Contents

Preface / xv Transliteration and Abbreviations / xxvii

THE TEXT OF THE OLD TESTAMENT

The Pentateuch / 1 Genesis / 6 Exodus / 109 Leviticus / 189 Numbers / 247 Deuteronomy / 325 The Histories / 395 Joshua / 399 Judges / 443 Ruth / 489 Samuel / 499 1 Samuel / 505 2 Samuel / 563 Kings / 611 1 Kings / 615 2 Kings / 669 Chronicles / 721 1 Chronicles / 725 2 Chronicles / 767 Ezra and Nehemiah / 817 Ezra / 821 Nehemiah / 839 Esther / 863 Poetry and Wisdom / 880 Job / 885 Psalms / 955 Proverbs / 1106 Ecclesiastes / 1156 The Song of Solomon / 1174 The Prophets / 1188 Isaiah / 1193
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Jeremiah / 1309 Lamentations / 1417 Ezekiel / 1429 Daniel / 1523 Hosea / 1554 Joel / 1575 Amos / 1584 Obadiah / 1601 Jonah / 1607 Micah / 1613 Nahum / 1625 Habakkuk / 1633 Zephaniah / 1641 Haggai / 1649 Zachariah / 1654 Malachi / 1675

CONTEXT, RECEPTION, CRITICISM Part I. Ancient Near Eastern Texts / 1685

Myths and Legends / 1686 egyptian myths of origin / 1686 [The One and the Many] / 1686 The Memphite Cosmology / 1687 [Creation Equal for Rich and Poor] / 1688 epic tales from mesopotamia and canaan / 1689 Enuma Elish (The Babylonian Epic of Creation) / 1689 [The Battle of Baal and Sea] / 1702 The Eridu Genesis / 1708 Atrahasis (the Babylonian Noah) / 1710 The Epic of Gilgamesh [Gilgamesh and Enkidu] / 1716 [The Story of the Flood] / 1722 Adapa and the South Wind / 1730 popular legends / 1733 The Two Brothers / 1733 The Birth Legend of Sargon of Akkad / 1735 Laws and Treaties / 1736 Laws of Lipit-Ishtar / 1736 Laws of Hammurabi / 1739 Hittite Laws / 1745 Middle Assyrian Laws / 1748 Vassal Treaty of Esarhaddon / 1750

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Historical Records / 1753 The Sumerian King List / 1753 The Amarna Letters / 1754 The Moabite Stone / 1758 Assyrian Royal Annals Shalmaneser III (battle of Qarqar; siege of Damascus) / 1759 Sargon II (deportation of the Samarians) / 1761 Sennacherib (siege of Jerusalem) / 1762 The Babylonian Chronicle [Battle of Carchemish] / 1762 [Conquest of Jerusalem] / 1763 [Fall of Babylon] / 1763 The Cyrus Cylinder / 1763 The Passover Letter from Elephantine / 1765 Prophecy / 1765 The Prophecies of Neferti / 1765 Egyptian Dream Book / 1768 Dream Oracle to Thutmose IV / 1769 Mesopotamian Omens / 1769 Divination by Stones / 1771 Mari Letters / 1772 Book of Balaam (Deir Alla Inscriptions) / Oracles Concerning Esarhaddon / 1775 [Apocalyptic Prophecy] / 1776 Hymns and Prayers / 1777 The Great Hymn to the Aten / 1777 Amon as the Sole God / 1781 Hymn to Enlil / 1782 Prayer of Kantuzzili / 1783 Prayer to Ishtar / 1784 Prayer to Marduk / 1786 To a Personal God / 1788 Didactic and Wisdom Literature / 1788 The Instruction of the Vizier Ptah-Hotep / 1788 The Instruction of Amenemope / 1791 Babylonian Counsels of Wisdom / 1794 Harpers Song from the Tomb of Intef / 1796 The Dialogue of Pessimism / 1797 The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer / 1799 The Babylonian Theodicy / 1803 Songs and Laments / 1806 Egyptian Love Song / 1806 Sumerian Love Songs / 1807 Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur / 1810

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Part II. Historical Anthology of Biblical Interpretation / 1814

Traditional Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Exegesis / 1814 hellenistic writings / 1814 First Book of Enoch [The Rebel Angels] / 1815 Jubilees [Moses Summoned] / 1817 [The Creation] / 1818 [Enoch] / 1818 [The Binding of the Demons] / 1819 [The Life of Abraham] / 1819 [Conclusion] / 1821 The Genesis Apocryphon [Abram and Sarai in Egypt] / 1822 Commentary on Habakkuk [The Teacher of Righteousness and the Wicked Priest] / 1825 Aristobulus [That the Greeks Borrowed from the Hebrews] / 1826 Philo of Alexandria [The Two Adams] / 1828 [The Descent of the Soul] / 1829 [On Reputation and Outward Observance] / 1831 Josephus Flavius [On the canon of sacred scripture] / 1833 On the Origin of the World (from the Nag Hammadi Library) / 1834 rabbinic exegesis / 1840 Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael [No earlier and later in Torah] / 1840 [An Eye for an Eye] / 1842 Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 4:1 6; 18:125 / 1843 Genesis Rabbah [In the Beginning] / 1845 [The Double Nature of Man] / 1847 [Abraham and His Fathers Idols] / 1847 Leviticus Rabbah [Speak . . . and say (Saul and the Woman of Endor)] / 1848 Baba Batra (Babylonian Talmud) [On the Tables in the Ark] / 1852 [The List of Biblical Books] / 1854 patristic exegesis / 1856 Irenaeus [Despoiling the Egyptians] / 1856 [Lot and his Daughters] / 1857 [The Two Testaments] / 1858 Origen [Threefold Interpretation] / 1859 [Carnal and Spiritual Love] / 1861 Gregory of Nyssa [Male and Female] / 1863 [The Divine Darkness] / 1865 [From Glory to Glory] / 1866 Augustine of Hippo [Egyptian Gold] / 1868 [The Principle of Charity] / 1870 [In the Beginning] / 1871 [Noahs Ark] / 1873

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islamic writings / 1875 Quran 2:4757 [The Covenant with Israel] / 1875 2:60 62 [Israel in the Wilderness] / 1876 7:10326 [Moses and the Egyptian Sorcerers] / 1876 7:142 43 [The Revelation of the Mountain] / 1877 12:2234 [The Chastity of Joseph] / 1877 21:4894 [The Community of Prophets] / 1878 al-Kisai [The Prophet Job] / 1880 medieval jewish and christian exegesis / 1887 Rashi Commentary on the Pentateuch (Genesis 1:1; 1:26; Deuteronomy 28:23; 31:23; 32:12) / 1887 Nachmanides [How Moses Wrote the Torah] / 1891 [In the Beginning] / 1894 The Zohar [The Creation] / 1895 [Male and Female] / 1896 [Noah and the Ark] / 1896 [Openings] / 1898 Bernard of Clairvaux [The Kiss, Song of Songs 1:2] / 1899 Hildegard of Bingen [Moses Vision of God] / 1902 Analogy of the Manna / 1903 Goliath and David / 1904 Thomas Aquinas [On Metaphor] / 1904 [The Four Senses of Scripture] / 1906 Bonaventure [The Seven Days of Creation] / 1908 renaissance and reformation / 1910 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Exposition of . . . In the beginning / 1910 Martin Luther [The Purpose of the Law] / 1912 John Calvin [On the Wrestling of Jacob] / 1917 Lancelot Andrewes A Sermon [Touch not Mine anointed] / 1920 Philosophical Reflections / 1924 Moses Maimonides [The Language of Scripture] / 1924 [On Prophecy] / 1925 [On Divine Providence] / 1926 Thomas Aquinas [The Proper Name of God] / 1927 [Can There Be Creation Ex Nihilo?] / 1929 Thomas Hobbes [How God Speaks to Man] / 1931 [The Pentateuch Not Written by Moses] / 1933 Algernon Sidney [Absolute Monarchy Not Conformable to Scripture] / 1934 Baruch Spinoza Of the Interpretation of Scripture / 1938 The True Authorship of the Sacred Books / 1941 In What Respect Scripture Is Called the Word of God / 1944 Isaac Newton [The Oldest Religion] / 1945

Contents

Voltaire David / 1948 Moses / 1950 Immanuel Kant Conjectural Beginning of Human History / 1952 G. W. F. Hegel The Spirit of Judaism / 1958 Friedrich Nietzsche [The Grandeur of the Old Testament] Max Weber The Prophet / 1962 Martin Buber The God of the Sufferers / 1965 Paul Ricoeur The Infinite Demand and the Finite Commandment / 1970

/ 1961

Historical-Critical Analysis / 1975 letter and spirit / 1975 Julius Wellhausen [Ordering the Sources] / 1975 The Oral and the Written Torah / 1980 Yehezkel Kaufmann The Torah and Prophecy / 1984 [The Antiquity of the Priestly Writings] / 1988 legend, history, ideology / 1989 Hermann Gunkel The Legends of Genesis / 1989 E. A. Speiser The Biblical Idea of History in Its Common Near Eastern Setting / 1994 Philip R. Davies [Ancient Israel: A Scholarly Fiction] / 1999 the composition of the pentateuch / 2004 Gerhard von Rad The Form-Critical Problem of the Hexateuch / 2004 Martin Noth The Major Themes of the Tradition in the Pentateuch and Their Origin / 2007 Samuel Sandmel The Haggada Within Scripture / 2012 Rolf Rendtorff The Yahwist as Theologian? / 2017 David M. Carr Textuality and Education in Ancient Israel / 2022 from covenant to canon / 2028 Moshe Weinfeld [Treaty and Covenant] / 2028 Moshe Greenberg Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law / 2033 Phyllis A. Bird The Image of Woman in the Old Testament Laws / 2039 Joseph Blenkinsopp [Institution and Charisma] / 2044 Michael Fishbane Inner Biblical Exegesis / 2048 Comparative and Literary Approaches / 2054 Martin Buber Leitwort Style in Pentateuch Narrative / 2054 Erich Auerbach Odysseus Scar / 2060 Mary Douglas The Abominations of Leviticus / 2066 Robert Alter Characterization and the Art of Reticence / 2070 Alan Mintz The Rhetoric of Lamentations / 2081 Meir Sternberg Ideology of Narration and Narration of Ideology / 2087 David Damrosch Law and Narrative in the Priestly Work / 2096

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Harold Bloom The Representation of Yahweh / 2101 James C. Nohrnberg Justifying Narrative: Commentary within Biblical Storytelling / 2105 Tikva Frymer-Kensky The Ideology of Gender / 2109 Jean-Pierre Sonnet From Burial Place to Crossing Book / 2112 Poems and Parables / 2118 Adam lay ybounden / 2118 George Herbert Sion / 2119 The Bunch of Grapes / 2120 Robert Herrick The Chewing the Cud / 2121 Henry Vaughan Religion / 2121 John Milton [Raphael Describes the Work of Creation] / 2123 Christopher Smart Jubilate Agno (man and beast . . . together) / 2124 Emily Dickinson A little East of Jordan / 2127 It always felt to me a wrong / 2127 The Soul should always stand ajar / 2128 Elijahs Wagon knew no thill / 2128 A. E. Housman [Lots Wife] / 2129 Robert Frost The Most of It / 2129 Never Again Would Birds Song Be the Same / 2130 John Hollander Adams Task / 2130 Jay Macpherson The Beauty of Jobs Daughters / 2131 metrical psalms / 2132 Thomas Sternhold The man is blest that hath not goen (Psalm 1) / 2133 Thomas Wyatt From depth of sin and from a deep despair (Psalm 130) / 2134 Philip Sidney The Lord, the Lord my shepheard is (Psalm 23) / 2135 Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke Praise him that ay (Psalm 117) / 2136 From depth of grief (Psalm 130) / 2136 Thomas Carew Sitting by the streams that glide (Psalm 137) / 2137 Isaac Watts Our God, our help in ages past (Psalm 90:15) / 2139 hymns / 2140 Charles Wesley Wrestling Jacob / 2140 John Newton Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken / 2142 John Marriott Thou, Whose Almighty Word / 2143 spirituals / 2144 Every Time I Feel the Spirit / 2144 Let My People Go / 2145 Joshua Fit de Battle of Jericho / 2146 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot / 2146

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Ezekiel Saw the Wheel (1) / 2147 Ezekiel Saw the Wheel (2) / 2147 Ezekiel Said There Was a Wheel in a Wheel / 2148 in prose Laurence Sterne The History of Jacob, Considered / 2148 William Blake A Memorable Fancy / 2153 Herman Melville The Sermon / 2155 Franz Kafka The Tower of Babel / 2161 Mount Sinai / 2161 [In the Wilderness] / 2161 Thomas Mann Jacob Must Journey / 2162 [The Art of Condensation] / 2164 Two Exemplary Passages from Genesis / 2165 the expulsion from the garden (genesis 3) / 2165 Life of Adam and Eve / 2165 Philo of Alexandria / 2167 Irenaeus / 2169 Ephrem the Syrian / 2170 The Hypostasis of the Archons / 2172 Quran / 2174 Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer / 2174 Mystre dAdam / 2176 John Calvin / 2180 John Milton / 2181 Creation (African American folksong) / 2184 Julius Wellhausen / 2186 Phyllis Trible / 2188 Joel Rosenberg / 2190 Leslie Brisman / 2195 Franz Kafka / 2198 the binding of isaac (genesis 22) / 2198 Jubilees / 2199 Epistle to the Hebrews / 2199 Targum Pseudo-Jonathan / 2199 Genesis Rabbah / 2201 Augustine of Hippo / 2203 al-Kisai / 2204 Moses Maimonides / 2206 John Calvin / 2207 Sren Kierkegaard / 2210 Franz Kafka / 2212 Benno Jacob / 2214 E. A. Speiser / 2215 Anthony Hecht / 2216

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Part III. On Translation

2219

Gerald Hammond English Translations of the Bible / 2219 Survey of English Translations from Wycliff to the Present Genesis 1:1 8 / 2231 Psalm 23 / 2244 The Translators to the Readers (Translators preface from 1611) / 2252

DIAGRAMS, CHARTS, TIMELINE, AND MAPS

The tabernacle / 159 The wilderness camp / 254 Temple of Solomon / 627 Ezekiels apportionment of the land and the sacred reserve / 1519 Traditional Orders for the Books in the Hebrew Bible / 2271 Kings and Prophets of Judah and Israel / 2272 Ancient Near Eastern Chronology / 2273 maps Relief Map of Palestine in Biblical Times / 2275 The Ancient Near East / 2276 Sinai and the Wilderness / 2278 Tribal Allotments / 2279 The Kingdom of David and Solomon and the Divided Kingdom / 2280

Permissions Acknowledgments

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