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Tutorial 2 Conduction

1. The walls of a house in a cold region consist of three layers an outer brickwork of 15 cm thickness and an inner wooden paned of 1.2 cm thickness. The intermediate layer is made of an insulating material 7 cm thick. The thermal conductivities of the brick and wood used are 0.7 W/m C and 0.18 W/m C, respectively. The inside and outside temperatures of the composite wall are 21C and -15C, respectively. If the layer of insulation offers twice the thermal resistance of the brick wall, calculate (a) the rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall and (b) the thermal conductivity of the insulating material.

2. A tapered stainless steel rod, perfectly insulated on the curved surface, has end diameters of 0.06 m and 0.12 m, respectively and is 0.2 m long. The thicker end is fixed to a hot wall and the thinner end is maintained at 30C. The steady state rate of heat loss through the rod is found to be 50 W. The thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 15 W/ m C. Calculate (a) the hot end temperature, (b) the temperature gradients at both the ends, and (c) the temperature at a section of the rod 0.15m away from the cold end.

3. Polyurethane foam and expanded polystyrene are two important insulations for low temperature applications. Polyurethane can be impregnated with a flame retardant and is probably safer. It is desired to calculate the heat gain by a Horton sphere (a spherical vessel used for cryogenic storage) of 16 m diameter that contains liquid ammonia at 4C. The tank is insulated with a 10 cm thick layer of polyurethane foam having a thermal conductivity of 0.02 W/m C (0.0115 Btu/h ft2 F). The outer surface temperature of the insulation is 27C. Also, calculate the refrigeration requirement of the vessel.

4. Two ends of a 5 cm diameter and 50 cm long aluminium rod, with the curved surface perfectly insulated are maintained at 30C and 300C, respectively. The temperature dependent thermal conductivity of the metal is given by: k = 202 + 0.0545T, (W/m C), where T is in C. Calculate the temperature gradient at each end of the rod, and the temperature midway in the rod at steady state.

5. The steady state temperature distribution in a 0.3 m thick plane wall is T = 600 + 2500x 12000x2 Where T is in C and x is in metre measured from one surface of the wall. Onedimensional steady state heat conduction occurs in the wall along x-direction. The thermal conductivity of the material of the wall is 23.5 W/m C. (a) What are the surface temperature and the average temperature of the wall? (b) Calculate the maximum temperature in the wall and its location. (c) Calculate the heat fluxes at the surfaces. (d) Do you think there is heat generation in the wall? If so, what is the average volumetric rate of heat generation? Is the rate of heat generation uniform?

6. The composite wall of a furnace consists of an inner layer of silica brick, 1.5 cm thick (k = 1.04 W/m C) and an outer layer of insulating brick, 20 cm thick (k = 0.2 W/m C). The inside temperature of the furnace is 800C and a interface temperature is 705C. Calculate (a) the rate of heat loss through the furnace wall, (b) the outside skin temperature of the brick layer, and (c) the percentage heat transfer resistance offered by the refractory layer.

7. A 4 inch schedule 40 pipes carrying a hot liquid at 250C has two layers of insulation of equal thickness, 2 inch each. The outside temperature of the insulation remaining the same (40C), the rate of heat loss per foot of the pipe reduces from 136 Btu/h to 130 Btu/h if the outer insulation thickness is increased by 25%. Calculate the thermal conductivities of the two layers of insulation.

8. Perlite is a typical cryogenic insulator. It is made of volcanic rock containing a high percentage of glass. When heated to a high temperature, the material softens and the moisture present in it vaporises to form a cellular microstructure. It is common practice to fill the jacket outside a cryogenic chamber with the perlite powder and then evacuate it to achieve very good thermal insulation. The spherical cryogenic vessel of 10 m diameter stores liquid nitrogen at temperature of -196 C. It is provided with a perlite-filled evacuated jacket to guard against heat gain. If the outside temperature of the jacket is assumed to be 30C, calculate the width of the jacket that would limit the heat flux (based on the outer surface) to within 0.5 W/m C. The effective thermal conductivity of the insulation is 1.73 X 10-3 W/m C.

9. Consider a composite wall consisting of four different material as shown in the below figure. The following data are given: LA = 0.1 m, LC = 0.2 m, LD = 0.12 m, H = 2 m, HB = 1 m, kA = 20 W/m C, kB = 10 W/m C, kC = 7 W/m C, kD = 25 W/m C, T1 = 120 C, and T2 = 50 C. Calculate the rate of heat flow through the assembly per unit breadth. Assume one-dimensional heat flow only. Show the electric analogue of the problem.

HB T1 A C LA LC

B LB H LD D T2

10. In order to measure the effective thermal conductivity of a powder, the material is packed in the annulus between two aluminium spheres. The outer diameter of the inner sphere is 60 mm, and the inner diameter of the outer sphere is 80 mm. The core of the assembly is electrically heated. In a steady state experiment, the power supply to the core is rated at 100 W when the temperatures of the aluminium surfaces are found to be 210C and 60C. What is the thermal conductivity of the sample?

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