Waite - Nietzsche's Baudelaire

OEOFF WAITE
NielzscIe's BaudeIaive,
ov lIe SuIIine FvoIeplic Spin
oJ His FoIilico-Econonic TIougIl
Wvillen ovev vilI lIe signs oJ lIe pasl, and even lIese signs painled ovev vilI nev
signs lIus Iave ou conceaIed ouvseIves veIIJvon aII seniolicians!
-FviedvicI NielzscIe'
Bul sinuIacva ave nol onI a gane pIaed vilI signs: lIe inpI sociaI vappovls and
sociaI povev.
-Jean BaudviIIavd2
Il vas veII said oJ a cevlain Oevnan IooI lIal es Iassl sicI nicIl Iesen -il does
nol pevnil ilseIJ lo Ie vead. TIeve ave sone secvels vIicI do nol pevnil lIenseIves lo Ie
loId.... Nov and lIen, aIas, lIe conscience oJ nan laIes up a IuvlIen so Ieav in
Iovvov lIal il can Ie lIvovn dovn onI inlo lIe gvave. And lIus lIe essence oJ aII cvine
is undivuIged.
-Edgav AIIan Foe3
IN MABCH 1884, FviedvicI NielzscIe |1844-1900) vvole a Iellev lo Iis
quasi-conJidanl MaIvida von MesenIug. Von MesenIug |1816-1903) vas an
inpovlanl vvilev in Iev ovn vigIl, an eavI Euvopean Jeninisl, and an inpvessive
Jovnev vonan oJ lIe LeJl. SIe Iad IvougIl NielzscIe inlo conlacl, episloIav
and pevsonaI, vilI signiJicanl Euvopean lIinIevs and vvilevs al a line vIen Ie
needed aII lIe conlacls Ie couId gel. In Iis Iellev, NielzscIe noled lIal Ie Iad
expevienced nucI pevsonaI IuniIialion in lIe Iasl Jev eavs, IiIeI veJevving lo
BicIavd Wagnev's devaslaling gossip lo Iis innev civcIe lIal NielzscIe Iad a snaII
penis, nasluvIaled excessiveI, and connilled pedevasl.4 Yel lIis vas nol,
Ie said, lIe nain lIing. TIe nain lIing, NielzscIe vvole al lIis cvilicaI junc-
luve in Iis IiJe and vovI, vas lIal I Iave lIings on n conscience lIal ave a
Iundved lines Ieaviev lo cavv lIan Ia Ieilse Iunaine. Il is possiIIe lIal I an a
deslin and disaslev [VevIdngnis] Jov aII Juluve Iunanil, lIe deslin ov disaslev-
and consequenlI il is vev possiIIe lIal I viII one da Iecone siIenl oul oJ Iove
Jov Iunanil!5 Bul vIal exaclI NielzscIe vas cIaining lo Iave on Iis conscience
vas nol JovlIconing Jvon Iis Iellev, pevIaps couId nol Ie.
14 BEFBESENTATIONS 50 * Spving 1995 |C THE BEOENTS OF THE UNIVEBSITY OF CALIFOBNIA
WilIin Jouv eavs, in Iale 1888 |as Iis conscious nind vas unvaveIing veeIs
IeJove Iis JinaI coIIapse in Tuvin, and as Iis vIelovicaI deJense necIanisns
lIvealened lo evapovale aIong vilI il), NielzscIe vas dvaJling a Iellev lo Iis sislev,
Iilevav execulov, and vonan oJ lIe BigIl, EIisaIelI Fovslev-NielzscIe |1846-
1935). His deJenses, appavenlI, veve sliII suJJicienlI slvong lIal Ie did nol naiI
lIis pavlicuIav lexl |lIougI Ie vas lo vvile siniIav lIings again), vIicI vead in
pavl WIal I Iave lo do is
IovviJic
[JuvcIlIav], in evev sense oJ lIe vovd I cIaI-
Ienge nol individuaIs, I cIaIIenge Iunanil as a vIoIe vilI n levviJing [enlsel-
zIicIen] accusalion: no nallev Iov lIe decision na JaII, Jov ne ov againsl ne, in
an case an unspeaIaIIe anounl oJ deslin and disaslev adIeves lo n nane.6
Again, lIe pvecise naluve oJ lIis levviJing ov IovviJic acl, cIaIIenge, deslin, and
disaslev venain sIvouded in secvec. FevIaps il can Ie said oJ lIe vesuIling Iod
oJ NielzscIe's vovI, aIIuding lo Edgav AIIan Foe es Iassl sicI nicIl Iesen |il does
nol pevnil ilseIJ lo Ie vead)-even as il is Ieing vead in sone evidenl Jovn. We
seen cIose lo vIal nigIl Ie caIIed lIe NielzscIean pvoIIenalic oJ suI-Iinil.
TIe unvepvesenled suIIine is nol in pvincipIe ov ex IpolIesi unvepvesenl-
aIIe.7 NevevlIeIess, sone vvilevs lv lo veveaI lIeiv deepesl neanings onI lo
sone veadevs and conceaI lIen Jvon lIe nan. TIe can aIso allenpl lo con-
nunicale IenealI lIe lIvesIoId oJ consciousness, inJIuencing lIe veadev, Iul nol
al lIe IeveI oJ conscious veceplion. In lIis case lIe suIIine Iecones suIIininaI.
TIe suIIine is aIso a vadicaII anIivaIenl addiclion unlo dealI naneI, lIal
aeslIelic salisJaclion vIicI incIudes as one oJ ils nonenls a negalive expevience,
a sIocI, a IIocIage, an inlinalion oJ novlaIil.8 Since IeJove Iis dealI in 1900,
il Ias Ieen connon Jov veadevs lo Iecone addicled lo NielzscIe's vovIs, lo lIe
NielzscIean suIIine. Toda, Iovevev, lIeve is aIso a vivluaI consensus lIal Nielz-
scIe pvacliced a Jovn oJ seniolics, a pIa vilI signs. Yel il is nol innedialeI
evidenl Iov sign sslens veIale lo lIe unsaaIIe. So, suspended in lIe seeningI
nuluaII conlvadiclov space Ielveen lIe suIIine and signs, one vondevs
vIelIev anlIing NielzscIe said can evev Ie laIen al ils vovd a Ia Iellve, Iein Wovl,
dead seviousI. AIlIougI lIe associalion oJ NielzscIe vilI seniolics in lIe lecI-
nicaI sense na Ie anacIvonislic, lIe levn sign |ZeicIen) and ils cognales veve
Javoviles oJ Iis, and Ie can juslI Ie seen as a signiJicanl Jovevunnev oJ pIiIo-
sopIicaI seniolics. Bul lo vIal end vas NielzscIe a seniolician in an sense?
Was lIe vevIaI inlenl and Jovce oJ Iis vovI lvansilive |as posilive pvojecl) as veII
as inlvansilive |as seIJ-deconslvuclive acl)? Cuvvenl pIiIosopIicaI discussions oJ
signs as sinuIacva oJ sociaI povev, as pevJovnalives, as vepvesenlalionaI slvuc-
luves oJ a suIvalionaI econon, and in levns oJ lIe pvoIIenalic oJ lIe povev
oJ lIe JaIse and lIe JaIse as povev, lpicaII appeaI lo NielzscIe Jov suppovl,
expIicilI ov inpIicilI.9 Yel lIis appeaI na Ie iIIegilinale. To lIe exlenl lIal il
inlends lo Ie IiIevalov in denocvalic vas, I avgue lIal iJ il Jinds no suppovl in
NielzscIe pvopevI gvasped excepl supevJiciaII, exolevicaII, al conscious IeveIs
oJ veceplion. TIis is nol lo sa, oJ couvse, lIal NielzscIe did nol inlend Iis vovI
NielzscIe's BaudeIaive 15
lo Ie IiIevalov in olIev vas, nondenocvalicaII, Jov sone peopIe. Cuvvenl dis-
cussions oJ eilIev signs ov NielzscIe do nol necessaviI gel cIosev lo pvopevI
NielzscIean suI-Iinil, even as lIe sIivl vound ils vavious nodes, and lIe lend
lo assune nove ov Iess a pviovi lIal NielzscIe did nol Iave an pavlicuIav agenda
in nind Ieond a genevaI pvojecl Jov Iunan IiIevalion Jvon aII idoIs. IJ Ie did
Iave a nove speciJic agenda, Iovevev, il venains sIvouded in considevaIIe ns-
lev al ils deepesl IeveI oJ IolI conscious inlenl and suIIininaI eJJicac.
Nol onI did NielzscIe vovI vilIin a pvoIIenalic deJined I lIe suIIine and
I signs, Ie vvole a Jovn oJ siIence. |B deJinilion, lIe nosl vadicaII esolevic
pIiIosopIev vouId nevev sa lIal sIe ov Ie vas sucI and vouId pveJev lo sa so
vevIaII IeJove pulling il in vviling.) TIe ancienl pvincipIe and pvoIIen oJ sig-
elics |lIe vIelovic and pvaclice oJ siIence) is levseI expvessed in a nocI diaIogue
in BoelIius's TIe ConsoIalion oJ FIiIosopI, nonlIs IeJove lIe aulIov's dealI in
pvison, Iaving said loo nucI 'Nov do ou vecognize lIal I an a pIiIoso-
pIev?'... 'I vouId Iave, Iad ou venained siIenl [si lacuisses].''I NielzscIe
aIIuded lo lIis BoelIian pvincipIe |si lacuisses, pIiIosopIus nansisses) in puIIic once:
signiJicanlI enougI, Ie did so onI indiveclI. Al lIe concIusion oJ lIe nev, 1886
pveJace lo voIune one oJ Hunan, AII-Too-Hunan A BooI Jov Fvee Spivils |oslensiII
Iis nosl posilivislic, scienliJic, and denocvalic vovI, vIicI Iad Jivsl
appeaved in 1878), Ie asIs vIelovicaII vI, in Oevnan, Iis IooI Ias Ieen vead
nosl caveIessI and Ieavd lIe vovsl. NielzscIe's innediale ansvev cones in lvo
pavls lIe Jivsl is lIal oJ an inaginav ov conceaIed inlevIoculov: lIe second is Iis
ovn, ov valIev lIe veJusaI oJ Iis navvalov lo give an ansvev. SpeaIing oJ Hunan,
AII-Too-Hunan, NielzscIe's nev pveJace ends
Il denands loo nucI, I Iave Ieen loId, il luvns lovavd peopIe unoppvessed I cvude
dulies, il denands veJined and spoiIed senses, il vequives supevJIuil, supevJIuil oJ line,
oJ cIavil oJ sI and Ieavl, oJ oliun [Ieisuve, idIeness] in lIe nosl audacious sense-onI
good lIings lIal ve Oevnans oJ loda do nol Iave and lIus aIso cannol give.-AJlev sucI
a laclJuI ansvev n pIiIosopI advises ne lo Ieep siIenl and lo asI no nove: especiaII in
cevlain cases, as lIe saing goes, one venains a pIiIosopIev onI I-Ieing siIenl.
One lIing lIal is Iepl siIenl I lIis nondiaIogue is NielzscIe's lacil suppovl Jov
lIe vequisile socio-econonic sslen aIIuded lo I lIe inaginav inlevIoculov,
vIicI is IacIing in Iis nodevn Oevnan |lIougI neve nalionaI queslions ave nol
oJ uIlinale consequence). Buljusl as inpovlanl is lIe pevJovnalive aspecl oJ sucI
passages lIal is, lIe speciJic neasuves NielzscIe's vviling, incIuding lIis nondia-
Iogue, enpIos lo vepvoduce, Ieginning vilI Iis veadevs, lIe socio-econonic
sslen oJ Ieisuve-Jov lIe veJined againsl lIe cvude. TIis pvojecl vouId
IogicaII vequive lecIniques oJ pevsuasion lIal vouId lIenseIves Iave lo vovI
siIenlI and Ience, even in an audiIIe and visiIIe lexluaI Jovn, venain lo a
cevlain exlenl inaudiIIe and invisiIIe. Il naIes IillIe sense neveI lo laII aIoul
sonelIing IiIe suI-IininaI sigelics vilIoul allenpling lo pvaclice il. TIeve is no
1 6 BEFBESENTATIONS
douIl lIal NielzscIe's Ioculions veve inlended lo Iave sone sovl oJ iIIoculionav
Jovce: nucI loo IillIe is Inovn aIoul Iov Ie inlended lIis Jovce lo vovI acluaII
lo pvoduce suIjecls, lo induce pevIoculionav eJJecl. We nusl dislinguisI Ieve
anong lIvee lIings. Fivsl, lIe pevJovnance oJ an acl oJ saing sonelIing. Locu-
lion He said, 'ElevnaI Becuvvence oJ lIe Sane viII divide us inlo lvo casles a
IigIev noIIe and a Iovev Iase' -neaning I divide divide, and veJevving I
us lo us. Second, lIe pevJovnance oJ an acl in saing sonelIing. IIIoculion
He uvged us lo divide inlo lvo casles aJlev incovpovaling inlo ouvseIves lIe doc-
lvine oJ ElevnaI Becuvvence oJ lIe Sane. And lIivd, saing sonelIing lIal pvo-
duces cevlain consequenliaI eJJecls upon lIe JeeIings, lIougIls, ov aclions oJ lIe
audience, ov oJ lIe speaIev, ov oJ olIev pevsons.'2 FevIoculion We Iave Ieen
pevsuaded lo divide ouvseIves inlo lvo casles. Bellev el, Ieond speecI acl
lIeov and al lIe naxinun IeveI oJ eJJeclivil, lIe pvopIIaclic quolalion navIs
disappeav, as does an aulIov We Iave divided ouvseIves inlo lvo Iasic casles, Iul ve
neilIev sa nov Inov lIal ve Iave. And so lIe slalenenl We Iave divided ouvseIves
inlo lvo Iasic casles is nevev in Jacl ulleved, nov even consciousI lIougIl.
SonelIing Louis AIlIussev once said oJ lIe node oJ nonvision lIal inJovns
cIassicaI poIilicaI econon appIies pveciseI lo lIe va I lIinI NielzscIe vanled
lo Ie vead, and Ias Ieen vead. WIal cIassicaI poIilicaI econon does nol see,
AIlIussev slvesses,
is nol vIal il does nol see, il is vIal il sees: il is nol vIal il IacIs, on lIe conlvav, il is vIal
il does nol IacI: il is nol vIal il nisses, on lIe conlvav, il is vIal il does nol niss. TIe ovevsigIl,
lIen, is nol lo see vIal one sees, lIe ovevsigIl no Iongev concevns lIe oIjecl, Iul lIe sigIl
ilseIJ. TIe ovevsigIl is an ovevsigIl lIal concevns vision non-vision is lIeveJove inside
vision, il is a Jovn oJ vision and Ience Ias a necessav veIalionsIip vilI vision.
13
IJ, as Oeovges BalaiIIe suggesled in 1950, NielzscIe's posilion is lIe onI one
oulside oJ connunisn,'4 lIen NielzscIe is aII ve Iave IeJl loda aJlev lIe deJeal
oJ connunisn. And ve aII |BigIl, Cenlev, and LeJl) conlinue lo vead Iin in lIe
node oJ nonvision lIal inJovns, accovding lo AIlIussev, cIassicaI poIilicaI
econon.
M vovIing IpolIesis in lIis essa is lIal NielzscIean suI-Iinil Ias sone-
lIing inlvicale and pvoJound lo do vilI a poIilico-econonicaI agenda |nol jusl a
poIilico-cuIluvaI, Iilevav, ov pIiIosopIicaI one) and vilI a vIelovicaI lecInique
Jov veaIizing il, in pavl IenealI and Ieond lIe suvJace oJ cognilion. Ovasping
lIis duaI pvojecl na IeIp us aIso lo gvasp lIe pavadox oJ lIe exislence oJ LeJl
NielzscIeanisn lIal is, ils vev exislence in IigIl oJ NielzscIe's adananl seIJ-
povlvaaI oJ IinseIJ as an eIilisl. UndevslandaII, NielzscIe nevev JuII avlicu-
Ialed lIis pvojecl in Iis puIIisIed vviling and aIIuded lo il onI inconpIeleI even
in Iis unpuIIisIed Iellevs and noleIooIs. I suggesl JuvlIev lIal lIe veason Jov
lIis velicence |vIicI is onI veIalive: aJlev aII, Ie oJlen openI pvocIained Iis
anlidenocvalic opinions and connilnenl lo Jovns oJ sIavev lo sone exlenl)
is inlinaleI and suvvepliliousI veIaled lo Iis conviclion nol onI lIal Iis slvon-
gesl inJIuence Iad lo Ie suIIininaI in ovdev lo exevl ils naxinun sociaI eJJecl,
Iul aIso lIal il Iad lo Ie pvogvanned nol Jov lIe pvesenl Iul Jov lIe Juluve,
pvoIeplicaII.
FvoIepsis |pviov gvasp, pveconceplion, ov anlicipalion) is a gvannalicaI and
vIelovicaI pvincipIe nan vvilevs enpIo in lIeiv allenpls lo Iandicap
vesponse lo lIeiv vovI.'6 As lIe lvope oJ anlicipalion, il is used in neavI aII
Jovns oJ navvalive lo pvopeI lIe inaginalion oJ lIe veadev |ov Iislenev ov vievev)
inlo a |lexluaI, nusicaI, ov visuaI) Juluve, vIicI can lIen Ie aJJivned ov suI-
vevled. Il vas a pavlicuIav Javovile oJ NielzscIe |and, as il Iappens, oJ Baude-
Iaive). FvoIepsis is a va oJ vepvesenling Juluve acls ov deveIopnenls as Ieing
aIvead aInosl pvesenl, a va oJ pveenpling possiIIe oIjeclions and opposilions
lo veaIen lIeiv Jovce. TIus, il is aIso a Ie levn oJ poIilicaI econon, vilI speciJic
IegaI veJevence lo pvopevl veIalions. In Bonan Iav, pvoIepsis vas veIaled lo lIe
pvincipIe oJ pveenplion, lIe vigIl lo appvopviale pvopevl lo lIe Juluve excIu-
sion oJ olIevs. FuvlIev, in Epicuvean |and lo sone exlenl Sloic) epislenoIog
|caveJuII sludied I NielzscIe), vIiIe lIeve is onI one uIlinale cvilevion oJ
lvulI, naneI sensalion, lIeve ave suIsidiav cvilevia lIal incIude nol onI eno-
lions |palIos, Iedone) Iul aIso a nenlaI appveIension, a Jovn oJ Ieing Inovn,
caIIed nolilia |Lucvelius) ov pvoIepsis |Epicuvus IinseIJ). Since lIese cvilevia veJev
lo a conceplion ov IeIieJ nol devived diveclI Jvon sense pevceplions, lIe ave nol
necessaviI veviJiaIIe epislenoIogicaII: nonelIeIess lIe ave inpovlanl pvagnal-
icaII, Junclioning as a slandavd againsl vIicI lIe lvulI oJ suIsequenl appveIen-
sions can Ie judged and IeId accounlaIIe. Bul nol onI does pvoIepsis anlicipale
lIese slandavds, il aIso IeIps pvoduce lIen in lIe Jivsl pIace, in lIe Jovn oJ a seIJ-
JuIJiIIing pvopIec. So il is lIal pvoIepsis vovIs. Il vovIs incovpovaliveI |vecaIIing
HegeI's laIe on lIe lviaI and dealI oJ Socvales'7),
IegenonicaII
|in lIe Sloic sense
oJ IegenoniI6n lIe souI's diveclive ov guiding Junclion), and aIso cIevnelicaII
|OveeI IIevne'les 'navigalov).'8 TIus, nol onI does pvoIepsis vovI, il navigales
and guides I pvoducing |Lalin pvo-duceve). NielzscIe adnived Epicuvean pvoIepsis
Jov ils naleviaIisl and anlilIeoIogicaI Iul-nosl oJ aII-poIilico-econonic inpIi-
calions, as Ie undevslood lIen. Fvon Iis palIos oJ dislance Ie vieved lIe
enlive sveep oJ nodevn sociaI and inleIIecluaI Iislov as one in vIicI CIvis-
lianil Iad acconnodaled ilseIJ lo a pveexisling, genevaII inpIanled anli-
IealIendon, lo cuIls lIal Iad Ieen conIaled I Epicuvus nove pveciseI, lo
veIigions oJ lIe Iovev nass oJ vonen, oJ sIaves, oJ NON-NOBLE casles. '9 And lIis
anaIsis delevnined Iov NielzscIe vieved Iis ovn pvoIeplic inlevvenlion inlo
vovId Iislov. TIeveJove, veading NielzscIean pvoIepsis, ve ave juslI vavned I
Anlonio Ovansci
Il is cevlain lIal pvediclion onI neans seeing lIe pvesenl and lIe pasl cIeavI as nove-
nenl. Seeing lIen cIeavI in olIev vovds, accuvaleI idenliJing lIe JundanenlaI and
pevnanenl eIenenls oJ lIe pvocess. Bul il is aIsuvd lo lIinI oJ a puveI oIjeclive pve-
18 BEFBESENTATIONS
diclion.
AnIod
vIo naIes a
pvediclion
Ias in Jacl a
pvogvanne
Jov vIose
viclov
Ie
is vovIing, and Iis pvediclion is pveciseI an eIenenl conlviIuling lo lIal viclov.20
I an avguing lIal NielzscIe vovIed quile consciousI vilIin lIe Iong lvadi-
lion oJ esolevic lIougIl and vviling. His veadevs sIouId Ieav in nind lIal Iis
pvinav acadenic lvaining vas in cIassicaI pIiIoIog ov vIal in Euvope is caIIed
lexluaI cvilicisn. Move speciJicaII, Iis eavI pvoJessionaI vovI vas devoled
aInosl excIusiveI lo lIe pvoIIen oJ allviIulion |in Biogenes Laevlius especiaII),
lo nove ov Iess oIjeclive lecIniques oJ sovling oul queslions oJ inlenlion and
aulIovsIip in canonicaI lexls. In olIev vovds, NielzscIe Inev aII aIoul lecI-
niques oJ delecling lIe aulIov ov aulIovil IeIind lIe lexl, and il onI slands lo
veason lIal Ie vouId Iave pul lIese lecIniques lo vovI in Iis ovn vviling,
veveaIing and conceaIing IinseIJ and Iis inlenlions as lIe occasion vavvanled-
in lexls lIal conlinue lo Ie venavIaII canonicaI, aulIovilalive, and addiclive
undev nodevn and poslnodevn condilions. In an case, il is aIso veasonaIIe lo
lIinI lIal one va oJ gelling al NielzscIe's concepl oJ esolevicisn in genevaI and
oJ lIe poIilico-econonic in speciJic-oJ gelling aJlev NielzscIean suI-Iinil-is
lo Inov Iov Ie vead olIev aulIovs. WIiIe il na seen a slvelcI lo avlicuIale
lIe giganlic pIiIosopIico-poIilico-econonic-seniolico-vIelovicaI pvoIIenalic oJ
NielzscIeanisn I Jocussing on NielzscIe's conpavaliveI ninuscuIe veIalionsIip
lo CIavIes BaudeIaive |1821-1867), lIis vesponse gvasps vev IillIe oJ NielzscIe's
va oJ doing Iusiness-Jov vIicI, in ils JuII conpIexil, ve nusl luvn as did Ie,
slvange lo sa, lo BaudeIaive.
To anlicipale one oJ n nain lIeses IvieJI NielzscIe's veIalionsIip lo Bau-
deIaive vas deepI anIivaIenl. On lIe one Iand Ie idenliJied vilI BaudeIaive in
a va lIal exceeded avlicuIalion: on lIe olIev BaudeIaive vas Jov Iin neveI
one sign anong olIevs in Iis inpossiIIe, unveadaIIe, and IovviJic pvojecl.
II
Lale FeIvuav 1888 Jound NielzscIe vviling Jvon a pension in Nice lo
Iis secvelav and Jviend, lIe nusician and conposev Inovn as Felev Oasl. Nielz-
scIe inJovns Iin lIal Ie Iad Ieen avidI veading a vecenlI puIIisIed coIIeclion
oJ BaudeIaive's poslIunous vovIs lIal Iad appeaved onI nonlIs eavIiev lIe
Oeuvves poslIunes el covvespondences inediles.2' NielzscIe lIen IvoacIed a Javovile
lopic oJ lIeiv convevsalions Wagnev's slIe and ils inpacl.22 On lIis pavlicuIav
occasion, NielzscIe posed lvo queslions WIo lo dale Ias Ieen Iesl pvepaved lo
veceive Wagnev's slIe? and WIo is I naluve and nosl inlinaleI Wagnevian,
in spile and vilIoul Wagnev? |KOB 3/5263: enpIasis added). In sIovl, Iov does
inJIuence vovI suI vosa, suIculaneousI, suIconsciousI? TIis, as ve Iave Iegun
lo see, is avguaII lIe queslion posed I aII oJ NielzscIe's vviling.
A deepev expIanalion Jov Iis lvo |appavenlI nuluaII inconpaliIIe) ques-
lions lo Oasl is lIal NielzscIe IinseIJ vanled lo pvoduce a IogogvapIic slIe
lIal vouId Iave ils deepesl eJJecl lacilI and I indiveclion, a pvojecl Inovn
aIvead lo anliquil.23 Be lIis as il na, in NielzscIe's nodevn vavianl, Iis exolevic
va oJ Ieginning lo ansvev Iis ovn queslions, al Ieasl lo Oasl, vas lo nole lIal-
Iesides onI IinseIJ-lIe nan Iesl pvepaved lo veceive Wagnev Iad Ieen lIal
Iizavve, lIvee-quavlev JooI BaudeIaive, lIe poel oJ
LesJIeuvs
du naI |KOB 3/5263).
Nole lIal lIis cIavaclevizalion oJ BaudeIaive vas nol inlended lo Ie IosliIe, ov
nol enliveI so. NielzscIe's viev oJ JooIs and JooIisIness vas cIavaclevislicaII
conpIex, as is evidenced, Jov exanpIe, I Iis enlIusiasn Jov Fodov Bosloev-
sI's Idiol. And NielzscIe IinseIJ vas Iapp lo pIa lIe JooI vIenevev appvo-
pviale. In an case, lIis is lIe onI nenlion oJ BaudeIaive in NielzscIe's exlanl
Iellevs-lIougI nol, as viII Ie seen sIovlI, lIe onI nenlion eIsevIeve in aII Iis
vviling, puIIisIed and unpuIIisIed.
In lIis sane 1888 Iellev, NielzscIe aIso nenlions lo Oasl lIal Ie Iad vead
BaudeIaive sevevaI eavs eavIiev. Al lIal line, Ie nov vviles, Ie Iad JeIl sovv
lIal lIis JundanenlaII veIaled spivil did nol discovev Wagnev duving Iis ovn
IiJeline. NielzscIe goes on lo slvess lIal, duving lIal Jivsl encounlev vilI Bau-
deIaive, Ie Iad navIed lIose passages in Iis poens in vIicI a Iind oJ Wagnevian
sensiIiIil exisls lIal olIevvise Ias nol laIen Jovn in Iilevaluve: and nov Nielz-
scIe adds pavenlIelicaII BaudeIaive is a IiIevline, nslicaI, 'salanic,' Iul aIove
aII Wagnevian. One oJ NielzscIe's nain inpIicalions and inlevesls, Iased on lIe
assunplion lIal BaudeIaive vas unavave oJ Wagnev, vas lIal povevJuI Iilevav
and pIiIosopIicaI inJIuence can Ie, one nigIl sa, uncann. NielzscIe is nov
inpIing, pIausiII ov nol, lIal Ie used lo lIinI lIal BaudeIaive vas Wagnevian
IeJove lIe Jacl and independenl oJ an divecl inJIuence. Oiven NielzscIe's conlenpl Jov
HegeIians, il is Jaiv lo assune lIal Ie is nol appeaIing lo lIe zeilgeisl lo expIain
lIis accovd. Il vas valIev lIe seniolico-iIIoculionav pvincipIe ov possiIiIil oJ
indivecl disseninalion lIal seens lo Iave inlvigued NielzscIe nosl. |He Iad
aIvead appvopvialed Jvon Benedicl de Spinoza lIe aIslvacl nolion oJ aclio in
dislans, and Iad Ieen slvuggIing lo appI lIe quasi-lIeoIogicaI nolion oJ aIsenl
cause lo Iis ovn iIIoculionav slvalegies.) OnI vecenlI, NielzscIe conlinues in
Iis 1888 Iellev lo Oasl, Iad Ie discoveved sonelIing lIal Iad cIanged Iis nind
aIoul lIe BaudeIaive-Wagnev conneclion: and, in consequence, Ie Ias cIanged
Iis nind aIoul IolI lIe IislovicaI and pevsonaI signiJicance oJ BaudeIaive.
Lel us slep IacI Jivsl Jov a nonenl in line. NielzscIe Iad indeed Iegun
vecovding Iis vesponse lo BaudeIaive in Iis noleIooIs aIoul lIvee eavs eavIiev,
Ieginning in 1885. TIis occuvved on lIe sane pages vIeve Ie vas slavling lo
luvn vioIenlI againsl FviedvicI HoIdevIin, vIo Iad Ieen Javovile poel oJ lIe
leenaged NielzscIe, Iul vIo in lIe neanline Iad in pvivale Iecone Jov Iin jusl
anolIev decadenl, a nasluvIalov vilI a lin penis, and so on. In lIe sane
noleIooI, NielzscIe Iad luvned aIso againsl Oiacono Leopavdi, anolIev eavIiev
Javovile, and vIo-IiIe HoIdevIin and NielzscIe IinseIJ-vas a pIiIosopIev,
20 BEFBESENTATIONS
cIassicaI pIiIoIogisl, and poel. Bul nov Leopavdi, loo, vas Jov Iin pavl oJ lIe
idenlicaI nalvix oJ sexuaI innuendo and conlenpl. AII lIe noleIooIs NielzscIe
used Ielveen lIe spving oJ 1884 and lIe spving oJ 1885, vIiIe conposing TIus
SpoIe ZavalIuslva, indicale lIal a dvanalic vevevsaI vas laIing pIace, ov Iad
aIvead laIen pIace, vilI vegavd lo nan Javovile poels oJ pvevious eavs. HoI-
devIin and Leopavdi veve allacIed in an especiaII ad Ioninen nannev, vIicI in
ils vioIence and scuvviIil exceeded anlIing Inovn lo dale in NielzscIe's con-
pIex veceplion oJ eilIev nan. NielzscIe vas especiaII oIsessed vilI queslions
aIoul lIeiv sexuaIil, aIIuding davII lo excessive nasluvIalion and Ionosexu-
aIil.24 TIis veaclion vas pvesunaII sone sovl oJ seIJ-Ialved. Il appeavs lo Iave
Ieen so slvong as lo eIude seIJ-veJIexive cvilique and avlicuIalion even in one oJ
lIe nosl vadicaII seIJ-conscious oJ lIinIevs |accovding lo Fveud)-unIess nove
lIan sexuaIil vas al slaIe.
In 1885 NielzscIe's veJevences lo BaudeIaive Iad aIso cone in noslI unJIal-
leving levns. Fov inslance, in ApviI ov June, Ie Iad depicled BaudeIaive as a
cevlain Ipev-evolic eJJeninac lIal veeIs oJ Favis |lIe cil vIeve NielzscIe Iad
once pIanned lo go vilI Jviends lo slud naluvaI science, Iul Iad nevev acluaII
Ieen). Wovse sliII, given NielzscIe's undisguised disgusl vilI Oevnan and Oev-
nans, BaudeIaive Iad Ieen lIen Jov Iin, in eJJecl iJ nol Jacl, aIvead lolaII
Oevnan and a lpe oJ Wagnev vilIoul nusic: and il vas pvinaviI in lIis sense
lIal NielzscIe Iad lIougIl in 1885 lIal lIeve vas a Iol oJ Wagnev in Baude-
Iaive.25 To Ie suve, lIis veaclion Iad nol Ieen Iased on a pavlicuIavI pvoJound
Jivsl encounlev. WIen NielzscIe Iad Iegun veading BaudeIaive in eavI 1885, in
an 1882 FvencI edilion oJ
LesJIeuvs
du naI, Ie Iad IasliI navIed sone passages
|nainI cIosing slanzas and oIvious puncI Iines) vilI a penciI ov cvaon. Bul |as
vas lIe vonl oJ a nan vIo lended lo avoid pvinav lexls, in Iilevaluve as in
pIiIosopI, vIen Ie couId use secondav accounls26) Ie did vead vilI especiaI
cave lIe Iong IiogvapIicaI essa on BaudeIaive I TIeopIiIe Oauliev,27 lIe
inpovlance oJ vIicI ve viII veluvn lo Ialev.
WilIin veeIs oJ vediscoveving BaudeIaive in eavI 1888, NielzscIe's Jivsl veac-
lion is lo IasI oul againsl Iin in Iis noleIooIs, Jov lIe sane veason Ie Iad luvned
againsl HoIdevIin and Leopavdi pveviousI. Nov BaudeIaive, loo, is nol onI el
anolIev nodevn pessinisl, and Ience decadenl, Iul aIso, NielzscIe enpIa-
sizes, pIsioIogicaII decadenl.28 Fov inslance, one nole soneline in eavI 1888
|appavenlI an oulIine Jov a JuIIev avgunenl) veads
TIe pIiIosopIevs oJ pessinisn
pIsioIogicaI decadenls
e. g., BaudeIaive
ScIopenIauev
Leopavdi sexuaI deviance in lIe Ieginning,
inpolenc oJJ and on as vesuIl.
|KOW 8/3223)
NonelIeIess, in lIe Iasl senlence oJ Iis Iellev lo Oasl in FeIvuav 1888, Nielz-
scIe valIev coI ciles pIiIosopIev BaudeIaive's oIsevvalion lIal Wagnev's
nusic Iad exevled a cevlain pIsioIogicaI eJJecl on Iin-as il Iad on NielzscIe
IinseIJ. BeJove IooIing al lIis cilalion, il is inpovlanl lo vecaII lIal, in lIe dis-
couvse oJ lIe Iale nineleenlI cenluv, pIsioIog |and ils cIose veIalive, pIsiog-
non) lends lo pvove decadence, and vice vevsa. Nole aIso lIal vIen NielzscIe
veJevs lo decadence, especiaII in conlexls veIaled lo Wagnev, Ie oJlen pIas vilI
ils nusicaI sense as de-cadence. As Ie vas veII avave, lIe Iasic elnoIog is
Jvon Lalin decadeve, lo JaII ov deleviovale, and Ience lo die lo IiII and Ie IiIIed.
WIicI is anolIev va oJ saing lIal nusic and decadence ave suIIine. Because
NielzscIe Iad appvopvialed Jvon AvlIuv ScIopenIauev and Wagnev lIe nolion
lIal nusic is lIe cIosesl expvession ov appvoxinalion oJ lIe WiII |WiIIe), as
opposed lo neve Bepvesenlalion |VovsleIIung), nusic vas lIe supvene node nol
neveI oJ suIIine decadence Iul aIso oJ suIIininaI esolevicisn. |As is veII Inovn,
Wagnev's innovalions in slaging incIuded lIe pIacenenl oJ lIe ovcIeslva IeIov
lIe ee IeveI oJ lIe audience, so as lo naIe il-and ils eJJecl-invisiIIe, suIIin-
inaI.) In lIis concepluaI scIene lIal nigIl Ie caIIed lIe poIilicaI econon oJ
decadence, WiII |Bionsus) pIas lIe Iase lo lIe supevslvucluve oJ Bepvesenlalion
|ApoIIo). And vviling |conIining pIiIosopI and Iilevaluve) Iecones lIe poinl
oJ nosl pvoxinale avlicuIalion Ielveen lIe invisiIIe and lIe visiIIe, nusic and
lIe visuaI avls, WiII and Bepvesenlalion, consciousI pevceived and suIconscious
inJIuence. Il vas in lIis va, lIen, lIal decadence and nusic suppIied Nielz-
scIe vilI a Iasic pavadign oJ Iis ovn vovI. He vas aIvas on lIe aIevl Jov olIev
vvilevs vIo veve vovIing aIong siniIav Iines and Jvon vIon Ie nigIl Ieavn Iov
lo vvile and nol vvile. In an evenl, 'TIis nusic,' NielzscIe in FeIvuav 1888
quoles BaudeIaive as Iaving said oJ Wagnev, 'is one oJ lIe vev gveal jos oJ n
exislence Jov a good JiJleen eavs I've nol JeIl sucI an eveclion [EvIeIung] |ov
valIev enIevenenl)' |KOW 3/5265).
SucI enIedded quolalions Ieave al Ieasl nonenlaviI undecidaIIe exaclI
vIo is speaIing, vIal is veaII inlended and neanl. BoIand BavlIes once
venavIed lIal lIe lendenc oJ expIicil quolalion, evev use oJ quolalion navIs,
deslvos nuIlivaIence, speciJicaII nuIlivaIence gvasped as a lvansgvession oJ
ovnevsIip.29 Bul ovnevsIip is pvesunaII jusl vIal esolevicisn pveJevs lo con-
ceaI vilIin discouvse Jov lIe saIe oJ pvoIepsis and naxinun pevIoculionav
eJJecl. Il seens, in an case, lIal lIe nusic oJ Wagnev, nov as nedialed I Bau-
deIaive, possessed Jov NielzscIe lIe quasi-sexuaI, and cevlainI pIaIIocenlvic,
povev nol neveI lo disseninale Iul aIso lo veIpvoduce lIe |seniolic and iIIocu-
lionav, iJ nol aIso pIsioIogicaI) looIs oJ disseninalion. In sIovl, slIe is penis ov
pIaIIus-IilevaII as veII as JiguvaliveI. Bul, again, lo vIal end? NielzscIe's pvi-
vale noles oJ lIe line avound 1887/88 naIe cIeav lIal Ie seens lo Iave Jound
pavlicuIavI inlviguing BaudeIaive's poIice vecovd, sucI as il vas, in IigIl oJ lIe
Jacl lIal lIe Iallev Iad no pIeIeian ov Iouvgeois neliev and vas cIean vilI
22 BEFBESENTATIONS
vespecl lo induslviaIisn.30 Fov vIal is uIlinaleI al slaIe Jov NielzscIe in
Wagnev, in BaudeIaive, and in Iis ovn vovI is an avislocvalic-vadicaI |nol lo sa
aIso avcIpalviavcIaI and pIaIIic) node oJ pvoduclion.
III
Il is Iale 1888, aIoul lvo nonlIs IeJove NielzscIe's ovn deJinilive
nenlaI and pIsicaI coIIapse in Tuvin. Nov BaudeIaive is Jov NielzscIe pvivaleI
jusl one cIinicaI Joolnole ov sign inlev aIia, inlev paves in lIe gIoIaI svanp oJ
nodevnisl seIJ-Ialved lIe case oJ BaudeIaive in Fvance, lIe case oJ Edgav AIIan
Foe in Anevica, lIe case oJ Wagnev in Oevnan, and so on.3' Bul lIis venavI,
in OcloIev 1888, vas appavenlI inlended Jov Iis ees onI. NielzscIe's onI puI-
IisIed veJevences lo BaudeIaive appeaved posldenens in TviIigIl oJ lIe IdoIs, Ov,
Hov One FIiIosopIizes vilI a Hannev |1888) and in Ecce Hono Hov One Becones
WIal One Is |1888). Heve Ie veJevs lo BaudeIaive Jivsl, in passing, as an ecIo oJ
lIe lIen nove popuIav vvilev CIavIes-Auguslin de Sainle-Beuve |1804-1869).32
And lIen, equaII in passing, Ie duIs BaudeIaive lIe Jivsl inleIIigenl discipIe oJ
Wagnev, IeJove quicII adding pevIaps Ie vas aIso Iasl.33 TIe Iallev venavI is
a cIavaclevislicaII ivonic nod lovavd IinseIJ. NielzscIe vas cevlainI nol sI lo
IaIeI IinseIJ a lpe oJ decadenl. One possiIIe veading oJ sucI adnissions vouId
Ie lo sa lIal, in lIis va, NielzscIe couId indicale onI a cevlain dislance Jvon
decadence. Fuve decadenls, lIe Kanlian ov HegeIian avgunenl nigIl go, do nol
I deJinilion Inov lIal lIe ave decadenl, do nol caII lIenseIves decadenl.
WIal sliII vouId venain uncIeav in sucI a veading, Iovevev, is lIe possiIIe laclicaI
and slvalegic nolivalion IeIind sucI palenled NielzscIean lvulIJuIness.
Lel ne sun up lIe avgunenl so Jav. Fov one IvieJ nonenl, in eavI 1888, in
lIe FeIvuav Iellev lo Felev Oasl, NielzscIe's vievs oJ BaudeIaive ave venavIaII
nove posilive and conpIex lIan lIe Iad Ieen a Jev eavs eavIiev ov soon vouId
Ie vilIin Iis Iasl eav oJ pvoduclivil. In genevaI NielzscIe avevs lIal BaudeIaive's
Oeuvves poslIunes el covvespondances inediles Iave IeJl Iin deepI inpvessed I lIis
invaIuaIIe pscIoIogicaI anaIsis oJ decadence. Bul lIeve is nove. Fov NielzscIe
aIso slvesses lIe Jacl lIal lIis pvopevI BaudeIaivean insigIl vas exaclI lIe lpe
oJ anaIsis lIal in lIe case oJ ScIopenIauev and Bvon Ias Ieen incinevaled
[vevIvannl]. In olIev vovds, NielzscIe vas cIaining a vave gIinpse, lIvougI Bau-
deIaive, inlo sonelIing novnaII nol seen-Iecause acliveI suppvessed, |seIJ)-
censoved, deslvoed-and lIus esolevic. SonelIing sexuaI, one nigIl suspecl,
Iul sonelIing eIse Iesides.
NielzscIe Ieavns Jvon lIe Oeuvves poslIunes lIal, conlvav lo pviov assunp-
lion, BaudeIaive and Wagnev Iad in Jacl Inovn oJ one anolIev, Iong IeJove Ie
Iad Iecone in eJJecl lIeiv onI nuluaI Jviend. IncIuded anong lIe pveviousI
unpuIIisIed papevs oJ BaudeIaive, Iis Oeuvves poslIunes, NielzscIe Ias discov-
eved a connunicalion Jvon Wagnev lo BaudeIaive, ciled in JuII I Oauliev in Iis
inlvoduclion. Wagnev vas vesponding lo an avlicIe on Iin lIal BaudeIaive Iad
puIIisIed in lIe ApviI 1861 edilion oJ La vevue euvopeene. |TIis vas one oJ a
IandJuI oJ jouvnaIs al lIe line posiliveI veceplive lo BaudeIaive's vovI.34 I viII
veluvn lo lIe signiJicance oJ lIe dale 1861.) NielzscIe, vIo is 44 in 1888, veciles
Wagnev's Iellev lo Oasl, adding Wagnev vas lIen 48 eavs oId, BaudeIaive 40
lIe Iellev is loucIing, lIougI in nisevaIIe FvencI |KOB 3/5264).3
Wagnev's Iellev cIains lIal Ie Iad lvied lo neel BaudeIaive in pevson nan
lines in Favis, Iul JaiIed lo do so. Wagnev |aIvas eagev Jov cuIluvaI-inpeviaIisl
lviunpIs) inlones lIe innense salisJaclion lIal BaudeIaive's avlicIe in La vevue
euvopeene Ias given Iin, and adds |valIev disingenuousI) lIal il Ias given Iis
ovn poov laIenl nove encouvagenenl lIan anlIing eIse Ie Ias evev vead aIoul
IinseIJ. He goes on lo idenliJ IinseIJ as an enlIusiasl Jov BaudeIaive's poelv,
Ioping lo caII IinseIJ Jviend. NielzscIe is pavlicuIavI Jascinaled al lIis poinl
in Wagnev's Iellev, inlevjecling lo Oasl lIal iJ I an nol lolaII deceived, a Iellev
vilI lIis Iind oJ gvalilude and even enlIusiasn Wagnev vvole on onI one olIev
occasion |KOB 3/5264). OJ couvse, NielzscIe neans a Iellev lo IinseIJ naneI,
one vvillen aJlev Wagnev Iad veceived a pevsonaII inscviIed cop oJ NielzscIe's
Jivsl IooI, aIso dedicaled lo Wagnev, TIe BivlI oJ Tvaged Oul oJ lIe Spivil oJ Music,
va IacI in 1872.
So FviedvicI NielzscIe seens-al Ieasl Jov a nonenl in 1888-lo Iave posi-
liveI idenliJied, velvoacliveI as veII as pvesenlI, lIvougI lIe nedialion oJ
BicIavd Wagnev, vilI CIavIes BaudeIaive. Yel a pscIoanaIlic ov pscIosexuaI
idenliJicalion is nevev excIusiveI al slaIe in anlIing ov anone loucIed I Nielz-
scIe, lIe naslev seniolician oJ consciousI conceaIed signs-and lIeiv poIilicaI
econonisl.
IV
NielzscIe's Iellev lo Oasl in FeIvuav 1888 noles lIal lIeve ave olIev
lIings oJ inlevesl in lIe Oeuvves poslIunes nolaII BaudeIaive's deJense oJ Hein-
vicI Heine againsl FvencI cvilicisn, vIicI dispIaed lo good advanlage Iis
Iilevav-cvilicaI acunen, and lIe discovev lIal duving lIe Iasl peviod oJ Iis IiJe,
vIen BaudeIaive vas IaIJ nad and sIovI going undev, Wagnevian nusic Iad
Ieen IiIe nedicine lo Iin, as Iad indeed lIe neve nenlion oJ Wagnev's nane.
WIal NielzscIe does nol leII Iis nusician Jviend Oasl, Iovevev, vas lIal Ie Iad
Jound in lIe Oeuvves poslIunes even nove poinls oJ inlevesl-as onI veluvning lo
NielzscIe's noleIooIs, nol inlended Jov puIIicalion, naIes cIeav.
NeedIess lo sa, NielzscIe's inlevesl in BaudeIaive in eavI 1888 is ovevdelev-
24 BEFBESENTATIONS
nined. On lIe ad Ioninen IeveI-so inpovlanl Jov NielzscIe in levns oJ lIe
quasi-idenliJicalov pvoIIenalic lIal delevnined lo sone exlenl Iis appvopvia-
lion oJ vivluaII evev IislovicaI Jiguve-NielzscIe sIaves vilI BaudeIaive in
pavlicuIav lIe lenpevanenl oJ a decadenl and dand. TIis vas aIvead Bau-
deIaive's seIJ-descviplion in Iis pvivale diavies, as NielzscIe nov discoveved in lIe
Oeuvves poslIunes. Bul lIis is aIso Iov NielzscIe vas Inovn lo Iis Jviends, Jov Iis
nannev oJ dvess, anong olIev lIings: and a dislinclI Ionoevolic ov IonosexuaI
undevcuvvenl inJovned lIis inage.36 Be lIis as il na, NielzscIe is Jinding in
BaudeIaive a deep pscIoIog, even pscIoanaIsis, oJ decadence, dandisn, and
Jianevie. In sone vespecls, lo Ie suve, NielzscIe na lIus Ie seeing nolIing suI-
slanliaII nove in BaudeIaive lIan Ie is aIvead Jinding in nosl olIev nodevn
vvilevs, sucI as, sa, BosloevsI and Lev NiIoIaevicI ToIslo, IolI oJ vIon Ie
is aIso veading inlenlI avound lIis line. Indeed, decadence Jov NielzscIe is Jasl
Ieconing lIe nigIl in vIicI aII covs ave IIacI, as lIe sun on Iis ovn nenlaI IiJe
is selling. NonelIeIess, an Wagnev-conneclion is naluvaII oJ pavlicuIav Jasci-
nalion lo NielzscIe, vIose depiclions nol onI oJ BaudeIaive's pIsicaI IeaIlI and
nenlaI slale Iul aIso oJ lIe aIIegedI pIsioIogicaI and nedicinaI eJJecls oJ nusic
cIoseI pavaIIeI sone oJ Iis ovn deepesl IiJe expeviences and pIiIosopIico-
vIelovicaI conviclions.
TIe possiIIe IinI, Jov NielzscIe, Ielveen BaudeIaive and Wagnevian nusic
needs lo Ie eIaIovaled IvieJI and in a necessaviI specuIalive va. FavadoxicaII,
vIal NielzscIe adnived nosl in Wagnev vas nol Iis nusic excIusiveI ov pev se.
NielzscIe's dislasle Jov lIe dispIaced, veiIed, and incveasingI CIvisloIogicaI
aspecl oJ Wagnev's lIenes is veII Inovn. NielzscIe vas nol unlaIenled as a con-
posev: and |accovding lo Jviends) Ie vas a veasonaII acconpIisIed pianisl and
inpvovisev. Bul in neilIev capacil vas Ie inJIuenced I Wagnev, in lIe sense oJ
Iis ovn conposilionaI pvoduclion in nusic. TIe conposilionaI inJIuence cane in
Iis vviling. NielzscIe's lIeov and pvaclice oJ seniolics and iIIoculion veve nas-
siveI inJIuenced I Wagnev's naslev pvincipIe |appvopvialed, lo vepeal, Jvon
ScIopenIauev's lIeov oJ lIe WiII as dislinguisIed Jvon Bepvesenlalion) lIal lIe
gvealesl povev oJ nusic and auvaIil is lIeiv suIconscious inJIuence, lIeiv suIcula-
neous eJJicac IenealI lIe lIvesIoId oJ conscious pevceplion and neve Bepvesen-
lalions. Il is pveciseI in lIis va, lIen, lIal nusic aIso sIovs ils pvopev pvoIeplic
Junclion, one vIicI is nol neveI cuIluvaI-poIilicaI Iul aIso econonic. Il sels lIe
lone and nood, as il veve, Jov aII Jovns oJ socielaI inlevaclion. In lIe vovds oJ
Jacques AllaIi's Noise TIe FoIilicaI Econon oJ Music
Music is pvopIec. Ils slIes and econonic ovganizalion ave aIead oJ lIe vesl oJ sociel
Iecause il expIoves, nucI Jaslev lIan naleviaI veaIil can, lIe enlive vange oJ possiIiIilies
in a given code. Il naIes audiIIe lIe nev vovId lIal viII gvaduaII Iecone visiIIe, lIal viII
inpose ilseIJ and veguIale lIe ovdev oJ lIings: il is nol onI lIe inage oJ lIings, Iul lIe
lvanscending oJ lIe evevda, lIe IevaId oJ lIe Juluve.37
Bul nol necessaviI a conscious IevaId. TIeodov Adovno once suggesled, in a diJ-
Jevenl Iul veIaled conlexl
TIe unconscious, vIicI Wagnev Ieavned aIoul Jvon ScIopenIauev, Ias aIvead Iecone
ideoIog Jov Iin lIe lasI oJ nusic is lo vavn up lIe aIienaled and veiJied veIalions oJ
nen and naIe lIen sound as iJ lIe veve sliII Iunan. TIis lecInoIogicaI IosliIil lo con-
sciousness is lIe vev Joundalion oJ lIe nusic dvana. Il conIines lIe avls in ovdev lo
pvoduce an inloxicaling Ivev.38
TIe ovevavcIing Wagnevian pvojecl Iegilinaled, in luvn, one oJ NielzscIe's eav-
Iiesl cIiIdIood Janlasies. Yeavs IeJove veveading BaudeIaive in 1888, vilIin a eav
oJ Iaving discoveving Wagnev's nusic, silling al Iis desI al Ioavding scIooI in
1862, lIe eigIleen-eav-oId Io Iad vvillen
Il is dealII sliII in lIe voon-lIe one sound is lIe pen scvalcIing acvoss lIe papev-Jov
I Iove lo lIinI I vviling, given lIal lIe nacIine lIal couId inpvinl ouv lIougIls inlo sone
naleviaI vilIoul lIeiv Ieing spoIen ov vvillen Ias el lo Ie invenled. In Jvonl oJ ne is an inIveII
in vIicI I can dvovn lIe sovvovs oJ n IIacI Ieavl, a paiv oJ scissovs lo accuslon ne lo
lIe idea oJ sIilling n lIvoal, nanuscvipls vilI vIicI I can vipe nseIJ, and a cIanIev
pol.39
HenceJovlI NielzscIe vouId conlinue lo dvean lIis dvean oJ sadonasocIislic
lecInoIogies oJ suIIininaI inJIuence, vIicI, in lIe evenl, Ias laIen deep and Jivn
IoId on lIe poIilicaI unconscious oJ poslnodevnil.
Bul vIal is inpovlanl lo IigIIigIl, in lIis conlexl, is lIe Jacl lIal il vas
lIvougI Wagnev lIal NielzscIe JeIl sone sovl oJ idenliJicalov lie lo BaudeIaive.
FuvlIevnove, Iis Iellev lo Oasl in eavI 1888 encouvages anaIsis oJ Iis ad Ion-
inen vesponse lo lIe poel. Inpovlanl as sucI anaIses nigIl Ie, Iovevev, lIe
viII nevev gel al lIe JuII slov. FscIopalIoIog is nol lIe onI conlexl Jov ana-
Izing NielzscIe's iniliaI queslion lo Oasl: nove inlevesling Jov lIe puvpose oJ n
avgunenl is lIe IogogvapIic and seniolic pvoIIen oJ Wagnevian slIe in ils con-
scious pvogvanning oJ ils ovn veceplion I lIe vvilev and lIe nove ov Iess
unconscious veIalion lo ils veceplion I lIe veadev.40 WilI lIis IpolIesis in nind
ve veenlev lIe esolevic vovId oJ NielzscIe's noleIooIs.
V
A noleIooI used I NielzscIe duving lIe peviod exlending Jvon
NovenIev 1887 lo MavcI 1888 conlains sone sevenl pages oJ excevpls Jvon
BaudeIaive's Oeuvves poslIunes el covvespondances inediles.4' TIese pavlicuIav ex-
cevpls veve Iegun al lIe line oJ Iis Iellev lo Oasl in FeIvuav 1888, vIen one
nigIl Iave lIougIl Ie Iad Jav nove pvessing lIings lo do vilI Iis line lo vvile-
seveveI Iiniled as il vas I Iis nenlaI and pIsicaI IeaIlI. TIis Iavge noleIooI
vas lIe one sliII
Ieing
used
I
NielzscIe in
eavIJanuav 1889, vIen aII Iis scvevs
26 BEFBESENTATIONS
cane Ioose in Tuvin. Il conlains anong olIev lIings Iis Iasl anaIses oJ nodevnil
and decadence, as veII as oJ lIe Jesus and Wagnev cases ov lpes: veJIeclions
on slIe, Ia poesie puve, and avliJiciaI Favadise: lIe lIenalic oJ aeslIelic pessi-
nisn: noles pilling lIe good Euvopean againsl pell nalionaIisls: excevpls
Jvon ToIslo's M BeIigion and Jvon vavious FvencI vvilevs and cvilics Iesides
BaudeIaive: allacIs againsl Anevicanisn and enlIusiaslic pvaise oJ Jesuilisn
and MacIiaveIIianisn |aIoul IolI oJ vIicI Ie Iad expvessed sone vesevvalions
eavIiev in puIIisIed vvilings): veJIeclions on lIe Iislov oJ Euvopean niIiIisn:
and sevevaI incveasingI IslevicaI decIavalions oJ vav againsl lIe Favl oJ
Feace |Favlei des Fviedens) and on IeIaIJ oJ lIe Wav Favl |Kviegspavlei).42 Il is
in lIis Iale noleIooI, loo, lIal Leopavdi and HoIdevIin Iecone lIe expIicil oIjecls
oJ NielzscIe's aJovenenlioned scovn. Bul Iis veaI venon, on lIe JinaI pages oJ
lIe vev Iasl noleIooI Ie used in Tuvin, vas lo Ie vesevved Jov Iiggev SvaIians
lIan HoIdevIin naneI, lIe enlive House oJ HoIenzoIIevn Jov Iaving Ielvaed
lIe eIilisl nandale oJ Iislov. FinaII, il vas in lIis noleIooI lIal NielzscIe
vovIed oul Iis pIans lo vvile vIal Ie caIIed, JoIIoving Spinoza, Iis Tvaclalus
poIilicus.43 As sevevaI oulIines naIe cIeav, NielzscIe vas oIsessiveI concevned lo
Jind and pvoduce a connon lIvead anong aII lIese lIenes, lIougI Ie seens lo
Iave venained Jav Jvon an deJinilive soIulion ov neans oJ inpIenenlalion.
WIal is pavlicuIavI inlviguing lo us Ieve, Iovevev, is lIe Iong seclion oJ
excevpls Jvon BaudeIaive-posilioned in NielzscIe's noleIooI oJ 1888 Ielveen
sequences oJ expIicilI poIilicaI and econonic veJIeclions, enevging Jvon lIen
and JinaII veluvning lo lIen. Sonelines NielzscIe's excevpls Jvon BaudeIaive
ave unannolaled, sonelines annolaled, and sonelines, nosl inleveslingI, lIe
ave voven so ligIlI inlo NielzscIe's ovn pvose lIal il is vev Iavd, even inpos-
siIIe, lo see vIeve one lexl Iegins and lIe olIev ends. In sIovl, lIe idenliJicalion
is slIislic and inleIIecluaI, nol jusl pscIopalIoIogicaI. Sonelines NielzscIe
lvansIales passages Jvon FvencI inlo Oevnan, Iul oJlen Ie nixes up lIe Ian-
guages-cvealing, in eJJecl, a vudinenlav Jovn oJ inlevnalionaI slIe. Hov-
evev, lIis noleIooI is nol so nucI an exanpIe oJ poslnodevn paslicIe |scIizoid
ov olIev), Iul valIev a Iind oJ assiniIalion lIal suluves lIe gaps Ielveen quile
speciJic pvenodevn, nodevn, and pvoloposlnodevn poIilicaI inlenls. TIese sevenl
noleIooI pages aIso pvovide a gIinpse nol neveI inlo NielzscIe's inlevesl in
BaudeIaive Iul aIso-nucI nove signiJicanlI-inlo NielzscIe's JinaI va oJ
appvopvialing lexls genevaII lIal is, nol as a pvoIIenalic excIusiveI oJ Iilevaluve
and pIiIosopI Iul pvinaviI and uIlinaleI oJ poIilicaI econon.
Il is nol possiIIe Ieve lo anaIze in suJJicienl deplI NielzscIe's veading Jov-
nalion in genevaI, nov even as il is exenpIiJied I Iis veading oJ BaudeIaive's
poslIunous vovIs. Bul il is necessav lo adunIvale al Ieasl lIe saIienl Jealuves
oJ lIis veading Jovnalion, JoIIoving lIe genevaI pvincipIe lIal one vviles as one
veads44 and lIal lo Inov Iov lo vead a vvilev il is necessav |lIougI nol suJJi-
cienl) lo Inov Iov lIal vvilev veads olIevs.45
One oJ lIe nosl slviIing Jealuves, iniliaII, oJ lIe passages lIal NielzscIe
copies Jvon BaudeIaive, connenls on, and inlegvales inlo Iis vviling is lIeiv
exlvaovdinav vange oJ suIjecl nallev. NielzscIe's pvincipIe oJ seIeclion vas nol
veslvicled lo lIe lIene oJ Wagnevian decadence, as one nigIl nov expecl Jvon
NielzscIe's slvong lendenc lovavd lIe idenliJicalov |JoIIoved inevilaII I lIe
anli-idenliJicalov) vIen veading anone, incIuding BaudeIaive. In lIe Iasl Nielz-
scIean inslance, Jov oIvious IislovicaI as veII as pevsonaI veasons, lIe nainI ov
puveI aeslIelic BaudeIaive couId nevev Ie anlIing nove lIan a duodecino
Wagnev, Iul even Wagnev vas a sign, and nol lIe nosl inpovlanl lavgel.
Sone oJ NielzscIe's excevpls Jvon BaudeIaive lave lIeoIogicaI, ov valIev
lIeoIogico-poIilicaI |and Ience again oJ quasi-Spinozisl slanp). Fov inslance,
NielzscIe vecovds BaudeIaive's venavI lIal Ood is lIe onI Ieing vIo, in ovdev
lo vuIe, does nol even Iave lo exisl.46 |NielzscIe cIavaclevislicaII passes in
siIence ovev lIe Jivsl IaIJ oJ BaudeIaive's equalion, Even iJ Ood did nol exisl,
veIigion vouId sliII Ie IoI and divine, pvesunaII Iecause il vas loo excIusiveI
lIeoIogicaI.) OlIev noles veveaI NielzscIe's Jascinalion vilI lIe nove exolic
aspecls oJ BaudeIaive's aeslIelic decadence, incIuding aII lIe speclacuIav and
saIacious lIenes vavielies oJ sexuaI inlevcouvse, avliJiciaI slinuIanls, addiclion,
IIaspIen, Salanisn, pvoslilulion, andvogn, sleviIil, inpolence, disease, nad-
ness, nuvdev, suicide, sadonasocIisn, and olIev nodes oJ devianl IeIaviov.
Buljusl as Jascinaling lo NielzscIe is BaudeIaive's nove suIlIe, lIougI inlinaleI
veIaled, anaIsis oJ genius and oJ vIal lIe Iallev aIso caIIed seIJ-idoIalv |aulo-
idoIdlvie). TIis levn NielzscIe pavapIvases as lIe euvlInics oJ lIe cIavaclev
and oJ capacilies, insoJav as lIe Iallev nigIl Ie pvesevved and deveIoped-
Ieconing, nosl inleveslingI, vIal NielzscIe, nov JoIIoving BaudeIaive cIoseI,
caIIs a cuIl oJ seIJ-idoIalv |11 [ 186]). CuviousI, vIal BaudeIaive Iad caIIed Iav-
nonie poIilique, NielzscIe lvansJovns-ov sinpI nisveads |I lIis line Iis ee-
sigIl vas vovse lIan Iis FvencI)-inlo poeliscIe Havnonie. |Il viII Ie necessav
lo veluvn lo lIe nolion oJ Iavnon sIovlI, Jov ve viII see lIal il is one oJ lIe
JundanenlaI econonic concepls oJ Euvopean and AngIo-Anevican poIilicaI
econon al lIis line.) Bul lIe Iasic ideoIogicaI ovienlalions and poIilicaI inlenls
oJ NielzscIe and BaudeIaive appeav siniIav enougI.
NeedIess lo sa, BaudeIaive's inlenlionaII scandaIous venavIs aIoul nalionaI
cIavaclev and aIoul vonen aIso caugIl NielzscIe's ee, especiaII lIose aIoul
vonen. Il is Ieve lIal BaudeIaive's connenls gIide vilI pavlicuIavI snoolI
IuIvicalion inlo NielzscIe's nolions and desives |vIicI in NielzscIe's case Iap-
pened lo Ie oJ a IonosexuaI, Ionoevolic, and IonosociaI ovienlalion). TIeve
Iave Ieen nan allenpls ovev lIe eavs I vadicaI Jeninisls |Ieginning vIiIe Ie
vas sliII aIive) lo use NielzscIe's vovI lo cvilique neveI IiIevaI Jeninisn in addi-
lion lo nisogn. Toda lIe vovI oJ Luce Ivigava cones pevIaps nosl quicII
lo nind. BeveIoping an avgunenl oJ Jacques Bevvida, sIe Ias done nosl lo sug-
gesl lIal vonen |nol, as Bevvida vouId seen lo Iave il, Wonan) aJJivn lIe dis-
28 BEFBESENTATIONS
senIIing veiI lIal NielzscIe allviIuled lo lIen, lIe veiI lIal IolI conceaIs and
veveaIs palviavcIaI TvulI, indeed vivluaII aII Jovns oJ essenliaIisn.47 WIalevev
vaIidil lIis lendenc oJ Jeninisn na Iave in olIev vespecls, and il na Ie con-
sidevaIIe, il is pIiIoIogicaII and pIiIosopIicaII nislaIen and ivvesponsiIIe lo
appeaI lo NielzscIe Jov an IeIp in sucI pvojecls.48 SevevaI BaudeIaivean pas-
sages quoled, pavapIvased, ov vevvillen I NielzscIe veve oJ lIe iII We Iove
vonen in veIalion lo lIeiv slvangeness lo us. Loving inleIIigenl vonen is a ped-
evasl's pIeasuve |Wiv IieIen die Fvauen in VevIaIlniB dazu, aIs sie uns Jvend
sind. Ainev Ies Jennes inleIIigenles esl un pIaisiv de pedevasle) |1 1 175]). Ov
Wonan is naluvaI, lIal is lo sa aIoninaIIe. AIso sIe is aIvas vuIgav, lIal is lo
sa lIe conlvav oJ lIe dand |1 1[19 1]). Bul nol aII oJ NielzscIe's excevpls ave
palenlI nisognisl, nan Ieing nove suIlI so in a nove eJJeclive, pvopevI
NielzscIean |lIal is, IegenonicaII guiding) nannev. TIus, Jov exanpIe, lIe
Jenininil oJ lIe cIuvcI is said lo Ie lIe veason Jov ils onnipolence
|11[173]).
One conpavaliveI conpIex veJIeclion I BaudeIaive on lIe suIjecl
oJ vonen is veduced on a singIe page I NielzscIe-vilIoul an connenl
and appavenlI vilI JuII appvovaI-lo a singIe IovviJic pIvase |so JaniIiav lo
pvenodevn and nodevn vvilevs Jvon Oiovanni Boccaccio and NiccoIo MacIia-
veIIi lo NielzscIe IinseIJ) On lIe necessil oJ Iealing vonen |Be Ia necessile
de Iallve Ies Jennes)
|111[124]).
Bul in NielzscIe sucI essenliaIizing and nov-
aII Iase venavIs aIvas Iave a poIilicaI and econonic dinension, iJ nol in-
deed Iase.
WIiIe an undevIing avlicuIalion oJ vonen and poIilics vas cIavaclevislic oJ
lIe lIougIl oJ IolI nen, BaudeIaive's anaIsis Iad, iJ anlIing, a deepev econonic
dinension lIan did NielzscIe's, lIougI NielzscIe cevlainI did nol ignove lIis
econon, eilIev. As CIvisline Buci-OIucIsnann Ias sIovn in Iev vovI on Bau-
deIaive and WaIlev Benjanin, La vaison Iavoque |Bavoque veason), nan oJ lIe
nove inJanous BaudeIaivean Jiguves-sucI as lIe sleviIe vonan, lIe andvo-
gne, lIe IesIian, and especiaII lIe pvoslilule-veve nol onI conlvadiclov
signiJing pvaclices Jov BaudeIaive, Iul lIe veve aIso inlended I Iin lo expose
lIe nuIlipIe conlvadiclions oJ capilaIisn as Ie Inev lIen.49 In Iouvgeois and
palviavcIaI ideoIog, lIe IesIian, andvogne, and pvoslilule ave nol veIpvoduclive
lIe ve/pvoduce neilIev cIiIdven nov, insoJav as lIe ave sociaI pavasiles, suv-
pIus vaIue. So il is, Jov inslance, lIal lIe pvoslilule cones lo enIod ov Jiguve
connodil pvoduclion and JelisIisn, IiIevise lIe lvansJovnalion oJ Iove I
capilaI inlo an excIange vaIue. As sucI, lIe pvoslilule IolI eIicils and is inJovned
I lIe JundanenlaI nelIev expeviences oJ aIienalion lIal sIadov valionaIizing
and connevciaIizing nodevnil Jov exanpIe, Iovedon, neIancIoI, enpliness,
spIeen, vevligo, and nove Iovedon. OlIev Jiguves, Iovevev, sucI as lIe IesIian
and lIe andvogne, sland as poinls oJ oslensiIIe vesislance lo pveciseI lIis
oIjeclive connodiJicalion and ils conconilanl aIienalion eJJecl.50 On lIese Iines,
lo enpIo Ja SIavne's JeIicilous luvn oJ pIvase, BaudeIaive Iad vovIed oul an
anazingI delaiIed and pvecise naleviaIisl pIsiognonies oJ lIe sonnanIuIis-
lic sociel oJ eavI capilaIisn |Ience nucI oJ Benjanin's Jascinalion vilI
BaudeIaive).5
VI
Fov Iis pavl, NielzscIe IinseIJ Iad Ieen gvoping lovavd a vudinen-
lav anaIsis oJ capilaIisn aII Iis naluve IiJe. He Iad Ieen inlvoduced lo lIe
lIene oJ aeslIelic vesislance lo Anevicanisn |IeIieJ in pvogvess, vovsIip oJ
none as a god, lIe connodiJicalion oJ avl, lIe soon-lo-Ie-TaIovized division
oJ inleIIecluaI and nanuaI IaIov lIal IocIed oul lIe veluvn oJ Benaissance nan,''
elc.) vIen Ie Iad vead, as Ie Iad done inlenlI, Oauliev's pveJace lo LesJieuvs du
naI IacI in 1885, vIeve discussion luvns nol onI lo BaudeIaive and Iis laIe on
nodevnil Iul lo Foe.52 Foe vas inpovlanl IislovicaII lo NielzscIe as one oJ lIe
Jivsl deconslvuclovs oJ lIe Anevican Bvean Jvon vilIin, invovning and
vivusing il, so lo speaI, lo ils vollen cove. Bul Foe vas nol lIe onI Anevican
aulIov vead I NielzscIe, an nove lIan BaudeIaive vas lIe onI FvencI. As
inpovlanl as Iilevav and pIiIosopIicaI Jiguves na Iave Ieen lo NielzscIe, Ie
did nol conJine Iis veading lo lIese discipIines.
As eavI as 1879, NielzscIe Iad vead vilI especiaI inlevesl a Oevnan lvans-
Ialion oJ lIe nain vovI oJ lIe Anevican poIilicaI econonisl Henv CIavIes Cave
|1793-1879), FvincipIes oJ FoIilicaI Econon.53 TIis lexl pvovided lIe conlexl Jov
NielzscIe's poIilico-econonic lIinIing and Jov Iis veceplion oJ lIis slvain oJ
lIougIl in BaudeIaive. Move suvpvisingI, NielzscIe Iad veluvned lo Cave |and
lo Eugen BliIving), as Ie loId Felev Oasl, duving lIe cvuciaI lvansilionaI peviod
oJ 1881, Ieading up lo lIe conposilion oJ TIus SpoIe ZavalIuslva A BooI Jov AII and
No One |1883-85).54 As Iale as 1887, NielzscIe vas sliII vev inlevesled in Cave,
in pavl Iecause Ie vecognized lIal lIe Iallev Iad signiJicanlI inJIuenced BuIv-
ing's vovI, vIicI |nol vIoII unIiIe KavI Mavx and FviedvicI EngeIs) Ie IeId in
considevaIIe conlenpl on pIiIosopIicaI and slIislic gvounds, as veII as Jov ils
vacisn, Iul nosl especiaII |vIoII unIiIe Mavx and EngeIs) Jov vIal Ie vegavded
as ils IolcIed poIilico-econonic inpuIse, vilI vIicI Ie did nol necessaviI dis-
agvee in pvincipIe.55 Bul as a noleIooI used in 1879 indicales, vIal NielzscIe
veaII accepled Jvon Cave vas lIe econonic nolion lIal conpelilion, as Nielz-
scIe pavapIvased il, is al once useJuI and JundanenlaII eviI-vieving lIis
duaI pvincipIe and ils conceaInenl |Ieond good and eviI, oJ couvse) as cvuciaI lo
lIe nainlenance oJ sociaI ovdev, Iavnon, and equiIiIviun.56 In Iis apIovisn
TIe FvincipIe oJ EquiIiIviun in lIe expanded vevsion oJ Hunan, AII-Too-
Hunan, enlilIed TIe Wandevev and His SIadov |1880), NielzscIe conceaIed Cave's
divecl inJIuence on Iis ovn avgunenl lIal voIIevs and aulIovilies, voIIevs
and lvadevs, ave veaII lvo sides oJ lIe sane coin, insoJav as IolI sevve in dia-
IeclicaI landen lo pvoduce and Iegilinale socio-econonic Iavnon.57
30 BEFBESENTATIONS
UnIeInovnsl lo NielzscIe, lIe ideoIogicaII nolivaled iIIusion lIal Iouv-
geois capilaIisl veIalions oJ pvoduclion ave inIevenlI Iavnonious and lIal an
anlagonisns vilIin ils sslen oJ Jvee conpelilion ave neveI conlingenl and
supevJiciaI, valIev lIan slvucluvaI, Iad Ieen denoIisIed I Mavx in voIune one
oJ CapilaI |1867), as veII as eavIiev in lIe unJinisIed dvaJls oJ Iis Ovundvisse |1857/
58). Mavx Iad nade expIicil veJevence lo lIe vovI oJ Cave, vIicI exenpIiJied
Jov Iin IolI lIe nosl vecenl Anevican vevsion oJ lIis nain cuvvenl oJ capilaIisl
seIJ-Iegilinalion |vepvesenled al lIe line in Fvance I Fvedevic Baslial's Havnonies
econoniques [1851], vIicI BaudeIaive Iad Ieavd aIoul Iul NielzscIe did nol
Inov), as veII as vIal Iappens lo lIougIl vIen one JaiIs lo pevceive lIe Junda-
nenlaI conlvadiclion Ielveen vegionaI and gIoIaI econonies.58 As is oJlen lIe
case, Mavx's cvilique can appI equaII veII nulalis nulandis lo lIe ideoIog
IeIind NielzscIe's lIougIl and ils Iegac. TIe IislovicaI and poIilicaI pvoIIen,
Iovevev, is lIal vIal NielzscIe vas in lIe pvocess oJ deveIoping vas a lIeov and
pvaclice oJ vuIing-cIass Iegenon lIal Ias appavenlI Ieen deslined, aIas, lo Ie al
Ieasl as inJIuenliaI as an pvovided I lIe Mavxisl and sociaIisl lvadilions.
In an case, lIe ideoIogicaI posilion lIal Iad Ieen veacIed in NielzscIe's
lIinIing avound 1880 |lIal is, lIe end oJ lIe so-caIIed posilivislic, even den-
ocvalic peviod exenpIiJied I Hunan, AII-Too-Hunan and sone olIev lexls vvil-
len pviov lo TIus SpoIe ZavalIuslva) vas venavIaII neulvaI, al Ieasl in conpav-
ison vilI Iis nexl peviod, vIen Ie again looI up sides |as Ie Iad done in Iis
eavIiev vovI, lIen JigIling Jov Wagnevian cuIluvaI poIilics) on IeIaIJ oJ uIlva-
eIilisn. Bul lIe division oJ NielzscIe's vovIs inlo peviods is aIvas pvoIIenalic
vIenevev il occIudes, as il aInosl aIvas does, lIe venavIaIIe consislenc and
vigidil oJ Iis poIilico-econonic lIougIl.
Fov inslance, NielzscIe's nosl pvogvannalic and Jascoid eavI essa TIe
OveeI Slale |1872) Iad aIvead expIicilI pvonoled nol neveI a nodevn poIil-
icaI econon oJ sIavev |SIIavevei), nol neveI even lIe necessil Jov vIal Ie
caIIed ils conscious ov unconscious acceplance I sIaves ov vovIevs in lIeiv
expvopvialed suvpIus IaIov |MeIvavIeil), Iul aIso, and nosl inpovlanl, lIe con-
conilanl necessil Jov an esolevic vviling |OeIeinscIviJl) appvopviale lo lIe eso-
levic doclvine oJ lIe veIalion Ielveen lIe Slale and genius |OeIeinIeIve von
ZusannenIang zviscIen Slaal und Oenius).59 TIis avlicuIalion oJ esolevic iIIoculion,
poIilics, and lIe econonic na Ie as cIose as NielzscIe viII evev gel lo vIal SauI
KvipIe caIIs a vigid designalov.60 Bul, iJ Iis esolevic vviling is vovIing pvopevI
and accovding lo Iis lIeov, ve couId nevev Inov Jov suve. Anong olIev lIings,
NielzscIe's pIvases in TIe OveeI Slale give lIe Iie lo lIe connon assunplion
lIal Ie vas unJaniIiav vilI lIe Ianguage and concepls oJ poIilicaI econon,
lIougI Iis access lo lIis vovId vas IeaviI nedialed I unexpecled and conceaIed
souvces, as viII Ie seen sIovlI. Bul lIese pIvases aIso conlvadicl poslnodevn
IiIevaI pIiIosopIevs, sucI as BicIavd Bovl and JoIn BavIs, vIo enIisl-expIic-
ilI ov inpIicilI-NielzscIe lo suppovl lIeiv allacIs againsl vIal Bovl caIIs a
JinaI vocaIuIav and BavIs caIIs a conpveIensive doclvine Jov Ieing incon-
paliIIe vilI a denocvalic Iod poIilic and puIIic spIeve.6' SucI avgunenls Iave
aInosl nolIing lo do vilI NielzscIe's posilion, Iis vigid designalov, excepl pev-
Iaps al ils exolevic IeveIs. NielzscIe IeIieved lIal sIavev Iad a necessav, divecl,
casuaI veIalionsIip vilI eIiles and IigI cuIluve in AlIens: and Ie aJJivned lIe
necessil oJ lIis veIalionsIip-lIen and nov. Move inpovlanl, lIe lasI oJ Nielz-
scIe's lIougIl, as gIinpsed pevIaps nosl diveclI in Iis TIe OveeI Slale, vas
lvoJoId Jivsl, lo suluve an gaps Ielveen lIe poIilico-econonic lIeov and pvac-
lice veIaled lo sIavev: second, lo conceaI lIe slilcIes in vas appvopviale lo con-
dilions oJ nodevnil nov, poslnodevnil lo cone. TIis is nol lo sa lIal Nielz-
scIe did nol sonelines aJJivn sIavev in puIIic, in Iis puIIisIed vvilings: on lIe
conlvav, Ie oJlen did. Bul vIal Ie sliII conceaIed vas lIe deplI oJ Iis connil-
nenl lo sIavev-Ience ils uIlinale vesislance lo an deconslvuclion. Fov il is onI
IogicaI lIal NielzscIe vouId Iave JoIIoved, in Iis ovn vovI, lIe ancienl OveeI
pvincipIe oJ IogogvapIic necessil and vIal Ie IinseIJ caIIs, in 1872, esolevic
vviling. And so il is, lIal Iis puIIisIed vovI gives lIe appeavance lIal even Iis
nosl IvulaI puIIic deJenses oJ sIavev can Ie deconslvucled.
NielzscIe vas convinced, Jvon eavI on, lIal iIIoculion, as Ie IinseIJ enpIa-
sized, Iad once Ieen in anliquil an essenliaII vepuIIican avl. He laugIl Iis
IandJuI oJ BaseI sludenls in lIe vinlev oJ 1872-73, Jov exanpIe, lIal
vIelovic avises anong a peopIe vIo sliII Iive in nlIic inages and vIo Iave nol el expe-
vienced lIe unquaIiJied need oJ IislovicaI accuvac lIe vouId valIev Ie pevsuaded lIan
inslvucled. In addilion, lIe need oJ nen Jov Jovensic eIoquence nusl Iave given vise lo lIe
evoIulion oJ lIe IiIevaI avl. TIus, il is an essenliaII vepuIIican avl one nusl Ie accusloned
lo loIevaling lIe nosl unusuaI opinions and poinl oJ viev and even lo laIing a cevlain
pIeasuve in lIeiv counlevpIa.... TIe educalion oJ lIe ancienl nan cuslonaviI cuIni-
nales in vIelovic il is lIe IigIesl spiviluaI aclivil oJ lIe veII-educaled nan-an odd
nolion Jov us!62
TIeveJove NielzscIe concIuded |JoIIoving lIe Iogic oJ Iis IallIe cv vevevsaI oJ aII
vaIues!) lIal a nev vIelovic vas needed lo conIal denocvac undev poslcIassicaI
condilions. AIlIougI NielzscIe vas suIsequenlI lo cIange lIe speciJic spin on
Iis vavious sociaI and iIIoculionav slvalegies Jov allenpling lo inpIenenl sucI a
slale oJ aJJaivs, lIe Iasic pvojecl oulIined in TIe OveeI Slale nevev Iosl ils appeaI
Jov Iin ovev lIe nexl sevenleen eavs oJ sanil venaining lo Iin |vilI lIe onI
pavliaI exceplion Ieing Iis JIivlalion vilI posilivisn aJlev Iis iniliaI IveaI vilI
Wagnev). FinaII il nusl Ie noled lIal, in an eavI dvaJl oJ TIe OveeI Slale
vvillen in Januav 1871, NielzscIe Iad JoIded aII Iis nolions |vIicI lIen con-
lained a slvong anli-Senilic undevcuvvenl lo Iool) inlo an expIicilI nisognisl
agenda.63 TIis seclion sinpI dvopped ava |signaIIing Iis sensilivil aIoul
enpivicaI audiences and ideaI Juluve veadevs aIiIe) vIen Ie pvesenled TIe
OveeI Slale lo Cosina Wagnev as a giJl Jov CIvislnas in 1872. |Anli-Senilisn,
32 BEFBESENTATIONS
al Ieasl oJ lIe vuIgav sovl, evenluaII evapovaled oul oJ NielzscIe's lIinIing, Iis
nisogn Ieconing nucI nove conpIex.)
VII
B 1888, NielzscIe's luvn lo lIe BigIl Iad Iong since Ieen accon-
pIisIed. In olIev vovds, NielzscIe's veencounlev vilI BaudeIaive vas IavdI
vequived lo cause lIis spin. BalIev, lIis encounlev veinJovced il and, nove inpov-
lanl, naIes il nove visiIIe nov lIan il olIevvise vouId Ie. TIe pvoIIen in
naIing lIe poIilico-econonic spin oJ NielzscIe's lIougIl JuII visiIIe, Iovevev,
is lIal il vas, lo a signiJicanl degvee, pvogvanned and Iandicapped I Iin lo Ie
poslIunous, pvoIeplic.
Conpaved lo BaudeIaive's, lIe anaIsis oJ poIilicaI econon in NielzscIe's
vovI is Iess deep: nonelIeIess, quile slvong econonic pvesupposilions and ains
puIse lIvougIoul. WilIoul InovIedge oJ lIis, il seens lo ne suspecl ov pvena-
luve Jov lIe LeJl lo ceIeIvale BaudeIaivean ov NielzscIean seIJ-invenlion.64 Fov
IeIieJ in seIJ-invenlion vilIoul considevalion oJ econonic conslvainls is a JaivI
good deJinilion oJ ideoIog. WIal is especiaII inpovlanl lo nole al lIis juncluve,
Iovevev, is lIal NielzscIe usuaII veslvained IinseIJ Jvon puIIisIing Iis lIougIls
oJ an expIicilI econonic naluve. WIalevev lIe JuII veason Jov lIis velicence na
Iave Ieen, ils eJJecl on Iis veceplion Ias Ieen pvoJound. Ignovance oJ IolI Nielz-
scIe's speciJicaII econonic lIinIing and lIe econonic dinension oJ Iis lIinIing
genevaII Ias Iad IaneJuI consequences. Il Ias Iead, anong olIev evvovs, lo lIe
pvesupposilion lIal NielzscIe's pvolo-FoucauIdian cvilique oJ Fovev |vIicI,
acluaII, in lIe Jovn Ie IinseIJ puIIisIed il, vas neveI exolevic) soneIov vouId
Iave incIuded lIe capilaIisl node oJ pvoduclion, iJ onI NielzscIe Iad nol sIaved
lIe connon inleIIecluaIisl, nandavin disdain Jov gelling one's Iands divl in lIe
inJvaslvucluve.65 In poinl oJ Jacl, Iovevev, NielzscIe's Iands veve aIvead divl,
as veading TIe OveeI Slale sIouId naIe aIundanlI cIeav. TIeve is nol neveI
a poIilics, as is veIaliveI veII Inovn, Iul aIso an econonics in NielzscIe-and
Ience in NielzscIeanisn, iJ onI lacilI. Al ils conceaIed vool, lIis poIilicaI
econon is vulIIessI anlidenocvalic: indeed ils aspecl is dislinclI Jascoid
|lIougI nol necessaviI Fascisl ov NalionaI SociaIisl). NielzscIe's eIilisn is noljusl
a conlingenl poIilicaI slance, pavlicuIavI nol iJ lIis slance is inagined lo sil alop
and Ie al odds vilI a deepev sel oJ vadicaII suIvevsive slvalegies, vIicI Iave
Ieen invesled vilI lIe povev lo deconslvucl, anong nan olIev lIings, Nielz-
scIe's eIilisl |nisognisl, vaciaIisl, inpeviaIisl, cIassisl) dvoss. IJ anlIing il is lIe
olIev va avound. In NielzscIe il is lIe poIilicaI econon lIal is deep. Il pvovides
a Ie Jov gvasping NielzscIe's vIelovicaI pIa, queslion oJ slIe, and, in lIe
end, Iis enovnous eJJeclivil acvoss lIe ideoIogicaI speclvun. BalIev lIan Ieing
an sovl oJ consevvalive, NielzscIe vas a vevoIulionav. Al Ieasl Ie cIeavI lIougIl
oJ IinseIJ lIis va, nol jusl as an avislocvalic vadicaI, as Ie aIso said. In lIe JinaI
anaIsis, lIis unlineI sIivnisIev Iad nolIing Iul conlenpl Jov lIe neveI
lineI consevvalives oJ an eva vIo Iose lIe nevve and viII lo vuIe.66
In pvivale NielzscIe IeId, suvpvisingI pevIaps, lIal lIe peopIe Ie caIIed
SociaIisls veve polenliaII vev povevJuI aIIies-esolevicaII-and al lIe sane
line vivaIs-exolevicaII. In olIev vovds, Ie JeIl lIal Iecause sone Jovn oJ
sociaIisn vas inevilaIIe il Iad lo Ie pvoIeplicaII Iandicapped as Iesl Ie couId,
IenealI ils conscious capacil lo vegislev lIe Jacl. Accovding lo lIe anaIsis in Iis
noleIooIs oJ 1884, Modevn SociaIisn inlends lo cveale lIe vovIdI counlevpavl
lo Jesuilisn evevIod an aIsoIule inslvunenl. Bul lIe puvpose, lIe goaI Ias nol
Ieen discoveved liII nov.67 TIus even-and especiaII-SociaIisls can and nusl
Ie nanipuIaled on IeIaIJ oJ lIe undevIing puvpose and goaI oJ aII Iislov:
vIicI, Jov NielzscIe, couId onI Ie lIe pvonolion oJ a Jev naIe geniuses, a Jev
good nen, a Jev Conlvas lo conIal connunisn pvoIeplicaII-even IeJove lIe Jacl
ov possiIiIil. Il is lIese cenluvions, InovingI ov nol, vIo veve lo Ie pvojecled as
pvoIes inlo aII possiIIe Juluves.
As Jov NielzscIe's econonic lIougIl senso slviclu, il is veaII quile slvaigIlJov-
vavd and JuII consislenl vilI Iis pIiIosopI, poIilics, and aeslIelics. Ils uIlinale
vovv vas veaII quile sinpIe. Slvipped lo lIe vaisl, il is lIe Ianenl oJ aII avislo-
cvals, oJ aII capilaIisls and apoIogisls Jov CapilaI Il's so Iavd lo Jind good IeIp
lIese das. A nole NielzscIe vvole in 1887/88, in vesponse lo a passage Ie Jound,
inspived I Iis veading oJ BaudeIaive, in lIe popuIav JouvnaI oJ lIe BvolIevs
Ooncouvl, is velvoacliveI and pvoIeplicaII Iinding on Iis lIougIl TIeve ave
no Iongev an poov peopIe [ov avns] Jov JavnvovI. Educalion deslvos lIe vace
oJ vovIevs and, as a vesuIl, agvicuIluve. . . . |Es gieIl Ieine Avne neIv Juv die
LandavIeil. Bie EvzieIung zevslovl die Basse dev AvIeilev und JoIgIicI den AcI-
evIau .. . )68 In lIis sense-lIal is, in levns oJ node and veIalions oJ pvoduclion-
NielzscIe couId Ie descviIed as a Iouvgeois vacisl. In lIe NielzscIean ulopia oJ
neoavislocvalic noIIes, WovIevs ougIl lo Ieavn lo pevceive IiIe soIdievs. TIe viII
veceive suIsislence Iul no vages: and lIeve viII Ie no veIalion Ielveen pa
and oulpul.69 In sIovl, NielzscIe's anliconnunisl diclun vas To andJvon eacI
accovding lo Iis ov Iev pveeslaIIisIed lpe, ov vIal Ie caIIed, in Oevnan, Avl. TIis
lpe vas delevnined I and Jov lIe vuIing casle-nove ov Iess coevciveI, nove
ov Iess IegenonicaII, as eacI case denanded. Since NielzscIe nigIl Ie consid-
eved a neo-Spinozisl, al Ieasl JovnaII,70 il is inpovlanl lo conlvasl Ieve Spinoza's
ovn deJinilion oJ noIiIil |genevosilas) as lIe desive vIeveI evev nan
endeavovs soIeI undev lIe diclales oJ veason, lo aid olIev nen lo unile lIen lo
IinseIJ in JviendsIip, vilI Iis aIsoIule pveJevence |in expIicil opposilion lo
nonavcI and avislocvac) Jov denocvac gvasped as a sociel lIal vieIds aII ils
povev as a vIoIe and I lIe povev and viII oJ lIe vIoIe Iod.'7'
Bul il is al Ieasl as inpovlanl-since novadas NielzscIe is even nove con-
nonI and JaIseI inagined lo Ie nol Spinozisl Iul LeJlisl-lo conlvasl Mavx's
34 BEFBESENTATIONS
anaIsis in Iis gveal Iale lexl, Cvilique oJ lIe OolIa Fvogvan, oJ lIe deep pvoIIens
Jacing connunisl sociel, nol as il Ias deveIoped on ils ovn Joundalions, Iul, on
lIe conlvav, jusl as il enevges Jvon capilaIisl sociel: vIicI is lIus in evev vespecl,
econonicaII, novaII and inleIIecluaII, sliII slanped vilI lIe IivlI navIs oJ lIe
oId sociel Jvon vIose vonI il enevges. OnI aJlev noling lIal suIslanliaI
deJecls ave inevilaIIe in lIe Jivsl pIase oJ connunisl sociel as il is vIen il Ias
jusl enevged aJlev pvoIonged IivlI pangs Jvon capilaIisl sociel, did Mavx, in
eavI Ma 1875, append Iis vave connunisl vision oJ lIe Juluve, aIong vilI lIe
speciJic condilions vequived Jov ils veaIizalion
In a IigIev slage oJ connunisl sociel, aJlev lIe ensIaving suIovdinalion oJ lIe individuaI
lo lIe division oJ IaIov, and lIevevilI aIso lIe anlilIesis Ielveen nenlaI and pIsicaI
IaIov, Ias vanisIed: aJlev IaIov Ias Iecone nol onI a neans oJ IiJe Iul IiJe's pvine vanl:
aJlev lIe pvoduclive Jovces Iave aIso incveased vilI lIe aII-vound deveIopnenl oJ lIe
individuaI, and aII lIe spvings oJ coopevalive veaIlI JIov nove aIundanlI-onI lIen can
lIe navvov Iovizon oJ lIe Iouvgeois vigIl Ie cvossed in ils enlivel and sociel inscviIe on
ils Iannev Fvon eacI accovding lo Iis aIiIil, lo eacI accovding lo Iis needs!72
Fov Iis pavl, I conlvasl, aljusl lIis nonsncIvonous nonenl oJ Iislov, FviedvicI
NielzscIe Ias jusl veluvned Jvon vacalioning in lIe Sviss nounlains, is nuvsing
Iis IeaIlI vilI IoneopalIic cuves, vavning Iis naIe Jviends againsl navviage,
vondeving vIal lo give Wagnev on Iis appvoacIing IivlIda, vovIing on Iis Iasl
UnlineI Medialions-and in genevaI pIolling nev vovIs and vuses on IeIaIJ oJ
lIose nen Ie vouId Ie caIIing lIe Juluve vuIevs oJ lIe eavlI.73
A signiJicanl nunIev oJ excevpls copied I NielzscIe Jvon BaudeIaive in
eavI 1888 veve expIicilI poIilicaI in naluve, and sone veve veJIeclions on poIil-
icaI econon. NielzscIe Inev aIoul BaudeIaive's poIilicaI caveev and Inev lIal
il Iad pavaIIeIed Wagnev's ovn in ils lvansJovnalion Jvon an eavI LeJlisl poI-
ilics |in and avound lIe BevoIulion oJ 1848, vIen, as NielzscIe aIso Inev, Wagnev
Iad Ieen a seIJ-pvocIained connunisl IinseIJ74) lo one lIal I 1851 Iad Ieen
disguised as apoIilicaI ov anlipoIilicaI, vIen il vas nol aIso nove acliveI and
aggvessiveI a poIilics oJ and Jov lIe eIile Jev. TIe eJJecl oJ NielzscIe's ovn
leacIing on Euvopean inleIIecluaIs can Ie expIained in lIe va Ovansci descviIed
Benedello Cvoce's deIelevious inJIuence on IlaIian inleIIecluaIs in levns oJ lvas-
Jovnisno naneI, as lIe Iavgesl anounl oJ 'gaslvicjuices' needed Jov lIe digeslive
pvocess, I vIicI LeJlisls ave evenluaII conJovned lo lIe pvoIIenalic oJ lIe
BigIl.75 So il Ias Ieen lIal lIe Iislov oJ NielzscIeanisn, pavaIIeIing lIe Iislov
oJ Euvopean inleIIecluaI Iislov ilseIJ, Ias Ieen Iilleved, Jvon vev eavI on
|Ieginning vilI MaIvida von MesenIug), vilI exanpIes oJ ideoIogicaI lvansJov-
nalion Jvon lIe LeJl lo lIe BigIl |incIuding, IeJove NielzscIe, lIe ideoIogicaI
lvansJovnalions oJ BaudeIaive and Wagnev). TIis is a good pavl oJ vIal I nean
I lIe pvoIeplic spin oJ NielzscIe's lIougIl.
AcluaII, as NielzscIe IiIeI Inev, even BaudeIaive's Iale vviling vas punc-
lualed I IviIIianl JIasIes oJ Iis oIdev, nove pvogvessive and denocvalic con-
cevns.76 BeasonaII enougI, Iovevev, NielzscIe vas inlevesled Iess in Bau-
deIaive's ovn opinions aIoul lIe poIilicaI ov lIe econonic lIan in lIe nove ov
Iess inpIicil poIilico-econonic lIeov IeIind lIen, and in ils inpIicalions Jov
Iis ovn vovI. In lIis conlexl, NielzscIe ciled vilI pavlicuIav veIisI BaudeIaive's
venavI lIal lIe onI veasonaIIe and secuve govevnnenl is avislocvac. MonavcI
ov vepuIIic, vIen Iased on denocvac, ave equaII aIsuvd and veaI |I
1[169]).
Sone oJ Iis gIosses on BaudeIaive veve aIso venavIaII speciJic in IislovicaI
delaiI, incIuding lIose on lIe cIain oJ vuIe IinIing Louis 7I II, Louis 7IV, Napo-
Ieon, and Louis-FIiIippe. Heve, NielzscIe vejecled lIe nolion lIal lIe successes
ov JaiIuves oJ vuIing nonavcIs Iave anlIing lo do vilI lIe peopIe ovev vIicI
lIe veign, Iul vesuIled excIusiveI Jvon lIe alnospIeve oJ lIe pveceding
vegine |1 1[21 1]). NielzscIe's lasI nov vas lo dvav lIe consequences Jov suIse-
quenl vegines.
SevevaI passages in NielzscIe's noleIooIs give lIe Iie lo lIe connon nolion
lIal nodevnisl inleIIecluaIs IiIe BaudeIaive ov NielzscIe veve disinlevesled in lIe
econon. OJ couvse, IolI nen couId use econonic nelapIovs lo expvess inleI-
IecluaI pvoIIens.77 Fov lIis vev veason, Iovevev, one ougIl lo assune lIal lIe
couId aIso do lIe vevevse naneI, use spiviluaI nelapIovs lo expvess econonic
agendas. TIe JoIIoving passage is one oJ sevevaI in vIicI NielzscIe's pvose nin-
gIes aInosl vilIoul lvace vilI BaudeIaive's. Il aIso exIiIils a deep soIidavil vilI
lIe undevgivding lIeov oJ poIilicaI econon NielzscIe Jound in BaudeIaive,
vIicI vas al vovI IeIind an nove supevJiciaI diJJevence |veIaling, sa, lo ps-
cIoIogicaI idenliJicalion, nodes oJ expvession, nalionaI Ianguage, ov nalionaI
idenlil) lIal nigIl olIevvise Iave dviven a vedge Ielveen lIen. NielzscIe JiIIed
an enlive page oJ Iis noleIooI vilI lIe JoIIoving duaI-Ianguage lexl
Bev HandeI isl, seinen Wesen nacI, salaniscI. Le connevce, c'esl Ie pvel'-vendu, c'esl
Ie pvel avec Ie sous-enlendu Bends-noi pIus queje ne le donne.
-Bev Oeisljedes HandeIlveiIenden isl voIIig vicie.
-Le connevce esl naluveI, donc ii esl inJdne.
-Bev Mindesl-VevvucIle unlev aIIen HandeIlveiIenden isl dev veIcIev sagl seien
viv lugendIaJl, un vieI neIv OeId zu gevinnen aIs die TIoven, veIcIe IaslevIaJl sind.
Fuv den HandeIsnann isl die Honnelal seIIsl eine SpeIuIalion auJ Oevinn.
-Le connevce esl salanique, pavce qu'iI esl une Jovnes de I'egoIsne.-
[Connevce is, I ils essence, Salanic. Connevce is lIe lil Jov lal, il is a Ioan vilI lIe
innuendo Oive ne nove lIan I evev gave ou.-TIe Spivil oJ evev connevciaI lvansac-
lion is conpIeleI covvupl.-Connevce is naluvaI )IiIe vonen, ve vecaII[, lIeveJove il is
JiIlI.-TIe
Ieasl viIIainous anong aII lIose doing connevce is Ie vIo sas Iel's Ie viv-
luous, in ovdev lo gel nucI nove none lIan lIe JooIs vIo ave vicious. Fov lIe lvadesnan
decenc ilseIJ is specuIalion Jov pvoJil.-Connevce is Salanic, Iecause il is one oJ lIe
Jovns oJ egoisn.] | 1 1 [125])
Slvipped oJ lIe neveI conlingenl avislocvalic, CIvislian, and aeslIelic
vevuIsion againsl lIe Iouvgeoisie and ils JiIlI, eJJeninale Iucve, and lIen vieved
36 BEFBESENTATIONS
in lIe pvopevI NielzscIean pevspeclive Ieond good and eviI and in lIe exlva-
novaI sense, lIeve is a Iesson lo Ie Ieavned Jvon lIis 'inlevlexluaI paslicIe.' Il
Ias JundanenlaII lo do vilI IolI lIe necessav and lIe epipIenonenaI nani-
Jeslalions oJ lIe WiII lo Fovev undev poslnodevnisl condilions.
One oJ lIe Jivsl pages oJ lIis sane 1887/88 noleIooI Iegins I deJining Nielz-
scIe's ovn cvilevion oJ vivlue in lIe MacIiaveIIian sense naneI, as a nanI
couvage |vivlil) lIal is Jvee oJ novaI Ipocvis |novaIinJvei) |11[43]). AcluaII,
lIis is a vecuvvenl lIene in aII NielzscIe's Iale noleIooIs, vIeve il is aIso expIicilI
pilled againsl sociaIisl ideaIs sucI as equaI vigIls.78 TIe pvopevI NielzscIean
|and BaudeIaivean) conlviIulion Ieve lo lIe lIeov oJ poIilicaI econon is lIal
diJJevenl vas oJ doing Iusiness exisl, and lIal lIese ave aII nol onI anovaII
Ieond good and eviI Iul aInosl nove ov Iess esolevic and suIIininaI.
Boing Iusiness is neanl Ieve in lIe poIilico-econonic sense. Fov Iov eIse
viII Ieisuve line Ie pvoduced Jov lIe dand, iJ nol I exaclI lIal expvopvialed
IaIov lIal aIso ieIds a cevlain unvuI novaI and Iunanilavian squeanisIness? Il
goes vilIoul saing lIal NielzscIe Iad no palience vIalsoevev vilI BaudeIaive's
palenled vevsion oJ CalIoIic guiIl. Il vas a pecuIiavI nodevn decadenl squean-
isIness lIal BaudeIaive aeslIelicized, IeJove succunIing in lIe end, IiIe Wagnev,
lo Iis ovn coIIapse IeJove lIe cvoss-using NielzscIe's pveJevved pIvase, vIen
Ie veaIized lIal, in ovdev lo evadicale aII enpalIic squeanisIness al ils vool, Jav
nove dvaconian and suIlIe neans veve vequived lIan lIe neveI Iilevav, Iilevav-
cvilicaI, ov pIiIosopIicaI. TIe coIIapse IeJove lIe cvoss, loo, vas Jov NielzscIe
pavl oJ a Iavgev lIeoIogico-poIilicaI pvoIIenalic. Il veJevs nol neveI lo capiluIa-
lion lo CIvislianil Iul lo lIe vaIues oJ sociaIisn, CIvislianil's nodevn naniJes-
lalion, incIuding undev CapilaI. In levns oJ individuaIs, NielzscIe speciJicaII Iad
in nind, as Ie pul il in Beond Oood and EviI FveIude lo a FIiIosopI oJ lIe Fuluve
|1886), Wagnev and aII Favisians, pvesunaII vilI BaudeIaive as lIeiv van-
guavd.79 Il vas in Iis IallIe againsl lIis pavlicuIav cvoss lIal NielzscIe copied
oul one venavI lIal IinIs BaudeIaive vilI lIe FvencI EnIigIlennenl, vIicI is lo
sa lo ils undevslanding oJ Iunan IaIov as a looI oJ Iegenonic and econonic
conlvoI-vIal lIe pIiIosopIes and enIigIlenevs Iad veJevved lo as lIe lasle oJ
and Jov vovI, Ie gou'l du lvavaiI.80 BaudeIaive/NielzscIe vvole Fouv gueviv de
loul, de Ia niseve, de Ia naIadie el de Ia neIancIoIie, iI ne nanque aIsoIunenl
que Ie gou'l du lvavaiI |To cuve evevlIing-povevl, disease, and neIancIoIia-
aIsoIuleI lIe onI lIing vequived is lIe lasle oJ vovI: 11[224]). BeJinileI an
acquived lasle, one nigIl add, and one vilI a pavlicuIavI Iong and oJlen vioIenl
Iislov. No douIl lIis passage can Ie vead in olIev vas lIan I an suggesling
Jov exanpIe, lo lIe eJJecl lIal vovI Jov lIe avlisl is sinpI diJJevenl Jvon enJovced
vovI Jov lIe sIave. Bul lIe pvoIIen is lIal NielzscIe did nol vead BaudeIaive lIis
va. His va oJ veading lIvougI idenliJicalion and diJJevenlialion does nol
vesenIIe vIal nigIl Ie vegavded as a Iegilinale node oJ inleIIecluaI appvopvialion
in lIe HegeIian ov Mavxian sense naneI, an An-eignung lIal vouId Ie a naIing
pvopevI one's ovn Iul lIal does nol enlaiI ovnevsIip in lIe sense oJ pvivale pvop-
evl.8' Inslead, NielzscIe veads BaudeIaive onI lo conJivn vIal Ie vegavds as
lIe appvopvialive exlvaclion oJ suvpIus vaIue I ovnevs Jvon vovIevs. Bul nove
lIan lIis, NielzscIe Jinds sucI appvopvialion pvopev. Fov NielzscIe |quile valio-
naII Jvon Iis eIilisl poinl oJ viev), a Iapp sIave IaIov Jovce, ov ils nodevn equiv-
aIenl, is lIe soIe veaIislic and Iasling neans oJ nainlaining sociaI Iavnon
|exolevicaII) and an eIilisl ovdev oJ vanI |esolevicaII). In olIev vovds, Ie Iad
vead Iis Cave veII, laIing Iouvgeois ideoIog and iIIoculion lo nev IeveIs oJ
conpIexil.
VIII
Bul even nove inlviguing and useJuI, Jov NielzscIe, lIan sucI veIa-
liveI gvuII |de-cadenl) descenls inlo connevce nusl Iave Ieen lIe ecIoes in
BaudeIaive oJ sonelIing uncanniI aIin lo Iis ovn lIeovies oJ vIal can Ie caIIed
vIelovico-poIilicaI eulIanasia. TIis, lo vecaII Foe's and NielzscIe's levns, is lIe lvuI
IovviJic |Iecause unveadaIIe and nonelIeIess nosl uncanniI inJIuenliaI) aspecl oJ
NielzscIe's vviling, as Ie inlended il nol so nucI lo Ie vead as suIIininaII
appvopvialed, incovpovaled, enIodied.
WIiIe Ieginning lo vovI on TIus SpoIe ZavalIuslva in lIe eavI 1880s, Nielz-
scIe noled, again Jov Iis ees onI Il is insuJJicienl jusl lo conve a leacIing
one nusl sliII JovceJuII lvansJovn peopIe so lIal lIe accepl il!82 He scveaned lo
IinseIJ
BuIing Iunanil vilI lIe goaI oJ ovevconing il[.] Ovevconing lIvougI leacIings on vIicI Iunan-
il pevisIes [zu Ovunde geIl]. E7CEFT FOB THOSE WHO CAN SUBVIVE THESE
TEACHINOS.83
EavIiev Ie Iad aIso noled
TIe TvulI, lIe deslvuclion oJ iIIusions, aIso oJ novaI iIIusion-is lIe OBEATEST
MEANS oJ OVEBFOWEBINO Iunanil |ils SELF-BESTBUCTION!).84
Lalev, in 1887/88, Ie enpIasized
WIal I pveciseI do nol asI is queslions lIal Iave lo do vilI saving ov Jveeing peopIe,
Iul valIev vIal lpe oJ nan sIouId Ie seIecled as IigIev, viIIed, and aIove aII Ived.85
TIis is lIe conlexl in vIicI Ie veads and veveads BaudeIaive. Il sIouId go vilIoul
saing lIal, Jov NielzscIe, decadenls ougIl nol lo puIIuIale. EilIev lIe sIouId
undevgo a pvocess oJ lvansJovnalion ov lIe sIouId pevisI. Il nusl Ie enpIali-
caII slvessed, Iovevev, lIal Jov NielzscIe sucI Janlasies Iave Iess lo do vilI an
pvincipIe oJ SociaI Bavvinisn |Iel aIone an Nazi IaI Jaclov), lIan vilI pvo-
ducing vev speciJic iIIoculionav lecIniques Jov inlevpeIIaling veadevs and sociaI
38 BEFBESENTATIONS
Jovnalions in lIe Juluve. Beluvning lo 1884, ve Jind NielzscIe vviling, sliII Jov
Iis ees onI
Fivsl Basic Lav no considevalion Jov nunIevs lIe nasses. TIe suJJeving and unIapp
concevn us IillIe-onI lIe Jivsl and nosl successJuI exenpIavs, so lIal lIe don'l gel sIovl
sIviJl oul oJ considevalion Jov lIe iII-Ived ones |i.e., lIe nasses)[.] Beslvuclion oJ lIe iII-
Ived-lo lIis ain one nusl enancipale oneseIJ Jvon pvevious novaIil.... SIavev is
necessav.
SIavev is necessav, Iul vilIoul lIe sIaves |IolI as novaII Base and as eco-
nonic Iase) Inoving lIal lIe Iave accepled il viIIingI, even vilI a sniIe, as
lIeiv elevnaII vecuvvenl Iol. IJ lIe do nol, nucI Iellev lo Iel lIen die |pveJ-
evaII I suicide) lIan lo deaI vilI sIave vevoIl. WIiIe NielzscIe did puIIisI sone
venavIs suppovling eulIanasia as a lIene, lIese veve vev niId in conpavison
vilI Iis unpuIIisIed noles, vIicI addilionaII invoIved lIe pIolling oJ iIIocu-
lionav slvalegies Jov ils sociaI inpIenenlalion.87 To vepeal, lIe Iov and lIe vI in
NielzscIe is al Ieasl as signiJicanl as lIe vIal. TIe vIal is easiev lo delecl: lIe Iov
and vI Iecone invisiIIe vIen lIe vIelovic oJ suI-Iinil is veaII cIicIing.
LiIe Iis Benaissance Ievo MacIiaveIIi, lIe nodevn and poslnodevn Nielz-
scIe Ias cone lo laIe Iis vanI anong lIe gvealesl oJ lIe poIilico-pIiIosopIicaI
caplains vilIoul an avn vIo Iad lo vecvuil onI I neans oJ IooIs.88 TIe
exlenl lo vIicI lIe vecvuiling pvojecl oJ NielzscIe's esolevic vIelovic oJ eulIa-
nasia vas successJuI can Ie neasuved nol in an aIsoIule sense Iul valIev Iislov-
icaII, in lIe nunIev and quaIil oJ veadevs vIo-pusIed Jvon lIe LeJl lo lIe
BigIl oJ an avaiIaIIe ideoIogicaI speclvun-Iave Ieen lvansJovned inlo Nielz-
scIeanisn's Iiving covpsIe: lIal is, lIe vvillen covpus oJ a dead nan, a covpse,
indveIIing |as Spinoza ov AIlIussev nigIl sa89) a covps oJ nove ov Iess unvilling
veadevs. Il is lIis pvoIIenalic lIal can Ie vead Ielveen lIe Iines oJ NielzscIe's
conJvonlalion vilI BaudeIaive.
NielzscIe, in 1888, vas pavlicuIavI inlvigued I sucI lIougIls oJ BaudeIaive
as In poIilics, lIe lvue sainl is Ie vIo vIips and IiIIs lIe peopIe, Jov lIe good oJ
lIe peopIe |En poIilique, Ie vvai sainl esl ceIui, qui Jouelle el lue Ie peupIe, pouv
Ie Iien du peupIe: 11[1182]).
Jean-FauI Savlve's Ialev anaIsis oJ lIis pIvase oJ
BaudeIaive's luvns oul lo Ie incisive
Il vas douIlIess vvillen vilI a sIivev oJ pIeasuve [un Jvisson de pIaisiv] Jov, iJ poIilics
IiIIed lIe peopIe in lIe nane oJ lIe Oood oJ lIe peopIe, lIen lIis Oood vas aII lIe nove
assuvedI pIaced Ieond veacI. WIal secuvil, since lIe viclin vas JovIidden lo decide on
il and since in lIe lIvoes oJ Iis suJJeving s/Ie vas loId lIal il vas Jov Iis ov Iev Oood-lIe
Oood s/Ie did nol Inov-lIal s/Ie vas ding! Il vas aIso necessav lIal lIe slviclesl Iiev-
avcI Ie pve-eslaIIisIed, and lIal lIe vIippevs sIouId naIe lIenseIves ils guavdians. Il
vas necessav, JinaII, lIal pviviIeges and analIenas nusl nol Ie lIe vesuIl eilIev oJ nevils
acquived voIunlaviI ov oJ deIiIevale vvongdoing Iul, on lIe conlvav, lIal lIe Iad lo
veigI on lIe viclins a pviovi, IiIe a naIediclion.90
WIeveas Savlve couId concIude lIal |lIe sliII CIvislian) BaudeIaive vas nol lo Ie
one oJ lIe vIippevs-Jov aIove lIen vas nolIing excepl lIe void and gvalui-
lousness: valIev Ie vouId Ie-vilI gvealesl veIisI-lIe Jivsl lo Ie vIipped |82),
NielzscIe |lIe posl-CIvislian) nucI pveJevved lo Ie on lIe side oJ lIe JIageIIalovs.
IJ a Jovn oJ vIipping |Iallve, Jouellev) is lIeveJove a diaIeclicaI IinI Ielveen
lIe BaudeIaivean and lIe NielzscIean vievs oJ vonen and oJ poIilics, lIis is pve-
sunaII pavl and pavceI oJ sone deepI pevsonaI sadonasocIislic desive. WIal
nallevs nucI nove, Iovevev, in levns oJ nove concvele sociaI ovganizalion, ave
aII lIe necIanisns, inslilulions, and ideoIogicaI slale appavaluses lIal vendev lIe
depIonenl oJ ovevl Jovce nol neveI unnecessav Iul counlevpvoduclive. OJ
concevn Jov NielzscIe, lIeveJove, is nolIing Iess lIan lIe inlvicale sociaI and Iev-
neneulic povev lIal Mavx, V. I. Lenin, Ovansci, and AIlIussev gvasped as Iege-
non, lIe IincIpin oJ lIe diaIeclic Ielveen Iangnan and pviesl.9' Spinoza
Iad caIIed lIis pvoIIenalic supevslilion. In Spinoza's unconpvonising levns,
lIe lIeoIogico-poIilicaI voIe oJ sucI supevslilion is lo IoodvinI lIe suIjecls, and
lo nasI lIe Jeav, vIicI Ieeps lIen dovn, vilI lIe specious gavI oJ veIigion, so
lIal nen na JigIl as IvaveI Jov sIavev as Jov saJel, and counl il nol sIane Iul
IigIesl Ionov lo visI lIeiv IIood and lIeiv Iives Jov lIe vaingIov oJ a lvanl.92
Conpave, iJ ou pveJev, lIe enlIusiaslic connenlav on a pIvase oJ OollIoId
Lessing's in Leo Slvauss's essa Exolevic TeacIing 'Bespolisn Iased excIu-
siveI on supevslilion,' i.e., nol al aII on Jovce, cannol Ie nainlained iJ lIe non-
supevslilious ninovil does nol voIunlaviI veJvain Jvon openI exposing and
veJuling lIe 'supevslilious' IeIieJs.93 Beluvning lo NielzscIe |IolI Iangnan and
pviesl, and an esolevic vvilev vIo couId nol quile Ieep Jvon exposing Iis vievs
vIen Ie lIougIl Ie vas in pvivale), anolIev duaI-Ianguage passage in Iis 1887/
88 noleIooI vesponse lo BaudeIaive veads
TIe dealI penaIl, vesuIl oJ a nslic idea, lIal loda is lolaII unconpveIended. TIe
dealI penaIl does nol Iave lIe ain oJ saving sociel naleviaII [die OeseIIscIaJl zu sauvev,
nalevieIIenenl] il inlends lo save sociel and lIe guiIl spiviluaII [sie viII sie und den
ScIuIdigen spivilueIIenenl sauvev]. In ovdev lIal lIe sacviJicaI viclin [das OpJev] is pev-
Jecl, lIeve Ias lo Ie agveenenl and jo on lIe pavl oJ lIe viclin [nuB Zuslinnung und
Fveude auJ Seilen des OpJevs sein]. |1 1[197])
So il vas, lIen, lIal NielzscIe vead BaudeIaive lIvougI lIe oplics oJ Iis vevsion
oJ lIe noncoevcive coevcion lIal conceaIs lIe IovviJic aspecl oJ Iegenonic poI-
ilics. TIe Jascoid vilI a ZavalIuslvian Jace, oJlen a IiIevlavian ov IiIevaI Jace.
In lIe end, evevlIing cones dovn in NielzscIe lo lIe duaI poIilico-econonic
need Jov esolevicisn and vevoIulion in landen. So il is lIal NielzscIe appvopvi-
ales Jvon BaudeIaive lIe MacIiaveIIian nolion lIal aII lvue poIilics is essenliaII
ov inevilaII Jesuil and vevoIulionav [Si lu elais jesuile el vevoIulionnaive,
conne loul vvai poIilique doil I'elve ou I'esl JalaIenenl] |I 1[205]).
NielzscIe's vev Iasl noleIooI excevpls Jvon lIe Oeuvves poslIunes levninale
40 BEFBESENTATIONS
as el anolIev duaI-Ianguage veJIeclion |pavl cilalion, pavl inlevpoIalion) on vIal
Ie nov appvovingI caIIs BaudeIaive's nonslvous ov Iaiv-vaising |Iaavslvdu-
Iend) vision oJ vIal in TIus SpoIe ZavalIuslva Ie Iad caIIed lIe Iasl nen. TIis
vision is consideved loda I neoconsevvalives and neoIiIevaIs aIiIe lo Ie Nielz-
scIe's decisive allacI nol onI againsl nodevnil Iul againsl aII sociaIisl and den-
ocvalic allenpls lo Jovge sonelIing pvogvessive oul oJ nodevnil.94 Accovding lo
lIe JinaI BaudeIaivean-NielzscIean paslicIe, Euvopean poIilics Ias Iecone so
Anevicanized |anevicanizievl) lIal an eJJeclive gveal poIilics is in dangev oJ
Ieing eIininaled, iJ il Ias nol Ieen aIvead. Fov NielzscIe, lIe Favl oJ Feace,
oJ sociaIisn, is in dangev oJ lviunpIing ovev lIe Wav Favl, aIso caIIed lIe spiv-
iluaI ov inleIIecluaI Favl. In Iis paslicIe
TIe JuvlIev deveIopnenl oJ Iunanil accovding lo BaudeIaive's idea. Nol lIal ve couId
again appvoacI condilions in lIe viId, Jov exanpIe in lIe nannev oJ lIe Jocose disovdev
oJ SoulI Anevican vepuIIics, vIeve, gun in Iand, one seeIs one's suslenance anongsl lIe
vuins oJ ouv civiIizalion. TIal vouId pvesuppose a cevlain vilaI enevg. TecInoIog is so
Anevicanized, and pvogvess viII Iave so alvopIied lIe spiviluaI Favl in us, lIal Evev-
lIing devanged [AIIes VevvucIle] lIal Ias Ieen dveanl oJ I lIe SociaIisls Iags IeIind
acluaI veaIil. No veIigion, no pvopevl: nol even an nove vevoIulion. OenevaI coIIapse
viII nol Ie veveaIed in poIilicaI inslilulions |ov Ie pvogves univevseI nanes don'l nallev
nucI)[.] Is il necessav Jov ne lo add lIal lIe IillIe Iil oJ poIilics lIal venains viII Ie
deIaled IaIoviousI in lIe enIvace oJ genevaI aninaIil [se deIallva peniIIenenl dans Ies
6lveinles de I'aninaIil6 genevaIe], and lIal, in ovdev lo Ieep lIenseIves slanding and lo
cveale a pIanlon oJ ovdev, poIilicaI govevnnenls viII Ie Jovced lo laIe lIeiv veJuge in
neans lIal viII naIe ouv conlenpovav Iunanil quaIe, no nallev Iov caIIous! [qui Jevaienl
Jvissonnev nolve Iunanil6 aclueIIe, pouvlanl si enduvcie!] |Haiv-vaising!). |1 1[234])
TIis Iasl pavenlIelicaI insevlion is-cIavaclevislicaII Jov lIe Iale NielzscIe-
IaIJ-ivonic, IaIJ deadI sevious. He lIen innedialeI conlinues Iis passage as a
vunning connenlav on BaudeIaive's apocaIplic vision oJ lIe end oJ Iouvgeois
nodevnisn. TIis age is said lo cuIninale in aIjecl deIasenenl and degvadalion
aviIissenenl. NielzscIe lIen slavls up a nev pavagvapI, vIicI conlinues Jov a
line vilI el anolIev duaI-Ianguage vision oJ lIe Iasl nan. FvesenlI, Iovevev,
vIen Ie Ias JinaII Iad enougI oJ decadence, NielzscIe's lone aIvuplI cIanges.
He aIandons BaudeIaive and Iis dand vilI lIe JaniIiav denand, in Iis ovn
|ZavalIuslvian) voice, Jov a IillIe puve aiv! And, pvopeIIed I lIin nounlain aiv
Jvon lIe palIos oJ dislance, cones NielzscIe's spin IacI ava Jvon lIe Bau-
deIaivean pvoIIenalic lovavd Iis ovn Tvaclalus poIilicus, Iis ovn pIans Jov lIe
Wav Favl-one lo Ie pvojecled inlo an possiIIe Juluve, elevnaII.
I7
In 1995, nove lIan 150 eavs since NielzscIe's IivlI, lIe juv is sliII
oul on IolI lIe exislence and success oJ Iis Wav Favl. M ovn Iesl guess is lIal
iJ NielzscIe veve lo laIe pevvevse deIigIl loda in lIe exislence oJ LeJl Nielz-
scIeanisn, and oJ pvesenl Jovns oJ sociaIisn, il vouId Ie onI lo lIe exlenl lIal
IolI Iave IeIped naIe il inpossiIIe Jov a nove pvopev LeJl lo lIinI and do olIev
lIings lIan il does, lIinI aIlevnalive lIougIls lo vIal il lIinIs, IuiId aulIenlic
connunisn. Beond lIis essenliaII pvopIIaclic, pvivalive, and negalive eJJec-
livil, Ie vouId Iave a Iavd line seeing JuII posilive incovpovalions oJ Iis
leacIing avound lIe vovId. Bul in cevlain civcunslances, as undev lIe sign oJ lIe
ElevnaI Becuvvence oJ lIe Sane, lIeve ain'l no success IiIe JaiIuve.
BegavdIess oJ ils veIalive success ov JaiIuve, lIe pvopevI NielzscIean poIilics
oJ appvopvialion Jinds a cuIninalion-avguaII even lIe cuIninalion-as a
veading and vevviling oJ BaudeIaive's Oeuvves poslIunes. TIe sIeev JaciIil vilI
vIicI NielzscIe vas aIIe lo vead BaudeIaive in levns oJ lIis poIilics oJ appvopvi-
alion lesliJies lo NielzscIe's genius, and il is al lIe sane line a najov souvce oJ
Iis povev lo inJIuence guIIiIIe veadevs. B 1888, NielzscIe Iad veacIed lIe poinl
vIeve Iis poIilics and Iis lecInique oJ appvopvialion veve Jused logelIev inlo a
vivluaI sslen oJ Iis Iod, as il veve Iis gaslvic juices. So eJJovlIess and sviJl vas
NielzscIe's va oJ veading and Ience oJ vviling lIal lIe lvue inlenlions oJ lIe
Iizavve lIvee-quavlev JooI |nol neveI BaudeIaive Iul NielzscIe IinseIJ) vIo
slood as sign IeIind lIis veading and lIis vviling Iave Ieen eJJecliveI Iidden
Jvon nosl poinls oJ viev. IniliaII, lIvougI Iis decisive encounlev vilI HoIdevIin,
lo a Iessev exlenl Ialev vilI Leopavdi, and nosl especiaII vilI Wagnev, NielzscIe
Iad deveIoped a lecInique oJ veading-vviling vIeveI an nev slinuIus-sucI
as BaudeIaive-couId Ie aInosl innedialeI incovpovaled and vedivecled. TIis
is lo sa lIal vivluaII an inleIIecluaI vav naleviaI couId Ie Jovged I NielzscIe's
inleIIecluaI node oJ pvoduclion inlo lIe nove ov Iess esolevic and pvoJoundI
Jascoid |nol necessaviI Fascisl ov NalionaI SociaIisl) veapon lIal lIis povevJuI
poslnodevn seniolician and poIilico-econonic pIiIosopIev Iad in nind. In an
case, one nigIl sa lIal, Jov NielzscIe, BaudeIaive and poIilicaI econon ave
convevliIIe levns.
Il is Iavd lo vesisl noling |indeed cvuciaI lo nole in IigIl oJ a IogogvapIic
pvoIIenalic lIal denands lIal an uIlinale esolevic seniolic nusl Ie connuni-
caled onI vevIaII and in pevson, iJ al aII, nevev in vviling) lIal NielzscIe's access
lo lIe nodevnisl BaudeIaive Iad Ieen Jived I a nonenl oJ pevsonaI conlacl, and
aIso nissed pevsonaI conlacl, Ielveen BaudeIaive and Wagnev lIal Iad lvanspived
in 1861 lIe eav oJ NielzscIe's iniliaI, decisive encounlev vilI HoIdevIin, nonlIs
IeJove Ie Ieavd Wagnev's nusic Jov lIe Jivsl line and lIe eav lo vIicI NielzscIe
lIus Iad lo veluvn IilevaII and snIoIicaII, consciousI and suIconsciousI, ovev
and ovev again. Hislov, as lIe BigIl-ving neo-Spinozisl and neo-MacIiaveIIian
NielzscIe IiIed lo sa, Inovs no sucI lIing as cIance ov coincidence. And il is in
IiIe nannev, Jov NielzscIe, lIal lIe pevsonaI, lIe Iilevav, and lIe pIiIosopIicaI
aIvas evenluaII nevge inlo one. In lIe end vIal is al slaIe, Iovevev, is an oIjecl
and a suIjecl lIal is nol onI pscIoIogicaI, Iilevav, and pIiIosopIicaI in naluve-
42 BEFBESENTATIONS
lIougI il vouId Ie nolIing iJ il veve nol aII lIis as veII-Iul aIso poIilico-
econonic in lIe Iasl inslance.
Noles
I'n gvaleJuI lo Tin CIavI and MicIaeI Bogin Jov lIeiv suppovl oJ lIis essa, and lo
Jean AIlev and Nova AIlev Jov ils inpvovenenl.
1. VoIIgescIvieIen nil den ZeicIen dev VevgangenIeil, und aucI diese ZeicIen uIev-
pinseIl nil neuen ZeicIen aIso IaIl iIv eucI gul vevslecIl vov aIIen ZeicIendeu-
levn!: FviedvicI NielzscIe, AIso spvacI ZavalIuslva Ein BucI Jiuv AIIe und Keinen |TIus
spoIe ZavalIuslva A IooI Jov aII and no one, 1883-1885): KviliscIe OesanlausgaIe,
WevIe, ed. Oiovgio CoIIi and Mazzino Monlinavi |BevIin, 1967JJ), voI. 6, sec. 1, page
149 |IeveaJlev aIIvevialed as KOW, JoIIoved I voIune, seclion, and page nunIevs)
[Favl 1I, On lIe Land oJ Educalion]. NielzscIe's noleIooIs, vIicI Ie did nol inlend
Jov puIIicalion, ave veJevved lo in lIe KOW as Iis NacIgeIassene Fvagnenle: lIe
viII Ie aIIvevialed as NF, JoIIoved I lIe dale oJ conposilion assigned I lIe edi-
lovs. |N.B. NielzscIe Iad inlvicale vas oJ enpIasizing cevlain vovds ovev olIevs, oJ
IuiIding up IievavcIicaI vegislevs oJ concepls, oJ using eIIipses, and so JovlI: Iis Iogo-
and pIono-cenlvic gvapIoIog is oJlen diJJicuIl lo lvanscviIe.) UnIess olIevvise noled,
aII lvansIalions ave I lIe aulIov.
2. Jean BaudviIIavd, SinuIalions |SinuIacves el sinuIalion), lvans. FauI Foss, FauI Fallon,
and FIiIip BeilcInan |Nev YovI, 1983), 88.
3. Edgav AIIan Foe, TIe Man oJ lIe Cvovd, in TIe ConpIele WovIs oJ Edgav AIIan Foe,
ed. Janes A. Havvison |Nev YovI, 1902), 4134-145: Ieve 134.
4. BolI lIe size and sexuaI pveJevence oJ NielzscIe's penis Ias Iong Ieen a nallev oJ
pvivale and puIIic specuIalion in lIe NielzscIe Induslv-Ieginning vilI NielzscIe
IinseIJ. See Cuvl FauI Janz, Bie 'lodlIicIe BeIeidigung' Ein Beilvag zuv Wagnev-
EnlJvendung NielzscIes, NielzscIe-Sludien 4 |1975) 262-278. One oJ NielzscIe's pev-
sonaI pIsicians, Cuvl Eisev |1834-1897), conJided lIe vesuIls oJ an exaninalion oJ
NielzscIe lo BicIavd Wagnev. Based on lIis inJovnalion, Wagnev inJovned Iis civcIe,
as NielzscIe discoveved lo Iis Iovvov al a nonenl oJ ovevdelevnined pevsonaI and
pIiIosopIicaI cvisis in Iis IiJe, lIal NielzscIe's vavious sonalic and pscIoIogicaI aiI-
nenls veve due lo lIe snaII size oJ Iis penis, lo excessive onanisn, and/ov lo
pedevasl. WIen Ie Ieavned oJ Eisev's incvediIIe indiscvelion, NielzscIe vas undev-
slandaII Iuvl lo lIe quicI. TIis incidenl Iad considevaIIe Ieaving nol onI on Nielz-
scIe's IveaI vilI Wagnev Iul aIso on Iis suIsequenl anaIsis oJ lIe pIenonenon oJ
nodevnisl decadence, and nosl especiaII on Iis esolevicisn, since lIe incidenl
occuvved duving Iis ZavalIuslva eav. Fov JuvlIev deIale aIoul Wagnev's novlaI
insuIl and NielzscIe's veaclion lo il, see Bielev BovcIneev, WoduvcI Ial Wagnev
NielzscIe lodIicI IeIeidigl? Ein BepIiI auJ Eugen Bisevs AuJsalz 'OIauIe und
MlIos,' FIiIosopIiscIes JaIvIucI 92 |1985) 149-156, and Eugen Bisev, Bev 'IeIei-
digle' NielzscIe und dev 'IeIeIvle' Wagnev VevsucI einev EnlzauIevung, FIiIoso-
pIiscIesJaIvIucI 93 |1986) 175-180.
JoacIin KoIIev avgues |via IavgeI civcunslanliaI evidence, Iul nol unconvinc-
ingI), lIal NielzscIe indeed vas IonosexuaI, and lIal Iis naslevpiece TIus SpoIe
ZavalIuslva is a coded nessage oJ ga naIe IiIevalion. See JoacIin KoIIev, Zava-
lIuslvas OeIeinnis FviedvicI NielzscIe und seine vevscIIiisseIle BolscIaJl |NIvdIingen, 1989).
|KIIIev's is nol veaII a lIeovelicaII ov poIilicaII inJovned exevcise in queeving lIe
canon in lIe good sense, Iovevev: indeed, lIeve ave sevevaI IonopIoIic nonenls
in Iis vovI.) TIe nosl nelicuIous nedicaI IiogvapI oJ NielzscIe |in levns oJ Iis
possiIIe pIsicaI and nenlaI iIInesses and oJ Iis Iiniled avaveness oJ lIen) does nol
addvess lIe queslion oJ NielzscIe's sexuaIil in an deplI, lIougI il does lend lo
conJivn KIIIev's lIesis lIal NielzscIe indeed vas ga, even inpIing, as does KoIIev,
lIal lIis na Ieav on Iis concevn vilI esolevic connunicalion. See Fia BanieIa VoIz,
NielzscIe in LaIvinlI seinevKvanIIeil Eine nediziniscI-IiogvapIiscIe UnlevsucIung |Wlivz-
Iuvg, 1990), esp. 2, 20, 49-50, 59-60, 193-194, vilI veIevanl endnoles. Fvessed,
I vouId laIe lIe posilion lIal lIe queslion oJ vIelIev ov nol NielzscIe vas ga
vouId Ie veIevanl onI lo lIe exlenl lIal lIis nigIl Iave Ieen one conlviIuling Jaclov,
anong olIevs, in delevnining Iis pvoJound connilnenl lo esolevicisn, as I viII Ie
allenpling lo oulIine il in lIis essa.
5. NielzscIe lo MaIvida von MesenIug, lovavd lIe end oJ MavcI 1884, in NielzscIe,
KviliscIe OesanlausgaIe,
BvieJlecIseI,
ed. Oiovgio CoIIi and Mazzino Monlinavi |BevIin,
1975JJ), voI. 3, sec 1, pages 489-490: Ieve 490 |IeveaJlev aIIvevialed as KOB, JoI-
Ioved I voIune, seclion, and page nunIevs).
6. NielzscIe lo EIisaIelI FIvslev-NielzscIe, nid-NovenIev 1888 |dvaJl), KOB 3/5473-
474: Ieve 474.
7. Fov Kanl in lIe TIivd Cvilique, TIe suIIine is lIal in conpavison vilI vIicI evev-
lIing eIse is snaII.... TIe suIIine is lIal, lIe neve aIiIil lo lIinI vIicI sIovs a JacuIl oJ
lIe nind suvpassing evev slandavd oJ sense. InnanueI Kanl, KviliI dev UvleiIsIvaJl, ed.
WiIIeIn WeiscIedeI |FvanIJuvl an Main, 1974), 172: InnanueI Kanl, Cvilique oJ
Judgenenl, lvans. J. H. Bevnavd |Nev YovI, 1974), 89. On lIe dviJl oJ posl-Kanlian,
Bonanlic, and posl-Bonanlic lIinIing ava Jvon lIe assunplion lIal lIe suIIine ov
Ideas veve unsaaIIe and inlo a pvoIIenalic oJ vepvesenlalion |BavsleIIung), and on
lIe allendanl pIiIosopIicaI and Iilevav apovias oJ lIis assunplion, see FIiIippe
Lacoue-LaIavlIe and Jean-Luc Nanc, TIe Lilevav AIsoIule TIe TIeov oJ Lilevaluve in
Oevnan Bonanlicisn, lvans. FIiIip Bavnavd and CIevI Leslev |AIIan, 1988). Fov a
poIilicaII sIavpev |and Iess NielzscIean) discussion oJ lIe pvoIIen oJ even laIIing
aIoul lIe Kanlian suIIine, see SIavoj ZizeI's anaIsis oJ a decisive pavadox Ieve
naneI, lIe convevsion oJ lIe inpossiIiIil oJ pvesenlalion inlo lIe pvesenlalion oJ
inpossiIiIil. SIavoj ZizeI, Fov TIe Knov Nol WIal TIe Bo Enjonenl as a FoIilicaI Faclov
|London, 1991), 144. Il sIouId Ie unnecessav lo add lIal, ideoIogicaII speaIing, lIe
suIIine is an open sile, nol necessaviI ovned I lIe BigIl, lIe Cenlev, ov lIe LeJl.
On lIe possiIiIil oJ noIiIizing lIe lIeov oJ lIe SuIIine Jov Mavxisn, see Tevv
EagIelon, TIe Mavxisl SuIIine, in TIe IdeoIog oJ lIe AeslIelic |CanIvidge, Mass.,
1990).
8. BicIavd KIein, Cigavelles Ave SuIIine |BuvIan, N.C., 1993), xi.
9. In addilion lo lIe vovI oJ BaudviIIavd, see, Jov exanpIe, lIe nov cIassic pIiIosopIicaI
discussion oJ sinuIacva as lpes oJ pevJovnalive ullevance I Jacques Bevvida, Sig-
naluve evenenenl conlexle, in Iis Mavges de Ia pIiIosopIie |Favis, 1972), 365-393. On
lIe sinuIacvun as vepvesenlalionaI slvucluve oJ a suIvalionaI econon, see Jean-
Fvancois Lolavd, Econonie IiIidinaIe |Favis, 1974), esp. 57-115. On lIe sinuIacvun as
lIe povev oJ lIe JaIse and lIe JaIse as povev, see OiIIes BeIeuze, FIalo and lIe
SinuIacvun, lvans. BosaIind Kvauss, OcloIev 27 |Winlev 1983) 45-56.
10. BoelIius, FIiIosopIiae consoIalionis, 2.74-77.
44 BEFBESENTATIONS
11. NielzscIe, Vovvovl |pveJace, 1886) lo MenscIIicIes, AIIzunenscIIicIes I Ein BucI Juiv
Jveie Oeislev |Hunan, aII-loo-Iunan I A IooI Jov Jvee spivils, 1878: 1886): KOW 4/
27-16: Ieve 16 [FveJace ? 8].
12. See J. L. Auslin, Hov To Bo TIings vilI Wovds, 2d ed., ed. J. 0. Uvnson and Mavina
SIisA |CanIvidge, Mass., 1975), 94-120, 145-146. WIalevev lIe IiaIiIilies oJ speecI
acl lIeov na Ie, il pvovides nucI nove pvecise levns oJ anaIsis Jov NielzscIe's
vovI lIan laII aIoul Iis vIelovic ov discuvsive pvaclice. Because NielzscIe's avgunenl
vesisls Iogic |pvoceeding valIev I appvopvialion, associalion, apIovisn, innuendo),
avgunenls againsl NielzscIe and NielzscIeanisn nusl JoIIov suil, lo sone exlenl. Il
is nol enougI jusl lo appveciale lIe pevJovnalive aspecl oJ NielzscIe's vviling and
lIinIing qua lIene: in ovdev lo gvasp and sellIe accounls vilI Iin, one nusl aIso
allenpl acliveI lo vivaI, invovn, and vivus Iis vovI and ils inJIuence. I undev-
sland sucI allenpls lo Ie necessav, nol suJJicienl.
13. Louis AIlIussev and Elienne BaIiIav, Beading CapilaI, 2d ed., lvans. Ben Bvevslev
|London, 1970), 21.
14. La posilion de NielzscIe esl Ia seuIe en deIovs du connunisne: Oeovges BalaiIIe,
La pavl naudile, in BalaiIIe, Oeuvves conpIeles, ed. Benis HoIIiev, el aI. |Favis, 1970-
1988), 8405: in EngIisI, Oeovges BalaiIIe, TIe Accuvsed SIave An Essa on OenevaI
Econon, lvans. BoIevl HuvIe |Nev YovI, 1991), 373, lvansIalion nodiJied, enpIasis
added.
15. Fov veJIeclions |vilI vIicI I an in gveal snpalI) on connunisn as a vilaI Juluve
pvojecl in opposilion lo IolI capilaIisn and sociaIisn, see FeIix Ouallavi and Toni
Negvi, Connunisls LiIe Us Nev Spaces oJ LiIevl, Nev Lines oJ AIIiance 1985, lvans.
MicIaeI Ban |Nev YovI, 1990): and AIain Badiou, B'un desaslve oIscuv |Bvoil, Elal,
FoIilique) |Favis, 1991). Bevvida, loo, Ias vesisled vejoicing al lIe aIIeged dealI oJ con-
nunisn. See Jacques Bevvida Speclves de Mavx L'9lal de Ia delle, Ie lvavaiI du deuiI el Ia
nouveIIe InlevnalionaIe |Favis, 1993). TIe lvipavlile suIlilIe veJevs lo lIe desoIale slale
|and Slale) oJ lIe poslsociaIisl vovId, lo lIe vesuIling vovI oJ nouvning |in lIe
pscIoanaIlic sense), and lo lIe nouveIIe InlevnalionaIe lIal is in lIe pvocess oJ Jov-
nalion in vesponse lo IolI.
16. TIe nolion oJ pvoIeplic Iandicapping |Oevnan VovgaIe) incIudes lIe sense neanl
in vavious spovls. Il vas one oJ sevevaI pvoduclive inlevvenlions in lIe 1970s I Easl
Oevnan Iilevav cvilics and lIeovisls |ManJved Naunann, CIaus Tvdgev, Bielev
ScIIensledl, BoIevl Weinann) in lIeiv allenpl lo gvasp lIe vas lIal lexls nainlain
al Ieasl veaI conlvoI ovev lIeiv suIsequenl appvopvialion, in opposilion lo lIe aes-
lIelicizing and suIjecliJing lendencies oJ Wesl Oevnan veceplion lIeov |WoIJ-
gang Isev, Hans BoIevlJauB).
17. In Iis Lecluves on lIe Hislov oJ FIiIosopI, HegeI avgued lIal lIe veason Socvales con-
senled lo dvinI lIe IenIocI vas lIal lIe AlIenians veve ivonicaII punisIing, indeed
suiciding, an eIenenl vIicI vas lIeiv ovn, Iaving aIvead unvillingI incovpovaled
Socvalic leacIing inlo lIenseIves. See Oeovg WiIIeIn FviedvicI HegeI, VovIesungen
uiIev die OescIicIle dev FIiIosopIie, in Iis WevIe in zvanzig Bdnden, ed. Eva MoIdenIauev
and KavI MavIus MicIeI |FvanIJuvl an Main, 1971), 18441-516: Ieve 514. Fov a
lvansIalion see Oeovg WiIIeIn FviedvicI HegeI, Lecluves on lIe Hislov oJ FIiIosopI, ed.
and lvans. E. S. HaIdane, 3 voIs. |1892-1896: vepvinl, London, 1955), 1384-448.
18. See Epicuvus, in Biogenes Laevlius, Lives, 10.31: Lucvelius, Be vevun nal., 4.437-501:
andJ. von Avnin, ed., Sloicovun velevunJvagnenla, 1.143, 2.836 and 879.
19. Bas CIvislenlIun paBl sicI an das scIon IesleIende uIevaII eingevacIsene Anli-
HeidenlIun an, an die CuIle, veIcIe von Epicuv IeIanpJl vovden sind ... genauev,
an die BeIigionen dev niedeven Masse dev Fvauen, dev SIIaven, dev NICHT-VOBNEHMEN
Sldnde. NielzscIe, NF, NovenIev 1887-Mdvz 1888, KOW 8/2358. TIeve ave nan
veJevences lo Epicuvean pIiIosopI lIvougIoul NielzscIe's vviling: vIiIe sone ave
nove expIicilI epislenoIogicaI in naluve, lIis passage is indicalive oJ vIal inlevesled
Iin nosl.
20. SeIeclions Jvon lIe Fvison NoleIooIs oJ Anlonio Ovansci, ed. and lvans. Quinlin Hoave and
OeoJJve NoveII SnilI |Nev YovI, 1971), 170-17 1.
21. See CIavIes BaudeIaive, Oeuvves poslIunes el covvespondances inediles, pvecedees d'une elude
IiogvapIique, ed. Eugene Cvepil |Favis, 1887). CvilicaI allenlion vas Jivsl caIIed lo lIis
lexl I KavI FeslaIozzi, NielzscIes BaudeIaive-Bezeplion, NielzscIe-Sludien 7 |1978)
158-178. AIso see lIe connenls I CoIIi and Monlinavi in NielzscIe, SdnlIicIe WevIe,
KviliscIe SludienausgaIe, ed. Oiovgio CoIIi and Mazzino Monlinavi |BevIin and MunicI,
1980), voI. 14, page 752 |IeveaJlev aIIvevialed as KSA, JoIIoved I voIune and page
nunIevs).
22. See NielzscIe lo HeinvicI KoseIilz |Felev Oasl), 26 FeIvuav 1888, KOB 3/5262-265.
23. Accovding lo Socvales in FIalo's FIaedvus, lIe IogogvapIic necessil is lIe vequive-
nenl lo vvile in diJJevenl vas-vas no Iongev noniloved I vevIaI / auvaI slvalegies
and pevsonaI conJidences lo diJJevenl veadevs in lIe pvesenl and Juluve. See FIalo,
FIaedvus, 275d9-275e5 and 264I7-c5: and Leo Slvauss, TIe Cil and Man |CIicago,
1977), 52-62. To lIis exlenl, al Ieasl, NielzscIe vas FIalonisl lo lIe cove.
24. See NielzscIe, NF, FvuIjaIv 1884, KOW 7/255-56. AIso see NF, Sonnev-HevIsl
1884, KOW 7/2230 and 255: and NF, ApviI-Juni 1885, KOW 7/3171. Bul vIelIev
Iis nove ov Iess lacil poIilicaI econon ougIl lo Ie expIained |veduced vouId Ie el
anolIev nallev)
as a Jovn oJ un-vovIed-lIvougI pevsonaI vevenge laIen I IinseIJ
as veaI |inpolenl, elc.) in lIe nane oJ lIe slvong nusl venain an open queslion
in IigIl oJ lIe paucil oJ avaiIaIIe evidence.
25. See NielzscIe, NF, ApviI-Juni 1885, KOW 7/3148, 154, 196, and 329. AIso see NF,
FvuIjaIv 1884, KOW 7/257.
26. Il is inpovlanl lo nole, againsl convenlionaI visdon, lIal NielzscIe Iad vev IillIe
JivslIand ov delaiIed InovIedge oJ lIe nodevn pIiIosopIicaI lvadilion vilI vIicI Ie
is oJlen associaled |Kanl, HegeI, elc.). TIis IoIds lvue even oJ lIe pve-Socvalics and
olIev ancienl pIiIosopIevs. As is evidenced I Iis pevsonaI IiIvav in Weinav, lIe onI
coIIecled vovIs Ie Inev inlinaleI veve lIose oJ lIvee nen AvlIuv ScIopenIauev
|lIvougI vIon, vilI lIe IeIp oJ FviedvicI AIIevl Lange, Ie vead Kanl and lIe Iislov
oJ pIiIosopI), JoIann WoIJgang von OoelIe |vIon Ie consideved nove signiJicanl
lIan HegeI), and Wagnev |lIvougI and againsl vIon Ie vead vivluaII evevlIing).
OJ couvse Ie aIso Inev Iis BiIIe.
27. See TIeopIiIe Oauliev's inlvoduclion lo CIavIes BaudeIaive, LesJIeuvs
du naI, pvecedees
d'une nolice pav TIeopIiIe Oauliev, nouveIIe edilion |Favis, 1882), 1-75. TIis vas lIe cop
oJ BaudeIaive's nagnun opus vead I NielzscIe in Nizza, and il is sliII in Iis IiIvav
in Weinav. NielzscIe, JoIIoving a IiJeIong IaIil, paid pavlicuIav allenlion lo Oauliev's
IiogvapIicaI essa: Iul Ie did navI in penciI cevlain slanzas |pavlicuIavI lIe JinaI
ones) oJ a nunIev oJ poens, incIuding especiaII L'anouv du nensonge |TIe Iove
oJ JaIseIood), La Ieaule |Beaul), L'Ionne el Ia nev |Man and lIe sea), Hnne
a Ia Ieaule |Hnn lo Ieaul), Le nasque |TIe nasI), Be pvoJundis cIanavi, and
Le voage |TIe voage). Il is I no neans cevlain lIal NielzscIe's connand oJ
FvencI vas suJJicienl lo JoIIov lIe conpIexilies oJ BaudeIaive Ieond a cevlain lIe-
nalic poinl. Fov a descviplion oJ NielzscIe's va oJ veading BaudeIaive's LesJIeuvs
du
naI, see FeslaIozzi, NielzscIes BaudeIaive-Bezeplion, esp. 166-171. TIis avlicIe,
46 BEFBESENTATIONS
vIicI venains lIe najov slud oJ lIeiv veIalionsIip, is useJuI Iul vev pveIininav-
pvinaviI devoled as il is lo pIiIoIogicaI and lIenalic concevns.
28. NielzscIe, NF, FvuIjaIv 1888, KOW 8/3187 and 223.
29. BoIand BavlIes, S/Z, lvans. BicIavd MiIIev |Nev YovI, 1974), 44-45.
30. NielzscIe, NF, NovenIev 1887-Mavz 1888, KOW 8/2360.
31. NielzscIe NF, OIloIev 1888, KOW 8/3411.
32. See NielzscIe, OIlzen-Bdnnevung odev Wie nan nil den Hannev pIiIosopIivl |TviIigIl oJ
lIe idoIs, ov, Hov one pIiIosopIizes vilI a Iannev), KOW 6/3107 [SIivnisIes oJ an
UnlineI Man, 3].
33. NielzscIe, Ecce Iono Wie nan vivd vas nan isl |Ecce Iono Hov one Iecones vIal
one is), KOW 6/3287 [WI I An so CIevev, 3]: Iasl enpIasis added.
34. See BaudeIaive, Oeuvves poslIunes, Ixxi n. 2.
35. NielzscIe vas aIvas Jascinaled I nunevoIogicaI coincidences, pavlicuIavI as lIe
pevlained lo Iis ovn IiJe. B giving lIe ages oJ Wagnev and BaudeIaive in 1861, and
I lacilI pvojecling IinseIJ IacI lo lIal line, vIen Ie vas in scIooI, NielzscIe
Iecones lIe pvecise concepluaI poinl oJ nedialion Ielveen lIe lvo olIev nen-Jouv
eavs oungev lIan lIe one, Jouv eavs oIdev lIan lIe olIev.
36. See again KIIIev, ZavalIuslvas OeIeinnis.
37. Jacques AllaIi, Noise TIe FoIilicaI Econon oJ Music, lvans. Bvian Massuni |MinneapoIis,
Minn., 1985), 11.
38. TIeodov Adovno, In SeavcI oJ Wagnev, lvans. Bodne Livingslone |London, 1981), 100:
enpIasis added.
39. NielzscIe, noleIooI Jvagnenl oJ 1862, in Iis WevIe und BvieJe HisloviscI-IviliscIe Aus-
gaIe, ed. KavI ScIIecIla, Hans JoacIin Melle, el aI. |MunicI, 1933-1942), WevIe, 271:
enpIasis added.
40. Fov NielzscIe's puIIisIed vevsion oJ lIis pvoIIenalic, see Iis Bev FaII Wagnev Ein
MusiIanlen-FvoIIen |TIe Wagnev case A nusician's pvoIIen, 1888) and Iis poslIu-
nousI puIIisIed coIIeclion NielzscIe conlva Wagnev AIlensliicIe eines FscIoIogen |Nielz-
scIe conlva Wagnev Fvon lIe JiIes oJ a pscIoIogisl, 1888), IolI in KOW 6/3.
41. See NielzscIe, NF, NovenIev 1887-Mavz 1888, esp. ns. pages 11 [160]-11 [234]:
KOW 8/2317-334.
42. See NielzscIe, NF, NovenIev 1887-Mavz 1888, KOW 8/2267-270, 313-317, and
335.
43. NielzscIe, NF, BezenIev 1888-Januav 1889, KOW 8/3458.
44. Leo Slvauss, On a Fovgollen Kind oJ Wviling, in WIal Is FoIilicaI FIiIosopI? and OlIev
Sludies |CIicago and London, 1988), 221-232: Ieve 230.
45. Il is aIso inpovlanl lo specuIale aIoul vIicI passages in lIe Oeuvves poslIunes nigIl
Ie expecled lo Iave capluved NielzscIe's allenlion even lIougI lIe veve nol copied
oul I Iin. FavlicuIavI nolaIIe in lIis vegavd, Jov exanpIe, is BaudeIaive's veII-Inovn
pvoloposlnodevn lIeov oJ lIe Iunan suIjecl as sIaIiI posiled Ielveen vapoviza-
lion and cenlvaIizalion: Be Ia vapovisalion el de Ia cenlvaIisalion du noi. Toul esl
Ia: BaudeIaive, Oeuvves poslIunes, 92. WIal nallevs is nevev sucI lIenes pev se Iul
valIev, Jivsl, lIeiv inpIicalions Jov NielzscIe's pIiIosopI, and, nove inpovlanl, lIe
nannev in vIicI Ie allenpled lo inpIenenl and veaIize lIis pIiIosopI lIvougI
iIIoculion and pevIoculion.
46. NielzscIe, NF, NovenIev 1887-Mavz 1888, KOW 8/2319. Conpave CIavIes Bau-
deIaive, Jouvnaux inlines |Fusees), in Oeuvves poslIunes, 67-124: Ieve 71. TIe
najovil oJ NielzscIe's excevpls cone Jvon lIis Janous seclion. HenceJovlI, I viII no
Iongev indicale lIe page nunIevs in BaudeIaive's Oeuvves poslIunes: valIev, I viII cile
in lIe Iod oJ n essa Jvon NielzscIe's lexl accovding lo lIe paginalion oJ Iis ovig-
inaI nanuscvipl pages, nosl oJ vIicI ave coIIaled I NielzscIe's edilovs in KSA
14752-753.
47. See, Jov exanpIe, Luce Ivigava, Mavine Lovev oJ FviedvicI NielzscIe, lvans. OiIIian C. OiII
|Nev YovI, 1991). Fov Bevvida's seninaI discussion oJ lIe lopic NielzscIe and
Wonan, see Jacques Bevvida, La queslion du slIe, in NielzscIe aujouvd'Iui? voI. 1
Inlensil&s |Favis, 1973), 235-287, and lIe duaI-Ianguage edilion oJ lIe expanded lexl,
Spuvs NielzscIe' SlIesIEpevons Les slIes de NielzscIe, lvans. BavIava HavIov |CIicago,
1979). In posing lIe queslion oJ slIe in NielzscIe and in IinIing il vilI lIe pvoIIen
oJ Wonan, Bevvida |IiIe Ivigava and nan olIevs aJlev Bevvida), ignoves lIe Iono-
sexuaI pvoIIenalic in NielzscIe.
48. Nov is il enliveI Jovluilous lIal Ivgava's NielzscIeanisn, snplonalicaII Jov lIese
lines, is vivluaII pve-Mavxisl, Jov Iellev ov vovse. Fov an eavI, Iul sliII veIevanl,
Mavxisl-Jeninisl cvilique oJ Ivigava's vovI, see ToviI Moi, SexuaIITexluaI FoIilics Fen-
inisl Lilevav TIeov |London, 1985), esp. 127-149.
49. See CIvisline Buci-OIucIsnann, La vaison Iavoque, de BaudeIaive d Benjanin |Favis,
1984), esp. pavl 2, L'ulopie du Jeninin. See JuvlIev WaIlev Benjanin, Bas Fassagen-
WevI, ed. BoIJ Tiedenann, 2 voIs. |FvanIJuvl an Main, 1982), esp. 1301-489, |Bau-
deIaive) and 612-642 |Fvoslilulion, SpieI).
50. Il nusl Ie noled, Iovevev, lIal naIe Janlasies oJ andvogn ave ... slvalegies oJ
lolaIizalion and elIicaI conpensalion Jov undevIing nisogn. JuIie EIIison, BeIicale
SuIjecls Bonanlicisn, Oendev, and lIe ElIics oJ Undevslanding |IlIaca, N.Y., 1990), 19.
|EIIison is Ieve pavapIvasing lIe vovI on andvogn I CavoIn O. HeiIIvun, anong
olIevs.)
51. See Janes Ja SIavne, TIe FIanlon oJ Beason Oneivocvilicisn Jvon BaudeIaive lo
Benjanin |FI.B. diss., CovneII Univevsil, 1991), esp. 24-38.
52. See Oauliev's inlvoduclion lo BaudeIaive, LesJIeuvs
du naI, 48-50. Oauliev |1811-1872)
vas IinseIJ an inpovlanl poelic cvaJlsnan and pvecuvsov oJ lIe Favnassian scIooI:
BaudeIaive dedicaled lIe Jivsl edilion oJ
LesJIeuvs
du naI lo Iin. His pvesenlalion oJ
BaudeIaive's IiJe and vovIs vas posilive aIIeil apoIogelic, and genevaII vouId Iave
veinJovced NielzscIe's iniliaI inpvession oJ IolI vvilevs, aIongside Foe, as najov
nodevn decadenls.
53. See Henv CIavIes Cave, LeIvIucI dev VoIIsvivlIscIaJl und SoziaIvissenscIaJl |FvincipIes
oJ poIilicaI econon), 2d, vev. ed., lvans. KavI AdIev |Vienna, 1870): and NielzscIe's
Iellev lo Iis edilov Evnsl ScIneilznev, 8 June 1879, KOB 2/5417-418.
54. See NielzscIe lo KdseIilz, 8 JuI 1881, KOB 3/199-100.
55. See NielzscIe lo KoseIilz, 20 Ma 1887, KOB 3/578-80.
56. See NielzscIe, NF, JuIi 1879, KOW 4/3445.
57. Conpave lIe puIIisIed venavIs in NielzscIe, MenscIIicIes, AIIzunenscIIicIes II Bev
Wandevev und sein ScIallen |Hunan, aII-loo-Iunan, pavl II TIe vandevev and Iis
sIadov), KOW 4/3193-195 [ApIovisn 22] lo lIe dvaJl ciled in lIe edilovs' noles, KSA
14186, vIeve lIe indeIledness lo Cave is divuIged.
58. See KavI Mavx, CapilaI A Cvilique oJ FoIilicaI Econon, voI. 1, lvans. Ben FovIes |Nev
YovI, 1977), 327, 1001, 1062. WilI Cave, Mavx avgued in lIe Ovundvisse, lIe Iav-
non oJ lIe Iouvgeois veIalions oJ pvoduclion ends vilI lIe nosl conpIele disIav-
non oJ lIese veIalions on lIe gvandesl levvain vIeve lIe appeav, lIe vovId navIel,
and in lIeiv gvandesl deveIopnenl, as lIe veIalions oJ pvoducing nalions. AII lIe veIa-
lions vIicI appeav Iavnonious lo Iin vilIin speciJic nalionaI Ioundavies ov, in addi-
lion, in lIe aIslvacl Jovn oJ genevaI veIalions oJ Iouvgeois sociel-e.g. concenlvalion
48 BEFBESENTATIONS
oJ capilaI, division oJ IaIouv, vage IaIouv elc.-appeav as disIavnonious lo Iin vIeve
lIe appeav in lIeiv nosl deveIoped Jovn-in lIeiv vovId navIel Jovn-as lIe
inlevnaI veIalions vIicI pvoduce lIe EngIisI doninalion on lIe vovId navIel, and
vIicI, as deslvuclive inJIuences, ave lIe consequence oJ lIis doninalion. KavI Mavx,
Ovundvisse Foundalions oJ lIe Cvilique oJ FoIilicaI Econon, lvans. Mavlin NicoIaus |Nev
YovI, 1973), 886. On lIe inpovlance oJ Mavx's cvilique oJ lIe Iavnonizevs, Baslial
and Cave, Jov lIe deveIopnenl oJ Iis lIougIl genevaII, see Anlonio Negvi, Mavx
Beond Mavx Lessons on lIe Ovundvisse, ed. Jin FIening, lvans. Havv CIeavev, MicIaeI
Ban, and Mauvizio Viano, 2d ed. |London, 1991), 53-55.
59. NielzscIe, Bev gviecIiscIe Slaal |1872), KOW 3/2258-271: Ieve 261, 270, 271.
60. NielzscIe's vigid designalov, lo enpIo SauI KvipIe's levns, vouId Ie a possiIiIil
lIal cevlainl exisls in a JovnaI nodaI Ianguage, lIougI il does nol Iave lo Ie expIic-
ilI slaled, ov in a possiIIe vovIds senanlics lIal vouId designale lIe sane oIjecl
in an possiIIe vovId oJ a given discouvse ov navvalive lvajeclov. SauI A. KvipIe,
Naning and Necessil, 2d ed. |CanIvidge, Mass., 1980), 3-4,48.
61. See BicIavd
Bovl, Conlingenc, Ivon,
and
SoIidavil |CanIvidge, Eng., 1989),
and
JoIn
BavIs, FoIilicaI LiIevaIisn |Nev YovI, 1993).
62. NielzscIe, BavsleIIung dev anliIen BIeloviI/Bescviplion oJ Ancienl BIelovic
|1872-1873), in FviedvicI NielzscIe on BIelovic and Language |duaI-Ianguage edilion on
Jacing pages), ed. and lvans. Sandev L. OiInan, CavoIe BIaiv, Bavid J. Favenl |OxJovd,
Eng., 1989), 2-206: Ieve 2, 3.
63. See NielzscIe, NF, AnJang 1871, KOW 3/3347-363: Ieve esp. 363.
64. Il is inslvuclive Ieve lo conlvasl lIe vivaI posilions on BaudeIaive and NielzscIe laIen
I Bovl and Bvan S. Tuvnev |vilI vIon I side in lIis one nallev). See BicIavd
Bovl, MovaI Idenlil and Fvivale Aulonon TIe Case oJ FoucauIl, in Iis FIiIo-
sopIicaI Fapevs, voI. 2, Essas on Heideggev and OlIevs |CanIvidge, Eng., 1991), 193-
198: Ieve esp. 193-194: and Bvan S. Tuvnev, veviev oJ La vaison Iavoque I CIvisline
Buci-OIucIsnann, TIeov, CuIluve, & Sociel 6, no. 4 |NovenIev 1989) 715-717: Ieve
esp. 716.
65. Fov lIe sliII cIassic accounl oJ lIis videspvead lendenc oJ Oevnan inleIIecluaI IiJe-
lIougI il ougIl nol lo Ie appIied lo NielzscIe-see Fvilz Bingev, TIe BecIine oJ lIe
Oevnan Mandavins TIe Oevnan Acadenic Connunil, 1890-1933 |CanIvidge, Mass.,
1969).
66. Fvevious discussions oJ NielzscIe's poIilicaI pIiIosopI Iave lended lo Ie veconslvuc-
lions oJ vIal NielzscIe lvied lo naIe veadevs lIinI al lIe exolevic IeveI, and lIus nusl
lIenseIves Ie vead vilI caulion. See, Jov exanpIe, Henning Ollnann, FIiIosopIie und
FoIiliI Iei NielzscIe |BevIin, 1987), and MavI Wavven, NielzscIe and FoIilicaI TIougIl
|CanIvidge, Mass., 1988)-aIlIougI IolI IooIs suvpass lIe evvalic lvealnenl in
Tvac B. Slvong, FviedvicI NielzscIe and lIe FoIilics oJ TvansJiguvalion, 2d, expanded ed.
|BevIeIe, 1988). A pavliaI exceplion nusl Ie nade Ieve Jov lIe JoIIoving sone
aspecls oJ Leo Slvauss's vviling on NielzscIe: lIe vovI oJ sone Slvaussians: and lIe
genevaI laIe on NielzscIe |Jov olIev, exlevnaI veasons deepI JIaved) I SlaIinisl cvilics
in lIe Jovnev Soviel Union and Oevnan Benocvalic BepuIIic: and Bvuce BelviIev,
NielzscIe and lIe FoIilics oJ Avislocvalic BadicaIisn |CIicago, 1990), since il is lIe Jivsl
sslenalic slud in EngIisI lo laIe NielzscIe's vivuIenl anlidenocvalic aninus al ils
vovd. Fov anolIev cvilicaI accounl oJ NielzscIe's poIilicaI pIiIosopI, Iul one lIal
aIso passes ovev ils esolevic dinension in siIence, see Uvs Mavli, Bev gvosse FoIeI und
SIIavenauJsland NielzscIes Auseinandevselzung nil BevoIulion und BenoIvalie |Slull-
gavl, 1993). Mavli laIes Iis poinl oJ depavluve Jvon lIe pvoIIen oJ an appvopvialion
undev cuvvenl poslnodevn condilions oJ a Iod oJ lIougIl sucI as NielzscIe's lIal
enevged undev nodevnisn. TIis Iislovicisl JovnuIalion oJ NielzscIe/anisn ignoves
lIe possiIiIil oJ esolevicisn, conceaIs lIe Jacl lIal NielzscIe vas sIvevdev lIan lo
veduce Iis lIougIl lo IislovicaI and econonic conlingencies, and aIso naIes inpos-
siIIe an expIanalion oJ lIe nassive inJIuence oJ lIis lIougIl pveciseI on poslnod-
evns. See JuvlIev KeilI AnseII-Feavson, An Inlvoduclion lo NielzscIe as FoIilicaI TIinIev
TIe FevJecl NiIiIisl |CanIvidge, Eng., 1994), Jov vIon lIe esolevic is aIso vIoII
unInovn levvilov, and lIeveJove Jov vIon NielzscIe nusl venain anIiguous and
pavadoxicaI |1). In lIe end, Ollnann, Wavven, Slvong, BelviIev, Mavli, and AnseII-
Feavson aII lIinI aIoul NielzscIe's poIilicaI pIiIosopI onI al ils lIenalic-vIicI is
lo sa exolevic-IeveI, and nol aIoul Iis lIougIl in levns oJ esolevicisn ov Iis lecI-
niques oJ vIelovicaI pevsuasion. ConconilanlI, I vouId avgue, lIe aIso niss Nielz-
scIe's poIilico-econonic agenda. TIis is lvue even oJ lIe nosl incisive IooI lo dale on
NielzscIe's poIilicaI pIiIosopI |vIicI is vieved I lIe aulIov, accuvaleI, as Ieing
nove pvolo-Fascisl lIan pvolo-Nazi) BevnIavd H. F. TauvecI, NielzscIe und dev Fas-
cIisnus Eine Sludie uiIevNielzscIes poIiliscIe FIiIosopIie und iIve FoIgen |HanIuvg, 1989).
FvencI lIinIing aIoul NielzscIe's poIilicaI pIiIosopI Ias Ieen nolaII deJicienl in
lIis vegavd, nolvilIslanding sone inpovlanl pveIininav suggeslions, nosl nolaII
I Oeovges BalaiIIe and Fievve KIossovsIi. Bul lIese Iave nevev Ieen JoIIoved
lIvougI, neilIev I lIe inJIuenliaI Bevvidian and BeManian lvadilion oJ veading
NielzscIe, nov I lIe neoIiIevaI FvencI poIilicaI pIiIosopIev nosl alluned lo lIe
Slvaussian pvoIIenalic, Luc Fevv, FIiIosopIie poIilique, 3 voIs. |Favis, 1984). Fov a pav-
licuIavI inpovlanl veJIeclion on NielzscIe's poIilicaI pIiIosopI in vegavd lo lIe
pvoIIen oJ esolevicisn, and on ils dislovlion ov nisvecognilion I lIe NielzscIean
LeJl |lIougI I Iappen lo disagvee vilI lIe aulIov's ovn ideoIogicaI ovienlalion), see
SlanIe Bosen, NielzscIe's BevoIulion, in TIe Ancienls and lIe Modevns BelIinIing
Modevnil |Nev Haven, Conn., 1989), 189-208. Fov a sIavp cvilicaI accounl |vilI
vIicI I an in considevaIIe agveenenl) oJ Slvaussian NielzscIeanisn and esolevicisn,
see SIadia B. Bvuv, TIe FoIilicaI Ideas oJ Leo Slvauss |Nev YovI, 1988), esp. CIaps.
9 |Fosl-Modevnil FIalo ov NielzscIe?) and 10 |Esolevicisn Belvaed). FinaII,
a vecenl allenpl lo gvappIe vilI NielzscIe as an esolevic |cuIluvaI) cvilic venains ve-
slvicled lo esolevicisn as a lIene, Ieaving unqueslioned Iis slvalegies oJ iIIoculionav
inlevpeIIalion. See Felev Levine, NielzscIe and lIe Modevn Cvisis oJ lIe Hunanilies |AIIan,
1995), 125-130, 151-186.
67. NielzscIe, NF, FvuIjaIv 1884, KOW 7/276.
68. NielzscIe, NF, NovenIev 1887-Mdvz 1888, KOW 8/2365: enpIasis and eIIipsis in
oviginaI. TIe Jivsl voIune oJ lIe JouvnaI oJ Ednond and JuIes de Ooncouvl, vvillen
Ielveen 1851-1861, Iad jusl appeaved in a nev FvencI edilion in 1887. Sonelines
consideved a pvecuvsov oJ nol onI BaudeIaive Iul aIso EniIe ZoIa |vIon NielzscIe
aIso vas veading inlenlI al lIis line), lIe so-caIIed 9cviluve avlisle oJ lIe BvolIevs Oon-
couvl Jascinaled NielzscIe on accounl oJ ils nevvous, jevI slIe and novIid pscIo-
IogicaI and socioIogicaI insigIls. Heve, loo, decadenl Jovn and conlenl, anaIsis and
pevJovnance, nevged as one.
69. NielzscIe, NF, HevIsl 1887, KOW 8/214.
70. On NielzscIe and Benedicl de Spinoza |aIoul vIon Ie Inev onI Jvon secondav
accounls), see WiIIian S. Wuvzev, NielzscIe und Spinoza |Biss., Univevsil oJ Fvei-
Iuvg, 1974): BoIevl SneI, Hel IevneliscI univevsun NielzscIes vevIouding lol Spinoza en de
nodevne onloIogie |BeIJl, 1989): B. Henvad, NielzscIe en Spinoza Vveene vevvanlen |BeIJl,
50 BEFBESENTATIONS
1989): and YivniaIu YoveI, Spinoza and olIev Hevelics, voI. 2, TIe Advenluves oJ Inna-
nence |Fvincelon, N.J., 1989), CIap. 5 |Spinoza and NielzscIe Anov dei and AnovJali).
71. Benedicl de Spinoza, TIe ElIics, in On lIe Inpvovenenl oJ lIe Undevslanding, TIe ElIics,
Covvespondences, lvans. B. H. M. EIves |Nev YovI, 1955: vepvinl oJ lIe 1883 ed.), 172
[Favl 3, Fvop. 59, Nole], lvans. nodiJied: and A TIeoIogico-FoIilicaI Tvealise, in A TIeo-
Iogico-FoIilicaI Tvealise and a FoIilicaI Tvealise, lvans. B. H. M. EIves |Nev YovI, 1951:
vepvinl oJ lIe edilion oJ 1883), 1-278: Ieve 203 [CIap. 16]. Accovding lo Spinoza,
peopIe vIo ave govevned I veason-lIal is, vIo seeI vIal is useJuI lo lIen in
accovdance vilI veason-desive Jov lIenseIves nolIing, vIicI lIe do nol aIso desive
Jov lIe vesl oJ nanIind, and, consequenlI, ave jusl, JailIJuI, and IonovaIIe in lIeiv
conducl. Spinoza, TIe ElIics, 202 [Favl 4, Fvop. 18, Nole].
72. Mavx, Cvilique oJ lIe OolIa Fvogvan, in TIe Mavx-EngeIs Beadev, 2d ed., ed. BoIevl C.
TucIev |Nev YovI, 1978), 525-541: Ieve 529-53 1: enpIasis added.
73. See NielzscIe's Iellevs Jov Ma 1875, KOB 2/544-60.
74. In lIe eavI 1870s, nol Iong aJlev NielzscIe Iad Ieen adnilled inlo Wagnev's innev,
JaniI civcIe in TviIscIen, SvilzevIand, Ie vas enlvusled I Wagnev IinseIJ vilI
pvooJveading lIe essas Jvon Iis Bvesden peviod. So il vas lIal NielzscIe encoun-
leved sucI lexls as Bie BevoIulion |TIe vevoIulion, 1849) and KunslIevlun dev
ZuIunJl Zun Fvinzip des Konnunisnus |Avlislv oJ lIe Juluve On lIe pvincipIe
oJ connunisn, 1849)-IolI oJ vIicI ave viddIed vilI posilive aIIeil nuddIed aIIu-
sions lo Mavx and FviedvicI EngeIs, incIuding TIe Connunisl ManiJeslo. Il is an inpov-
lanl Iul IillIe-Inovn Jacl lIal lIese unconscious pavodies I Wagnev veve as cIose as
NielzscIe evev cane lo connunisl Iilevaluve. See BicIavd Wagnev, AusgevdIIle
ScIviJlen, ed. BielvicI MacI |FvanIJuvl an Main, 1974), 114-122 and 123-137,
vespecliveI.
75. See Anlonio Ovansci lo Tania ScIucIl, 6June 1932, in Iis
LellevsJvon Fvison, ed. FvanI
Bosengavlen, lvans. Banond BosenlIaI, |Nev YovI, 1994), 2179-182: Ieve 182.
AIso see SeIeclions Jvon lIe Fvison NoleIooIs oJ Anlonio Ovansci, 128 n. 6.
76. Fov exanpIes, see nan oJ lIe pvose poens in CIavIes BaudeIaive, Le spIeen de Favis
|TIe spIeen oJ Favis), in Oeuvves conpIeles, ed. CIaude FicIois |Favis, 1975), 1273-363.
77. Il is pavlicuIavI inlviguing lIal BaudeIaive |IaIJ ivonicaII, IaIJ seviousI) vovIed oul
a cosl-IeneJil anaIsis oJ Iis poelic pvoduclion-assigning pvecise nonelav and
navIel vaIue lo vavious lvopes, nelapIovs, and olIev slIislic devices. I an indeIled
lo Ja SIavne Jov lIis inJovnalion.
78. Fov lvo oJ nan sucI veJevences, see NielzscIe, NF, HevIsl 1887, KOW 8/2 111,
122. Fov lIe puIIisIed vevsion oJ lIis lIene, see lIe opening pavagvapI oJ NielzscIe,
WI I An so CIevev, in Ecce Iono, KOW 6/3277.
79. See esp. NielzscIe, Jenseils von Oul und Bose VovspieI einev FIiIosopIie dev ZuIunJl
|Beond good and eviI FveIude lo a pIiIosopI oJ lIe Juluve, 1886), KOW 6/2206-
208 [ApIovisn 254].
80. See CnlIia J. Koepp, TIe AIpIaIelicaI Ovdev WovI in Bidevol's EnccIopgdie, in
WovI in Fvance Bepvesenlalions, Meaning, Ovganizalion, and Fvaclice, ed. Sleven Lavvence
KapIan and CnlIiaJ. Koepp |IlIaca, N.Y., 1986), 229-257.
81. Conpave Mavx, Ovundvisse, 87-88 |on aII pvoduclion as appvopvialion oJ naluve on
lIe pavl oJ an individuaI vilIin and lIvougI a speciJic Jovn oJ sociel, and lIe lIesis
lIal an appvopvialion vIicI does nol naIe sonelIing inlo pvopevl is a conlvadiclio
in suIjeclo) vilI 100-102 |on lIe dislinclion Ielveen lolaIil as il appeavs in lIe Iead,
as a lolaIil oJ lIougIls and lIal appvopviales lIe vovId an va il can vevsus lIe
avlislic, veIigious, pvaclicaI, and nenlaI appvopvialion oJ lIe vovId). See JuvlIev,
IIid., 106, 196, and 485.
85. NielzscIe, NF, NovenIev 1887-Mavz 1888, KOW 8/2433.
86. NielzscIe, NF, FvuIjaIv 1884, KOW 7/271, 70.
87. Fov olIev, nove ov Iess inpIicil indicalions oJ NielzscIe's esolevic vIelovic oJ eulIa-
nasia duving lIe eavI 1880s in Iis noleIooIs, see NielzscIe, NF, HevIsl 1880, KOW
5/1625: NFNovenIev 1882-FeIvuav 1883, KOW 7/1115, 161,169,176,187: NF,
Sonnev 1883, KOW 7/1349: NF, Sonnev-HevIsl 1883, KOW 7/1503-506: and
NF, HevIsl 1883, KOW 7/1523. On Iis exolevic puIIisIed vvilings, inlo vIicI lIis
vIelovic vas suIsequenlI incovpovaled, see, Jov exanpIe, Iis apIovisn HeiIige
OvausanIeil |HoI IvulaIil) in TIe Oa Science, in vIicI lIe IiIIing oJ deJovned
inJanls is inpIied. NielzscIe, Bie JvoIIicIe WissenscIaJl |TIe ga science, Jivsl ed. 1882),
KOW 5/2106 [ApIovisn 73]. Move conlvovevsiaII, lIis veconnendalion is expanded
in TIe OeneaIog lo incIude decadenls, See NielzscIe, Zuv OeneaIogie dev MovaI: Eine
SlveilscIviJl |TIe geneaIog oJ novaIs A poIenic, 1887), KOW 6/2383-385 [Favl
TIvee, ApIovisn 13]. NielzscIe, AIso spvacI ZavalIuslva is spvinIIed vilI aIIusions lo
eulIanasia as veII.
88. Leo Slvauss, TIougIls on MacIiaveIIi |CIicago, 1978), 154.
89. See Spinoza, TIe ElIics, 62 [Fvop. 18]: and AIlIussev and BaIiIav, Beading CapilaI, 186-
188, 224, 310.
90. Jean-FauI Savlve, BaudeIaive |Favis, 1947), 81-82.
91. AII oppvessing cIasses sland in need oJ lvo sociaI Junclions lo saJeguavd lIeiv vuIe
lIe Junclion oJ lIe Iangnan and lIe Junclion oJ lIe pviesl. TIe Iangnan is vequived
lo queII lIe pvolesls and lIe indignalion oJ lIe oppvessed: lIe pviesl is vequived lo
consoIe lIe oppvessed, lo depicl lo lIen lIe pvospecls oJ lIeiv suJJevings and sacviJices
Ieing niligaled |lIis is pavlicuIavI eas lo do vilIoul guavanleeing lIal lIese pvos-
pecls viII Ie 'acIieved'), vIiIe pvesevving cIass vuIe, and lIeveI lo veconciIe lIen lo
cIass vuIe, vin lIen ava Jvon vevoIulionav aclion, undevnine lIeiv vevoIulionav
spivil, and deslvo lIeiv vevoIulionav delevninalion. V. I. Lenin, TIe CoIIapse oJ
lIe Second InlevnalionaI, in Iis CoIIecled WovIs, vavious lvansIalovs |Moscov, 1972),
21205-259: Ieve 231-232. TIe nodevn connunisl concepl oJ Iegenon, as a
diaIeclic Ielveen ovevl coevcion and lacil ov noncoevcive coevcion, vas deveIoped
especiaII I Ovansci Jvon Mavx and Lenin: see JoIn HoJJnan, TIe Ovanscian CIaI-
Ienge Coevcion and Consenl in Mavxisl FoIilicaI TIeov |OxJovd, Eng., 1984).
92. Spinoza, A TIeoIogico-FoIilicaI Tvealise, 5.
93. Leo Slvauss, Exolevic TeacIing, in TIe BeIivlI oJ CIassicaI FoIilicaI BalionaIisn An
Inlvoduclion lo lIe TIougIl oJ Leo Slvauss, ed. TIonas L. FangIe |CIicago, 1989), 63-71:
Ieve 71.
94. Nov is il I cIance lIal an innediale pvecedenl Jov Heideggev's poIilicaI onloIog,
aIong vilI nucI eIse Iesides, can aIso Ie Iocaled on lIese pavlicuIav pages oJ Nielz-
scIe's noleIooI. Bul I an lIinIing Ieve pavlicuIavI oJ lIe pavadignalic disagvee-
nenls aIoul NielzscIe and Mavxisn Ielveen Leo Slvauss and AIexandve Kojeve, as
expvessed in lIeiv pvivale covvespondence and in Slvauss's anaIsis oJ 7enopIone's
Hievo. See Leo Slvauss, On Tvann, vev. and expanded ed., ed. Viclov OouvevilcI and
MicIaeI S. BolI |Nev YovI, 1991), 207-212, 238-239.
52 BEFBESENTATIONS

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