In the name of ALLAH the most beneficent the most merciful

POWER GENERATION SOURCE

HYDEL THERAML NEUCLEAR SOLAR WIND SEA WAVE

POWER SYSTEM
Power system is consist of Generation Transmission Distribution

POWER SYSTEM
132 KV Bus bar Generator P. Trans 11/132 KV

132 KV Bus bar 132 KV T. Line P. Trans 11/220 KV 220 KV T. Line P. Trans 11/500 KV 500 KV T. Line 11 KV Bus bar P. Trans 132/11 KV Dis. Trans 11/.44 KV

TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS

G.I.S

GAS

INSULATION SUBSTATION/SWITCHGEAR

A.I.S

AIR

INSULATION SUBSTATION/SWITCHGEAR

Air Insulated Substations

Various factors affect the reliability of a substation, one of which is the arrangement of the switching devices. Arrangement of the switching devices will impact maintenance, protection, initial substation development, and cost. There are six types of substation bus switching arrangements commonly used in air insulated substations: 1. Single bus 2. Double bus, double breaker 3. Main and transfer (inspection) bus 4. Double bus, single breaker 5. Ring bus 6. One and a half

Bus Bar Schemes in our Power system

Single Bus Configuration

Reliability : Least reliable single failure can cause complete outage Cost: Least cost fewer components Available area: Least area fewer components

Bus Bar Schemes in our Power system

Double Bus, Double Breaker Configuration

Reliability : Highly reliable duplicated components; single failure normally isolates single component Cost: High cost duplicated components Available area: Greater area twice as many components

Bus Bar Schemes in our Power system

Main and transfer bus configuration

Reliability : Least reliable same as Single bus, but exibility in operating and maintenance with transfer bus Cost: Moderate cost fewer components Available area: Low area requirement fewer components

Bus Bar Schemes in our Power system

Double Bus, Single Breaker Configuration

Reliability : Moderately reliable depends on arrangement of components and bus Cost: Moderate cost more components Available area: Moderate area more components

Bus Bar Schemes in our Power system

Ring bus configuration

Reliability : High reliability single failure isolates single component Cost: Moderate cost more components Available area: Moderate area increases with number of circuits

Earth Isolator Line Isolator

Isolator

Isolator

CB CT
Isolator

Bus Bar # 1 CB (A)

CT
P. Transformer

BB 1 PT

Isolator

L/ Arrester

L/ Arrester

On Br e Sc eak and he er H al m f e

Isolator

Isolator

CB CT
Isolator

CB CT
Isolator P. Transformer

L/ Arrester

L/ Arrester

Isolator Line Isolator Earth Isolator

Isolator

CB CT
Isolator

CB CT
Isolator

BB 2 PT

9/14/13

Bus Bar # 2 Technical Services 12 (B)

FUNDAMENTAL OF PROTECTION

FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTECTION
REQUIRMENT OF PROTECTION
Basically the hazards that the plant or grid station must be protected against are external hazards, equipment failure, and operator error. One example of an external hazard is lightning prevented, but we must protect our equipment from their effects. Equipment failure results from faults in machinery. For example, electrical short-circuit in the generator or Power Transformer. Failure to control the cooling water supply to the hydrogen coolers is one example of operator error. This increases winding temperature and can damage the generator insulation. Failure to start equipment in the proper sequence is another example of operator error. Fitting interlocks (permissive circuits) can prevent this.

Continue !!

FUNDAMENTALS OF PROTECTION

Automatic controls assist the operator and reduce the probability of error. Operating procedures must be strictly followed. Protective devices prevent damage to the plant and protect personnel from injury. MECHANICAL CONDITIONS Equipment failures due to mechanical conditions include conditions such as dangerous physical occurrences, machine over speed, machine vibration, and material failure. DANGEROUS PHYSICAL OCCURRENCES An obvious example of a hazardous physical occurrence is a turbine crane running off its track. Installing a limit switch, to prevents this. When the limit position is reached, the limit switch opens the circuit contacts, thereby preventing further current flow to the motor that drives the crane toward its limit position. Limit switches are used to indicate open and closed limits on motorized valves.

PROTECTIVE TERMS
Reliability
The terms reliability covers the correct design, installation and maintenance all CTs, PTs, relays, AC and DC wiring. In the event of a fault in zone, the protection relays should initiate tripping of the circuit breakers to isolate only that zone from all live Supplies. There is no such thing as partial reliability with protection schemes. They are 100% reliable or not reliable. Only 100% reliability is acceptable.

Selectivity
The protection for a zone is said to selectivity when it only operates for a fault within that zone.

Sensitivity
A protection scheme with good sensitivity will operate correctly for very small fault currents.

Continue !!

PROTECTIVE TERMS
Stability

A protection scheme is stable when it restrains from operating for large external faults (outside the zone). In many cases, the protection relays must be stable for through-fault currents of twenty times the rated primary current of the CTs.
Characteristic Quantity

This is the quantity, which determines how a relay operates. An over current relays characteristic quantity is current, while an under-voltage relays characteristic quantity is voltage. Rated Value This is the value of the characteristic quantity on which the relay performance is based. It is marked on the relays rating plate. For an over current relay, the rated value is the secondary current of the CT (1 A or 5A). Continue !!

PROTECTIVE TERMS
Setting Value (Plug Setting)
The percentage of rated value at which the relay has been set.

Pick-Up Value
For an over current relay, this is the minimum current which is just sufficient to operate the relay.

Operating Time
The time taken for a relay to operate after a fault occurs.

Reset (Drop-Off) Value

For an over current relay, which has operated, this is the maximum current at which the relay resets. For a good relay, the reset value is only slightly less than the pick-up values.

Main Protection
This is the relay(s), which normally operates for a fault within its zone.

Backup Protection
This operates if the main protection fails to clear the fault. It is usually slower (time discrimination) and trips out more of the system than main protection.

Transformer Protection
HV Over current relay LV Over current relay Ground fault relay Thermal Over Load Relay Differential relay Current circulating relay Restricted earth fault relay Over excitation relay Buchholz relay Oil temperature relay Winding temperature relay Gas release relay

Over Current Relay Ph to Ground Fault

E/F

Relay Coil

Over Current Relay Ph to Ph Fault

E/F

Relay Coil

CDG AC Series Trip Earth Fault

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E 8 9

B 10

Tripping Coils

9/14/13

Technical Services Group Rana Tahir

22

CDG AC Series Trip R & Earth Fault

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

E 8 9

B 10

Tripping Coils

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Technical Services Group Rana Tahir

23

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY

Trip

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY

DIFFERENTAL RELAY
Differential protection is a very reliable method of protecting generators, transformers, buses, and transmission lines from the effects of internal faults.

APPLICATION
Generator Transformer Circulating or connection point Generator Transformer Buss Bar Line

CIRCULATING CURRENT SCHEME

There are two main types of unit protection scheme - circulating current and balanced voltage. Balanced voltage schemes are not discussed, as they are quite specialized and are mainly used on long feeder cables. This type of protection is quite rare in our system. Circulating current schemes are very common, however. They are used to protect generators, transformers, bus-bars and the short cables connecting them. The advantage of any circulating current scheme over IDMT relays is that it is very fast to operate - almost instantaneous. This means that the fault in the main equipment is not allowed to extend and damage is minimized, making repairs easier, quicker and cheaper.

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
Fig. (A) shows what happens when there is normal load current flowing, or an external fault. Each CT produces the same secondary current. The Relay Stable system is therefore balanced and no current can flow through the relay. This type of protection scheme is therefore very Fig. (B)and shows stable the what relay can be happens a shortset to be when very sensitive. circuit occurs inside the TRIP zone. The both CT produces a large secondary current in same direction due to fault. Therefore all of IS flows through the relay Circulating Current Principle as spill current. So the relay operates and trips the 9/14/13 Technical Services 29 circuit breaker(s).

HVCONNECTION OR CURRENT CIRCULATION RELAY

220/132 KV Transformer

LVCONNECTION OR CURRENT CIRCULATION RELAY

TRANSFORMER TEST
Continuity test. Winding resistance test. Insulation test (megger test). TTR, Transformer turn ratio test. Short circuit test. Open circuit test. C&DF, Capacitance & Dissipation test. Dia electric strength of oil test. DGA, Dissolve Gas Analyzer test.

THE END
Jazak Allah Khair

C.T CURRENT TRANSFORMER

It is type of transformer which transform/ reduce the system current to a value low enough for safe and convenient use in protection and metering. It isolate the relay/meter from the primary system current. It is connected in series with system. Usually its out put one ampere or five ampere.Go Back

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
It is type of transformer which is use to transform/reduce the system high voltage to a low value for safe handling, to use in protection, metering and energy measurement. These are two type. 1) Electromagnetic voltage T/F 2)Capacitive Voltage Transformer. CVT and CCVT. Go Back