Biology Lecture: September 10th, 2013 CHAPTER 1 Hypothesis- must be testable Cant ever really be proven true Data

ta can support or reject it Theory- can never be proved true Consistent with vast amount of data Able to make correct predictions Cystic Fibrosis Dorothy Anderson discovered it was a genetic disorder CF gene is defective in people with Cystic Fibrosis Tsui, Collins, and Riordan found the gene Chloride cant be transported across ion channel Hypothesis Science Testable and falsifiable May not ever find a true explanation CHAPTER 23 Evolution- change thats inherited in one or more characteristics Macro: Change in population resulting in a new species over time Micro: Changes in single gene in population Species- group of related organisms that share a distinctive form Mating between individuals of same species resulting in viable, fertile offspring Charles Darwin- British naturalist born in 1809 Theory shaped by: o Geology, Economics, Voyage of the Beagle Uniformitarism hypothesis from geology Earth much older than 6,000 Slow processes lead to substantial change

Thomas Malthus- economist Only a fraction of the population will survive and reproduce Fundamentals of evolution Biological species change over the course of many generations Existing life forms are the result of modification of pre-existing life forms Descent with modification Observation Individuals vary in heritable traits Individuals can reproduce more than the environment can support Individuals with best traits will leave more progeny than less suited individuals Natural Selection Results to changes in environment Amplifies, not creates, variations that randomly arise Adaptions are an editing process Mutation If positive may increase that gene prevalence in future generations Fossils Even with the fossil record not completed, evolutionary change can still be demonstrated o Ex: Horse Family Started with small fossils with short legs and broad feet (with 4 toes) and small teeth to getting larger and now have hooves and have larger teeth Biography Geographic distribution of species (extinct and modern) Isolated continents and island groups evolved distinct plant and animal communities o Island fox evolved from grey mainland fox

Convergent Evolution- two different species from different lineages show similar characteristic because they occupy the same environment Selective Breeding (artificial selection)- Designed to modify traits in domestic species Breeders choose parents in artificial selection Breeders choose desirable phenotypes o Dogs Homology- similarity due to descent from a common ancestor Anatomical o Same limb bones used for different purposes Arm, leg, bat wing, dolphin flipper o Vestigial structures have no apparent function Development o Differ as adults but have similarities during embryonic stages Gill ridges in human embryo, suggests humans evolved from an aquatic animal Molecular o Similarities in cells at molecular level indicate common ancestor Hemoglobin o All living species use DNA to store info Homologous genes- 2 genes derived from same ancestral gene Orthologs-occur in separate species Paralogs- are homologous genes within a single species Horizontal Gene Transfer- exchange of genetic material among different species Wide spread in bacteria Evolution also occurs at the genomic level involving changes in chromosome structure and number *Dont need to know exon shuffling*