July 15, 2013 Skeletal System Bone Marrow 1) Red bone marrow myeloid tissue, active in hematopoiesis 2) Yellow

w bone marrow Triglyceride storage, made most of white adipose tissue a. Adipose Tissue i. White ii. Brown Bone osseous connective tissue, is an elastic connective tissue considered as a plastic tissue that undergoes constant internal reconstruction in order to adapt to new stresses. 2 Components of the Bone: 1.) Inorganic a. Minerals Hydroxyapatite (Calcium ,Phosphorous ,Magnesium) 2.) Organic a. Glycosamino glycans i. Chondroitin b. Proteoglycans c. Collagen 6 Classification of Bones: 1.) Long bones a. Bones of the extremities b. Phalanges c. Metacarpals d. Metatarsals 2.) Short bones cube shaped a. Carpal and tarsal bones 3.) Flat bones a. Axial skeleton Ribs, Sternum b. Appendicular Skeleton Clavicle, Scapula, Ossa Coxae c. Cranial bones Occipital, Parietal, Frontal, Nasal, Lacrimal, Vomer, 4.) Irregular bones a. Axial skeleton Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx b. Cranial bones Temporal bone c. Facial bones sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. 5.) Sesamoid bones - bones that are formed from capsules of joints. a. Patella b. Pisiform 6.) Wormian bones bones that are found in between the sutures of the skull. (Sutural bones)

July 15, 2013 Olecranon process in the Ulna Gross Anatomy of the Bone 2 Gross parts 1.) Head Epiphysis 2.) Shaft Diaphysis 3.) Neck Metaphysis, found beneath the epiphyseal line. 2 types of bone, histologically speaking: 1.) Compact bone has presence of densely packed osteons. 2.) Spongy bone Cancellous bone, a network of bony spicules known as trabeculae. Central medullary cavity holds the red bone marrow

Periosteum dense connective tissue that surrounds the bone, bound to the bone proper by Sharpeys fibers, which are bundles or collagen fibers. Microscopic Aspect of the bone Components of the bone: Conditions that would promote the development of osteogenic cells from the mesenchyme: Must be highly vascularized. If not, if would favor the development of cartilage. 1.) Cells a. Mesenchymal cells undifferentiated connective tissue from the mesoderm also called the embryonic connective tissue. i. Osteogenic cell Osteoprogenic cells, bone stem cell population, differentiates to Osteoblasts. 1. Osteoblasts Synthesizes the bone matrix, the bone-forming cells. Differentiates into Osteocytes. a. Osteocytes Osteoblasts that have undergone differentiation and stops producing bone matrix. b. Osteoclasts derived from the monocyte macrophage series and are phagocytic cells, are formed by the union of multiple macrophages. - Osteoblasts - Type of bone cell that lines the endosteal layer. - Osteoclasts found in the calcified cartilage matrix, areas that are active in bone resorption. o Resorption Bay or Howships lacuna Lodging site of the osteoclasts. - Ossification (Osteogenesis) process of bone formation. o Intramembranous ossification developed from a primitive vascularized mesenchyme. Occurs in membrane bones (e.g. flat bones) mesenchyme differentiates into osteoblasts. Called Membranous Bones o Intracartilaginous ossification or endochondral ossification developed from an avascularized mesenchyme, mesenchyme differentiate into Chondroblasts. Occurs in long bones. Called Replacement Bones or Endochondral bones.

July 15, 2013 Diaphysis Primary Ossification center. Epiphysis Secondary Ossification center.

What happens to the osteoblasts when it continues to produce the bone matrix? They become buried in the martrix they produce. When they resurface, they are now osteocytes, the space where they resurface becomes the lacuna.

2.) Extracellular Matrix a. Fibrillary Proteins Collagen b. Ground Substance Chondroitin Sulfate

Arrangement of lamella The layering of the osteon 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Outer circumferential or periosteal lamellae concentric lamellae - lamellae arranged in concentric rings Interstitial lamellae Inner circumferential or endosteal lamella surrounds the central medullary cavity.

Perpendicular to the Haversian canal Volksmann canal or perforating canal. Longitudinal canal Haversian canal

Zones of the Epiphyseal Growth plate: 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Zone of Resting contains normal, resting hyaline cartilage Zone of Proliferation chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis, forming stacks Zone of Hypertrophy Chondrocytes enlarge and mature Zone of Calcification Chondrocytes are either dying or dead, leaving cavities that will later become invaded by osteoprogenitor cells. 5.) Zone of Ossification Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts. Components of the skeletal system: 1.) Bone 2.) Cartilage reduce friction and model for bone formation, proteoglycans and collagen are good for shock absorbing. 3.) Tendons attach bone to muscle, very tough 4.) Ligaments attach bone to bone If growth is in the Epiphyseal plate Lengthening or longitudinal growth.

July 15, 2013 Bone fractures: 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Complete Partial Close Open

Hormones that influence calcium deposits and levels: 1.) Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid, increases the level of calcium, targets osteoclasts to enhance the activity to increase bone resorption to release calcium. 2.) Calcitonin Thyroid, decreases the levels of calcium in the body by targeting the osteoclasts and reducing their activity of bone resorption. Bones that form the orbits: 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) 5.) 6.) 7.) Frontal Zygomatic Lacrimal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxilla Palatine

The base, which opens in the face, has four borders. The following bones take part in their formation: 1. Superior margin: frontal bone 2. Inferior margin: maxilla, palatine and zygomatic 3. Medial margin: frontal, lacrimal and ethmoid 4. Lateral margin: zygomatic and sphenoid

Vertebral Column Shapes of body: 1.) Cervical Cube 2.) Thoracic Heart shaped 3.) Lumbar Kidney/tomato C7 = most prominent spinous cervical process (vertebra prominens) Ribs: o True Ribs - Vertebrosternal ribs o False Ribs - Vertebrochondral ribs o Floating ribs Carpals: o Capitate Largest Carpal bone o Pisiform Smallest carpal bone

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Appendicular Skeleton Two Girdles of the appendicular skeleton: 1.) Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle: a. Scapula Shoulder blade, a flat bone b. Clavicle Collar bone, the very first bone to undergo ossification. A long bone. 2.) Pelvic or Hip Girdle: a. Ilium largest and uppermost bone of the pelvis b. Ischium c. Pubis