Saturated steam or wet steam, overheated steam, Mass flow of the vapor, Dry Saturated Steam - pressure low

steam - pressure high steam.

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Steam
Thematic
Quotation

The vapor escapes to the laws from perfect gases. The variations of the parameters such as "density, rate of flow, etc," cannot be expressed by simple formulas. Lexicon employed for the steam (see steam table) Effective pressure or gauge pressure Absolute pressure: The effective pressure or relative pressure is the pressure measured above the atmospheric pressure and read on the ordinary gauges pressure. Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure (Atmospheric pressure at 1.01325 bar, i.e. normal atmospheric pressure on the sea level at 0C). Temperature of saturated steam or also of boiling water under the same pressure. Volume occupied in m3 by 1 kg of steam. Specific mass of the steam in a volume of 1 m3. Sensible Heat, it is the quantity of heat contained in 1 kg of water according to the selected temperature. It is the total heat contained in 1 kg of steam. It is the sum of the enthalpy of the various states, liquid (water) and gas (vapor). Heat necessary to transform 1 kg of ebullient water into vapor without change of temperature (thermal energy necessary during the change of state liquid to the state vapor). Quantity of heat necessary to increase the temperature of one Celsius degree on a unit of mass of 1 kg of steam. The viscosity of a fluid characterizes the resistance to the movement of the fluid. Steam at the temperature of saturation, but not containing of water particles in suspension (seldom obtained in general) Steam at a temperature higher than the temperature of saturation (dry steam). The temperature of an overheated vapor is not related to its pressure. One usually calls " condensates " water resulting from the steam condensation. In the installations of vapor one almost always uses the mass flow rate (kg/h or ton/h)

Euro Margin
Hydraulic

Linear pressure loss Local pressure loss Compressible fluids No circular duct
Thermal

Thermal fluid flow Pipe sizing steam Control valves Orifice plate Pumps Ventilators
Gas

Boiling point: Specific volume of steam: Specific volume (or Density) of the steam: Specific enthalpy of liquid water: Specific enthalpy of the steam: Latent heat of vaporization: Specific heat of steam : Dynamic viscosity : Dry saturated steam Overheated steam

Fuel gas

Condensates Mass flow rate of the vapor

Dans le programme ThermoVapor, il y a module de calcul intgr qui permet d'tablir toutes les caractristiques physiques de l'eau, de la vapeur et de la vapeur surchauffe. gaseous state (steam)(1) Superheated state (steam) (2)

Le calcul des caractristiques physiques de la vapeur sature (1) peut se faire soit partir de la pression relative ou inversement en fonction de la temprature de la vapeur ou des deux paramtres dans le cas d'utilisation de la vapeur surchauffe (2) Conventional designations of the types of heating Heating with hot water: 0 < 110C Heating at high pressure of the water (or overheated water): 0 > 110C Low pressure steam (< = to 0.5 relative bar) High pressure steam (> with 0.5 relative bar) In the industrial facilities and domestics the vapor meets in 2 forms: Saturated steam Overheated steam Recommendations for the installations of steam Speeds are limited to: Exhaust steam of the plant: 15 to 20 m/s. Saturated vapor: wet saturated steam 15 to 35 m/s, dry saturated steam at 30 to 30 m/s. Overheated vapor: 15 to 60 m/s, according to the diameter used. For all piping (vapor, water), a minimal slope of 1 mm/m is respected, in the normal direction of flow of the fluid, in order to allow the extraction of the purging of it (vapor) and with 3 mm in the case of direction of contrary flow. Recommendations for the installations of steam The maximum temperature of the saturated steam at 0.5 relative bar is of 111.63 C. The steam pressure must be equal to the sum of the steam pressure necessary to the input of the transmitter of heat and the pressure losses in the steam pipes and all the accessories placed in the piping (Valves, filters, elbows, etc.) the pressure losses are calculated only on the inlet circuit. One admits in first study a linear resistance ranging between 50 to 60 Pa for the most

underprivileged circuit. To avoid exceeding the 100 Pa in the rising mains) Not to exceed a speed of 12 m/s in the vertical piping of the boiler For all piping (vapor, water), a minimal slope of 1 mm/m is respected, in the normal direction of flow of the fluid, in order to allow the extraction of the purging of it (vapor) and with 3 mm in the case of direction of contrary flow. Overheated steam: The specific heat of the steam lies between 2.08 and 6.7 kj/kg C (according to the pressure of use) For the networks of big length the overheated vapor avoids the presence of condensates which can be formed only if the vapor is saturated. That makes it possible to reduce the unnecessary thermal losses due to the cooling of piping. The coefficient of transfer of the vapor in the course of dsurchauffe is low compared to at the saturated vapor. This property can impose the installation of a desurchauffor. Example: Exchanger supplied with overheated steam at 190C and water exit at 88C. Under the pressure of use, the condensation of water occurs at 110C Knowing that the apparatus restores 12 liters of water per hour, what is the transmitted thermal power? while cooling from 190 to 110C, the steam provided = 80 X 1.965 = 157.2 kJ while condensing at 110C, it will restore = 2232 kJ water while cooling from 110 to 88C = 92.1 kJ Total: (157.2 + 2232 + 92.1) X 12 = 29775.6 kJ/h (8271 W/h) Last update: 07/30/2013 09:20:50

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