Abramowitz and Stegun. Handbook of Mathematical Functions.

Index to all pages and sections Note: pages omitted from this electronic edition are not hyperlinked. Start page Start page using frames Electronic release notes Page index (hyperlinked) Subject index (hyperlinked) Title page Errata Notice Preface Preface to the Ninth Printing Foreword Table of Contents Introduction. 1. Introduction. 2. Accuracy of the Tables. 3. Auxiliary Functions and Arguments. 4. Interpolation 5. Inverse Interpolation 6. Bivariate Interpolation. 7. Generation of Functions from Recurrence Relations 8. Acknowledgments 2. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors Table 2.1. Common Units and Conversion Factors. Table 2.2. Names and Conversion Factors for Electric and Magnetic Units Table 2.3. Adjusted Values of Constants Table 2.4. Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. Table 2.5. Conversion Factors for Customary U.S. Units to Metric Units. Table 2.6. Geodetic Constants 3. Elementary analytical methods 0 0 0 0 0 I (HTML) II (HTML) III (HTML) IIIa (HTML) V (HTML) VI VII (HTML) VIII IX (HTML) X XI XII XIII XIV (HTML) 5 6 7 8 9

3.1. Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coefficients; Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions; Arithmetic, Geometric, 10 Harmonic and Generalized Means. 3.2. Inequalities 3.3. Rules for Differentiation and Integration 3.4. Limits, Maxima and Minima 3.5. Absolute and Relative Errors. 3.6. Infinite Series 3.7. Complex Numbers and Functions 3.8. Algebraic Equations 3.9. Successive Approximation Methods 3.10. Theorems on Continued Fractions. Numerical Methods. 3.11. Use and Extension of the Tables. 3.12. Computing Techniques References 4. Elementary Transcendental Functions: Logarithmic, Exponential, Circular and Hyperbolic Functions Mathematical Properties. 4.1. Logarithmic Function 4.2. Exponential Function 4.3. Circular Functions 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 23 65 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

77 78 4.4. Inverse Circular Functions 79 80 81 82 4.5. Hyperbolic Functions 83 84 85 4.6. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 86 87 88 Numerical Methods. 4.7. Use and Extension of the Tables References 5. Exponential Integral and Related Functions Mathematical Properties. 5.1. Exponential Integral 89 93 94 227 228 229 230 5.2. Sine and Cosine Integrals Numerical Methods. 5.3. Use and Extension of the Tables References 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 6. Gamma Function and Related Functions Mathematical Properties. 6.1. Gamma Function 253 255 256 257 6.2. Beta Function. 6.3. Psi (Digamma) Function 6.4. Polygamma Functions. 6.5. Incomplete Gamma Function 258 259 260 261 262 6.6. Incomplete Beta Function. Numerical Methods. 6.7. Use and Extension of the Tables 6.8. Summation of Rational Series by Means of Polygamma Functions References 7. Error Function and Fresnel Integrals Mathematical Properties. 7.1. Error Function 7.2. Repeated Integrals of the Error Function 7.3. Fresnel Integrals 7.4. Definite and Indefinite Integrals Numerical Methods. 7.5. Use and Extension of the Tables References Complex zeros, maxima, minima of the error function and Fresnel integrals: asymptotics 8. Legendre function Mathematical Properties. Notation. 8.1. Differential Equation 8.2. Relations Between Legendre Functions. 8.3. Values on the Cut. 8.4. Explicit Expressions 8.6. Special Values 8.7. Trigonometric Expansions. 8.8. Integral Representations. 8.9. Summation Formulas. 8.10. Asymptotic Expansions 263 264 265 266 295 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 308 309 329 331 332 333 334 335

8.11. Toroidal Functions 8.12. Conical Functions. 8.13. Relation to Elliptic Integrals. 8.14. Integrals Numerical Methods. 8.15. Use and Extension of the Tables References 9. Bessel Functions of Integer Order Mathematical Properties. Notation. Bessel Functions J and Y. 9.1. Definitions and Elementary Properties

336 337 338 339 340 341 355 358 359 360 361 362 363

9.2. Asymptotic Expansions for Large Arguments 9.3. Asymptotic Expansions for Large Orders

364 365 366 367 368

9.4. Polynomial Approximations 9.5. Zeros

369 370 371 372 373

Modified Bessel Functions I and K. 9.6. Definitions and Properties

374 375 376

9.7. Asymptotic Expansions 9.8. Polynomial Approximations Kelvin Functions. 9.9. Definitions and Properties 9.10. Asymptotic Expansions

377 378 379 380 381 382 383

9.11. Polynomial Approximations Numerical Methods. 9.12. Use and Extension of the Tables

384 385 386 387

References 10. Bessel Functions of Fractional Order Mathematical Properties. 10.1. Spherical Bessel Functions

388 389 435 437 438 439 440 441

10.2. Modified Spherical Bessel Functions 10.3. Riccati-Bessel Functions 10.4. Airy Functions

443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451

Numerical Methods. 10.5. Use and Extension of the Tables References

452 455 456

11. Integrals of Bessel Functions Mathematical Properties. 11.1. Simple Integrals of Bessel Functions 11.2. Repeated Integrals of Jn(z) and K0(z) 11.3. Reduction Formulas for Indefinite Integrals 11.4. Definite Integrals

479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487

Numerical Methods. 11.5. Use and Extension of the Tables References 12. Struve Functions and Related Functions Mathematical Properties. 12.1. Struve Function Hn(s) 12.2. Modified Struve Function Lnu(z). 12.3. Anger and Weber Functions Numerical Methods. 12.4. Use and Extension of the Tables References Explanations of numerical methods to compute Struve functions 13. Confluent Hypergeometric Functions Mathematical Properties. 13.1. Definitions of Kummer and Whittaker Functions 13.2. Integral Representations 13.3. Connections With Bessel Functions 13.5. Asymptotic Expansions and Limiting Forms 13.6. Special Cases 13.7. Zeros and Turning Values Numerical Methods. 13.8. Use and Extension of the Tables 13.10. Graphing M(a, b, x) References 14. Coulomb Wave Functions Mathematical Properties. 14.1. Differential Equation, Series Expansions 14.2. Recurrence and Wronskian Relations. 14.3. Integral Representations. 14.4. Bessel Function Expansions 14.5. Asymptotic Expansions 14.6. Special Values and Asymptotic Behavior Numerical Methods. 14.7. Use and Extension of the Tables References 15. Hypergeometric Functions Mathematical Properties. 15.1. Gauss Series, Special Elementary Cases, Special Values of the Argument 15.2. Differentiation Formulas and Gauss' Relations for Contiguous Functions Integral Representations and Transformation Formulas

488 489 490 491 495 496 497 498 499 500 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 513 514 515 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 555 556 557 558 559 560

15.4. Special Cases of F(a, b; c; z), Polynomials and Legendre Functions 15.5. The Hypergeometric Differential Equation 15.6. Riemann's Differential Equation 15.7. Asymptotic Expansions. References 16. Jacobian Elliptic Functions and Theta Functions Mathematical Properties. 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Classification of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions. 16.3. Relation of the Jacobian Functions to the Copolar Trio

561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570

16.4. Calculation of the Jacobian Functions by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean (A.G.M.). 16.5. Special Arguments. 16.6. Jacobian Functions when m=0 or 1 16.7. Principal Terms. 16.8. Change of Argument 16.9. Relations Between the Squares of the Functions. 16.10. Change of Parameter. 16.11. Reciprocal Parameter (Jacobi's Real Transformation). 16.12. Descending Landen Transformation (Gauss' Transformation). 16.13. Approximation in Terms of Circular Functions. 16.14. Ascending Landen Transformation 16.15. Approximation in Terms of Hyperbolic Functions. 16.16. Derivatives. 16.17. Addition Theorems. 16.18. Double Arguments. 16.19. Half Arguments. 16.20. Jacobi's Imaginary Transformation

571 572 573 574

16.21. Complex Arguments. 16.22. Leading Terms of the Series in Ascending Powers of u. 16.23. Series Expansion 575 in Terms of the Nome q and the Argument v. 16.24. Integrals of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions 16.25. Notation for the Integrals of the Squares of the Twelve Jacobian Elliptic Functions. 16.26. Integrals in Terms of the Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind. 16.27. Theta Functions; Expansions in Terms of the Nome q. 16.28. 576 Relations Between the Squares of the Theta Functions. 16.29. Logarithmic Derivatives of the Theta Functions 16.30. Logarithms of Theta Functions of Sum and Difference. 16.31. Jacobi's Notation for Theta Functions. 16.32. Calculation of Jacobi's Theta Function Theta(u|m) by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean. 16.33. Addition of Quarter-Periods to Jacobins Eta and Theta Functions 16.34. Relation of Jacobi's Zeta Function to the Theta Functions. 16.35. Calculation of Jacobi's Zeta Function Z(u|m) by Use of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean. 16.36. Neville's Notation for Theta Functions 16.37. Expression as Infinite Products. 16.38. Expression as Infinite Series. Numerical Methods. 16.39. Use and Extension of the Tables References 17. Elliptic Integrals Mathematical Properties. 17.1. Definition of Elliptic Integrals. 17.2. Canonical Forms 17.3. Complete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds 17.4. Incomplete Elliptic Integrals of the First and Second Kinds 577 578 579 581 587 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 17.5. Landen's Transformation 17.6. The Process of the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean 17.7. Elliptic Integrals of the Third Kind Numerical Methods. 17.8. Use and Extension of the Tables References 18. Weierstrass Elliptic and Related Functions Mathematical Properties. 18.1. Definitions, Symbolism, Restrictions and Conventions 18.2. Homogeneity Relations, Reduction Formulas and Processes 18.3. Special Values and Relations 18.4. Addition and Multiplication Formulas. 18.5. Series Expansions 597 598 599 600 601 606 607 627 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 18.6. Derivatives and Differential Equations 18.7. Integrals 18.8. Conformal Mapping 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 18.9. Relations with Complete Elliptic Integrals K and K' and Their Parameter m and with Jacobins Elliptic Functions 649

18.10. Relations with Theta Functions 18.11. Expressing any Elliptic Function in Terms of P and P' 18.13. Equianharmonic Case (g2=0, g3=1)

650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657

18.14. Lemniscatic Case (g2=1, g3=0)

658 659 660 661

18.15. Pseudo-Lemniscatic Case (g2=-1, g3=0) Numerical Methods. 18.16. Use and Extension of the Tables

662 663 664 668 669

References 19. Parabolic Cylinder Functions Mathematical Properties. 19.1. The Parabolic Cylinder Functions, Introductory. The Equation d2y/dx2-(x2/4+a)y=0. 19.2 to 19.6. Power Series, Standard Solutions, Wronskian and Other Relations, Integral Representations, Recurrence Relations

670 671 685 686 687 688

19.7 to 19.11. Asymptotic Expansions 19.12 to 19.15. Connections With Other Functions The Equation d2y/dx2+(x2/4-a)y=0. 19.16 to 19.19. Power Series, Standard Solutions, Wronskian and Other Relations, Integral Representations 19.20 to 19.24. Asymptotic Expansions 19.25. Connections With Other Functions 19.26. Zeros 19.27. Bessel Functions of Order 1/4, 3/4 as Parabolic Cylinder Functions. Numerical Methods. 19.28. Use and Extension of the Tables

689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699

References 20. Mathieu Functions Mathematical Properties. 20.1. Mathieu's Equation. 20.2. Determination of Characteristic Values

700 721 722 723 724 725 726

20.3. Floquet's Theorem and Its Consequences

727 728 729

20.4. Other Solutions of Mathieu's Equation 20.5. Properties of Orthogonality and Normalization. 20.6. Solutions of Mathieu's Modified Equation for Integral nu

730 731 732 733 734

20.7. Representations by Integrals and Some Integral Equations

735 736 737

20.8. Other Properties

738

739 20.9. Asymptotic Representations 740 741 742 743 20.10. Comparative Notations References 21. Spheroidal Wave Functions Mathematical Properties. 21.1. Definition of Elliptical Coordinates. 21.2. Definition of Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates. 21.3. Definition of Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates. 21.4. Laplacian in Spheroidal Coordinates. 21.5. Wave Equation in Prolate and Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates 21.6. Differential Equations for Radial and Angular Spheroidal Wave Functions. 21.7. Prolate Angular Functions 744 745 746 751 752 753 754 755 21.8. Oblate Angular Functions. 21.9. Radial Spheroidal Wave Functions 21.10. Joining Factors for Prolate Spheroidal Wave Functions 21.11. Notation References 22. Orthogonal Polynomials Mathematical Properties. 22.1. Definition of Orthogonal Polynomials 22.2. Orthogonality Relations 22.3. Explicit Expressions 22.4. Special Values. 22.5. Interrelations 756 757 758 759 771 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 22.6. Differential Equations 22.7. Recurrence Relations 22.8. Differential Relations. 22.9. Generating Functions 22.10. Integral Representations 22.11. Rodrigues' Formula. 22.12. Sum Formulas. 22.13. Integrals Involving Orthogonal Polynomials 22.14. Inequalities 22.15. Limit Relations. 22.16. Zeros 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 789 22.19. Least Square Approximations 22.20. Economization of Series References 23. Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials, Riemann Zeta Function Mathematical Properties. 23.1. Bernoulli and Euler Polynomials and the Euler-Maclaurin Formula 790 791 792 803 804 805 806 23.2. Riemann Zeta Function and Other Sums of Reciprocal Powers References 24. Combinatorial Analysis Mathematical Properties. 24.1. Basic Numbers. 24.1.1. Binomial Coefficients 24.1.2. Multinomial Coefficients 24.1.3. Stirling Numbers of the First Kind. 24.1.4. Stirling Numbers of the Second Kind 24.2. Partitions. 24.2.1. Unrestricted Partitions. 24.2.2. Partitions Into Distinct Parts 24.3. Number Theoretic Functions. 24.3.1. The Mobius Function. 24.3.2. The Euler Function 24.3.3. Divisor Functions. 24.3.4. Primitive Roots. References 25. Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation, and Integration 25.1. Differences 25.2. Interpolation 807 808 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 875 877 878 879

22.17. Orthogonal Polynomials of a Discrete Variable. Numerical Methods. 22.18. Use and Extension of the Tables 788

880 881 25.3. Differentiation 882 883 884 25.4. Integration 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 25.5. Ordinary Differential Equations References 26. Probability Functions Mathematical Properties. 26.1. Probability Functions: Definitions and Properties 896 897 898 899 925 927 928 929 930 26.2. Normal or Gaussian Probability Function 931 932 933 934 935 26.3. Bivariate Normal Probability Function 26.4. Chi-Square Probability Function 936 937 940 941 942 943 26.5. Incomplete Beta Function 26.6. F-(Variance-Ratio) Distribution Function 26.7. Student's t-Distribution Numerical Methods. 26.8. Methods of Generating Random Numbers and Their Applications 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 26.9. Use and Extension of the Tables 953 954 955 References 961 962 963 964 27. Miscellaneous Functions 27.1. Debye functions 27.2. Planck's Radiation Function. 27.3. Einstein Functions 27.4. Sievert Integral 27.5. $f_m(x)=\int_0^\infinity t^m e^{-t^2-x/t} dt$ and Related Integrals 997 998 999 1000 1001

1002 27.6. $f(x)=\int_0^\infinity e^{-t^2}/(t+x) dt$ 27.7 Dilogarithm (Spence's Integral) 27.8. Clausen's Integral and Related Summations 27.9. Vector-Addition Coefficients 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 29. Laplace Transforms 29.1. Definition of the Laplace Transform. 29.2. Operations for the Laplace Transform 29.3. Table of Laplace Transforms 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 29.4. Table of Laplace-Stieltjes Transforms References Subject index A-BSubject index -B-CSubject index -C-DSubject index -D-ESubject index -E-F-G-HSubject index -H-ISubject index -I-J-K-LSubject index -L-MSubject index -M-N-OSubject index -O-PSubject index -P-Q-R-SSubject index -S-T-U-V-WSubject index -W-Z Index of Notations Notation -- Greek Letters. Miscellaneous Notations 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046