Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
From Where the Variance has come How to Categorize the variance How to cut down the variance. Impact of variance on COGM, COGS & Closing Stock, has to be answered to the management. We have faced all these scenarios and after months of deep research in this field I came across few conclusions. For better understanding I will divide this blog into two categories;
Category A: Basic understanding of Production Order Category B: Co-relating Category A scenarios with real life scenarios.
Figure 1.0
1) Initial Planning 2) 3) 4)
Cost Estimates Actual Posting Period End Processing
1) Initial Planning: Forecasting the sales for future. Sales and Operation Planning, Long term planning, Cost center planning should be well executed by the management. 2) Cost Estimates: The major points to be considered here are;
a)
a) Master Data:
a.1) Material Master: All the required information to manage a material. Transaction Codes: MM01, MM02, MM03 a.2) Bill of Material (BOM): Structured hierarchy of raw materials necessary to create a Finished / Semi Finished Good.
Transaction Codes: CS01, CS02, CS03 a.3) Routing: List of tasks containing standard activity times required to perform operations to create a Finished / Semi Finished Good. Transaction Codes: CA01, CA02, CA03 a.4) Product Cost Collector: Collects actual costs during the production of a material. Transaction Codes: KKF6N a.5) Recipe:
Recipes comprise information about the products and components of a process, the process steps to be executed, and the resources required for the production.
Transaction Codes: C201, C202, C203 b) Overhead Costs: All indirect cost like power, canteen etc. Transaction Codes: KZS2 b.1) Calculation Base: A base is a group of cost elements to which overhead is applied b.2) Overhead Rate: Overhead rate is a percentage factor applied to the value of the calculation base (group of cost elements). b.3) Credit Key During Overhead calculation, a manufacturing order in product cost collector is debited, and a cost center is credited. The credit key defines which cost center receives the credit. C ) Cost Component: The cost component split allows a cost estimate to group costs of similar types of components, such as material, labor, and overhead. d) Costing Variant: The costing variant contains information on how a cost estimate calculates the standard price. e) Standard Cost Estimate: The Standard Cost Estimate is involved in variance analysis because it is used for stock valuation. When a production or process order delivers production to inventory, it receives acredit based on standard price. Total variance is the difference between actual costs debited to the order and costs credited to the order due to deliveries to stock.
f) Preliminary Cost Estimate: The Preliminary Cost Estimate is involved with production, variance calculation and valuating scrap variance and WIP. g) Mixed Cost Estimate: If there are different procurement alternatives for the same material, such as two production lines or two vendors, mixed costing can be used when inventory valuation has to reflect the mixed procurement costs. 3) Actual Postings Plan costs are posted prior to a fiscal period. Actual costs are posted in real time during a fiscal period. Actual Cost can be divided into two groups based on the posting origin;
Postings to CO from external business transactions results in Primary Costs. Business transactions within CO results in Secondary Costs. 3.1 Primary Cost: Primary cost will be posted to CO mainly in the following scenarios:
3.2 Secondary Cost: The costs in CO are allocated from overhead cost centers to production cost centers during assessment and then onto production order during activity confirmation. 3.2.1 Assessment Period-end assessments move costs from overhead cost centers to production cost centers.
3.2.2 Activity Confirmation: When production order activities are confirmed, the production or product cost collector is debited, and the production cost center is credited. There are no FI postings during activity confirmation. 3.3 Primary Credits Primary Credits occur when production orders deliver Finished / Semi finished good into inventory. As finished goods are delivered from manufacturing order into inventory, an inventory balance sheet account is debited, and profit and loss production output account is credited. Because there is a primary cost element corresponding to the production output account, a CO object is also credited. The finished goods are delivered from a production order, so the system automatically chooses the production order or product cost collector to receive the primary credit. The credit value is calculated by multiplying the finished goods standard price by the quantity delivered to inventory.
Debit Stock of Finished Good COGM of Finished Good Raw Material Consumption Stock of Raw Material XXX XXX
Table 2.0
At period end the production order receives a secondary credit that is equal to the variance during settlement, resulting in zero balance. During the settlement process, product cost collectors and process order variance are posted to Profitability Analysis (CO-PA) and FI.
100 Raw Material 100 Labor 100 Over Heads (250) Finished Good 50 Variance Table 3.0
Total Variance is the difference between total production order debits and credits.
Variance calculation at period end divides the variance into categories, based on the source of the variance. Production Variance settled to CO-PA are included at the gross profit margin level. Cost Center under/over absorption costs assessed to CO-PA are included at the operating profit level.
1)
Period End Processing 5.1 The three common types of variance calculation are as follows; 5.1.1) Total Variance Total variance is the difference between the actual cost debited to the order and credits from deliveries to inventory. Total Variance is variance relevant to settlement. The variance is settled in Financial Accounting (FI), Profit Center Accounting and Profitability Analysis 5.1.2) Production Variance Production variance is the difference between net actual costs debited to the order and target costs based on the preliminary cost estimate and quantity delivered to inventory. Production variance is not relevant for settlement, only for information. 5.1.3) Planning Variance Planning variance is the difference between costs on the preliminary cost estimate for the order and target costs based on the standard cost estimate and planned order quantity. 5.2) Variance Categories During variance calculation, the order balance is divided into categories on the input and output sides. Variance category provide reasons for the cause of the variance. There are no FI posting during variance calculation. Variance can be categorized into Input Variance and Output Variance
If the material valuation is based on standard price control, a standard cost estimate for the component could be released after the cost estimate for the assembly is released.
If the material valuation is based on Moving average price control, a goods receipt of the component could change the component price after the cost estimate for the material is released.
Input price variance = (actual price plan price) * actual input quantity Category IV.2) Resource Usage Variance
Resource Usage variance occurs as a result of substituting components. This could occur if a component is not available, and another component with a different material number is used instead.
Resource Usage variance = Actual costs target costs Input price variance Category IV.3) Input quantity variance
Input quantity variance occurs as a result of a difference between plan and actual quantities of materials and activities consumed.
Input quantity variance = (actual input quantity target input quantity) * plan price Category IV.4) Remaining Input Variance
When input variance cannot be assigned to any other variance category. 5.2.2) Output Variance Variance can be from too little or too much of planned order quantity being delivered, or because the delivered quantity was valuated differently.
5.2.2) Output Variance is divided into; Category OV.1) Mixed Price Variance
Mixed-Price variance occurs when inventory is valuated using a mixed cost estimate for the material.
1) If the standard price is changed after delivery to inventory, and before variance calculation. 2) If the material is valuated at moving average price and it is not delivered to inventory at standard price during target value calculation. Output price variance = actual activity * (plan price actual price) Category OV.3) Lot Size Variance
Lot Size variance occurs if a manufacturing order lot size is different from the standard cost estimate costing lot size.
Output Quantity variance = ( actual quantity manual actual quantity) * plan price
5.3) Period End The most important period-end process relevant to production order variance analysis is;
Overhead WIP Variance Calculation Variance can be calculated using the formula;
Input price variance Resource usage variance Input quantity variance Remaining input variance Mixed price variance Output price variance Lot Size Variance Remaining Variance Settlement :
Settlement of Production Orders will be executed. KO88 - Individual Settlement CO88 - Collective Settlement
1. 2.
How to analyze production order variance posted against production orders Major Reasons for the variance
3. 4.
How to minimize the variance Impact of production order variance on COGM, COGS & Closing Stock
Figure 2.0 Process order No for SFG1 is 15000035 Variance Posted against the Process Order for the month is 128,190.87 AED After technically completing ("TECO") the process order & before executing costing run check for the variance in transaction code KO88 (CO88 - Collective) in Test Run mode. For analyzing the variance in detail we will use transaction codes KKBC_ORD & KOB1. Let me explain difference between KKBC_ORD and KOB1. KKBC_ORD is used for analyzing single order. Planned and Actual cost details relating to the production order will be recorded in KKBC_ORD. KOB1 you can execute for single as well as bulk order. KOB1 provides the "Actual" values (cost & quantity) of raw materials and overheads used for the production of the material. KKBC_ORD
Figure 4.0 Here you can see settlement (Variance) of 128,190.87 AED. I will explain how we are calculating the variance. Below table shows the formula used for Variance Calculation. All the Std. Rate, Std. Qty, Std. Cost value fields in Table 4.0 are calculated based on the master details (Material Recipe Figure 2.0).
All the Actual Rate, Actual Qty. Actual Cost vale fields in table 4.0 are extracted from KOB1.
Std. Rate (Figure 2.0) Std. Qty. (Figure 2.0) Actual Qty. Actual Cost Actual Rate (Figure 4.0) (Figure 4.0) 496,630.00 89,824.45 104,162.8 209,858.91 517.57 735.00 119,800.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 44,326.00
Cost Elements
Std. Cost
Variance Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost Std Cost - Act Cost
Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG RAWMATERIAL1 Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG RAWMATERIAL2 Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG RAWMATERIAL3 Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG RAWMATERIAL4 Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG RAWMATERIAL5 Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG RAWMATERIAL6 Qty Prd. Qty Labor Depriciation Administration MACOOH POWER FINISHED GOOD Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG Qty Prd. Qty Total value / Per Ton Qty * FG Qty Prd. Qty
Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 49,663.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 3,411.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 5,798.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 1,003.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 9.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 21.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 59,900.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 59,900.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 59,900.00 Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 59,900.00
Std Qty * Std Act Cost / Act Rate Qty 1,609,780.00 692,205.4 59,900.00 2,006,051.00
Table 4.0 Now let us fill in values in Table 5.0 with the production order values. Std. Rate Std. Qty. Cost Elements (Figure 2.0) (Figure 2.0) Std. Cost Actual Rate RAWMATERIAL1 RAWMATERIAL2 RAWMATERIAL3 RAWMATERIAL4 RAWMATERIAL5 RAWMATERIAL6 Labor Depriciation Administration MACOOH POWER FINISHED GOOD 10.00 24.4262 17.7670 179.5833 60.00 00.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.74 0.43 48,519.00 3,653.9 6,169.7 1,437.6 119.8 0.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 1,797,000.00 485,190.00 89,250.89 109,617.00 258,169.00 7,188.00 0.00 119,800.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 44,326.00 772,719.00 10.00 26.3338 17.9653 209.2312 57.5078 35.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.74 0.43 33.49
Actual Qty. (Figure 4.0) 49,663.00 3,411.00 5,798.00 1,003.00 9.00 21.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 1,609,780.00 59,900.00
Actual Cost (Figure 4.0) 496,630.00 89,824.45 104,162.80 209,858.91 517.57 735.00 119,800.00 59,900.00 59,900.00 44,326.00 692,205.4 2,006,051.00 TOTAL
Variance (11,440.00) (573.45) 5,454.20 48,310.09 6,670.43 (735.00) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80,504.6 128,190.87
Table 5.0 Now let us categorize the variance. Variance has been posted in the following order
Serial No RMV1 RMV2 Cost Element RAWMATERIAL1 RAWMATERIAL2 Variance (11,440.00) (573.45) Variance Category Category IV.3 Category IV.3 + Category IV.1 C1 C2 Variance Class
Variance Category Category IV.3 + Category IV.1 Category IV.3 + Category IV.1 Category IV.3 + Category IV.1 Category IV.2 C2 C2 C2 C3
Variance Class
Category IV.1: Input Price Variance = (Actual Price Plan Price) * Actual Input Quantity Category IV.2: Resource Usage Variance Actual Cost Target Cost Input Price Variance Category IV.3: Input Quantity Variance = (Actual Input Quantity Target Input Quantity) * Plan Price
Plan Price Target Input Qty 48,519.00 3,653.90 6,169.70 119.80 0.00 1,797,000.00 Target Cost 89,251.00 Actual Price 26.3338 Actual Input Qty 49,663.00 3,411.00 5,798.00 1,003.00 9.00 21.00 1,609,780.00 Actual Cost 80,824.45 Variance Class C2
Cost Elements
RAWMATERIAL1 10.00 RAWMATERIAL2 24.4262 RAWMATERIAL3 17.7670 RAWMATERIAL5 60.00 RAWMATERIAL6 0.00 Power 0.43
485,190.00 10.00 109,617.00 17.9653 258,169.00 209.2312 7,188.00 0.00 57.5078 35.00
Standard Cost estimate released for one production version and confirmation done against another production order. (Category OV.3) e) f) Total Planned Quantity and Actual Produced Quantity Difference (Category IV.4) Material used not included in BOM ((Category IV.2)
Let us try to analyze all the scenarios. a) Material BOM not updated properly
Explained in Category B.1 b) Activity Price (Material Recipe) not updated properly
Explained in Category B.1 Total POWER consumption as per KOB1 (Actual as per Material Recipe) and FBL3N should be approximately equal. KOB1 -> POWER consumption for the Materials Produced FBL3N -> Actual POWER receipt report (Receipt = Consumption) c) Standard Cost estimate released for one production version and confirmation done against another production order. Costing run executed for one Production Version and Process Order created against another production version. Let us take one example where two production versions are present Production Version 1 and Production Version 2 for Finished Good FG1. Production Version 1 will be using RM1 as raw material and production version 2 will be using RM2 as raw material. Standard cost estimate is released against Production version 1. Let me explain with an example; As per Released Standard Cost Estimate Material recipe / Ton of FG1
Production Version PO31 PO31 PO31 PO31 PO31 Resource Total Value 15.05 0.50 1.00 0.70 1.19 149.54 4.47 172.45 Table 8.0 Quantity 0.035 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.945 0.055
GCPRODCGM1 P031 GCPRODCGM1 P031 GCPRODCGM1 P031 GCPRODCGM1 P031 GCPRODCGM1 P031 GC01 RM1 GC01 RM3
TOTAL
Process Order has been Created Under production version PO32 The Activity Price recorded in system against PO32 is as follows
Production Version PO32 PO32 Resource Total Value 17.00 1.00 Quantity 0.040 1.00
POWER ADMINI
Resource
GCPRODCGM2 P032 GCPRODCGM2 P032 GCPRODCGM2 P032 GC01 RM2 GC01 RM4
TOTAL Table 9.0
After Settlement (For 1000 TO of FG1) entries will be in the following sequence;
Production Version PO31 PO31 PO31 PO31 PO31 Resource Target Value 15,050.00 500.00 1,000.00 700.00 1,190.00 149,540.00 4,470.00 Actual Value 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 17,000.00 1,000.00 1,460.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 152,000.00 5,500.00 TOTAL Table 10.0 Variance 15,050.00 500.00 1,000.00 700.00 1,190.00 149,540.00 4,470.00 (17,000.00) (1,000.00) (1,460.00) (1,000.00) (1,500.00) (152,000.00) (5,500.00) (7,910)
GCPRODCGM1 P031 GCPRODCGM1 P031 GCPRODCGM1 P031 GCPRODCGM1 P031 GCPRODCGM1 P031 GC01 RM1 GC01 RM3
GCPRODCGM2 P032 GCPRODCGM2 P032 GCPRODCGM2 P032 GCPRODCGM2 P032 GCPRODCGM2 P032 GC01 RM2 GC01 RM4
Here if we see the total variance of POWER = 15,050 + (17,000) = (1,950.00) Similarly for all the Material and resources. In order to avoid the Over head Variance input same activity price for all the production versions,
i.
i.e. the net difference will be then POWER = 17,000 + (17,000) = 0 Let us see a LIVE Process Order Example:
Example Product : FG1 Standard Cost Estimate Released for Production Version "PO31"
Table 11.0 Material Recipee for FG1 (CK13N) Resource Total Value POWER ADMINI DEPRIN LABOUR MACOOH RM1 RM3 TOTAL Figur 5.0 15.05 0.50 1.00 0.70 1.19 149.54 4.47 172.45 15.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 32.69 0.00 47.74
Quantity 0.035
0.945 0.055
Process Order is Created under production Version "PO32" When a Process order is created for Material FG1 system calculates Planned cost as follows; Quantity Produced -> 25,302.00 TO Use the same calculation logic used in Table 1.0;
Resource RM1 RM3 ADMIN LABOR DEPRIN MACOOH POWER 23,910.39 13,916.10 25,302.00 25,302.00 25,302.00 25,302.00 885,570.00 Quantity 3,783,661.17 1,130,999.021 12,651.00 17,711.40 25,302.00 30,109.38 380,795.10 Amount
Figure 6.0 Process Order has been created in Production version "PO32". During Confirmation System calculates actual cost as follows;
Figure 7.0
d) Total Planned Quantity and Actual Produced Quantity Difference We came across this production order variance in few process orders only. While doing final confirmation of process orders user made mistake by not allowing system to re calculate the activity prices. Material: FG1 Total Process Order Quantity: 93,000 TO Quantity Produced: 8,865.00 TO
The total quantity produced is 8,865.00 TO against which the activities booked are;
Activity LABOR DEPRIN MACOOH ADMIN POWER 8,865 * 2 DH / TON 8,865 * 1 DH / TON 8,865 * 0.74 DH / TON 8,865 * 1 DH / TON 8,865 * 0.03 * 1000 TOTAL Table 13.0 Quantity 17,730.00 8,865.00 6,560.10 8,865.00 265,950.00 42,020.10 Amount
Since during final confirmation of the Order, re calculation of activities were bypassed (by user) system calculated the activities against the production order as below;
Activity LABOR DEPRIN MACOOH ADMIN POWER 93,000 * 2 DH / TON 93,000 * 1 DH / TON 93,000 * 0.74 DH / TON 93,000 * 1 DH / TON 2,857,172.00 (User Entered) TOTAL Table 14.0 Quantity 186,000.00 93,000.00 68,820.00 93,000.00 1,228,583.96 440,820.00 Amount
A Variance of 440,820.00 - 42,020.00 = 39,880.00 TO was posted against all the activities
Figure 9.0 Note: While doing final confirmation ensure that all the activity prices are recalculated as per the new output. e) Variance Due to Price change Price change of material due to execution of standard cost estimate will be posted with document type "PR"
3)
User should not be modifying the material quantity manually while confirmation (COR6N) b) c) Activity Price should be Updated periodically Confirm activity getting booked while doing final confirmation
d) Try to ensure that process order for Finished Good is created on the same production version released in standard cost estimate.
4)
Variances posted with document type "SA", "AB", should have been part of COGM, COGS and Closing Stock. Because of variance material movement cannot be analysed correctly, material value can either Overestimated or under estimated. In order to figure out how much portion of variance should be allocated to COGM,COGS & closing stock We are following manual calculation.
Step1: List down all the Semi Finished and Finished Goods. Step 2: Record total variance posted against each material (FBL3N) (Document type "SA" & "AB") Step 3: Record total quantity produced (MB5B with movement types 101 & 102) Step4: Variance Per Ton = Step3 / Step 2 Step5: Record closing stock of Material (MB5B)
Step6: Closing Stock Variance Allocation = Step5 * Step4 Step7: Record COGM Quantity (MB5B with movement type 201 + 202 & 261 + 262) Step8: COGM Variance Allocation = Step7 * Step4 Step9: Record COGS Quantity (MB5B with movement type 601 + 602) Step10: COGS Variance Allocation = Step9 * Step4
Material
Variance Step 2
Variance / Closing Stock Ton Qty Step 4 Step 5 VT1 = P1 / V1 VT2 = P2 / V2 VT3 = P3 / V3 C1 C2 C3 Table 15.0
Few Important Document Types Posted in Production Order Variance GL are; AB -> Reversal of Production Order Settlement SA -> Production Order Settlement PR -> Price Change WA -> Confirmation Reversal (If Price Changed after Confirmation) WL -> Sales Reversal (If Price Changed after Sales)
Reference: Production Variance Analysis in SAP Controlling By John Jordan, Published by SAP Galileo PresAlso refer s Also Refer: http://scn.sap.com/community/erp/manufacturing-pp/blog/2012/03/27/understanding-production-ordervariance--part-2-price-difference-variance