Performance Analysis of Transceiver Design with Cooperative Diversity for Free Space Optical Communication

T. Anne Ramya, G. Aalin Joys

Department of ECE, St. Peters University Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu India

anneramya@ymail.com, cell: 9952051819 aalinjoys@gmail.com, cell: 9940217126

Abstract- Free space optical communications attracted significant attention as a promising solution for the last- mile problem. A major impairment that severely degrades the free space optical link performance is fading that results from the variations of the index of refraction due to the inhomogenities in temperature and pressure changes. In order to maintain acceptable performance levels over FSO links,fading-mitigation techniques must be employed. Hence, the cooperative diversity technique is investigated as a candidate solution for combating turbulence induced fading over Free- space optical links. In particular,a one-relay cooperative scheme is proposed and analysed for non-coherent FSO communications with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD). The error performance is derived in the semi-analytical and closed-form expressions in the presence and absence of background radiation, respectively. Results show the enhanced diversity orders that can be achieved over both Rayleigh and lognormal fading models

Keywords__ Free space optics, cooperative diversity, Spatial diversity, atmospheric turbulence, fading.

I.INTRODUCTION

Free-space optical (fso)communication is a license free and cost-effective access technique,which has attracted significant attention recently for a variety of applications.Channels in FSO systems have wider bandwidth and therefore are able to support more users compared to radio frequency counterparts. Through relaying techniques, outdoor FSO optical transceivers can also cover large distances[7],[9].with its high-data-rate capacity and

wide bandwidth on unregulated spectrum, FSO communication is a promising solution for the lastmile problem, however its performance is highly vulnerable to adverse atmospheric conditions. Atmospheric turbulence occurs as a result of the variations in the refractive index due to the inhomogenities in temperature and pressure changes. This results in rapid fluctuations at the received signal, i.e known as fading or scintillation, impairing the system performance particularly for link ranges for 1km and above. Over the years, a number of statistical channel models have been proposed to describe weak and strong atmospheric induced turbulence fading. It is well known that to mitigate efficiently channel fading, one can make use of diversity techniques. Two primary challenges are attached to free space optical communication. First, the narrow beamwidth implies the need for careful pointing and perhaps a need for active pointing and tracking mechanisms to combat building sway,etc. second is the need to combat link fading due to scattering and scintillation. Even in clear sky conditions, links may experience fading due to the index of refraction in the optical beam;one may view these pockets of inhomogenities as refraction zones that distort the phase front of the optical field, leading to interference patterns in space at the detector location. Surveys of optical-propagation effects are found in [5].

Another solution is to employ cooperative diversity for fading reduction. Aperture averaging can be seen as a simple form of spatial diversity. In this paper, Cooperative diversity is being deployed in the case of free Space optical communication in order to combat fading and the effect of scintillation. Particularly, decode -and forward strategy is used with one relay over the FSO link. The links are provided with the aid of intensity modulation and direct detection at the receiver end.The reasons that encourages the implementation of this proposed scheme in the case of FSO links is that, the solution is cost effective compared to the MIMO-FSO links as it is obvious that it does not require the addition more apertures at the transmitter and at the receiver end. Secondly, it does not allow the channel to be correlated since FSO links are much more directive. Even the presence of small cloud can induce fading in the information signal. Hence a solid solution in this case is the use of cooperation. Thirdly, the use of MIMO-FSO links can impose the disadvantage of requiring additional power since the sources in the MIMO-FSO link must be strictly narrow to couple sufficient power from the transmitter to the receiver. The sources must also be wider enough to illuminate all the detectors at the receiver end so as to maintain channel independence. This problem is eliminated by deploying the proposed cooperative scheme and it can constitute a good practical solution.
II.TRANSMITTER STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM MODEL

Fig. 1. An example of a mesh FSO network. Cooperation is proposed among the transceivers on buildings (1), (2) and (3) where the transceivers on building 2 can help in transmitting an information message from (1) to (3).Note how, given the non-broadcast nature of FSO transmissions, one couple of FSO transceiver units is dedicated for each link.

In the figure produced above, consider three neighboring the building (1),(2) and (3). Assume that a FSO links exists between each building and between its two neighboring buildings. Given the high directivity and non-broadcast nature of FSO transmissions , one separate transceiver is entirely dedicated for the communication with each neighboring building . We assume that the transceivers on building (2) are available for cooperation to enhance the communication reliability between buildings (1) and (3). Hence each building has two transceivers each denoted by, TRx(1,1) and TRx(1,2) etc. similarly they are denoted according to the buildings. By abuse of notations ,buildings (1), (2) and (3) will be denoted by source (S), relay (R) and destination (D), respectively. For cooperative diversity, neighbor users relay their received signal to a user to which the transmitter intended to transmit. Diversity is obtained by decoding the combination of the relayed signals and the direct signal. Cooperative diversity is available for multi-hop networking systems which include user relay as a basic function. The conventional single hop system uses direct transmission where a receiver decodes the information only from the direct signal. While the single hop system regards the relayed signal as interference. The cooperative diversity considers the other signals as the contribution. Cooperative diversity systems can decode the information from the combination of two signals, which results that cooperative diversity becomes antenna diversity that uses distributed antennas belonging to other user nodes. User cooperation is an another definition of cooperative diversity. User cooperation considers an additional fact that each user relays the other user's signal while cooperative diversity can be also achieved by multi-hop relay networking systems. Cooperative diversity is the cooperative multiple antenna technique that exploits user diversity.Cooperative diversity allows the

destination node to decode information using the combination of both the relayed signal and the direct signal in wireless multihop networks. A conventional single hop system uses direct transmission where a receiver decodes the information only based on the direct signal while regarding the relayed signal as interference, whereas the cooperative diversity considers the other signal as contribution. That is, cooperative diversity decodes the information from the combination of two signals. Hence, it can be seen that cooperative diversity is an antenna diversity that uses distributed antennas belonging to each node in a wireless network. Note that user cooperation is an another definition of cooperative diversity.User cooperation considers an additional fact that each user relays the other user's signal while cooperative diversity can be also achieved by multi-hop relay networking systems. The decode-and-forward strategy allows the relay station to decode the received signal transmitted from the source node, re-encodes and forwards the re-encoded signal to the far destination station. We consider a wireless relay system that consists of source, relay and destination nodes. It is assumed that the channel is in a full-duplex, orthogonal and decode-and-forward relaying mode.For cooperative decoding, the destination node combines two signals received from the source and the relay nodes which results in the diversity advantage. The whole received signal vector at the destination node can be modeled as:

where W is the linear combining weight which can be obtained to maximize signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) of the combined signals subject to given the complexity level of the weight calculation.

Fig. 2. The proposed cooperation scheme.

(1)

The cooperation strategy is depicted in Fig. 2. It is worth noting that the transceivers at (R) are not deployed with the objective of assisting (S). In fact, these transceivers are deployed for (R) to communicate with (S) and (D); if (R) is willing to share its existing resources and (R) has no information to transmit then it can act as a relay for assisting (S) in its communication with (D). The cooperation strategy is as follows: a sequence of symbols is first transmitted to the relay. At a second time,(R) transmits the decoded symbols to (D) while (S) transmits the same symbol sequence simultaneously to(D). considering the figure above, a0, a1 and a2 denote the path gains between source and destination,source and the relay and the relay and the destination respectively. We adopt two fading models namely Rayleigh and lognormal Fading models.In the lognormal model, the probability densityfunction (pdf) of t he path gain ( > 0) is given by:

where rd,s and rd,r are the signals received at the destination node from the source and relay nodes,respectively. As a linear decoding technique, the destination combines elements of the received signal vector as follows:
(2)

(3) Where the parameters and satisfy the relation = 2 so that the mean path intensity is unity: E[] = E[2] = 1. The degree of fading is measured by the scintillation index defined by: S.I. = 42 1.

Typical values of S.I. range between 0.4 and 1. In the Rayleigh model, the pdf of the path gain ( > 0) is: fA() = 22 Consider first the link S-D and denote by(0) = [(0)1 , . . ., (0) ] the -dimensional vector whose -th component (0) corresponds to the number of photo electron counts in the -th slot. Denote the transmitted symbol by {1, . . .,}. The decision variable (0) can be modeled as a Poisson random variable (r.v.) with parameter 20/3+ while (0) (with = ) can be modeled as a Poisson r.v. with parameter .

, . . . , (1) ] where the parameter of the Poisson r.v. (1) is given by the following relation.,where 1 is a gain factor that follows from the fact that (S) might be closer to (R) than it is to (D). In other words, the received optical energy at (R) corresponding to (that corresponds to the S-D link) is 1.

(6) Performing typical link budget analysis shows that (4) where (resp. ) corresponds to the average number of photo electrons per slot due to the light signal (resp. background radiation anddark currents): where and stand for the distances from (S) to (D) and (S) to (R) respectively. The maximum-likelihood (ML) decision rule at (R) is given by:
(7)

The relay transmits the symbol along the link RD implying that the corresponding decision vector can be written as (5) where where is the detectors quantum efficiency assumed to be equal to 1 in what follows, = 6.6 1034 is Plancks constant and is the optical center frequency taken to be 1.941014 Hz (corresponding to a wavelength of 1550 nm). stands for the symbol duration, stands for the optical Power that is incident on the receiver and corresponds to the incident background power. Finally, = / corresponds to the received optical energy per symbol corresponding to the direct link S-D. In the same way, we denote the decision vector corresponding to the S-R link by (1) = [(1)1 a Poisson r.v. with: is

(8)

where with corresponding to the distance between (R) and (D).

Finally, note that the normalization of by3 ensures that the total transmit power is the same as in non-cooperative systems. Using Ritov theory, a lognormal power intensity distribution function has been derived for the spatial distribution of light propagation through a turbulent atmosphere. This is the basis of much analytical and empirical research.
() =((2(+1)/2)/ ()).a >0,
(1)/2

Because of the symmetry of the PPM constellation, we evaluate the error performance of the proposed scheme assuming that the symbol = 1 was transmitted. The performance of such a FSO link is analysed under no background radiation and with background radiation. Both Rayleigh and log normal models are considered. A. Without Background Radiation For log normal fading, a closed form solution can be written as,
Pe=Q-1/Q[Pe,0Pe,2+Pe,0Pe,1-Pe,0Pe,1Pe,2]

. 1(2(), ,

Similarly, for the case of Rayleigh fading model the A. Detection in the Absence of Background Radiation solution is given by the following equation. In the absence of background radiation, (0) and (2) contain at least 1 empty slots each . In this case, the detection procedure at (D) is as follows. If one component of (0) is different from zero, this will imply that the symbol was transmitted in the corresponding slot since in the absence of background radiation the only source of this nonzero count is the presence of a light signal in this slot. On the otherhand, if all components of (0) are equal to zero, then the decision will be based on (2). If one component of (2) is different from zero, then with probability 1 this component corresponds to and with probability , this component corresponds to an erroneous slot. Since 1 is assumed to be greater than (since << 1), then the best strategy is to decide in favor of the nonempty slot of (2). Finally, if all components of (0) and (2) are equal to zero, then (D) decides randomly in favor of one of the slots. B.Detection in the Presence of Background Radiation In this case, the background radiation results in nonzero counts even in empty slots necessitating a more complicated detection procedure. The optimal ML detection procedure must take into consideration that might be different from . Note that = with probability 1 while can correspond to a certain slot that is different from with probability /1.
Fig.4 Performance of 4-ppm lognormal fading case(S.I=0.6) with no background radiation

III. RECEIVER SRTUCTURE

Pe=Q-1/Q*1/(1+s/3)(1+2s/3) +1/(1+s/3) (1+1s/3) 1//(1+s/3) (1+1s/3) )(1+2s/3)+

B. With Background Radiation In the presence of background radiation, the conditional probability of error is given by:
Pe/A=(1-pe)Pe/A,s=1=pePe/A,s1

Define the vector Z as: Z=[Z1,,ZQ]=Z(0)+Z(2).

Fig.3 Performance of 4-ppm rayleigh fading case with no background radiation

IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

V.RESULTS

Fig. 3 shows the performance of 4-PPM in the absence of background radiation over Rayleigh fading channels. This figure shows the good match between simulations and the exact SEP expression . The slopes of the SEP curves indicate that cooperation results in an increased diversity order of two for various distances of (R) from (S). Even in the case where (S) is as far from (R) as It is from (D) (1 = 1), a gain of about 8 dB at a SEP of 103 can be observed relative to noncooperative systems. An excellent match between simulations and can be seen in Fig. 4 where a similar simulation setup is adopted in the case of lognormal fading with S.I. = 0.6. Results in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show that cooperation is more beneficial in the case of Rayleigh fading compared to lognormal fading where the performance gain can be realized at smaller error rates. This result is desired since the Rayleigh distribution is used to model the scenario of severe fading while the lognormal model corresponds to the less severe fading scenario.

performance gains over the non-cooperative 1x1 FSO links and over the 2x1 MIMO-FSO links that suffer from correlated fading. It was proven analytically that a full transmit diversity order can be achieved in the no- background radiation case. In the presence of background radiation, numerical integration of the conditional ESP showed that the proposed scheme can maintain acceptable performance gains especially in the case of Rayleigh fading. The value of the scintillation index is to be reduced below 0.6 and to be analysed in both the scenarios. That is in the presence of back ground radiation and in the absence of back ground radiation. It is to be verified using log normal and Rayleigh fading models. Once the fading or scintillation index value is reduced the signal degradation becomes lesser leading to high quality signal transmission. The degree of fading is measured by the scintillation index. It is expressed as,

(9)
VI. CONCLUSION

The performance of the 2 by 1 MIMO-FSO links that deploy repetition coding and that are capable of achieving a full transmit diversity order is also included as a benchmark. While the assumption of channel independence can be justified in MIMO wire-less RF system, there is a wide agreement that this assumption is not valid in MIMO-FSO system and consequently, the high gains promised by MIMO techniques might not be realized in practice. This point is investigated that compares cooperative system with 2 by 1 MIMO-RC system in the presence of channel correlation. Results show that, for relatively large values of Es, the cooperative scheme shows approximately the same performance as the MIMO-RC system. Despite the non-broadcast nature of FSO transmissions, this work showed that cooperative diversity can result in significant

The typical values of scintillation index range from0.4 and 1. Considering the scintillation value to be 0.4, the model is to be analysed for both log normal and Rayleigh fading models in the presence and absence of back ground radiation at the receiver end.
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