ODD11

C H A P T E R 11
Vector-Valued Functions
Section 11.1 Vector-Valued Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Section 11.2 Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions . . . . 44
Section 11.3 Velocity and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Section 11.4 Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors
Section 11.5 Arc Length and Curvature
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Problem Solving
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
C H A P T E R 11
Section 11.1
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

1
1. rt 5t i 4t j k
t
3. rt ln t i et j t k
Component functions: f t ln t
Component functions: f t 5t
gt et
gt 4t
ht
ht t
1
t
Domain: 0,
Domain: , 0 0,
5. rt Ft Gt cos t i sin t j t k cos t i sin t j 2 cos t i t k
Domain: 0,
i
7. rt Ft Gt sin t
0
Domain: ,
j
cos t
sin t
k
0
cos2 t i sin t cos t j sin2 t k
cos t
1
9. rt 2 t 2 i t 1j
1
(a) r1 2 i
(b) r0 j
1
1
(c) rs 1 2 s 12i s 1 1j 2 s 12 i sj
1
(d) r2 t r2 2 2 t2i 2 t 1j 2i j
2 2t 12 t2i 1 tj 2i j

2 t 2 t2i tj
1
1
11. rt ln t i j 3t k
t
1
(a) r2 ln 2i j 6k
2
(b) r3 is not defined.
ln3 does not exist.
(c) rt 4 lnt 4i
1
j 3t 4k
t4
(d) r1 t r1 ln1 ti

ln1 ti
1
j 31 tk 0i j 3k
1 t
1 1 t 1j 3tk
39
40
13.
Chapter 11
15. rt ut 3t 1t 2 14 t 38 4t 3
rt sin 3ti cos 3t j tk

rt sin 3t2 cos 3t2 t 2 1 t 2
3t 3 t 2 2t 3 4t 3 5t 3 t 2, a scalar.
The dot product is a scalar-valued function.
17. rt t i 2tj t 2k, 2 t 2
19. rt t i t 2j e0.75t k, 2 t 2
x t, y 2t, z t 2
x t, y t 2, z e0.75t
Thus, z x 2. Matches (b)
Thus, y x 2. Matches (d)
21. (a) View from the negative x-axis: 20, 0, 0
(b) View from above the first octant: 10, 20, 10
(c) View from the z-axis: 0, 0, 20
(d) View from the positive x-axis: 20, 0, 0
yt1
y
x2
3
x2
x
1
3
y
27. x cos , y 3 sin
25. x t3, y t2
23. x 3t
y2
1 Ellipse
9
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
2
5 4 3 2 1
2
1
x
3 2
1 2 3 4 5
2
3
2
4
29. x 3 sec , y 2 tan
33. x 2 cos t, y 2 sin t, z t
31. x t 1
y 4t 2
x2 y2
1 Hyperbola
9
4
y
z 2t 3
x2 y 2
1
4
4
Line passing through the points:
zt
12
0, 6, 5, 1, 2, 3
9
6
Circular helix
3
12 9 6
(0, 6, 5)
9 12
(2, 2, 1)
(1, 2, 3)
12
1
3
4 5
y
3
3
2
37. x t, y t 2, z 3 t 3
35. x 2 sin t, y 2 cos t, z et

x2 y 2 4
y x 2, z
z
6
2 3
3x
(2, 4, 163 )
z et
3
3
x
2
1
2
1
16
3
23
2
3
16
3
2
x
4
6
( 2, 4, 163 )
Section 11.1
3 2
1
t k
39. rt t 2 i tj
2
2
Parabola
41. rt sin t i
z
3
23 cos t 21 t j 12 cos t 23k

Helix
z
2
2
3
2
2
1
1
4
y
43.
(a)
(b)
z
2
2
x
2
2
2
2
The helix is translated 2

units back on the x-axis.
(d)
The height of the helix

increases at a faster rate.
(e)
2
2
2
2
2
6
The axis of the helix is

the x-axis.
The radius of the helix is

increased from 2 to 6.
47. y x 22
45. y 4 x
Let x t, then y t 22.
Let x t, then y 4 t.
rt ti 4 t j
rt ti t 22 j
49. x2 y 2 25
51.
Let x 5 cos t, then y 5 sin t.
x2
y2
1
16
4
Let x 4 sec t, y 2 tan t.
rt 5 cos ti 5 sin t j
rt 4 sec t i 2 tan tj
53. The parametric equations for the line are
z
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x 2 2t, y 3 5t, z 8t.

One possible answer is
rt 2 2t i 3 5t j 8tk.
4
x
(0, 8, 8)
1
4 5
6 7
8
(2, 3, 0)
0 t 4 r10 0, r14 4i
r2t 4 4ti 6tj,
0 t 1 r20 4i, r21 6j
r3t 6 t j,
0 t 6 r30 6j, r36 0
(Other answers possible)
55. r1t t i,
(c)
The orientation of the

helix is reversed.
41
42
Chapter 11
59. z x2 y 2, x y 0
0 t 2 y x2
57. r1t ti t 2j,
Let x t, then y x t and z x2 y 2 2t 2.

Therefore,
r2t 2 ti, 0 t 2
r3t 4 tj, 0 t 4
x t, y t, z 2t 2.
(Other answers possible)
rt ti tj 2t2k
z
2,
2, 4 ) 5
3
2
2, 4)
2,
3
x
61. x2 y 2 4, z x2
x 2 sin t, y 2 cos t
z x2 4 sin2 t
t
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
rt 2 sin t i 2 cos tj 4 sin2 tk

63. x2 y 2 z 2 4, x z 2
Let x 1 sin t, then z 2 x 1 sin t and
x2
y2
z2
4.
1 sin t2 y 2 1 sin t2 2 2 sin2 t y 2 4

y 2 2 cos2 t,
y 2 cos t
x 1 sin t, y 2 cos t
z 1 sin t
1
2
6
3
2
2
3
2
6
2
1
2
rt 1 sin t i 2 cos tj 1 sin t k and

rt 1 sin t i 2 cos tj 1 sin t k
0
0
65. x2 z2 4, y 2 z2 4
Subtracting, we have x2 y 2 0 or y x.
(0, 0, 2)
Therefore, in the first octant, if we let x t, then x t, y t, z 4 t 2.

rt ti tj 4 t2 k
4
x
2
4
(2, 2, 0)
Section 11.1
67. y2 z2 2t cos t2 2t sin t2 4t2 4x2
69. lim t i
t2
t2 4
1
1
j k 2i 2j k
t 2 2t
t
2
since
16
t2 4
2t
lim
2. (LHpitals Rule)
t2 t 2 2t
t2 2t 2
12
lim
8
4
71. lim t 2 i 3t j
t0
12
16
1 cos t
k 0
t
73. lim
t0
since
lim
t0
1t i cos t j sin t k
does not exist since lim

t0
1 cos t
sin t
lim
0.
t0 1
t
1
does not exist.
t
(LHpitals Rule)
1
75. rt t i j
t
77. rt t i arcsin t j t 1k

Continuous on 1, 1
Continuous on , 0, 0,

79. rt et, t 2, tan t
81. See the definition on page 786.
Discontinuous at t
Continuous on
n
n
, n
2
2
83. rt t2i t 3j tk

(a) st rt 2k t2i t 3j t 3k
(b) st rt 2i t2 2i t 3j tk
(c) st rt 5j t2i t 2j tk
85. Let rt x1t y1tj z1tk and ut x2ti y2tj z2tk. Then:
lim rt ut lim y1tz2t y2tz1t i x1tz2t x2tz1t j x1ty2t x2ty1t k
t c
t c
lim y1t lim z2t lim y2t lim z1t i lim x1t lim z2t lim x2t lim z1t j
t c
t c
t c
t c
t c
t c
t c
lim x1t lim y2t lim x2t lim y1t k

tc
tc
tc
tc
t c
lim x1ti lim y1tj lim z1tk lim x2ti lim y2tj lim z2tk
tc
tc
tc
tc
lim rt lim ut

tc
tc
87. Let rt xti ytj ztk. Since r is continuous at

t c, then lim rt rc.
tc
rc xci ycj zck xc, yc, zc

are defined at c.
r xt2 yt2 zt2
lim r xc2 yc2 zc2 rc
tc
Therefore, r is continuous at c.
89. True
tc
tc
43
44
Chapter 11
Section 11.2
Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions
1. rt t 2i t j, t0 2
3. rt cos ti sin t j, t0
xt t 2, yt t
(4, 2)
xt cos t, yt sin t
x y2
r
x
r2 4i 2j

rt sin t i cos t j
rt0 is tangent to the curve.
r
2 i
rt0 is tangent to the curve.
7. rt 2 cos ti 2 sin t j t k, t0
5. rt t i t 2j
(a)
rt 2 sin ti 2 cos tj k
6
16
4
16
r 2
2
16
r 4
r 4
r 2
2
16
4
16
6
16
32 2j 32 k
r
32 2i k
8
16

1
1
1
i j
r
4
4
16
r
r
(b)
3
2
x2 y 2 4, z t
8
16
(0, 2, 32 )

1
1
1
3
r
i j
2
4
4
16
12 21 i 41 j
r
2
2
x
1
2
rt i 2tj
(c)
r
14 i 21 j
r12 r14 14i 316j

3

i j
12 14
14
4
This vector approximates r 14 .
9. rt 6ti 7t 2j t 3k
rt 6i 14tj 3t 2k
13. rt et i 4 j
rt e i
t
11. rt a cos3 ti a sin3 tj k

rt 3a cos2 t sin t i 3a sin2 t cos tj
15. rt t sin t, t cos t, t
rt sin t t cos t, cos t t sin t, 1
1
17. rt t3i t2j
2
(a) rt 3t2i tj
r t 6t i j
(0, 1)

j
r
2
r2 4i j
x2 y2 1
rt 2t i j

2
(b) rt rt 3t26t t 18t3 t
Section 11.2

1
1
21. rt t2i tj t3k
2
6
19. rt 4 cos ti 4 sin tj

(a) rt 4 sin ti 4 cos tj
1
(a) rt ti j t2k
2
r t 4 cos t i 4 sin tj

(b) rt rt 4 sin t4 cos t 4 cos t4 sin t
r t i tk
0
1
t3
(b) rt rt t1 10 t2t t
2
2
23. rt cos t t sin t, sin t t cos t, t

(a) rt sin t sin t t cos t, cos t cos t t sin t, 1
t cos t, t sin t, 1
rt cos t t sin t, sin t t cos t, 0
(b) rt rt t cos tcos t t sin t t sin tsin t t cos t t
25.
rt cos ti sin tj t 2k, t0
1
4
rt sin ti cos tj 2tk
41
r
2
i
2
1
j k
2
r14
22 22 21

1

4
4 2
1
r
r
r14
1

2 i
2 j k
r1 4
4 2 1
rt 2 cos ti 2 sin tj 2k
41
r
2 2
r 41

i
2 2
2 2
j 2k

2
2 2
2
2
4 4
r14
1

2 2i
2 2j 4k
r14 2
4 4
27. rt t 2i t 3j
r 2 cos3 i 3 sin3 j
29.
rt 2t i 3t 2j
r0 0
Smooth on
, 0, 0,
r 6 cos2 sin i 9 sin2 cos j

r
n2 0
Smooth on
31. r 2 sin i 1 2 cos j

r 1 2 cos i 1 2 sin j
r 0 for any value of
Smooth on
,
n2, n 2 1, n any integer.
1
33. rt t 1i j t 2k
t
1
rt i 2 j 2tk 0
t
r is smooth for all t 0:
, 0, 0,
45
46
Chapter 11
35. rt t i 3t j tan tk

rt i 3j sec2 tk 0
r is smooth for all t

2n 1
n
.
2
2
Smooth on intervals of form

n , n
2
2
37. rt ti 3tj t 2 k, ut 4ti t 2j t 3k

(a) rt i 3j 2tk
(b) r t 2k
(c) rt ut 4t 2 3t 3 t 5
(d) 3rt ut t i 9t t 2j 3t 2 t 3k
Dtrt ut 8t 9t 2 5t 4
(e) rt ut 2t 4i t 4 4t 3j t 3 12t 2k
Dt3rt ut i 9 2tj 6t 3t 2k

(f) rt
10t 2 t 4 t
10 t 2
Dtrt ut 8t 3i 12t 2 4t 3j 3t 2 24tk
Dt rt
10 2t 2
10 t 2
rt 3 sin t i 4 cos tj
39.
rt 3 cos ti 4 sin tj

rt rt 9 sin t cos t 16 cos t sin t 7 sin t cos t
cos
rt rt
7 sin t cos t

rt rt
9 sin2 t 16 cos2 t
9 cos2 t 16 sin2 t

9 sin
arccos
1.855 maximum at t 3.927

1.287 minimum at t 2.356
7 sin t cos t
t 16 cos2 t9 cos2 t 16 sin2 t
7
0
54 and t 0.7854 .
34 and t 5.49874.

1.571 for t n , n 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
2
2
41. rt lim
t0
rt t rt

t
3t t 2 i 1 t t2 j 3t 2i 1 t 2j

t0
t
lim
3t i 2tt t 2j

t0
t
lim
lim 3i 2t tj 3i 2tj

t0
43.
47.
49.
2t i j k dt t 2i tj t k C
2t 1i 4t 3j 3
t k dt t 2 ti t 4j 2t 32k C
sec2 t i
1
j dt tan t i arctan t j C
1 t2
45.

1
2
i j t 32k dt ln ti tj t 52k C
t
5
Section 11.2
51.
2 j t k
8t i t j k dt 4t 2i
t2
2
53.
55. rt
2
2
a cos t j
4e2t i 3et j dt 2e2t i 3et j C
2
tk
ai aj
57. rt

k
2
32j dt 32t j C1
r0 2i 3j C 2i C 3j
r0 C1 600
3 i 600j
rt
rt 600
3 i 600 32tj
2e2ti
47
1
4i j k
2
a cos ti a sin tj k dt a sin t i
3 1j
et
rt
600
3 i 600 32tj dt
600
3 ti 600t 16t 2j C
r0 C 0
rt 600
3 t i 600t 16t 2j
59. rt
1 2
2
tet i etj k dt et i etj t k C
2
1
1
r0 i j C i j k C i 2j k
2
2
1 2
2 et
rt 1 et i et 2j t 1k
i et 2j t 1k
2
2
61. See Definition of the Derivative of a Vector-Valued

Function and Figure 11.8 on page 794.
63. At t t0, the graph of ut is increasing in the x, y, and z

directions simultaneously.
65. Let rt xti ytj ztk. Then crt cxti cytj cztk and
Dtcrt cxti cytj cztk
c xti ytj ztk crt.
67. Let rt xti ytj ztk, then f trt f txti f tytj f tztk.
Dt f trt f txt ftxti f tyt ftyt j f tzt ftztk
f txti ytj ztk ftxti ytj ztk
f trt ftrt
69. Let rt xti ytj ztk. Then r f t x f ti y f tj z f tk and
Dtr f t x f t fti y f t ftj z f t ftk
(Chain Rule)
ftx f ti y f tj z f tk ftr f t.
48
Chapter 11
71. Let rt x1ti y1tj z1tk, ut x2ti y2tj z2tk, and vt x3ti y3tj z3tk. Then:
rt ut vt x1t y2tz3t z2ty3t y1tx2tz3t z2tx3t z1tx2ty3t y2tx3t
Dtrt ut vt x1ty2tz 3t x1ty2tz 3t x1ty2tz 3t x1ty3tz 2t
x1ty3tz2t x1ty3tz2t y1tx2tz 3t y1tx2tz 3t y1tx2tz3t
y1tz2tx3t y1tz2tx3t y1tz2tx3t z1tx2ty3t z1tx2ty3t
z1tx2ty3t z1ty2tx3t z1ty2tx3t z1ty2tx3t
x1t y2tz3t y3tz2t y1tx2tz3t z2tx3t z1tx2ty3t y2tx3t

rt ut vt rt ut vt rt ut vt
73. False. Let rt cos t i sin tj k.
rt 2
d
rt 0
dt
rt sin t i cos tj
rt 1
Section 11.3
Velocity and Acceleration
1. rt 3t i t 1j
3. rt t2 i t j
vt rt 3i j
at rt 0
(3, 0)
x
x 3t, y t 1, y 1
3
At 3, 0, t 1.
4
2
4
vt rt 2t i j
at rt 2i
(4, 2)
x t2, y t, x y 2
2
v2 4i j
a2 2i
7. rt t sin t, 1 cos t
vt rt 2 sin t i 2 cos tj
vt rt 1 cos t, sin t
at rt 2 cos ti 2 sin tj
at rt sin t, cos t
x 2 cos t, y 2 sin t, x2 y 2 4
x t sin t, y 1 cos t (cycloid)

At 2, 2 , t .
4
At , 2, t .

v
2 i 2j
4

2 i 2j
4
v 2, 0 2i
a 0, 1 j
y
4
y
2
2)
2,
x
3
a
3
( , 2)
v
a
x
At 4, 2, t 2.
v1 3i j, a1 0
5. rt 2 cos t i 2 sin t j
Section 11.3
vt i 2j 3k
vt i 2tj t k
st vt 1 4 9 14
st 1 4t 2 t 2 1 5t 2
at 0
at 2j k
13. rt t i tj 9 t 2 k
vt i j
st
17. (a)
t
9 t 2
15. rt 4t, 3 cos t, 3 sin t

vt 4, 3 sin t, 3 cos t 4i 3 sin tj 3 cos tk
st 16 9 sin2 t 9 cos2 t 5
1 1 9 t t 189 tt
2
at
at 0, 3 cos t, 3 sin t 3 cos tj 3 sin tk
9
k
9 t 232
t3
,t 1
4 0
rt 1, 2t,
3t 2
4
3
4
rt t, t 2,
r1 1, 2,
(b) r1 0.1 1 0.1, 1 20.1,

1 3
t
4 4
19. at i j k, v0 0, r0 0
21. at tj t k, v1 5j, r1 0
i j k dt t i tj t k C
vt
v0 C 0, vt t i tj tk, vt t i j k

rt
ti tj tk dt
r0 C 0, rt
1 3
0.1
4 4
1.100, 1.200, 0.325
x 1 t, y 1 2t, z
vt
t2
k
2
11. rt t i t 2j
9. rt t i 2t 5j 3t k
t2
t2
j kC
2
2
tj tk dt
1
9
1
1
v1 j k C 5j C j k
2
2
2
2
t2
i j k C
2
vt
t2
i j k,
2
rt
r2 2i j k 2i 2j 2k
t2 29j
t2 21k
2

t6 29 tj
t6 21 tk C
3
r1
14
1
14
1
j kC0 C j k
3
3
3
3
rt
t6 29 t 143j
t6 21 t 31k
r2
17
2
j k
3
3
23. The velocity of an object involves both magnitude and direction of motion,
whereas speed involves only magnitude.
25. rt 88 cos 30
ti 10 88 sin 30
t 16t 2 j
50
44 3 t i 10 44t 16t 2j
300
0
t2 9
t2 1
j
k dt
2
2
2
2
49
50
Chapter 11
1
v
v
27. rt v0 cos ti h v0 sin t gt 2 j 0 t i 3 0 t 16t 2 j
2
2
2
v0
v
t 300 when 3 0 t 16t 2 3.
2
2
t
300 2 v0 300 2
300 2
,
16
v0
v0
v0
2
0, 300
300232
0
v02
v02 30032, v0 9600 40 6, v0 40 6 97.98 ftsec

The maximum height is reached when the derivative of the vertical component is zero.
yt 3
tv0
40 6
16t 2 3
t 16t 2 3 40 3t 16t 2
2
2
yt 40 3 32t 0
t
40 3 5 3

32
4
Maximum height: y
5 4 3 3 40 3
5 4 3 16
5 4 3

29. xt tv0 cos or t
78 feet
x
v0 cos
yt tv0 sin 16t 2 h

y
x2
16
x
v0 sin 16 2
h tan x
sec2 x2 h
v0 cos
v0 cos2
v02
31. rt ti 0.004t2 0.3667t 6j, or

(a) y 0.004x2 0.3667x 6
(b)
18
120
0
(c) y 0.008x 0.3667 0 x 45.8375 and
(d) From Exercise 29,
y45.8375 14.4 feet.
tan 0.3667 20.14
16 sec2
4000
16 sec2

0.004 v02
v02
0.004
cos2
v0 67.4 ftsec.
33. 100 mph 100

(a) rt
(b)
miles
hr
feet
ftsec

5280 mile
3600 sechour 440
3
440
cos t i 3
sin t 16t j
440
3
3
0
Graphing these curves together with y 10 shows that 0 20

.
100
500
0
CONTINUED
Section 11.3
33. CONTINUED
(c) We want
xt
cos t 400
440
3
and
yt 3
sin t 16t
440
3
10.
From xt, the minimum angle occurs when t 3011 cos . Substituting this for t in yt yields:
3
30
30
16
sin
440
3
11 cos
11 cos
400 tan
10
14,400
sec2 7
121
14,400
1 tan2 400 tan 7 0
121
14,400 tan2 48,400 tan 15,247 0
tan
48,400 48,4002 414,40015,247

214,400
tan1
1,464,332,800
48,400 28,800
19.38
35. rt v cos t i v sin t 16t 2 j

(a) We want to find the minimum initial speed v as a function of the angle . Since the bale must be thrown to the
position 16, 8, we have
16 v cos t
8 v sin t 16t 2.
t 16v cos from the first equation. Substituting into the second equation and solving for v, we obtain:
8 v sin
12
512
16
16
16
v cos

v cos
1
sin
512 2
cos
v cos2
sin
1
2
1
v2 cos2
cos
sin
1
cos2 2 sin cos cos2
2
1

2
v
cos
512
512
512
2 sin cos cos2
512
.
We minimize f
2 sin cos cos2
v2
f 512
2 cos2 2 sin2 2 sin cos

2 sin cos cos2 2
f 0 2 cos2 sin2 0

tan2 2
1.01722 58.28
Substituting into the equation for v, v 28.78 feet per second.

(b) If 45
,
16 v cos t v
8 v sin t 16t2 v
From part (a), v 2
t 16t2
512
2 22 22 22
512
1024 v 32 ftsec.
12
51
52
Chapter 11
37. rt v0 cos t i v0 sin t 16t 2 j
v0 sin t 16t2 0 when t 0 and t
v0 sin
.
16
The range is
x v0 cos t v0 cos
v0 sin v02
sin 2.

16
32
Hence,
x
12002
1
1.91
.
sin2 3000 sin 2
32
15
39. (a) 10
, v0 66 ftsec
(b) 10
, v0 146 ftsec
rt 66 cos 10

ti 0 66 sin 10
t 16t j
rt 146 cos 10

ti 0 146 sin 10
t 16t 2 j
rt 65ti 11.46t 16t 2j
rt 143.78ti 25.35t 16t 2j
Maximum height: 2.052 feet
Range: 46.557 feet
Range: 227.828 feet
15
50
300
0
(c) 45
, v0 66 ftsec
rt 66 cos 45
ti 0 66 sin 45
t
(d) 45
, v0 146 ftsec
16t 2
j
rt 146 cos 45

ti 0 146 sin 45
t 16t 2 j
rt 46.67ti 46.67t 16t 2j
rt 103.24ti 103.24t 16t 2j
Range: 136.125 feet
Range: 666.125 feet
40
200
200
800
0
(e) 60
, v0 66 ftsec
rt 66 cos 60
ti 0 66 sin 60
t
(f ) 60
, v0 146 ftsec
16t 2
j
rt 146 cos 60

ti 0 146 sin 60
t 16t 2 j
rt 33ti 57.16t 16t 2j
rt 73ti 126.44t 16t 2j
Range: 117.888 feet
Range: 576.881 feet

300
60
140
0
600
0
Section 11.3
41. rt v0 cos t i h v0 sin t 4.9t 2 j

100 cos 30
ti 1.5 100 sin 30
t 4.9t 2 j
The projectile hits the ground when 4.9t2 100 12 t 1.5 0 t 10.234 seconds.
The range is therefore 100 cos 30
10.234 886.3 meters.
The maximum height occurs when dydt 0.
100 sin 30 9.8t t 5.102 sec
The maximum height is
y 1.5 100 sin 30
5.102 4.95.1022 129.1 meters.
43. rt bt sint i b1 cos t j
vt b cos ti b sin t j b1 cos ti b sin tj
at b2 sin ti b2 cos t j b2sinti cost j
vt 2 b 1 cost
at b2
(a) vt 0 when t 0, 2 , 4 , . . . .
45.
(b) vt is maximum when t , 3 , . . . ,

then vt 2b.
vt b sint i b cost j

rt vt b2 sint cost b2 sint cost 0
Therefore, rt and vt are orthogonal.
47. at b2 costi b2 sintj b2costi sintj 2rt
at is a negative multiple of a unit vector from 0, 0 to cos t, sin t and thus at is directed toward the origin.
49. at 2b
1 m32
F m2b
1
22 10
32
4 10 radsec
vt b 8 10 ftsec
1
1
51. To find the range, set yt h v0 sin t 2 gt 2 0 then 0 2 gt 2 v0 sin t h.
By the Quadratic Formula, (discount the negative value)
t
v0 sin v0 sin 2 412gh v0 sin v02 sin2 2gh

.
212g
g
At this time,
xt v0 cos
v
sin 2gh
v
cos
.
sin sin 2gh

g
v
sin v02 sin2 2gh

v cos
0
v0 sin
g
g
v02
53
54
Chapter 11
53. rt xti ytj ztk Position vector

vt xti ytj ztk Velocity vector
at xti ytj ztk Acceleration vector
Speed vt xt2 yt2 zt2
C, C is a constant.
d
xt2 yt2 zt2 0
dt
2xtxt 2ytyt 2ztzt 0
2xtxt ytyt ztzt 0
vt at 0
Orthogonal
55. rt 6 cos t i 3 sin tj
(a) vt rt 6 sin t i 3 cos t j
(b)
vt 36 sin2 t 9 cos2 t

34 sin2 t cos2 t
33
sin2

4

2
2
3
Speed
3
10
2
3
13
2
t1
at vt 6 cos t i 3 sin t j

(c)
(d) The speed is increasing when the angle between

v and a is in the interval
0, 2 .
The speed is decreasing when the angle is in the

interval
2 ,
.
Section 11.4
Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors
1. rt t2i 2tj
rt 4 cos ti 4 sin tj
3.
rt 2ti 2j, rt 4t2 4 2t2 1

Tt
rt
1
2ti 2j

ti j

rt 2 t2 1 t2 1
rt 4 sin ti 4 cos tj

rt 16 sin2 t 16 cos2 t 4
Tt
2
2
1
i j
i
j
T1
2
2
2
5. rt t i t 2j tk
rt
sin ti cos tj
rt
4 22 i

2
7. rt 2 cos t i 2 sin tj tk
rt i 2tj k
rt 2 sin t i 2 cos tj k
When t 0, r0 i k, t 0 at 0, 0, 0.
When t 0, r0 2j k, t 0 at 2, 0, 0.
T0
2
r0

i k
r0
2
T0
5
r0

2j k
r0
5
Direction numbers: a 1, b 0, c 1
Parametric equations: x t, y 0, z t
Parametric equations: x 2, y 2t, z t
Section 11.4
9. rt 2 cos t, 2 sin t, 4

rt 2 sin t, 2 cos t, 0
When t
T

2, 2, 0,
, r
4
4
t 4 at 2, 2, 4
.
4 rr 4 4 21 2, 2, 0

Parametric equations: x 2t 2, y 2t 2, z 4
2
11. rt t, t 2, t 3
3
z
18
15
12
9
6
3
3
6
9
3
rt 1, 2t, 2t 2

When t 3, r3 1, 6, 18, t 3 at 3, 9, 18.
T3
1
r3
1, 6, 18
r3
19
12
15
18
Parametric equations: x t 3, y 6t 9, z 18t 18
13. rt ti ln tj t k,
1
1
k
rt i j
t
2t
15. r4 2, 16, 2
t0 1
u8 2, 16, 2
r1 i j 2 k
Hence the curves intersect.
rt
i j 1 2k
2
2
1

i j k
T1
rt 1 1 1 4 3
3
3
rt 1, 2t,
1
Tangent line: x 1 t, y t, z 1 t
2
us
rt 0 0.1 r1.1 1.1i 0.1j 1.05k

cos
1.1, 0.1, 1.05
17.
1
rt ti t2j, t 2
2
Tt
T2
N2
14, 2, 13s , u8 14, 2, 121

2 3
r4 u8
16.29167

1.2
r4 u8
16.29513
Tt
3
4
rt
sin ti cos tj
rt
Tt cos t i sin t j, Tt 1
t
1
i 2
j
t 2 13 2
t 13 2
5
T2
25
1
2i j

i
j
T2 5
5
5
rt 6 sin ti 6 cos tj
rt
i tj

rt 1 t2
2
1
i 3 2 j
53 2
5
rt 6 cos ti 6 sin tj k, t
19.
rt i tj
Tt
1
1
, r4 1, 8,
2
2
34
2
i
2
55
56
Chapter 11
23. rt 4t 2 i
21. rt 4t i
vt 4i
vt 8t i
at O
at 8i
Tt
4i
vt
i
vt
4
Tt
Tt O
Tt O
Nt
Tt
is undefined.
Tt
Nt
The path is a line and the speed is constant.
1
1
25. rt t i j, vt i 2 j, v1 i j,
t
t
2
at 3 j, a1 2j
t
Tt
vt
1
1

i 2j
t 2i j
vt t 4 1
t
t 4 1
T1
2
1
i j
i j
2
2
t2
2t 3
2t
i 4
j
4
3 2
Tt
t 1
t 13 2
Nt

Tt
2t
t 4 1

N1
1
2
1
t 4 1
i j
2
i t 2j
i j
aT a T 2
aN a N 2
29. rt0 cos t0 t0 sin t0i sin t0 t0 cos t0j
vt0 2t0 cos t0i 2t0 sin t0j
at0 2cos t0 t0 sin t0i t0 cos t0 sin t0j
Tt0
8ti
vt

i
vt
8t
v
cos t0i sin t0j
v
Motion along r is counterclockwise. Therefore

Nt0 sin t0i cos t0j.
aT a T 2
aN a N 2t0 3t0
Tt
is undefined.
Tt
The path is a line and the speed is variable.
27. rt et cos ti et sin tj

vt etcos t sin ti etcos t sin tj
at et2 sin ti et2 cos tj
At t
2

1
v
, T

i j
i j.
2
v 2
2
Motion along r is counterclockwise. Therefore,

N
1
2
i j
aT a T 2e 2
aN a N 2e 2
2
i j.
Section 11.4
31. rt a costi a sintj
57
33. Speed: vt a

The speed is constant since aT 0.
vt a sinti a costj

at a2 costi a2 sintj
Tt
vt
sinti costj
vt
Nt
Tt
costi sintj
Tt
aT a T 0
aN a N a2
35.
1
rt ti j, t0 2
t
x t, y
Tt
t2i j
t 4 1
Nt
i t 2j
t 4 1
at 0
17
17
17
17
Tt
14
v
1

i 2j 3k
i 2j 3k
v
14
14
Nt
T
is undefined.
T
aT, aN are not defined.
1
r2 2i j
2
N2
vt i 2j 3k
1
xy 1
t
1
j
t2
rt i
T2
37. rt ti 2t j 3tk
1
1
2, 2
T
1
x
3
4i j
i 4j
39. rt ti t 2j
t2
k
2
rt 4ti 3 cos tj 3 sin t k
41.
vt 4i 3 sin tj 3 cos tk
vt i 2tj tk
v1 i 2j k
at 2j k
at 3 cos t j 3 sin t k
1
v
Tt

i 2tj tk
v 1 5t 2
T1
6
N1
i 2j k
T
Nt

T
30
30
2 4i 3j
5t i 2j k
1 5t 23 2
5ti 2j k

5
51 5t 2
2
1 5t
5i 2j k
56
aT a T
6
aN a N
30
2 3k
Tt
v
1
4i 3 sin tj 3 cos tk
v 5
2 514i 3j
Nt
T
cos tj sin tk
T

N
k
2
N
3
aT a T 0
2
4
aN a N 3
6
x
58
Chapter 11
43. Tt
rt
rt
Nt
Tt
Tt
If at aTTt aNNt, then aT is the tangential component of acceleration

and aN is the normal component of acceleration.
45. If aN 0, then the motion is in a straight line.
47. rt t sin t, 1 cos t
The graph is a cycloid.
(a) rt t sin t, 1 cos t
vt cos t, sin t

at 2 sin t, 2 cos t
Tt
vt
1

1 cos t, sin t
vt 21 cos t
Nt
Tt
1

sin t, 1 cos t
Tt 21 cos t
t = 21
t=1
t = 23
x
aT a T
1
2 sin t
2 sin t1 cos t 2 cos t sin t
21 cos t
21 cos t
aN a N
1
21 cos t
221 cos t
2 sin2 t 2 cos t1 cos t

21 cos t
21 cos t
2
2 2
2 2
2
1
When t : aT

, aN
2
2
2
2
When t 1: aT 0, aN 2
2 2
2 2
3
When t : aT
, aN
2
2
2
(b) Speed: s vt 21 cos t
2 sin t
ds

aT
dt
21 cos t
2 2
1
When t : aT
> 0 the speed in increasing.
2
2
When t 1: aT 0 the height is maximum.

2 2
3
< 0 the speed is decreasing.
When t : aT
2
2
Section 11.4
t

rt 2 cos ti 2 sin tj k, t0
2
2
49.
1
2
217
1
Tt
2 sin ti 2 cos t j k
17
2
( 0, 2, 2 )
y
2 2j 4 k
2 2 1717 2i 21 k
2 j
N
1
Nt cos ti sin tj

T
B
2
2
17
17
4i k
i
j
k

4
17
17 17 i 417 k 17i 4k
N

0
2
17
17
17
17
17
0
1 0
51. From Theorem 11.3 we have:

rt v0t cos i h v0t sin 16t2 j
vt v0 cos i v0 sin 32tj
at 32 j
Tt
Nt
v0 cos i v0 sin 32t j

v02 cos2 v0 sin 32t2
v0 sin 32ti v0 cos j

aT a T
aN a N
(Motion is clockwise.)
32v0 sin 32t

v0
cos2
32v0 cos
v0 sin 32t2
Maximum height when v0 sin 32t 0; (vertical component of velocity)

At maximum height, aT 0 and aN 32.
53. rt 10 cos 10 t, 10 sin 10 t, 4 4t, 0 t
(a)
1
20
rt 100 sin10 t, 100 cos10 t, 4

rt 1002 sin210 t 1002 cos210 t 16
1002 16 4625 2 1 314 mi hr
(b) aT 0 and aN 1000 2

aT 0 because the speed is constant.
55. rt a cos t i a sin tj
From Exercise 31, we know a
T 0 and a N a 2.
(a) Let 0 2. Then
(b) Let a0 a 2. Then
a N a0 a2 4a
2
or the centripetal acceleration is increased by a factor

of 4 when the velocity is doubled.
a N a02
a2 12a
2
or the centripetal acceleration is halved when the

radius is halved.
59
60
Chapter 11
57. v
9.56410010

4.83 mi sec
59. v
9.56438510
4.67 misec
61. Let Tt cos i sin j be the unit tangent vector. Then
Tt
d T d T d
d
d

sin i cos j
M .
dt
d dt
dt
dt
M sin i cos j cos 2 i sin 2 j and is rotated counterclockwise through an angle
of 2 from T.
If ddt > 0, then the curve bends to the left and M has the
same direction as T. Thus, M has the same direction as
If ddt < 0, then the curve bends to the right and M has the
opposite direction as T. Thus,
T
,
T
N
N
which is toward the concave side of the curve.

y
T
T
again points to the concave side of the curve.

y
T
T
63. Using a aTT aNN, T T O, and T N 1, we have:

v a vT aTT aNN
vaTT T vaNT N
vaNT N
v a v aNT N
v aN
v a
.
v
Thus, aN
Section 11.5
Arc Length and Curvature
1. rt ti 3tj
3. rt a cos3 ti a sin3 tj
dx
dy
dz
1,
3,
0
dt
dt
dt
dx
dy
3a cos2 t sin t,
3a sin2 t cos t
dt
dt
s
1 9 dt
3a cos2 tsin t2 3a sin2 t cos t2 dt
10
2
12a
dt
2
s4
sin t cos t dt
10t
4
0
4 10
3a
2
(4, 12)
12
a
8
x
4
a
(0, 0)
12
2
2 sin 2t dt 3a cos 2t
6a
Section 11.5
1
5. (a) rt v0 cos ti h v0 sin t gt2 j
2
1
100 cos 45
ti 3 100 sin 45
t 32t2 j
2
50 2ti 3 50 2t 16t2 j
(b) vt 50 2i 50 2 32tj
50 2 32t 0 t
25 2
16
Maximum height: 3 50 2
2516 2 16 2516 2 81.125 ft

(c) 3 50 2t 16t2 0 t 4.4614

Range: 50 24.4614 315.5 feet
4.4614
(d) s
50 22 50 2 32t2dt 362.9 feet
7. rt 2ti 3tj tk
(4, 6, 2)
dx
dy
dz
2
3,
1
dt
dt
dt
(0, 0, 0)
s
22 32 12 dt
14 dt 14 t
2
0
2 14
9. rt a cos ti a sin tj btk
11. rt t 2i tj ln tk
dx
dy
dz
a sin t,
a cos t,
b
dt
dt
dt
s
y
2
2
dx
dy
dz 1
2t,
1,

dt
dt
dt
t
s
2
2
a2 b2 dt a2 b2 t
2 a2 b2
2 b
(a, 0, 0)
2t2 12
(a, 0, 2 b)
a2 sin2 t a2 cos2 t b2 dt
13. rt t i 4 t 2j t 3k,
0 t 2
(a) r0 0, 4, 0, r2 2, 0, 8

distance 22 42 82 84 2 21 9.165
CONTINUED
1t
dt
4t 4 t 2 1
dt
t2
4t 4 t 2 1
dt 8.37
61
62
Chapter 11
13. CONTINUED
(b)
r0 0, 4, 0
r0.5 0.5, 3.75, .125
r1 1, 3, 1
r1.5 1.5, 1.75, 3.375
r2 2, 0, 8
distance 0.52 .252 .1252 .52 .752 .8752 0.52 1.252 2.3752
0.52 1.752 4.6252
0.5728 1.2562 2.7300 4.9702 9.529

(c) Increase the number of line segments.
(d) Using a graphing utility, you obtain 9.57057.
15. rt 2 cos t, 2 sin t, t
(a) s
xu2 yu2 zu2 du
(b)
t
2 sin u2 2 cos u2 12 du
x 2 cos
0
t
5 du 5 u
(c) When s 5:
s5, y 2 sin s5, z s5
rs 2 cos
5t
s5i 2 sin s5j s5 k
x 2 cos 1 1.081
y 2 sin 1 1.683
z1
1.081, 1.683, 1.000

When s 4:
x 2 cos
y 2 sin
z
4
5
4
5
0.433
1.953
1.789
0.433, 1.953, 1.789

(d) rs
17.
25 sin s5 25 cos s5 15 45 51 1
rs 1
rs
Ts
i
s i 1
and
12 21 1
rs
rs
rs
Ts 0 K Ts 0
19. rs 2 cos
s j
rs
s5i 2 sin s5 j s5 k
Ts rs
2
5
sin
s5i 25 cos s5j 15 k

2
s
2
s
i sin
j
Ts cos
5
5
5
5
(The curve is a line.)
K Ts
2
5
Section 11.5
21.
rt 4t i 2tj
23.
vt 4i 2j
1
rt t i j
t
vt i
1
Tt
2i j
5
2
j
t3
at
Tt
0
K
rt
a1 2j
Tt
t 2i j
t 4 1
Nt
1
i t 2j
t 4 112
N1
K
rt 4 cos2 ti 4 sin2 t j
27.
i j
a N 2

v 2
2
rt a cos ti a sin t j

rt a sin ti a cos tj
Tt sin2 ti cos2 tj
Tt sin ti cos tj
K
Tt cos ti sin t j
Tt 2 1

rt
8 4
K
rt et cos t i et sin tj
Tt
Tt
K
K
From Exercise 21, Section 11.4, we have:

a
N 3t
K
1
3t
at Nt
42
2
v
t
t
1
Tt
2 t

e

rt
2et
2
t2
k
2
rt i 2t j tk
Tt
cos t sin ti sin t cos t j
rt ti t 2j
Tt
1
sin t cos ti cos t sin tj
2
2
Tt

1

rt
a a
31. rt cos t t sin t, sin t t cos t
rt e sin t e cos t i e cos t e sin tj

t
33.
1
2
rt 8 sin2 ti 8 cos2 tj

Tt 2 cos2 ti 2 sin2 t j
29.
1
j
t2
v1 i j
Tt 0
25.
i 2tj tk
1 5t 2
5t i 2j k
1 5t 232
Tt
rt
5
5
1 5t 2

1 5t 232
1 5t 2
35.
rt 4ti 3 cos tj 3 sin tk

rt 4i 3 sin tj 3 cos tk
1
Tt 4i 3 sin tj 3 cos tk
5
1
Tt 3 cos tj 3 sin tk
5
K
3
Tt 35

rt
5
25
63
64
Chapter 11
37. y 3x 2
39. y 2x2 3
Since y 0, K 0, and the radius of curvature

is undefined.
y 4x
y 4
K
4
4

0.057
1 4232 1732
1732
1

17.523
K
4
41. y a2 x2
x
y
a2 x2
y
43. (a) Point on circle:
2 , 0

Equation: x
2
y 0
r
1
1a

K
1 0232 a
1
a
K
y2 1
1
.
K
(radius of curvature)
1
1
2
45. y x , y 1 2, y 3
x
x
x
2
2
1 0232
Radius of curvature 12. Since the tangent line is

horizontal at 1, 2, the normal line is vertical. The center
of the circle is 12 unit above the point 1, 2 at 1, 52.
5
Circle: x 12 y
2
1

4
y ex,
x0
y ex,
y ex
y0 1,
y0 1
47.
K
1
1
1
1

, r 2 2
1 1232 232 2 2
K
The slope of the tangent line at 0, 1 is y0 1.

The slope of the normal line is 1.
Equation of normal line: y 1 x or y x 1
The center of the circle is on the normal line 2 2 units
away from the point 0, 1.
(1, 2)
6
(b) The circles have different radii since the curvature is

different and
1
y
a
K
2 , 1
Center:
2x2 a2
a2 x232
At x 0:
(radius of curvature)
0 x 2 1 y2 2 2
x2 x2 8
x2 4
x 2
Since the circle is above the curve, x 2 and y 3.
Center of circle: 2, 3
Equation of circle: x 22 y 32 8
6
(0, 1)
6
0
Section 11.5
65
51. y x 12 3, y 2x 1, y 2
49.
K
x
2
2

1 2x 1232 1 4x 1232
(a) K is maximum when x 1 or at the vertex 1, 3.
B
A
(b) lim K 0
x
2
2
53. y x23, y x13, y x43
3
9
55. y x 13 3

29x43
6
K
13 23
1 49x2332
x 9x 432
(a) K
as x 0. No maximum
x
y
y 6x 1
K
(b) lim K 0
57. K
y 3x 12
y 6x 1 0 at x 1.

1 y232 1 9x 1432
Curvature is 0 at 1, 3.
59. s
1 y
2 32
rt dt
61. The curve is a line.
The curvature is zero when y 0.

63. Endpoints of the major axis: 2, 0
Endpoints of the minor axis: 0, 1
x2 4y2 4
2x 8yy 0
y
y
K
x
4y
4y1 x4y 4y x2y 4y2 x2 1

3
16y2
16y2
16y3
4y
14y3
1 x4y232
16
16
16

16y2 x232 12y2 432 16 3x232
Therefore, since 2 x 2, K is largest when x 2 and smallest when x 0.

65. f x x4 x2
(a) K
2 6x2 1
16x 16x4 4x2 132
6
1
(b) For x 0, K 2. f 0 0. At 0, 0, the circle of curvature has radius 2 . Using the symmetry of the graph of f, you obtain
x2 y
1
2
1
.
4
For x 1, K 2 5 5. f 1 0. At 1, 0, the circle of curvature has radius
5
1
.
K
Using the graph of f, you see that the center of curvature is 0, 12 . Thus,
x2
1
y
2
5
.
4
f
3
To graph these circles, use

y
CONTINUED
1
x2 and
4
y
5
x2.
4
66
Chapter 11
65. CONTINUED
(c) The curvature tends to be greatest near the extrema of f, and K decreases as x .
However, f and K do not have the same critical numbers.
2
Critical numbers of f: x 0,
0.7071
Critical numbers of K: x 0, .7647, 0.4082
67. (a) Imagine dropping the circle x2 y k2 16 into the parabola y x2. The circle will drop
to the point where the tangents to the circle and parabola are equal.
y x2
and
x2 y k2 16 x2 x2 k2 16
Taking derivatives, 2x 2 y ky 0
y ky x y
15
and y 2x. Hence,
10
x
.
yk
10
x
5
10
Thus,
1
x
2x x 2x y k 1 2x2 k x2 k .
yk
2
Thus,
21
x2 x2 k2 x2
16 x2 15.75.
1
Finally, k x2 2 16.25, and the center of the circle is 16.25 units from the vertex of the parabola. Since the radius of
the circle is 4, the circle is 12.25 units from the vertex.
(b) In 2-space, the parabola z y2 or z x2 has a curvature of K 2 at 0, 0. The radius of the largest sphere that will
1
touch the vertex has radius 1K 2 .
69. Given y f x: K

R
y
1 y 232
1
K
The center of the circle is on the normal line at a distance of R from x, y.
1
Equation of normal line: y y0 x x0
y
x x y1x x
x x02 1
1 y232
y
Thus, x0, y0 x yz, y z.

For y ex, y ex, y ex, z
1 y23
1

y2
y2
x x02
When x 0: x0 x yz 0 12 2
y 1 y
y2
2
2 2
y1 y2
x x0
yz
y
x0 x yz
1
y y0 x x yz z
y
y0 y z
1 e2x
ex ex.
ex
y0 y z 1 2 3
Center of curvature: 2, 3
(See Exercise 47)
Section 11.5
71. r 1 sin
73. r a sin
r cos
r a cos
r sin
K

r a sin
2r
rr
r2 r 232
2
r2
K
2 cos2 1 sin sin 1 sin 2

cos2
1 sin
2 3
31 sin
3

81 sin 3
2 21 sin
75. r ea, a > 0
r
2r 2 rr r 2
r2 r 232
2a 2 cos2 a2 sin2 a2 sin2

a2 cos2 a2 sin2 3
2a2 2
,a > 0
a3
a
77. r 4 sin 2
aea
r 8 cos 2
r a2ea
2r

rr
r2 r 232
1
a 2
e a 1
K
2a2e2a
r2
(a) As
, K 0.
(b) As a
, K 0.
a2e2a
e2a

a2e2a e2a32
At the pole: K
r0
2 1

8 4
79. x f t
81. x a sin
y g t
x a1 cos
y a sin
x a sin
y a cos
dy
dy
dt
gt
y

dx
dx
ft
dt
K
d gt
ftgt gtft
dt ft
ft2
y

dx
ft
dt
K
y
ftgt gtft
ft3
1 y232
ftgt gt f t

ft 3

gt 2 32
1
ft
ftgt gtft
ft3
83. aN mK
ftgt gtf t

ft2 gt 232
lb
1
305280 ft
dsdt 325500
ft sec 100 ft 3600 sec
2
x y
1 cos cos a2 sin2

a 21 cos 2 a 2 sin2 32
a2
3327.5 lb
1
cos 1
a 2 2 cos 32
1
1 cos
a 2 21 cos 32
1

1
csc

2
2a 2 2 cos 4a
1 cos 0
1
4a
Maximum: none
2 3
xy2 y2x32
Minimum:
ft ftgt
2
y a1 cos

K as 0
67
68
Chapter 11
85. Let r xti ytj ztk. Then r r xt 2 yt 2 zt 2 and r xti ytj ztk. Then,
r
drdt xt
yt 2 zt 2
12xt
yt 2 zt 21 2
2xtxt 2ytyt 2ztzt
xtxt ytyt ztzt r r.

87. Let r xi yj zk where x, y, and z are functions of t, and r r.
d r
rr rdr dt rr rr r r r 2r r r r

dt r
r2
r2
r3
(using Exercise 77)
x2 y2 z2x i yj z k xx yy zz xi yj zk

r3
1
xy 2 xz 2 xyy xzzi x 2y z 2y xxy zz yj x 2z y 2z xxz yyzk
r3
i
1
yz yz
3
r
x
j
xz xz
y
k
1
xy xy 3 r r r
r
z
89. From Exercise 86, we have concluded that planetary motion is planar. Assume that the planet
moves in the xy-plane with the sun at the origin. From Exercise 88, we have
r L GM
rr e.
Planet
Sun
Since r L and r are both perpendicular to L, so is e. Thus, e lies in the xy-plane. Situate the
coordinate system so that e lies along the positive x-axis and is the angle between e and r. Let
e e. Then r e r e cos re cos . Also,
L2 L L r r L
r r L r GM e
r
r
GM
r e r r r GMre cos r
Thus,
L 2 GM
r
1 e cos
and the planetary motion is a conic section. Since the planet returns to its initial position periodically, the conic is an ellipse.
91. A
1
2
r d
2
Thus,
dA dA d 1 2 d 1

r
L
dt
d dt
2 dt
2
and r sweeps out area at a constant rate.
Review Exercises for Chapter 11

1. rt ti csc tk
3. rt ln ti tj tk
(a) Domain: t n, n an integer
(a) Domain: 0,
(b) Continuous except at t n, n an integer
(b) Continuous for all t > 0

5. (a) r0 i
8
(b) r2 3i 4j 3 k
1
(c) rc 1 2c 1 1 i c 12j 3 c 13k
2c 1i c 12j 13 c 13k

1
1
(d) r1 t r1 21 t 1 i 1 t 2j 3 1 t 3k 3i j 3 k
2t i tt 2j 13t 3 3t 2 3t k

7. rt cos ti 2 sin2 tj
xt cos t, yt 2
sin2
9. rt i tj t 2k
t
x1
x 1, y sin t, z 1
yt
y
1
2
x2
11. rt i sin tj k
y 21 x2
z t2 z y2
z
1 x 1
y
1
3
2
1
1
2
y
3
1
2
2
3
1
13. rt ti ln tj 2 t 2k
15. One possible answer is:
z
3
2
1
r1t 4ti 3tj,
0 t 1
r2t 4i 3 t j,
0 t 3
r3t 4 t i,
0 t 4
2
3
17. The vector joining the points is 7, 4, 10. One path is
rt 2 7t, 3 4t, 8 10t.
19. z x2 y 2, x y 0, t x
x t, y t, z 2t 2
rt ti tj 2t 2k
z
5
3
2
3
21. lim t 2 i 4 t 2 j k 4i k
t2
69
70
Chapter 11
2
23. rt 3ti t 1j, ut ti t 2j t 3k
3
(a) rt 3i j
(b) rt 0
(c) rt ut 3t 2 t 2t 1 t 3 2t 2
2
(d) ut 2rt 5ti t 2 2t 2 j t 3k
3
Dtrt ut 3t 2 4t
Dtut 2rt 5i 2t 2j 2t 2k

2
(f ) rt ut t 4 t 3 i 2t 4j 3t 3 t 2 tk
3
(e) rt 10t 2 2t 1

Dtrt
10t 1
Dtrt ut
10t 2 2t 1
25. xt and yt are increasing functions at t t0, and zt is a
decreasing function at t t 0.
29.
cos t i sin tj tk dt
31. rt
1 t 2 dt
27.
83t
2t 2 i 8t 3j 9t 2 2t 1k
cos t i t cos tj dt sin t i t sin t cos t j C
1
t1 t 2 ln t 1 t 2 C
2
2ti etj et k dt t 2i etj et k C
33.
2
3t i 2t 2j t 3k dt
3t2 i 2t3 j t4 k
2
2
2
r0 j k C i 3j 5k C i 2j 4k
rt t2 1i et 2j et 4k
35.
et 2i 3t2j k dt 2et 2i t3j tk
2
0
2e 2i 8j 2k
37. rt cos3 t, sin3 t, 3t

vt rt 3 cos2 t sin t, 3 sin2 t cos t, 3
vt 9 cos4 t sin2 t 9 sin4 t cos2 t 9
3cos2 t sin2 tcos2 t sin2 t 1
3cos2 t sin2 t 1
at vt 6 cos tsin2 t 3 cos2 t cos t, 6 sin t cos2 t 3 sin2 tsin t, 0
3 cos t2 sin2 t cos2 t, 3 sin t2 cos2 t sin2 t, 0
39.
1
rt lnt 3, t 2, t , t 0 4
2
rt
41. Range x
t 1 3, 2t, 21

r4 1, 8,
1
2
direction numbers
Since r4 0, 16, 2, the parametric equations are

1
x t, y 16 8t, z 2 2 t.
rt 0 0.1 r4.1 0.1, 16.8, 2.05
43. Range x
v02
sin 2 80 v0
9.8
9.8
34.9 m sec
80sin40
v02
752
sin 2
sin 60 152 feet
32
32
32
j
3

rt 5ti
45.
rt ti tj
47.
vt 5i
vt i
vt 5
at 0
vt
4t 1
2t
Tt i
at
Nt does not exist

aT0
a
N
i 1 2t j
2t i j

4t 1 2t 4t 1
Nt
i 2t j
4t 1
T
1
4tt4t 1
N
does not exist
rt et i etj
1
j
4tt
Tt
49.
1
j
2t
1
2t4t 1
1
rt ti t 2j t 2k
2
51.
vt et i etj
vt i 2tj tk
vt e2t e2t
v 1 5t 2
at et i et j
at 2j k
et i et j
Tt
e2t e2t
Tt
Nt
et i etj
e2t e2t
i 2tj tk
1 5t2
Nt
aT
e2t e2t
e2t e2t
5t i 2j k
51 5t2
N
T
N
2
e2t e2t
53. rt 2 cos ti 2 sin tj tk, x 2 cos t, y 2 sin t, z t

3
3
, x 2, y 2, z
.
4
4
When t

Direction numbers when t
3
, a 2, b 2, c 1
4
x 2t 2, y 2t 2, z t
55. v
9.56460010

4.56 mi sec
57. rt 2ti 3tj, 0 t 5
s
rt dt
5
0
4 2
13t
y
2
rt 2i 3j
b
3
4
513
4 9 dt
(0, 0)
x
2 4 6
8 10 12 14
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
(10, 15)
5t
1 5t 2
5
51 5t 2
5
1 5t 2
71
72
Chapter 11
59.
rt 10 cos3 ti 10 sin3 tj
rt 30 cos2 t sin ti 30 sin2 t cos tj
10
rt 30cos4 t sin2 t sin4 t cos2 t
30 cos t sin t
s4
10
30 cos t sin t dt 120
sin2 t
2
60
10
61. rt 3ti 2tj 4tk, 0 t 3
rt dt
12
10
8
6
4
2
9 4 16 dt
29 dt 329
0
2
s
rt dt
65 dt
1
rt i cos tj sin tk
2
65
2
s
0, 8,
rt dt
4
6
8
4
8 6
(8, 0, 0)

0
67. rt 3ti 2tj
69.
Line
5
1
cos2 t sin2 t dt
4
dt
25 t
5
1
rt 2ti t2j t2k
2
rt 2i tj 2tk, r 5t2 4
k0
rt j 2k

i
r r 2
0
K
k
2t 4j 2k, r r 20
2
20
r r
25
2

r3
5t 43 2 4 5t23 2
1
1
y , y 2
x
x
y x
y 1
y 2 3 2
1 y
At x 4, K
j
t
1
73. y ln x
1
71. y x2 2
2
K
1
65. rt ti sin tj cos tk, 0 t
2
rt < 8 sin t, 8 cos t, 1, rt 65

b
(0, 0, 0)
2 4
6 8
10
63. rt 8 cos t, 8 sin t, t, 0 t
(9, 6, 12)
rt 3i 2j 4k
s
10
K
1
1 x23 2
1
and r 173 2 1717.
173 2
75. The curvature changes abruptly from zero to a nonzero

constant at the points B and C.
y 2 3 2
1 y
At x 1, K
1 x2
1 1 x2]3 2
2
1
1
and r 22.

23 2 22
4

ODD11

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C H A P T E R 11

Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Component functions: f t 5t

2  2t  12 t2i 1  tj 2i  j

ln3 does not exist.

(c) rt 4 lnt 4i 

(d) r1   t r1 ln1  ti 

rt sin 3ti  cos 3t j  tk

17. rt t i  2tj  t 2k, 2 t 2

19. rt t i  t 2j  e0.75t k, 2 t 2

Thus, z x 2. Matches (b)

Thus, y x 2. Matches (d)

21. (a) View from the negative x-axis: 20, 0, 0

(c) View from the z-axis: 0, 0, 20

(d) View from the positive x-axis: 20, 0, 0

27. x cos , y 3 sin

29. x 3 sec , y 2 tan

33. x 2 cos t, y 2 sin t, z t

Line passing through the points:

0, 6, 5, 1, 2, 3

35. x 2 sin t, y 2 cos t, z et

41. rt sin t i 

 23 cos t 21 t j  12 cos t  23k

The helix is translated 2

The height of the helix

The axis of the helix is

The radius of the helix is

Let x t, then y t 22.

Let x 5 cos t, then y 5 sin t.

rt 5 cos ti  5 sin t j

rt 4 sec t i  2 tan tj

53. The parametric equations for the line are

x 2 2t, y 3  5t, z 8t.

0 t 4 r10 0, r14 4i

r2t 4 4ti  6tj,

0 t 1 r20 4i, r21 6j

0 t 6 r30 6j, r36 0

(Other answers possible)

The orientation of the

57. r1t ti  t 2j,

Let x t, then y x t and z x2  y 2 2t 2.

(Other answers possible)

rt 2 sin t i  2 cos tj  4 sin2 tk

Let x 1  sin t, then z 2 x 1 sin t and

1  sin t2  y 2  1 sin t2 2  2 sin2 t  y 2 4

rt 1  sin t i  2 cos tj  1  sin t k and

Therefore, in the first octant, if we let x t, then x t, y t, z 4 t 2.

67. y2  z2 2t cos t2  2t sin t2 4t2 4x2

does not exist since lim

77. rt t i  arcsin t j  t 1k

Continuous on , 0, 0,

81. See the definition on page 786.

83. rt t2i  t 3j  tk

 lim x1t lim y2t lim x2t lim y1t k

lim rt  lim ut

87. Let rt xti  ytj  ztk. Since r is continuous at

rc xci  ycj  zck xc, yc, zc

Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions

3. rt cos ti sin t j, t0

xt cos t, yt sin t

rt sin t i cos t j

rt0 is tangent to the curve.

rt0 is tangent to the curve.

7. rt 2 cos ti 2 sin t j t k, t0

2 2t 12 t2i 1 tj 2i j

(c) rt 4 lnt 4i

(d) r1 t r1 ln1 ti

rt sin 3ti cos 3t j tk

17. rt t i 2tj t 2k, 2 t 2

19. rt t i t 2j e0.75t k, 2 t 2

41. rt sin t i

23 cos t 21 t j 12 cos t 23k

rt 5 cos ti 5 sin t j

rt 4 sec t i 2 tan tj

x 2 2t, y 3 5t, z 8t.

r2t 4 4ti 6tj,

57. r1t ti t 2j,

Let x t, then y x t and z x2 y 2 2t 2.

rt 2 sin t i 2 cos tj 4 sin2 tk

Let x 1 sin t, then z 2 x 1 sin t and

1 sin t2 y 2 1 sin t2 2 2 sin2 t y 2 4

rt 1 sin t i 2 cos tj 1 sin t k and

Therefore, in the first octant, if we let x t, then x t, y t, z 4 t 2.

67. y2 z2 2t cos t2 2t sin t2 4t2 4x2

77. rt t i arcsin t j t 1k

83. rt t2i t 3j tk

lim x1t lim y2t lim x2t lim y1t k

lim rt lim ut

87. Let rt xti ytj ztk. Since r is continuous at

rc xci ycj zck xc, yc, zc

rt sin t i cos t j

rt 2 sin ti 2 cos tj k

32 2j 32 k

r12 r14 14i 316j

(b) rt rt 3t26t t 18t3 t

r t 4 cos t i 4 sin tj

23. rt cos t t sin t, sin t t cos t, t

rt cos ti sin tj t 2k, t0

rt sin ti cos tj 2tk

r 6 cos2 sin i 9 sin2 cos j

31. r 2 sin i 1 2 cos j

n2, n 2 1, n any integer.

35. rt t i 3t j tan tk

Smooth on intervals of form

(c) rt ut 4t 2 3t 3 t 5

(d) 3rt ut t i 9t t 2j 3t 2 t 3k

Dt3rt ut i 9 2tj 6t 3t 2k

Dtrt ut 8t 3i 12t 2 4t 3j 3t 2 24tk

rt 3 cos ti 4 sin tj

54 and t 0.7854 .

34 and t 5.49874.

rt t rt

3t t 2 i 1 t t2 j 3t 2i 1 t 2j

3t i 2tt t 2j

lim 3i 2t tj 3i 2tj

ftx f ti y f tj z f tk ftr f t.

x1t y2tz3t y3tz2t y1tx2tz3t z2tx3t z1tx2ty3t y2tx3t

vt rt 2 sin t i 2 cos tj

vt rt 1 cos t, sin t

at rt 2 cos ti 2 sin tj

at rt sin t, cos t

x t sin t, y 1 cos t (cycloid)

5. rt 2 cos t i 2 sin t j

st 16 9 sin2 t 9 cos2 t 5

at 0, 3 cos t, 3 sin t 3 cos tj 3 sin tk

(b) r1 0.1 1 0.1, 1 20.1,

19. at i j k, v0 0, r0 0

21. at tj t k, v1 5j, r1 0

v0 C 0, vt t i tj tk, vt t i j k

1.100, 1.200, 0.325

9. rt t i 2t 5j 3t k

44 3 t i 10 44t 16t 2j

v02 30032, v0 9600 40 6, v0 40 6 97.98 ftsec

yt tv0 sin 16t 2 h

31. rt ti 0.004t2 0.3667t 6j, or

(c) y 0.008x 0.3667 0 x 45.8375 and

y45.8375 14.4 feet.

tan 0.3667 20.14

48,400 48,4002 414,40015,247

35. rt v cos t i v sin t 16t 2 j

2 cos2 2 sin2 2 sin cos

f 0 2 cos2 sin2 0