t, t, ..., t, 0) 0 ; F (t, t, t, ..., t) 0 ; Since the inequality is homogeneous, we have the desired result immediately. Theorem 2 (Symmetric inequality of Degree 3 theorem - SID theorem). Consider the following symmetric expression (not necessarily homogeneous)
n n n

F =a
i=1

x3 i +b
i<j

xi xj ( xi + xj ) + c
i<j<k

xi xj xk + d
i=1

x2 i +e
i<j

xi xj + f
i=1

xi + g.

For t = x1 + x2 + ... + xn, the inequality F 0 holds for all non-negative real numbers x1 , x2, ..., xn if and only if F t , 0, ..., 0 0; F n t t , , 0, ..., 0 0 ; F n n t t t , , ..., , 0 n n n ; F t t t , , ..., n n n 0;

Proof. We will x the sum x1 + x2 + ... + xn = t = const and prove that the inequality F 0 holds for all t > 0. Indeed, we can rewrite the expression F to (with the assumption that x1 + x2 + ... + xn = t)
n

F =a
i=1

x3 i +b
i<j n

xi xj ( xi + xj ) + c
i<j<k

xi xj xk +

xi

+
i=1 n

d t
2

e x2 i + t i=1
n

i<j

xi xj
n 3

f + 2 t

xi
i=1 i=1

xi

g + 3 t

xi
i=1

Notice that in this expression, t is an constant. Since this representation of F is symmetric and homogeneous, we may conclude that F 0 if and only if (according to the above proposition) F t , 0, ..., 0 0; F n t t , , 0, ..., 0 0 ; F n n t t t , , ..., , 0 n n n ;F t t t , , ..., n n n 0;

and the desired result follows.