Social Sciences

APPLIED MEDIA ETHICS 285008 Semester 1

2012

Copyright 2005 Auckland University of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Auckland University of Technology.

APPLIED MEDIA ETHICS Module Code: Level: No. of Credits: Prerequisite: Corequisite: Schedule: Prescriptor Analyses the nature of ethical issues. Examines ethical frameworks and codes by which personal judgements can be evaluated and by which diverse approaches to moral reasoning may be critically assessed, particularly with respect to a range of professional media contexts. Learning Outcomes On completion of this paper, successful students will be able to: 1. 2. 3. Identify ethical issues Use ethical frameworks and codes to evaluate personal judgments Critically analyse diverse approaches to moral reasoning particularly with respect to a range of professional media contexts. James Rachels (any edition) The Elements of Moral Philosophy. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 285008 5 15 None None Semester 1, Year 1

Prescribed Text:

Paper Coordinator Dr. Sharyn Graham Davies (Paper Coordinator) Office Hour: Wed 10-11 Room: WT 1407 Phone: 917-9999 ext. 8467 Email: sharyn.davies@aut.ac.nz Tutors: Jeanie Benson Office Hour: TBA WT1435, extension 8314 jbenson@aut.ac.nz Craig Symes Office Hour: TBA WT, extension TBA csymes@aut.ac.nz

Siv Jansson
Office Hours: TBA WT, extension TBA siv.jansson@aut.ac.nz

COURSE CONTENT AND LECTURE TIMETABLE

This timetable should be used to guide your reading. Also, there may be some changes due to staff availability, but these will be notified to you.

WEEK

LECTURE 1 Monday 3-4 WE230 INTRODUCTION WHAT IS ETHICS? WHAT ARE THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MEDIA? Reading: Textbook: James Rachels, What is Morality? The Elements of Moral Philosophy

LECTURE 2 Wednesday 11-12 WE230 THE POLITICAL ROLE OF THE MEDIA.

Reading: Martin Hirst and Roger Patching 2005 The Fourth Estate: Marketing, Citizenship and the Media in Journalism Ethics: Arguments and Cases. Access via AUTOnline

Tutorial: Introduction to the course and to each other. Reiterate importance of critical, yet sensitive, argument and debate. Make sure everyone knows how to access lecture notes and readings. Discussion of ethics, the relationships between ethics and the media, and the readings. 2 KANTIAN ETHICS Reading: James Rachels Are there Absolute Moral Rules and Kant and Respect for Persons Tutorial: General discussion of Kantian ethics and utilitarianism in relation to the Costa Concordia cruise ship disaster. One possibility is to divide the class into groups and facilitate debate on the captains actions: can they be ethically justified according to Kantian ethics and/or Ulitiarianism? Students are required to read following article and listen to the transcript, in addition to the above prescribed readings, before the tutorial: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article2087704/Costa-Concordia-Captain-FrancescoSchettino-I-left-I-FELL-lifeboat.html 3 SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY Reading: James Rachels The Idea of a Social Contract Tutorial: General discussion about social contract theory (with particular emphasis on the prisoners dilemma) and virtue ethics (including discussion on what we admire/dont admire in people and why). In addition to the readings by Rachels (above) students need to read the following article and find out more about the case of David Sharp and Mark Inglis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sharp_%28 mountaineer%29) and be ready to use the theories we have studied to argue for different courses of action. VIRTUE ETHICS Reading: James Rachels The Ethics of Virtue UTILITARIANISM Reading: James Rachels The Utilitarian Approach and The Debate over Utilitarianism

MAORI ETHICS Reading: Roy W. Perrett and John Patterson (1991) Virtue Ethics and Maori Ethics Philosophy East and West Access via AUTOnline Special guest lecture by Kitea Tipuna (19 March, 2012, 3-4pm, WE230) Tutorial: Go over the ethical theories we have studied so far (Kant, utilitarianism, social contract, virtue ethics and ethics of care). One possibility is to randomly divide class into 5 small groups. Each group is responsible for preparing a 3 minute presentation to the class on their allocated theory. The group will present their analysis at the end of the tute.

ETHICS OF CARE Reading: James Rachels Feminism and the Ethics of Care

THEORIES OF JUSTICE and DISTRIBUTION Reading: William Shaw Justice and Economic Distribution in Business Ethics, Wadsworth. Access via AUTOnline. Tutorial: Discussion of theories of justice and distribution and social responsibility in relation to the Occupy Movement (see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_movement) In addition to discussion of the readings and the lecture material, time will be devoted in this tutorial to outlining the essay. Each tutor will mark their own students essays so the tutor can explain exactly what they are looking for in students work.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Reading: Milton Friedman The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits Access via AUTOnline Reading: Christopher D. Stone Why Shouldnt Corporations be Socially Responsible? Access via AUTOnline

JUST WAR THEORY Reading: Intervention, terrorism, and torture : contemporary challenges to just war theory by Steven Lee (Steven P.) Published by Springer, 2006. I. Introduction: Just war theory and the challenges it faces. Access via AUTOnline. Optional additional reading: Martin Hirst and Roger Patching (2005) Journalism Ethics: Arguments and Cases Ch 6 The Media Goes to War Tutorial: In addition to discussion of the readings and the lecture material, and answering any questions about the essay, time will be allocated in this tutorial to putting students into groups for their group presentations.

REALITY TV AND ETHICS Reading: Hansen, Elizabeth and Cooke-Jackson, Angela. (2008). Appalachian Culture and Reality TV: The ethical dilemma of stereotyping others. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 23:3, 183-200. Access via AUTOnline

6 April-20 April

MID-SEMESTER BREAK

MID-SEMESTER BREAK

STEREOTYPES IN THE MEDIA Reading: Louis Day (2000) Ethics in Media Communications: Cases and Controversies. Ch 13, Canada, Wadsworth Press. Access via AUTOnline No Tutorial: Because Wednesday is a public holiday, all tutorials will be cancelled this week to ensure equity. However, during tutorial times, tutors will be available in their offices to help students individually or in small groups with their essays and their group presentations. For students with Wednesday tutorials, please contact your tutor directly to arrange an alternative time if you need extra assistance.

No Lecture: ANZAC DAY

MONDAY 30th April

ESSAY DUE 3 P.M.

Department of Social Sciences, WT building, Level 14

CENSORSHIP AND ETHICS Reading: Longstaff, Simon. The Irony of Wikileaks. Living Ethics: Newsletter of the St. James Ethics Centre, No. 82, Summer 2010: 2, 4. Access via AUTOnline

THE ETHICS OF WIKILEAKS Reading: Benkler, Yochai. A free irresponsible press: WikiLeaks and the battle over the soul of the networked fourth estate in Harvard civil rights-civil liberties law review, 2011, 46(2), from page 311. Access via AUTOnline

Group 1 Presentations in Tutorials: Censorship, the right to information and privacy, and the ethics of Wikileaks

ETHICS AND DOCUMENTARIES Part 1 No Lecture For this week you need to watch a documentary film in your own time. In particular you need to pay special attention to ethical issues that are raised. A selection of documentaries is available in the library and there are many freely available on the web. You have to be ready to participate in the group presentation and discussion of documentaries.

ETHICS AND DOCUMENTARIES Part 2 Reading: Brian Winston (2000) Lies, Damn Lies and Documentaries, Public Service, Chapter 2, BFI Access via AUTOnline

Group 2 Presentations in Tutorials: Ethics and Documentaries 10 ADVERTISING AND ETHICS Reading: Gordon et al (1999) Ethics and Advertising in Gordon and Kittross Controversies in Media Ethics. NY, Longman. Access via AUTOnline FOOD AND MEDIA ETHICS Reading: C. Lumby and E. Probyn (2003) Eating into Ethics: Passion, food and journalism, in Lumby and Probyn. Access via AUTOnline

Group 3 Presentations in Tutorials: Ethics and Advertising.

11

CHILDRENS PROGRAMMING AND ETHICS Reading: Valenti, F.M. 2000) Children: A Higher Standard In Bown and Trotta (eds.) More than a Movie: Ethics in Entertainment.Colorado, Westview Press. Access via AUTOnline Reading: Journal Issue: Children and Electronic Media, Volume 18 Number 1 Spring 2008. Available at: http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publi cations/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=32 &articleid=55&sectionid=233&submit Group 4 Presentations in Tutorials: Ethics, the media, and children.

FILM: The Children of Leningradsky

Today we are watching a documentary about street children in Russia. Look for all sorts of ethical issues: how the film was made; social issues; human relations and ethics. Polish filmmakers Hanna Polak and Andrzej Celinski captured numerous intimate and heartbreaking scenes in this raw, verit documentary, which combines footage of the children and Moscow authorities with alarming statistics about homelessness and its devastating effects in post-Soviet Russia: http://www.childrenofleningradsky.com/ http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8570561385764824375#

12

REVIEW AND EXAM TOPICS. Tutorial presentation marks will be handed back.

Private Exam Preparation (no lecture)

STUDY BREAK AND EXAMS EXAMS

TUTORIALS

Tutorials are an opportunity for you to explore in depth some of the ethical problems associated with the media. Tutorials provide a forum for you to improve your communication skills and your ability to present a coherent argument. There will be several elements to the tutorial programme. Media Survey: You are expected to survey newspapers, radio and television each week and bring to the tutorial items of news which have an ethical component. Tutorial Attendance: Tutorials are the most important part of the learning process. You are required to attend tutorials regularly. If you are unable to attend for any reason, you need to inform your tutor. Tutorial Participation: You are expected to take an active part in discussions and debates and demonstrate a familiarity with the weekly tutorial readings.

READINGS For this course it is extremely important that you keep up with the required readings. A good deal of the student independent learning for this module involves reading. There are readings set for each lecture and you should try to do the reading before the lecture. Most of the initial readings you will need are in the set textbook, James Rachels, The Elements of Moral Philosophy. There will be additional readings available for you throughout the semester related to the lecture material. Some of this will be on-line and so you will need to become familiar with how to access this material. You will need to supplement this by readings selected by you in your preparation for your essay and the exam. You should keep a note of these readings so that you can prepare comprehensive bibliographies to accompany the assignments you do to indicate your own research on the topics. There are a lot of resources on ethics in the AUT library, and you can also refer to any other library to which you have access. In addition, there is material available on the internet. You should be aware, though, that you need to use internet material with caution, as much of it is from less than reputable sources. A bibliography is given in this handbook to assist you in your search for appropriate reading material.

ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME Essay Examination Tutorial Contribution 40% 40% 20%

Tutorial Contribution (20%) All members of the group will be required to be involved in researching and presenting information on the topic to the class. The presentation should provide the audience with a review of the literature on the topic, and the different ethical arguments provided about the topic. Reference should be made where appropriate to the ethical theories. The material should be presented in such a way that it informs the audience as well as stimulate discussion and encourage interaction. You are also required to provide a bibliography including sources used in the preparation of your groups presentation. In addition, you must provide your tutor with a journal of your group meetings and tasks assigned and undertaken. The tutorial presentation mark given for the presentation is a group mark and it is the overall quality of the presentation which is being assessed, not an individual members performance. However, to receive this mark, all group members must participate in the tutorial presentation and must take a substantial role in preparing the presentation. Written evidence needs to

be given of failure by group members to fulfil their responsibilities to the group. In this case, the group member may be penalised. However, this will not result in extra marks for the group presentation. So it is important for the group to focus on the end result and to try and manage conflict that occurs. Your tutor can help you refine your groups topic. You will be assessed on your ability to: Demonstrate knowledge of the topic Use a range of sources Show a depth of understanding of the ethical dilemmas Refer to the appropriate theories Present the material coherently Respond to questions from the audience Facilitate discussion on the topic.

While the tutor determines the group mark, the student audience can also voice their opinion. Mark sheets will be handed out to each person where they can anonymously write comments and give the group a mark. The tutor will take these comments and marks into consideration when allocating the final mark. In the last week of the term, the tutor will talk to each group about their mark and give the group the comment sheets written by the audience.

Essay (40%) The essay should be placed in the assignment box on the 14 floor of the WT building. Please note that this is a Social Sciences paper and so you should ensure that it goes to Social Sciences. Please use an Assignment Cover Sheet and ensure that all assignment work has your name and student ID clearly printed on it. In addition, you also need to ensure that you submit your essay electronically via TURNITIN. Essays should be no more than 1500 words.
th

Find a recent newspaper article (not earlier than July 2011) which deals with some current business, media, social or political issues where there is an ethical component. Carefully identify some of the central ethical issues. Analyse and critically discuss one of these central issues. You should discuss the options available to the main protagonists and, using any TWO ethical theories, explore ways in which different courses of action could be justified. You are expected to have researched the issue so that you understand the background and can present an informed outline of the case. You are expected to show familiarity with the ethical literature related to the issue. You are expected to demonstrate that you have a good understanding of the two ethical theories you apply to the case. You should attach a copy of the article you use to your essay. You should include a full bibliography of the sources you consulted in the preparation for your essay. Your essay should be word-processed. You are expected to use the APA referencing system. You should submit your essay to Turnitin as well as handing in a hard copy.

Late Work and Extensions All late work for which an extension has not been granted will be penalised. Please see your student (programme) handbook for the policy. Please contact Rosemary Brewer in Communication Studies with queries about extensions. Extensions will be given only where you can show good reason for being unable to meet the deadline - ill-health or a personal or family crisis for example. Commitments to your paid employment or the requirements of other modules in which you are enrolled will not normally be accepted as grounds for

an extension. Where an extension is sought we will require a firm undertaking about the date on which the assignment will be handed in. Plagiarism and Cheating. Plagiarism will not be tolerated Unless you can show that an idea, conclusion or observation has originated with you, any nonobvious substantial claim you make in academic writing (including these assignments) needs to be derived from established theory and/or supported by research. Such claims if unsupported made without explicit reference to somebody elses research or theory are claims to originality. If the unsupported claims you make have not originated with you but with someone else, you will be committing plagiarism. Significant plagiarism will be reported to the Disciplinary Committee. Refer to the current Student Handbook for the Department of Social Sciences policy on plagiarism. DO NOT CUT AND PASTE from other peoples writing. TURNITIN

Electronic Submission of Essay to TURNITIN In order to protect the integrity of students individual work and the value of their qualification, AUT is now using Turnitin, a software programme that detects plagiarism and copying. The purpose is to ensure that students get credit for work that is their own, and that no credit is given for work that is someone elses. You will need to submit your assignments to Turnitin before the deadline on the due date. You can do this via AUT online. Please see this website for instructions: https://autonline.aut.ac.nz/bbcswebdav/xid-108624_4

Exam (40%) The final exam will take place in the exam weeks. This will be a three-hour exam. More details will be announced later in the course.

READINGS FOR ESSAYS AND EXAM You must be prepared to read thoughtfully if you are to gain anything worthwhile from the course. Rachels is a very useful book on the theories. There are early - and very cheap - editions of Rachels in almost every second-hand bookshop in Auckland. Do be aware that the first and second editions do not have the chapter on feminist ethics which you will need. * Readings marked with an asterix are required readings for the lectures. These readings will either be in the Required Text ** or handed to you in lectures, or will be available to you on-line. You will be expected to be familiar with these readings. Do not feel that you must confine yourself to the books and articles listed below. These are just to get you started. There are plenty of other books in the Wellesley Campus library. Search the catalogue under subject using key words. Often the best way to find things is to browse the shelves, and look at the contents pages of collections. Much of the applied ethics literature is in the 170-174 section of the library, but material can also be found in other sections. Also get used to using the electronic databases in the library. Many of the required readings are now available through AUTOnline. Below is a note on how to access these resources.

10

Accessing Your Readings in AUTonline Login to AUTonline and select your course (Applied Media Ethics) Click on the Library button in the left hand side menu. Then go to electronic course reserves. Electronic Course Reserves may contain material in different formats. Some will be scanned articles and book chapters in PDF format that will display immediately. Others will link through to articles held online in a database. In this case you may need to look for the link to full text of the article (PDF or HTML)
Required Text: **James Rachels, (any edition) The Elements of Moral Philosophy. Boston: McGraw Hill. Highly Recommended: Peter Singer, (1993) Practical Ethics, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. General Art, Brad (1993) What is the Best Life? An Introduction to Ethics. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing. Beabout, Gregory R. and Daryl J. Wennemann.(1994) Applied Professional Ethics: A Developmental Approach for Use with Case Studies. University Press of America. [174 BEA] Becker, Lawrence (ed) (1992) . Encyclopaedia of Ethics. Chicago, St. James Press. [Reference: R 170 ENC] Besley, Andrew and Ruth Chadwick (eds.) (1992) Ethical Issues in Journalism and the Media. London: Routledge. [174.9097 ETH] Bok, Sisela (1989) Secrets: on the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation. New York, Vintage. [177 BOK] (Includes discussions of privacy, whistleblowing, journalism and social science research) Chadwick, Ruth (ed.) (1998) Encyclopaedia of Applied Ethics. San Diego, Academic Press. [Reference: r 170.3 ENC] Christians, Clifford G., Mark Fackler, Kim B. Rotzoll (1995) Media Ethics: Cases and Moral Reasoning th (4 edn.), NY, Longman [174.9097 CHR] Christians, Clifford G., John P. Ferre and P. Mark Fackler (1993) Good News: Social Ethics and the Press, NY, Oxford University Press. [174.9097 CHR] rd Day, Louis Alvin (2000) Ethics in Media Communications: Cases and Controversies ( 3 edn.) Belmont, Wadsworth. [175 DAY] Denton, Robert E., Jr. (1991) Ethical Dimensions of Political Communication. New York: Praeger. [172 ETH] Fink, Conrad C. (1988) Media Ethics: In the Newsroom and Beyond. New York: McGraw Hill.
Fullerton, R. & Patterson, M. (2008) Killing the true story of First Nations: The ethics of constructing a culture apart. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 23(3), 201-18.

Goodin, Robert E and Philip Pettit (eds.) (1997) Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Anthology. Oxford, Blackwell. [320 CON] Gordon, David A. and John Michael Kittross (1999) Controversies in Media Ethics. Longman, New York [175 GOR] Grassian, V. (1992) Moral Reasoning 2nd edn. New Jersey, Prentice Hall. Griffin James (1996) Value Judgement: Improving Our Ethical Beliefs. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Harris, C.E. (1997) Applying Moral Theories 3rd edn. Wadsworth [171.2 HAR] (Includes discussion of relativism, subjectivism, ethical egoism, natural law, utilitarianism and Kantianism). Merrill, Jogn C. (1996) Basic Journalism Stances. In Merrill, Existential Journalism. Iowa State University Press, pp.13-26. **Rachels, James 1999 What is Morality? The Elements of Moral Philosophy (5th edn)Singer, Peter (ed) (1991) A Companion to Ethics. Oxford, Blackwell. Rivers, William L. and Cleve Mathews (1988) Ethics for the Media. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall. [174.9097 RIV] Shaw, Colin (1999) Deciding What we Watch: Taste, Decency, and Media Ethics in the UK and the USA. Clarendon Press, Oxford. (175 SHA] Singer, Peter (ed.) (1986) Applied Ethics. Oxford, Oxford University Press. [AK 170 APP] Singer, Peter (ed.) (1994) Ethics. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Singer, Peter (1994) How are we to Live? Ethics in an Age of Self Interest. London, Mandarin.

11

Vardy, Peter and Paul Grosch (1997) The Puzzle of Ethics. New York, M.E. Sharpe. [170 VAR] (Has chapters on virtue ethics, Kan, utilitarianism, Rawls, Nozick, abortion, euthanasia and medical ethics, just war, human rights, animal rights and environmental ethics.) Valenti, F. Miguel (2000) More than a Movie: Ethics in Entertainment. Westview Press, Boulder. [175 MOR] Winkler, Earl R. and Jerrold R. Coombs (1993) Applied Ethics: A Reader. Oxford, Blackwell. Wolff, Jonathan (1996) An Introduction to Political Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Kantianism Bok, Sissela (1988) Kants Arguments in Support of the Maxim Do what is right though the world should perish in David M. Rosenthal and Fadlou Shehadi (eds.) Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press. Grassian, Victor (1981) Kantian Ethics from his Moral Reasoning: Ethical Theories and Some Contemporary Moral Problems. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall. Gregor, Mary (ed.) (1996) The Metaphysics of Morals/Immanuel Kant. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. (Rather difficult, but short: the book from which Kantianism derived its name.) Guyer, Paul (ed.) (1992) The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge, CUP. Hill, Thomas E. (1992) Dignity and Practical Reason in Kants Moral Theory. Ithaca, Cornell University Press. **Rachels, James (1999) Are there Absolute Moral Rules and Kant and Respect for Persons Sullivan, Roger J. (1994) An Introduction to Kants Ethics. Cambridge, CUP. Utilitarianism Goodin, Robert E. (1995) Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Hare, R.M. (1976) Ethical Theory and Utilitarianism in H.D. (ed.) Contemporary British Philosophy. London, Allen and Unwin. Hart, H.L.A. Between Utility and Rights in Alan Ryan (ed.) The Idea of Freedom. Mill, John Stuart Utilitarianism. The classic 1861 essay on utilitarianism, and still well worth reading. Available from almost any second-hand bookshop for a few dollars. Also useful because most modern editions contain excerpts from Bentham, and Mills essay on Bentham. Any edition will do. Also available in the library as Utilitarianism, On Liberty, Essay on Bentham etc. 306.2 MIL). **Rachels, James (1999) The Utilitarian Approach and The Debate over Utilitarianism The Social Contract Bechanan, Allen A Critical Introduction to John Rawls Theory of Justice in H. Smith and G. Blocker (eds.) John Rawls Theory of Social Justice. Morris, Christopher W. (1999) The Social Contract Theorists: Critical Essays on Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. Lantham, Rowman and Littlefield. **Rachels, James (1999) The Idea of a Social Contract Rawls, John (1999) Collected Papers Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press. Rawls, John (1967) Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical from Philosophy and Public Affairs. Rawls, John (1971) A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press. Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1997) The Social Contract and Other Political Writings. Cambridge, CUP. Virtue Ethics Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics. (The original theorist - difficult but rewarding - any edition will do.) MacIntyre, Alasdair (1984) After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. 2nd edn. Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press. Pence Greg (1991) Virtue Theory from Peter Singer (ed. A Companion to Ethics.Oxford, Blackwell. **Rachels, James (1999) The Ethics of Virtue Statman, Daniel (ed.) Virtue Ethics. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Feminist Ethics/Ethics of Care Gilligan, Carol (1982) In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Womens Development. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press. Grimshaw, J. (1986) Feminist Philosophers: Womens Perspectives on Philosophical Traditions. London, Harvester Wheatsheaf. Noddings, Nel (1986) Caring: A Feminist Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Los Angeles, University of California Press.

12

Porter, Elizabeth J. (1995) Feminist Perspectives on Ethics. London, Longman. (Includes discussion on professional and business ethics, political ethics and abortion.) Porter, Elizabeth J. (1991) Women and Moral Identity. Sydney, Allen and Unwin. **Rachels, James (1999) Feminism and the Ethics of Care Tong, Rosemarie (1993) Feminine and Feminist Ethics. Belmont, Wadsworth Publishing. (Includes a discussion of Gilligans ethics of care.) Theories of Distribution Arthur, John and William H. Shaw (eds.) (1991) Justice and Economic Distribution. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall.) Clifford G. Christians, John P. Ferre and P. Mark Fackler (1993) Good News: Social Ethics and the Press, NY, Oxford University Press. (chapter 2 Enlightenment Individualism) [174.9097 CHR] rd *Shaw, William (1999) Justice and Economic Distribution in Business Ethics (3 edn.), Wadsworth. Social Responsibility rd Day, Louis Alvin (2000) Ethics in Media Communications: Cases and Controversies ( 3 edn.) Belmont, Wadsworth. Ch. 8 Economic Pressure and Social Responsibility [175 DAY] *Friedman, M (1990) The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits in Hoffman and Moore Readings and Cases in Corporate Morality McGraw Hill. *Stone, C.D. (1990) Why Shouldnt Corporations be Socially Responsible in Hoffman and Moore (1990) Readings and Cases in Corporate Morality McGraw Hill. Children and the Media *Casey Journalism Center for Children and Families (1997) Covering Child Abuse Conference Report th Cops (Writer), and 20 Century Fox TV (Director) (1989-present). Cops. Friends (Writer), and Bright, Kauffman, Crane and W. Brothers (Director) (1994-present) Friends. Hickey, N. (2000) The Virulence of Violence In Valenti, Bown and Trotta (eds.) More than a Movie: Ethics in Entertainment.Colorado, Westview Press. th Lesko, Wayne A. (2000) Readings in Social Psychology 4 edn. Pearson Education, Needham Heights. Chapter Eleven. Televised Violence and Kids and Transmission of Aggression through Imitation of Aggressive Models. Nikken, P. and A.L. Peeters (1988) Childrens perceptions of telev ision reality. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 32(4), 441-452. Skeen, P., H. Mac, and K. Osborn (1982) Young Childrens perceptions of real and pretend on television. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54, 883-887. Smith, Anne B., Nicola J. Taylor and Megan M. Gollop (eds.) (2000) Childrens Voices: Research, Policy and Practice, Pearson Education, Auckland. Chapter 6 Family law: conceptions of childhood and childrens voices the implications of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Tolich, Martin (ed.) (2001) Research Ethics in New Zealand. Pearson Education. Chapter 9 Interviewing Children and Their Parents. Trotta, L.A. (1998) Special consideration for creators of childrens media. In. Building Blocks: A Guide for creating childrens educational programming. Studio City, Mediascope Press. *Valenti, F.M.( 2000) Children: A Higher Standard In Valenti, Bown and Trotta (eds.) More than a Movie: Ethics in Entertainment.Colorado, Westview Press. Documentaries, Films, Photography Banks, Marcus (1992) Which films are the ethnographic films? in P.I. Crawford and D. Turton Film as Ethnography, Manchester University Press, pp.116-130. Barrett, Terry (1990) Criticizing Photographs: An Introduction to Understanding Images. Mayfield Publishing, London. Berry, C., Hamilton A., and Jayamanne, L. (eds.) (1997) The Film-maker and the prostitute: Dennis ORourkes The Good Woman of Bangkok. Sydney, Power Publications. Bordwell, D., and Carroll, N. (eds.) (1995) Post-Theory: Reconstructing film studies. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press. Bushnell, R. Bowling for Truth: http://www.bowlingfortruth.com / Gross, L., Katz, J., and Ruby, J. (eds.) (1988) Image Ethics: The moral rights of subjects in photographs, film, and television. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Jacobson, H. (1989) Michael and Me. Film Comment, 25(6).

13

Lutz, Catherine and Jane Collins (1994) The photograph as an intersection of gazes: the example of National Geographic in Taylor Visualizing Theory, NY, Routledge. Moore, Mike (1989) Roger and Me. Moore, M (2002) Bowling for Columbine: United Artists and Alliance Atlantis present a Salter Street Films and VIF 2 production, a Dog Eat Dog Films production. ORourke, D. The Good Woman of Bangkok. *Winston, Brian (2000) Lies, Damn Lies and Documentaries, Chapter 2, BFI Publishing, London [175 WIN] Ethics of Advertising Applegate, E., Brock, S., Pisani, J. and Zanor T. (eds.) (1993) Advertising: Concepts, Strategies, and Issues. Lumby and Probyn Remote Control: New media, new ethics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Dubuque, Kendall/Hunt. Blewett, S. (1994) Poetry and Public Relations: Reality in a Waterball of Glass Journalism Educator, 48(4), 39-46. *Gordon et al (1999) Ethics and Advertising in Gordon and Kittross . Controversies in Media Ethics. NY, Longman. Johannesen, R.L. (1996) Ethics in Human Communication, Prospect Heights, Waveland Press. Knowlton, S.R. (1997) Moral Reasoning for Journalists: Cases and Comments. Westport, Praeger. Lambeth, E.B. (1992) Committed Journalism: An Ethic for the Profession. Bloomington, Indiana University Press. Media Stereotyping Campbell, R. (1998) Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communications, New York, St. Martins Press. *Day, Louis (2000) Ethics in Media Communications: Cases and Controversies. Ch 13, Canada, Wadsworth Press. Hage, G. (2003) A Viable Ethics: Journalists and the Ethnic Question, in Lumby and Probyn Remote Control: New media, new ethics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Lester, P.M. (ed.) (1996) Images that Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media. Westport, Praeger. Wells, W., Burnett J., and Morirty, S. (1998) Advertising Principles and Practice. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. Politics, Law, Ethics and the Media *Barnett, Steven and Emily Seymour (1999) A shrinking iceberg travelling south: Changing trends in British television: A case study of drama and current affairs. A report for the Campaign for Quality Television Ltd. Fineman, Martha Albertson et. Al. (eds.) (1997) Feminism, Media and the Law. New York, Oxford University Press [305.420973 FEM] *Hirst, Martin and Roger Patching 2005 The Fourth Estate: Marketing, Citizenship and the Media in Journalism Ethics: Arguments and Cases, Oxford University Press, pp.104-138. *Holland, Patricia 2001 Authority and authenticity: redefining television current affairs. In Michael Bromley (ed.) No News is Bad News: Radio Television and the Public. Pearson Education, pp.8095. Mawhood, John and Daniel Tysver (2000) Law and the Internet in Duncan Langford (ed.) Internet Ethics. St. Martins Press, New York [175 INT] OLeary, E. (2002) Political Spin in M. McGregor and M. Comrie (eds.) Whats News? Palmerston North, Dunmore, pp.186-198.

Professional Ethics and Codes of Ethics Gordon, David A. and John Michael Kittross (1999) Controversies in Media Ethics. Longman, New York. Chapter 3 Codes of Ethics [175 GOR] Gorlin, Rena A. (ed.) (1999) Codes of Professional Responsibility: Ethics Standards in Business, th Health and Law 4 edn., Washington, DC, Bureau of National Affairs. Ethics and Business Green, Ronald M. (1994) The Ethical Manager: A New Method for Business Ethics. New York, Macmillan. Hoffman and Moore Readings and Cases in Corporate Morality McGraw Hill.

14

*Hager, N. and B. Burton (1999) Secrets and Lies. Nelson, Craig Potton, pp.17-53. rd Shaw, William (1999) Business Ethics (3 edn.), Wadsworth. Solomon, Robert C. (1992) Ethics and Excellence: Cooperation and Integrity in Business. New York, Oxford University Press. [174.4 SOL] Internet and Ethics Albury, K. (2003) The Ethics of Porn on the Net in C. Lumby and E. Probyn (eds.) Remote Control: New Media, New Ethics (pp. 196-211, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Castells, M. (2001) The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
*Cooke-Jackson, Angela; Hansen, Elizabeth. (2008). Appalachian Culture and Reality TV: The ethical dilemma of stereotyping others. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 23:3, 183-200.

Crawfurd, K. (2003) Control-Shift: Censorship and the Internet in Lumby and Probyn Remote Control: New media, new ethics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. *Hamelink, C.J. (2000) The Ethics of Cyberspace. Ch 6, London, Sage. Kingston, M. (2003) Diary of a Wedbiarist: Ethics goes online in Lumby and Probyn Remote Control: New media, new ethics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Langford, Duncan (ed.) (2000) Internet Ethics. St. Martins Press, New York [175 INT] Lessig, L. (1999) Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York, Basic. Ludlow, P. (ed.) (2001) Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias. Massachusetts, MIT Press. Rheingold, H. (1992) The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Cambridge, MIT. *Wilhelm, A.G. (2000) Democracy in the Digital Age, New York/London, Routledge, pp.33-55. Social Justice and the Media Clifford G. Christians, John P. Ferre and P. Mark Fackler (1993) Good News: Social Ethics and the Press, NY, Oxford University Press. (chapter 4 Social Justice) [174.9097 CHR] rd Day, Louis Alvin (2000) Ethics in Media Communications: Cases and Controversies (3 edn.) Belmont, Wadsworth. Ch. 12 Media Practitioners and Social Justice [175 DAY] Hamelink, C.J. (2000) The Ethics of Cyberspace. Ch 7 The Democratization of Technology Choice, London, Sage. Ethics of War Chomsky, Noam (2003) Collateral Language, Z Magazine July/August, 16(7/8) *Hirst, Martin and Roger Patching (2005) The Media goes to War In Journalism Ethics: Arguments and Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jon Stephernson (2005) War Zone: A Reporters Story Metro, June, pp.88-98. Ethical Perspectives *Nanji, Azim (1991) Islamic Ethics In Peter Singer (ed.) A Companion to Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell. *Perrett, Roy W. and John Patterson (1991) Virtue Ethics and Maori Ethics Philosophy East and West. April 41(2) [available in e-journals] *Zaoui, Ahmed (2004) Clash of Civilisations: Myth or Reality Lecture delivered at University of Auckland, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0410/S00224.htm Reality TV and Ethics Burton, G. (2000) Talking Television: An introduction to the study of television. London, Arnold. Greer, G. (2001) We are Big Brother . Australia, Media Section. 12-18, July (6). Hartley, J. (1999) Methodological Tensions in Media Research. Textual Practice. 13(3). *Lumby, C. (2003) Real appeal: the ethics of reality TV in Lumby and Probyn Remote Control: New media, new ethics, Cambridge. Stratton, J. and Ang, I. (1999) Sylvania Waters and the Spectacular Exploding Family. In P. Marris and S. Thornham (eds.) Media Studies: A Reader. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Turner, G. (1999) Tabloidisation, Journalism and the Possibility of Critique. International Journal of Cultural Studies. April. Food and Media Pence, G. (2002) The Ethics of Food, Rowman and Littlefield. Probyn E. (2000) Carnal Appetites: FoodSexIdentity. London, Routledge. *Probyn, E. (2003) Eating into Ethics: Passion, Food and Journalism, in Lumby and Probyn Remote Control: New media, new ethics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

15

Rainbow, P. (ed.) (1997) Michel Foucault: Ethics, Subjectivity and Truth: Essential Works of Foucault 1954-1984. New York, The New Press. Reichl, R. (2001) Comfort me with Apples: More Adventures at the Table. Sydney, Allen and Unwin. *Ripe, C. (2003) Beyond Food Porn: Interview with Cherry Ripe (Food Writer at the Australian) in Lumby and Probyn Remote Control: New media, new ethics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Slater, N. (1998) Real Food, London, Jonathan Lovekin.

REFERENCING USING THE APA SYSTEM

What is referencing?
When you are writing as a student or a professional (eg in essays or reports), you will frequently be expected to refer to the work of other writers / experts in your subject area (sources), and formally acknowledge them by including their identifying details. This is called referencing, or citing. When writers say that sources are cited in a text, they mean other peoples ideas have been referred to, often to back up or develop a point being made. It is essential to include the sources details next to your citations / references. Failure to do this is called plagiarism. Plagiarism is regarded as a very serious offence (see your programmes Student Handbook). Learning to reference correctly is your best protection against charges of plagiarism. There are two ways you can reproduce the sources ideas in your text and yet avoid plagiarism: PARAPHRASING: putting their ideas into your own words, including the author/s and date of your source. Eg from Janet Hunts 1998 biography of Hone Tuwhare (page 109): The balance of Tuwhares life was forever altered. becomes in your essay: Hunt (1998) sees his new poet identity as a major change in Tuwhares life. QUOTING: copying the exact words from the source text, with quotation marks before and after them. The author and date may go before or after the quote (see below for details), and you must also include the number of the page you have copied from. Short quotations (note how the full stop goes after the brackets). Although he remained committed to his identity as a boiler-maker, his fame as a poet meant that the balance of Tuwhares life was forever altered (Hunt, 1998, p.109). Long quotations (40 or more words) These should be started on a new line, and all lines should be indented five spaces from the left hand margin, creating a distinctly separate block of text. No quotation marks are necessary. The format for the author, date and page number is the same as for short quotations, except that instead of being part of the quote, they go at the end of it (after its final full stop). Referencing is done in two places: A Within the body of the text. The author and year of the source are written into the text itself (eg included in the paragraphs of a students academic essay).

List of references. A list of all sources referred to in the text is placed at the end. It is titled References and includes author, title, and publication details for all of them. It is sometimes called a Bibliography but the use of that word is not quite accurate. A bibliography is a more comprehensive list of background reading on a subject, not just a list of those texts specifically referred to.

16

There are a number of referencing systems used in different subject disciplines. They are very detailed, and it is well worth learning how to reference properly using one system. Good quality academic and professional writing is always referenced correctly.

What is APA? The AUT Faculty of Arts uses the APA (American Psychological Association) system of referencing for pre-degree and undergraduate degree programmes. It requires reference details to be included in the text itself, not put into footnotes as some other systems do. Other basic elements of APA referencing are given below. For information which is not covered here you will need to consult the most recent edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association which you will find in the High Demand or Non Fiction (Dewey 808) sections of the university library. Still puzzled? Try this helpful web site: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html A REFERENCING WITHIN THE BODY OF THE TEXT

When referring to another authors ideas in your academic writing, you need to include their surname and the year of the publication. Use the following examples as models. 1 When using the authors names as part of your sentence (note how the year goes in brackets) Devito, ORourke and ONeill (2000) divide the process of perception into three stages. When not including the authors names as part of your sentence (note the use of & to replace and) The process of perception can be divided into three stages (Devito, ORourke & ONeill, 2000). When a number of different sources have said the same thing (note the semicolon Separating texts, and the alphabetical order of texts) The process of perception has been divided into three stages (Adler & Towne, 1990; Devito, ORourke & ONeill, 2000; Littlejohn, 1996; Tubbs & Moss, 2000). When a text has two authors, both names are used every time the text is cited. Tubbs and Moss (2000) say ... There are three stages to the perception process (Tubbs & Moss, 2000). When a source has three, four or five authors, all the authors names are included the First time the source is cited. After that, the first authors name and et al. are used. (Note the full stop after et al.) Also, if you cite the same source more than once within a single paragraph, only the first one needs to include the date.) Devito, ORourke and ONeill (2000) describe . Devito et al. also describe... When the source text includes a reference to a further source which you want to include. This is not encouraged, but is occasionally necessary. Usually you should only cite sources youve actually read. The symbolic nature of language has been considered by many authors. Humans are prone to symbol making, symbol using, and symbol misusing according to one of them (Burke, 1986, p. 223 as cited in Larson, 2001, p.85). When referring to a text with a corporate author, use the name of the organisation. Harassment prevention policies are designed to minimise harm to all parties (Auckland University of Technology, 2001).

17

Spoken sources Some information may come from interviews rather than from written material. The citation goes in the text of your assignment, but should not be included in your list of references because no one else can refer to it independently; only you experienced it and it cant be checked by anyone else. Most civilian conscripts were eager to go to war in 1940, regarding it as a great overseas adventure. (M. Milne, personal communication, December 20, 1990). B LIST OF REFERENCES

The last page of your text should be a list of the references you have used. Readers - assignment markers in particular - often look at the reference list before beginning. It shows them the range of your reading as well as giving them enough information to find your references or quotes for themselves if they want to check them. 1 Page layout Title Order surname/s. Put References as a title at the top of the page. List each reference in alphabetical order, beginning with the author/s

Format Use the hanging indent option (under the Format / Paragraph / Special function on Microsoft Word, for example). This means that the first line of the entry for each source begins on the margin, and subsequent lines are indented. It makes the author names stand out and helps the reader scan the list quickly. 2 Listing the references

There are many different types of source, and each has its specific format conventions under APA. Some of the most common types of source are given below. If what you want is not here, you should consult the APA manual (see References list) or try the following web site: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html Note that the basic entry for a book has four sections which finish with full stops, like sentences. The author/s. = Who (Date of publication). = When The title. = What The place of publication: the publishers name. = Where Use the following examples as models. Note that it is not customary to cite university lectures. They are unpublished, and are designed to be a guide to your reading only. Book with one or multiple authors (note the title is in italics, but only its first word has a capital letter.) DeVito, J., ORourke, S., & ONeill, L. (2000). Human communication (N.Z. ed.). Auckland: Longman. Book compiled by editor or editors (note the full stop after Eds.) King, P., & Devere, H. (Eds.). (2000). A challenge to friendship in modernity. London: Frank Cass. Book with multiple editions Eg Littlejohn, S. W. (1996). Theories of human communication (5th ed.). New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company. Contribution to a book Ings, W. (2000). Portrait of an artist: Kevin Kilsby. In Peter Jansen (Ed.), Heroic garden (pp. 54-58). Auckland: Reed. Book by a corporate author Department of Statistics & Ministry of Womens Affairs. (1990). Women in New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry of Womens Affairs. Signed article in magazine or periodical (note the capital letter after a colon) Bedggood, J. (2000). Domestic Purposes Beneficiaries and the Community Wage: Her brilliant career. New Zealand Sociology, 15, 75-100.

18

Signed newspaper or magazine article Johnson, R. (2000, August 3). Time to put a stop to advertiser-driven television. New Zealand Herald, p.A17. Unsigned newspaper or magazine article (note how the headline / title comes first) New Zealand gives pardon to war mutineer. (2000, April 16). The Sunday Times, p.12. Unpublished thesis Bitchener, J. (2000). The negotiation of meaning by advanced ESOL learners: the effects of individual learner factors and task type. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland, Auckland. Electronic Sources 1. Journal article from database Holt, R.F. (2000). The discourse ethics of sports print journalism. Culture, sport, society (UK) 25, 88103. Retrieved November 30, 2001, from Proquest database. 2. Abstract from a CD-ROM or on-line index Holt, R.F. (2000). The discourse ethics of sports print journalism. Culture, sport, society (UK) 25, 88103. Abstract from: SilverPlatter File: SPORT Discus Item: S-666509. Internet sources Remember to be sceptical about what you find on the Internet; not everything is reliable. Its safest to use university sites, as they are more likely to have accurate information. Internet sources come in a variety of forms, and may miss some of the elements that paper publications have, for example a named author, or publication date. You need at least the following A title or description of the document A date (of publication or, failing that, the date you retrieved it from the Internet) An Internet URL (address) As for books, if there is no named personal author (eg Louise Matthews), the author is considered to be the organisation which published the source (eg Auckland University of Technology). If there is no author of either type, begin with the title. If there is no date, write the entry as usual, with (n.d.) in place of the year. You should always include the URL (the http://www etc address) and the date you retrieved it (usually found at the bottom of your paper print-out). Example Lun, Hoong (n.d.) Electronic access to languages materials. Retrieved December 2, 2001, from University of Auckland Library web site: http://www2.auckland.ac.nz/lbr/genlib/artsnewsletter/newsletter0800.htm#asian For further information about how to write out your references to Internet material, go to this web site: http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html References American Psychological Association (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological th Association, (5 ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association. nd Emerson, L. (Ed.). (2000). Writing guidelines for business students (2 ed.). Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. Information on referencing compiled by Rosemary Brewer, Senior Lecturer, School of Communication Studies

19