4.2 Welding design 4.2.

1 Main welded joints

a. All joints of class 1 and 2 pressure parts of boilers and pressure vessels are to be butt-welded,
with the exception of welding connecting flat heads or tube sheets to shells, for which partial penetration welds or fillet welds may be accepted. Fig 26 show examples of acceptable welding for class 1 and 2 pressure vessels. Figure 26 : Example of acceptable joints and thickness to be considered for forming and post-weld heat treatment

Key 1 : Nozzle (set in); 2 : Flange; 3 : Nozzle (set on); 4 : Reinforcing plate; 5 : Nonpressure part; 6 : Pad (set in); 7 : Pad (set on); 8 : Manhole frame; 9 : Flat plate. b. Joints of class 3 pressure vessels are also subject to the requirement in a), however connection of dished heads to shells by lap welds may be accepted. Fig 27 shows some acceptable details of circumferential lap welds for class 3 pressure vessels. 4.2.2 Shell longitudinal and circumferential welds Longitudinal and circumferential joints are to be welded from both sides of the plate. Welding from one side may be allowed only when there is evidence that the welding process permits a complete penetration and a sound weld root. If a backing strip is used, it is to be removed after welding and prior to any non-destructive examination. However, the backing strip may be retained in circumferential joints of class 2 vessels, having a thickness not exceeding 15 mm, and of class 3 vessels, provided that the material of the backing strip is such as not to adversely affect the weld. 4.2.3 Plates of unequal thickness a. If plates of unequal thickness are butt-welded and the difference between thicknesses is more than 3 mm, the thicker plate is to be smoothly tapered for a length equal to at least four times

the offset, including the width of the weld. For longitudinal joints the tapering is to be made symmetrically on both sides of the plate in order to obtain alignment of middle lines. b. If the joint is to undergo radiographic examination, the thickness of the thicker plate is to be reduced to that of the thinner plate next to the joint and for a length of at least 30 mm. Figure 27 : Example of acceptable lap-joints

Details (b) and (c) may be used only for pressure vessels having internal diameter less than 600mm. Figure 28 : Types of joints for unstayed flat heads (1)

4.2.4 Dished heads

a. For connection of a hemispherical end with a cylindrical shell, the joint is to be arranged in a
plane parallel to that of the largest circle perpendicular to the axis of the shell and at such a distance from this plane that the tapering of the shell made as indicated in [2.5.6] is wholly in the hemisphere. b. For torispherical ends made of parts assembled by welding, no welded joint is normally admitted along a parallel in the knuckle nor at a distance less than 50 mm from the beginning of the knuckle. 4.2.5 Welding location The location of main welded joints is to be chosen so that these joints are not submitted to appreciable bending stresses. 4.2.6 Accessories and nozzles a. Attachment of accessories by welds crossing main welds or located near such welds is to be avoided; where this is impracticable, welds for attachment of accessories are to completely cross the main welds rather than stop abruptly on or near them. b. Openings crossing main joints or located near main joints are also to be avoided as far as possible. Figure 29 : Types of joints for unstayed flat heads (2)

Figure 30 : Types of joints for nozzles and reinforced rings (1)

Figure 31 : Types of joints for nozzles and reinforcing rings (2)

c. Doubling plates for attachment of accessories such as fixing lugs or supports are to be of sufficient size to ensure an adequate distribution of loads on pressure parts; such doubling plates are to have well rounded corners. Attachment of accessories such as ladders and platforms directly on the walls of vessels such that they restrain their free contraction or expansion is to be avoided. d. Welded connections of nozzles and other fittings, either with or without local compensation, are to be of a suitable type, size and preparation in accordance with the approved plans. 4.2.7 Connections of stays to tube plates a. Where stays are welded, the cross-sectional area of the weld is to be at least 1,25 times the cross-section of the stay. b. The cross-sectional area of the end welding of welded stay tubes is to be not less than 1,25 times the cross-sectional area of the stay tube. Figure 32 : Types of joints for nozzles and reinforcing rings (3)

Figure 33 : Types of joints for nozzles (4)

Note: Where preparations of Fig 33 are carried out, the shell is to be carefully inspected to ascertain the absence of lamination. Figure 34 : Types of joints for flanges to nozzles

Figure 35 : Types of joints for tubesheets to shell (1)

Figure 36 : Types of joints for tubesheets to shells (2)

Figure 37 : Type of joints for stays and stay tubes